Social Studies Book 9_2078 Revised and Updated Edition

The English troops attacked the fort of Khalanga for the second time after much preparation under the leadership of Colonel Maubi. The Nepalese troops counter attacked with stones and rocks. Even the English Captain Mensitart and Princep praised the bravery displayed by Nepalese women in this war. They even borne bullets on their chests trying to cover up the holes made by the cannon balls. At last, the English cut off the water supply to the fort. Inscription of Nalapani Not being able to withstand thirst and the stench of corpse, Nepali women and men at last emerged from the fort with bare swords in their hands on 30th November, 1814 AD. Without caring about cannons and bullets they went to the nearest river where they quenched their thirst and moved on to protect other fort at Jeetgarh. But before they moved, Balabhadra roared at Britishers, “It was impossible for you to conquer the fort but now I am leaving it on my own will.” The English was stunned and admiring the bravery of Balabhadra and his handful of soldiers, they erected an inscription which inscribes: “This is inscribed as a tribute and respect for our gallant adversary Balbhadra, Commander of the fort and his brave Gorkhas.” Amar Singh Thapa in the war of Malaun Ramgadh Amar Singh Thapa Many Nepalese warriors have played an important role to defend Nepal during Anglo-Nepal war. Among them, Badakazi Amar Singh Thapa was the most prominent one. He was the son of Bhim Singh Thapa. Bhim Singh Thapa was one of the commanders of Nepalese troops during the unification campaign of Prithvi Narayan Shah. He was killed in the war at Palanchowk. After the death of his father, Amar Singh Thapa was brought to the palace and he grew up under the supervision of King Prithvi Narayan Shah. Later on, he was given the post and salary of his father. This system was called ‘marwat’. The name of Prime Minister Bhimsen Thapa’s father was also Amar Singh Thapa. But this Amar Singh Thapa was not the father of Prime Minister Bhimsen Thapa. Amar Singh Thapa who is known as “Living Lion” played a major role in the conquest of Baise and Chaubise Rajyas. He extended the Western border of Nepal up to Sutlaj River. During the Anglo-Nepal war Amar Singh Thapa was in-charge Sir David Ochterlony of the Western border of Nepal. On the other hand, Sir David 251 Our Past

Ochterlony was in-charge from the British side. A year before the war, the sons of Amar Singh Thapa and Sir David Ochterlony had kept a friendly (Miteri) relation. As conditions got worse, Nepal was forced to sign the Sugauli treaty. He was very dissatisfied with this treaty as Nepal had to give one third parts of its territory to the British. Frustrated with this, he left his job, went to Gosaikunda and started to spend ascetic life and breathed his last there. Bhakti Thapa in the war of Deuthal Chieftain Bhakti Thapa was the commander of Lamjung before the unification of Nepal. Earlier he had fought against the Gorkhas under the King of Lamjung, Keharinarayan Shah. After the conquest of Lamjung by Gorkha, he joined the Gorkha troops. During the Anglo-Nepal war, Amar Singh Thapa was on the Western border of Nepal guarding the fort of Malaun. When the British troops attack on Malaun, the whole Western side of Nepal became insecured and Bhakti Thapa (a 70 years old commander) was sent to protect Deuthal by Amar Singh Thapa. On 4th Baisakh, 1872 BS (16th April, 1815 AD), Bhakti Thapa along with 2,000 Bhakti Thapa Nepali army marched on the battleground armed with scimitars, khukuris and swords. They did not care about the cannons on the English side. A fierce war raged between the two. Suddenly, a bullet seared his chest and he attained martyrdom. In this war, 700 Nepalese lost their lives while all except one officer of the English side were killed. Major Ochterlony wrapped the corpse of Bhakti Thapa in a shawl (Dosalla) and handed it to Nepalese with due respect. His funeral rites were performed the next morning with state honours. He had two wives who burned themselves at his pyre and thus went ‘Satee’. By the end of the war the Nepali troops started getting depressed while the English troops were victorious. Ranajor Singh Thapa in the war of Jaithak Ranajor Singh Thapa was leading Gorkhali troop of 500 soldiers in the war of Jaithak fort from the other side of Mahakali River. The British troops of 1500 soldiers couldn’t capture the Jaithak fort even in 9 attempts and Gorkhalis defeated them badly. 3 commanders of British troops were killed there. Ranbir Singh Thapa in the war of Parsa Makwanpur Ranbir Singh Thapa was the youngest brother of Bhimsen Thapa. In 1871 BS (1814 AD) he was deputed to Makwanpur to command the troops. His troops badly defeated the English troops. After the war he became the administrator of Palpa and the General of Kalibaksh and Sabuj battalion. Later on, he retired as an ascetic and became famous as ‘Swami Avayananda’. 252 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Ujir Singh Thapa in the war of Jeetgadh General Amar Singh Thapa, father of Prime Minister Bhimsen Thapa, was the Governor of Palpa. After the death of Amar Singh Thapa, his grandson Ujir Singh Thapa, son of his son Nayan Singh Thapa, became the Governor of Palpa. During the Anglo-Nepal war, Nepalese troops under his command defeated the English troops badly which was under the charge of General Wood. Ujir Singh Thapa’s bravery will always be remembered in the history of Nepal. KEY TERMS Adversary : opponent Ascetic : a person who renounces material comforts and leads a life of self-discipline, especially as an act of religious devotion Corpse : a dead body of a human Emerge : move out from something and become visible Martyrdom : someone who dies on a battlefield as a martyr achieves martyrdom Pyre : a heap of combustible material, especially one for burning a corpse as part of a funeral ceremony Quench : to satisfy one’s thirst Scimitars : a short sword with a curved blade that broadens towards the point Stench : a strong and very unpleasant smell Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Make a comparative study between the maps of Nepal before and after of the Anglo- Nepal war. Draw the maps also. 2. An inscription of Balbhadra Kunwar has been installed nearby Sahasra road in Deharadun. Write a letter to the Government of Nepal requesting to install the inscriptions in the different parts of the country describing the bravery of Nepalese warriors in the similar way. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. “I am not in the habit of reading letters at midnight. I will meet Gillespie soon.” Who said this statement and why? 2. Why did Balbhadra Kunwar refuse to surrender to British? Our Past 253

3. How was Major-General Gillespie killed in the battle-field? 4. Why did the Nepalese soldiers leave the Khalanga fort and went to another fort at Jeetgarh? 5. Why was it necessary to defend the fort of Malau? 6. How did the Nepalese forces attain victory over Jeetgarh? Short answer questions: 1. The tribute shown in the inscription installed in Nalapani for Balbhadra Kunwar has proved that Nepalese are brave. Discuss and justify it. 2. Why was Amar Singh Thapa called the Living Lion? Write your logics. 3. List the reasons for the victory of Nepalese side in the middle region but defeat in the West. 4. Prepare a model of letter or email to your sister explaining the bravery of Bhakti Thapa that ‘age is not the barrier if we have patriotism, courage and boldness’. 5. If you had been given the responsibility of leading the Gorkhali troops in the Western front, what military and strategic plans would you have made to get success? Write. 6. Prepare a news article for a national daily stating Nepalese women can walk with their male counterparts hand in hand in any sector based on the bravery exhibited by Nepalese women at the fort of Khalanga in the Anglo-Nepal war. Long answer questions: 1. Discuss the bravery exhibited by Balbhadra Kunwar in the war of Khalanga, Nalapani. 2. Mention the roles of Ranbir Singh Thapa, Ranajor Singh Thapa and Ujir Singh Thapa in the Anglo-Nepal war. 3. Explain the bravery shown by the brave Bhakti Thapa in the battle of Deuthal. Community Work Meet and ask a senior citizen of your community about the benefits of his/her patriotic and nationalist contributions to the people and the country. What can the new generation learn from such works? Prepare an article and include the questionnaire prepared to ask during the interview at the last of the article. 254 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

7Lesson CAUSES OF THE RISE AND FALL OF RANA REGIME The Rana Prime Ministers ruled over Nepal for 104 years. They ruled in Nepal from 1903 to 2007 BS. They exercised unlimited power and ruled as the dictators. The major causes of the rise of Rana Regime are as follows: 1. Political Instability After the death of Prithvi Narayan Shah, his eldest son Pratap Singh Shah became the King of Nepal. But he died after ruling for only 33 months and his son Rana Bahadur Shah ascended the throne of Nepal. During his rule there was conflict and conspiracy in the palace which created political instability in Nepal. The political instability which had begun after the death of Pratap Singh Shah reached climax along with the fall of Bhimsen Thapa. Eight cabinets were formed and dissolved within Nine years. 2. Weak Character of King Rajendra Bikram King Rajendra Bikram Shah could not destroy the groupism of courtiers due to his weak character. He even could not pacify the dispute of his two wives. Ultimately, it resulted the beginning of conspiracy and massacres in the palace. That situation favoured Junga Bahadur to rise in power. 3. Series of Assassination King Rajendra Bikram Shah During the rule of King Rajendra Bikram Shah, his junior Queen Rajya Laxmi became the de facto ruler. She appointed Mathvar Singh Thapa as the Prime Minister. But he was assassinated on 6th Jesth, 1906 BS as he denied declaring Ranendra as the heir instead of Surendra, the legitimate heir of King Rajendra. After the assassination of Mathvar Singh Thapa, Fattejung Chautariya became the Prime Minister. But Gagan Singh Khawas was Modern Site of Kot Parva more influential in the Nepalese politics than Fattejung as he was the favourable person of Queen Rajya Laxmi. Gagan Singh was also assassinated on the night of 31st Bhadra, 1903 BS. 4. Three Parvas All the courtiers were gathered in the court on 2nd Aswin, 1903 BS to find out the murderer of Gagan Singh but Junga Bahadur killed about 55 courtiers who were his opponents. This is called the Kot Parva. Our Past 255

After the Kot Parva, Junga Bahadur Rana became the Junga Bahadur Rana Commander-in-chief of Nepal. Queen Rajya Laxmi made a secret plan to murder Junga Bahadur at Bhandarkhal but secrecy revealed and as a result, Bhandarkhal Parva took place on 12th Kartik, 1903 BS where Junga Bahadur killed about 33 his opponents. After that Junga Bahadur exiled Queen Rajya Laxmi. The Queen went to Banaras. The King appointed Junga Bahadur Rana as the Prime Minister of Nepal and also accompanied the Queen. After about its one year, in the support of Nepalese living in Banaras, King Rajendra Bikram Shah prepared a battalion with the intention to fight against Junga Bahadur. Then they came to Nepal and settled in the place called Alau, near Birgunj. Junga Bahadur also sent his troops there and defeated the King’s troops in Shrawan, 1904 BS. After the Alau Parva, King Rajendra was kept in detention on the charge of committing a crime against the throne. Junga Bahadur declared Surendra as the King of Nepal. He took all the state powers from Surendra and started to rule as the dictator. 5. External Interference in Nepal’s Internal Affair King Surendra After the Sugauli Treaty, Nepalese politics was highly influenced by the British ambassadors. Ranas, who came to power with British support started to please the British ambassadors so that they could sustain their autocratic rule. 6. Matrimonial Relationship with Royal Family After acquiring all the powers of the country, Junga Bahadur kept matrimonial relation with the royal family. He married the sister of Guru Prasad Shah. He arranged marriage between King Surendra and the daughter of his brother Krishna Bahadur. His son was married to the daughter of King Surendra. Similarly, his daughters were married to Crown Prince Trailokya Bikram and Dhirendra Bikram who was an important member of royal family. Such matrimonial relation with royal family increased his social prestige and made him more powerful. 7. Lalmohar (royal seal) of 24th Shrawan 1913 BS From the Lalmohar (royal seal) of 1906 BS, Junga Bahadur got the title of Ranaji that provided the Rana family with freedom from the punishment of any kind of crime. The status of Junga Bahadur reached its supreme when King Surendra conferred him the title of Shree Teen Maharaja of Kaski and Lamjung by the Lalmohar of 24th Shrawan, 1913 BS. It established the foundation of Rana Regime in Nepal. He restored the political stability in Nepal. Assassination, conspiracy, and massacre ended and family rule began in Nepal. 256 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Causes of the downfall of Rana Regime 1. Conflict in Rana Family: Many efforts were made during the time of Junga Bahadur to overthrow him from power but it was not successful. The main cause of family clash was role of succession. After Athtis Salko Parva of 1938 BS and Bayalis Salko Parva of 1942 BS, the sons of Dhir Shumsher became powerful. They made a new role of succession. 2. Expel of ‘C’ class Ranas: Chandra Shumsher divided the Rana family into A, B and C classes. ‘C’ class Ranas were excluded from the succession of Prime Minister and some of them were exiled. It created division among the Ranas. Later on the exiled Ranas got involved in Anti-Rana movement. 3. Anti-Rana Movement: Anti-Rana movement began from the time of Junga Bahadur. The voices started to Chandra Shumsher Rana raise in an unorganised way after the First World War but Chandra Shumsher suppressed them. The movement like Makai Parva, and Arya Samaj too were suppressed by Chandra Shumsher. Anti-Rana movement began in an organized way after 1987 BS. The Charkha Movement, Prachanda Gorkha, Mahabir School, Library Parva, Praja Parishad, Jayatu Sanskritam,were the movements against the Rana Regime. Similarly, Bhotu Singh, Lakhan Thapa also revolted against Ranarchy during Junga Bahadur’s rule. 4. Abandonment the Throne by King Tribhuvan and arm revolution: The anti-Rana movement reached its climax when King Tribhuvan left the throne and went to India to take political asylum on Kartik 21st, 2007 BS. In the leadership of Nepali Congress, liberation army was formed and arm revolution was declared against the Rana ruler. The Ranas could not continue their regime and after the proclamation of 7th Falgun, 2007 BS the Rana regime ended in Nepal. 5. World War II, Indian Independence and Worldwide wave of democracy: The soldiers who had participated in King Tribhuvan World War II became politically aware. When they came back to Nepal, they united the people and actively got involved in Anti-Rana movements. When the British colonial rule in India came to its end, the strong foundation Rana Regime collapsed. After the Indian Independence, the Nepalese democrats, who had participated in the Indian War of Independence, came back and used their expertise in the agitation in Nepal. After the end of World War II, independence movements spread against the colonial rule and other dictatorial systems in many countries of the world. That also encouraged the Nepalese to fight for democracy. Our Past 257

KEY TERMS Abandon : renounce something Accompany : go somewhere with someone as a companion Assassination : murder an important person for political or religious reasons De facto : exercising power or serving a function without being legally or officially established Dictator : a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained control by force Heir : a person legally entitled to the property or rank of another on that person’s death Legitimate : conforming to the law or to rules Liberation : legal Massacre : murder of many people Succession : a number of people or things of a similar kind following one after the other Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Show the dates and events of the rise of Rana Regime in a timeline. 2. Present a role play in your class highlighting the condition before the assassination of courtiers in Kot Parva. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Why was Mathvar Singh Thapa assassinated? 2. Why did people exiled from Nepal go to Kashi? 3. When did Rana Regime begin and end? 4. Why was King Rajendra kept in detention? 5. Name the persons responsible for each of the three Parvas: Kot Parva, Bhandarkhal Parva and Alau Parva. Short answer questions: 1. Was the rise of Jung Bahadur Rana a need of time? Present your logics. 2. How did Jung Bahadur rise in power after Kot Parva, Bahandarkhal Parva and Alau Parva? 3. Ranas, themselves were responsible for their downfall. Justify it. 4. From the beginning of the Rana Regime, the movements against the Rana Regime were initiated but could not get success. Write any four reasons. Long answer questions: 1. What were the causes of the rise of Rana Regime in Nepal? Write in detail. 2. Explain the causes of the downfall of the Rana Regime. Project Work Study the books related to the Nepalese history or make a research from different sources and prepare a life history of Junga Bahadur Rana. 258 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

8Lesson EFFECTS OF THE RANA REGIME Negative Effects Rana regime began in Nepal in 1903 BS and ended in 2007 BS. During 104 years long Rana regime, all powers and authorities were centralized to the Rana Prime Ministers. All the high ranking post of civil and army were occupied by Rana family. So, Rana regime was also called the family rule. Development process was very slow and all the state properties were misused by them for their personal benefits. The social problems and bad practices like injustice, unmatched marriage, polygamy, child marriage, untouchability, discrimination, etc were widespread in the country. Literacy rate was only 2% till 2007 BS. Appointment and dismissal of higher level was in the hand of Rana Prime Ministers. People were deprived of their basic freedoms like freedom of expression, freedom to open organization, etc. The economic condition of the people was very weak whereas Ranas were rich. The century long unity among the people was divided by creating the gap between different castes. They copied the “Divide and Rule” policy of British East India Company. Positive Effects They have done some reforms in social, economic and administrative fields. Mostly their reforms were either for gaining public support for their autocratic rule or for enlarging their luxury. Social Achievement Junga Bahadur Rana, when he returned from Britain, introduced the first “Muluki Ain” in 1910 BS which brought the legal uniformity throughout the country. It provided the parental property to daughters if they remain unmarried till 35 years old. He established Durbar High school in 1910 BS to teach English to the members of the Rana family. Bir Shamsher established Bir Hospital and Bir Library. Dev Shamsher started publication of Gorkhapatra. He opened more than 100 schools throughout the country. Chandra Shamsher abolished Satee custom in 1977 BS by making a law. He abolished slavery custom on 14th Mangsir, 1981 BS. He established Military Hospital, Tokha Health Centre, 12 schools in different places of the country and the Tri-Chandra College. Juddha Shamsher introduced the SLC Examination Board in 1990 BS. Padma Shamsher encouraged women education and opened many schools for girls. Our Past 259

Economic Achievement Tea cultivation was started in Ilam and Soktim during the ruling period of Junga Bahadur. Pharping Hydo-electricity Project was established and first big canal “Chandra Nahar” was dug during the time of Chandra Shamsher from the Trijuga river of Saptari. During the period of Juddha Shamsher, Nepal Bank was established on Kartik 7th, 1994 BS. Biratnagar Jute Mill, Juddha Match Factory, agriculture school, etc were established. During the reign of Juddha Shamsher, the first Nepali cloth industry and cottage industry, Skills Development Office was also established. Raw materials from Nepal were exported to Europe via port of Kolkota. Nepal was in trade surplus. Notes of Rs. 100.00, Rs. 10.00 and Rs. 5.00 were also introduced during this period. KEY TERMS Injustice : unfair treatment Polygamy : the custom of having more than one wife at the same time Regime : a system or style of government Widespread : existing or happening in many places, or affecting many people Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Make a table and show the positive and negative aspects of the Rana regime. 2. Complete the following table. S.No. The Rana Prime Ministers Reforms 1. Junga Bahadur Rana 2. Bir Shamsher 3. Dev Shamsher 4. Chandra Shamsher 5. Juddha Shamsher 6. Padma Shamsher 260 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Why was the Rana regime called the family rule? 2. Who abolished Satee and slavery custom? 3. Who started the publication of Gorkhapatra? 4. When was the SLC Examination Board established in Nepal? 5. It is said that the laws were not applicable to the Ranas. Why? Short answer questions: 1. What things or practices of the Rana regime are still in use? Make a list of them. 2. Why is the Rana regime considered important for the industrial development? 3. Discuss on the effects of “Muluki Ain” of 1910 BS. 4. The Ranas copied the “Divide and Rule” policy of East India Company. Was it true? Justify your answer. 5. Why is Chandra Shamsher considered a social reformer? Write the reforms made by him. Long answer questions: 1. The period of Rana regime in Nepal is considered a “dark age”. Why? Also mention the negative effects of Rana regime. 2. The Rana rulers were not only the dictators but also social and economic reformers. Mention their reforms in social and economic fields. Community Work Visit some senior citizens or historians in your community. Ask them and find out the reasons for calling the Rana rule dictatorial, family and arbitrary rule based on the caste system. Our Past 261

9Lesson INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND ITS EFFECTS What is Industrial revolution? In the years between 1760 and 1840 AD, a tremendous change occurred in the field of industry in England. Different machines were invented and came into use to produce the goods. Such machines were operated by power and produced the goods many times more than the goods produced by hands. These change that occurred in England is called Industrial Revolution. Major characteristics of the Industrial Revolution Mechanization of production Division of labour Large scale factory production Transfer of knowledge Technological innovation Condition of England before Industrial Revolution Before 1760 AD or second half of the eighteenth century, England was an agricultural country. Farming was the primary occupation of the people and industry was the secondary occupation. There were the small and cottage industries of woollen, cotton, coal, iron, etc at a local level. Men, women and children could work in those industries. There were no machines and all goods were made by hands. Such industry could help the farmers to increase their income to some extent. The children cleaned the cotton. The women made thread and the men wove the clothes in the industry of England. Woollen industries were the main industry in England. Commencement of Industrial Revolution The machine was first used in cotton industry. The import of cotton clothes from the foreign Flying Shuttle countries (India, China, Iran) were prohibited in England by an Act in 1700 AD. There was high demand of cotton clothes inside and outside (West Africa, West Indies, South America) John Kay the country. The raw materials were supplied from India and North America. The thread spun by eight persons could be woven into clothes by only one person. So, there was always scarcity of thread. To solve this problem, a person named John Kay invented a wooden machine to spin the thread called Flying Shuttle in 1743 AD. 262 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Only two persons could operate this machine pulling the thread used in machine. To fulfil the scarcity of thread, James Hargreaves invented a machine called ‘Spinning Jenny’ in 1764 AD. It could produce the thread eight times more than handmade thread. Though the production of thread increased but traditional James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny system of industry could not change. The Factory system was developed after the invention and use of machine called Water Frame made by Richard Arkwright. So, he is called the ‘Father of Modern Factory System’. On the basis of the principle of Jenny and Water Frame, Samuel Crompton invented the machine called ‘Mule’. The thread produced by this machine was stronger and more long lasting. After the Richard Archwright invention of this machine plenty Water Frame Mule of thread was produced but the clothes were still woven by the hand. So, there was scarcity of clothes. To solve this problem Edmund Cartwright invented Power Loom in 1785 AD. After the invention Samuel Crompton of Power Loom, machine started to be used in both making thread and weaving clothes. Water power started to be used to operate the machine. The industry had to depend Edmund Cartwright Power Loom upon water for power. So, when the volume of water was less in the river the machines could not be operated. To solve this problem, James Our Past 263

Watt developed steam engine in 1769 AD. Now, it became possible to operate the machine throughout the year through the steam. Huge quantities of iron and coal were required to operate the machine. So, qualitative iron started to be produced. Iron James Watt Steam Engine started to be used in various purposes. In 1779 AD, bridges were made of iron and planes were made in 1810 AD. Safety Lamp was invented by Humphry Davy in 1815 AD which made it easy for the people to work in the coal mines. Development of Transport and Communication When machine started to produce a huge quantity Faraday Safety Lamp of goods, transport system was required to sell the goods in different parts of the country. So transport and communication were developed. Macadam developed the method to construct the road. In 1804 AD train was invented for the first time. Stephenson invented the engine of the train in 1814 AD. Benjamin Franklin developed hydro-power, Morsey developed telegraph in Stephenson Engine of the Train 1837 AD. Telephone was invented by Alaxender Graham Bel in 1876 AD. Thomas Edison invented electric bulb. Marconi invented radio and wireless. Tremendous progress was made in the field of transport and communication due to these inventions. Effect of Industrial Revolution on Agriculture The industrial revolution brought revolution in agriculture as Benjamin Franklin well. The traditional way of farming was changed into scientific farming. Different types of grasses were produced which helped to keep the animals warm in the cold seasons. Improved breeds of animals and seeds were developed which could supply sufficient meat and food crops for increasing population of urban areas. 264 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

The cottage industries were Telegraph replaced by big factories. Production became unlimited. Morsey More wealth required to establish industry so Joint Stock Companies were opened for capital. A new capitalist class came into existence. The clash started between factory owner and the labourers. Beginning of Colonialism After the industrial revolution, huge quantities of goods were produced in Europe. The industrial countries of Europe needed markets to sell their products. So, they started to search new places in different parts of the world. New lands were discovered. Many countries of Asia and Africa were colonized by England, France. Spain and Portugal colonized South America. Similarly, Netherlands, Denmark, etc also had their colonies and colonialism began in the world. The industrial revolution brought a great change in cotton, iron, chemical and coal industries. It also helped to contribute to engineering and transport. Impact of Industrial Revolution on human life Due to industrial revolution various machines and devices were made which made human life easier. Development of transport and communication connected the people of different parts of the world. International trade also developed in great extent. Industrialization influenced every aspect of life. Resources were utilized extensively and more job opportunities were created. Per Capita Income rose more than ever before. Mass production of goods ensured low price and quality of goods. Work became faster and time was saved. People’s quest for knowledge and political rights was encouraged. Agricultural countries of Europe were changed into industrial countries. Industrial Revolution had some negative impacts as well. This revolution increased child labour very much. Children worked in terrible condition. Boys and girls would pull carts of coal in dark, wet, narrow tunnels in mines. They were paid very less wage. Society was divided into two classes: factory owner and worker. A new capitalist class came into existence. Clash started between factory workers and owners. This gave way for trade unions. Industrialization spoiled the nature and human conditions. Environment was highly polluted due to waste, sewage, chemical releases, chimney discharges, etc. Unhealthy competition began for economic imperialism among the industrialised countries of Europe which encouraged them to manufacture destructive weapons and it became one major cause of World Wars. Our Past 265

The Inventions made during industrial revolution Invention Invetors Date Flying Shuttle John Kay 1743 AD James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny 1764 AD Water Frame Richard Archwright 1762 AD Mule Samuel Crompton Between 1775-1779 AD Power Loom Edmund Cartwright 1785 AD Qualitative Iron Henry Bessemer 1779 AD Steam Engine James Watt 1769 AD Electric Bulb Thomas Edison 1885 AD Engine of the Train Stephenson 1814 AD Train Richard Trevithick 1804 AD Hydro-power Benjamin Franklin 1940 AD Telegraph Morsey 1837 AD Telephone Alaxender Graham Bel 1876 AD Safety Lamp Humphry Davy 1815 AD Radio and Wireless Guglielmo Marconi 1895 AD Bridges Thomas Telford 1779 AD KEY TERMS Capitalism : economic system based on the private ownership Clash : fight or argue Colonialism : a policy in which a country rules other nations and develops trade for its own benefit Imperialism : political, military or economic domination of one country over other Revolution : a dramatic change in ideas or practice Socialism : political system of communal ownership Wage : payment for work 266 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. What were the inventions made during the time of industrial revolution? What changes did they bring on human life? 2. Discuss and find out the differences between Capitalism and Socialism. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What is Industrial Revolution? 2. Where did the Industrial Revolution start from? 3. Who is called the ‘father of modern factory system’? Short answer questions: 1. Industrial Revolution played an important role in the development of imperialism and colonialism. Do you agree? Present your logics. 2. List out the major features of industrial revolution. 3. What were the causes of industrial revolution in England? 4. Why were the Joint Stock Companies established for the industries? Why such work increased the aversion between the owners and labourers? Long answer questions: 1. What were the impacts of industrial revolution on human life? Write them in brief. 2. How did the industrial revolution help in the development of agriculture and trade? Community Work Visit any two industrialists of your community and ask them few questions about the labour problems. Then write a report and present it in the class. Our Past 267

10Lesson GENEALOGY Genealogy is the study of families or clans and the tracing of their lineages and history. It is prepared by genealogists obtaining information about a family from various sources. They use oral interviews, historical records, genetic analysis and other records. The genealogy shows kinship and pedigrees of family members. It is often displayed in charts or written as narratives. Genealogy presents the history of families and the lines of descents from their ancestors. It is one of the sources of history. Importance of Genealogy It helps to find out if they are related to someone famous. It helps to gain a better understanding of an ancestor’s involvement in a famous historical event. It helps to determine genealogical proof of a family connection for potential heirs. It helps to settle questions of parental property by providing proof of descent. It provides insight into history through the scholarly study of a famous family, such as a royal family. It helps to learn more about a parent, grandparent or sibling after their death. It preserves knowledge of ancestors who contributed to family traditions. An example of genealogy displayed in narrative form Ram Nepali Ram Nepali is a resident of Puttar, a remote village in Tahanun district. He is an intelligent, honest and cheerful boy. He studies in Grade IX in a community school. Farming is the main source of income of his family. The ancestors of Ram Nepali had migrated from Palpa to Tanahun. His grandfather was a famous social worker. His two uncles are in Saudi Arab for foreign employment. His cousins are studying in a school in Pokhara. His elder brother has recently joined Nepal Army. All the family members get together during festivals and some important occasions. They have been continuing their traditional culture. The family members share their happiness and sorrow when they meet each other. Ram Nepali has an aim to be a teacher in his own school and educate the local children. He wants to run adult literacy classes too. His father, who was retired from the post of peon, has been encouraging him to be an ideal man in future. Ram Nepali is fond of playing volleyball. Almost every day after school time, he goes to the play ground with his two brothers. All the family members cooperate with each other. They participate in every decision making. His family is an example of happy and ideal family in the community. 268 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

An example of genealogy displayed in chart Teju Nepali Chakra Nepali Bhola Nepali Gore Nepali Babu Nepali Sujan Nepali Sulav Nepali Krishna Nepali Ganga Nepali Kapil Nepali Sanjaya Nepali Buddhi Chetan Nepali Nepali Deepak Nepali Bablu Santosh Pujan Nepali Nepali Nepali Aayush Nepali Ram Nepali Rochak Nepali Atit Nepali Hira Nepali Kumar Nepali KEY TERMS Clan : a group of families related through a common ancestor or marriage Kinship : relationship by blood or marriage to another or others Lineage : the line of descent from an ancestor to a person or family Pedigree : family tree Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Discuss in the class about the advantages of studying clan and genealogy. 2. Collect the genealogy of Shah Kings of Nepal and present in the class. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What do you mean by a clan? 2. What is genealogy? 3. Why is it important to study about clan or genealogy? Short answer questions: 1. “Genealogy is a source of history.” Clarify it. 2. Prepare a family tree of your family including at least four generations. 3. Why should we know our clan? Long answer question: 1. Explain the importance of genealogy. Community Work Ask your seniors who belong to the same clan about the various aspects of your clan. On the basis of your findings, prepare a family tree also. Our Past 269

11Lesson OUR ANCESTORS: OUR GUIDES Nepal is a unique country with religious and cultural diversity. The history of Nepal is divided into three periods as Ancient Period, Medieval Period and Modern Period. It has been found that the traditional activities, culture and lifestyle have been gradually changing than before. The culture, tradition, values, norms and lifestyle developed by our ancestors are the unique guidelines for the present generation. They are our identities. Well-Managed Social Structure According to the history of our country, the people used to involve in various occupations as per their caste based on Hindu Varnashram. There was no any feeling of differences between castes in Hinduism. The society was divided into four castes as Brahmin, Chhetri, Vaishya and Shudra. There was work division according to their caste. This system gradually developed as culture. Distinctive Rites There were distinctive rites too in the Nepali society which have made Nepal rich in culture. Most of them were developed during Malla period. Some of them are still in practice. Chudakarma (cutting hair in Bratabandha), Pumsavan, Kuldevata Ko Pooja, Eehi (Bel bibah in Newar community), Chaurasi Pooja or Budho Jangko, funeral rites, etc are the highly convincing examples of such cultures. Exclusive Traditions and Lifestyles The then society had a feeling of cooperation. A kind of supportive system such as exchanging goods, labour, etc was in practice to fulfill the needs. People used to have the faith in religion. They were highly virtuous. They used to love to construct religious sites, preserve and promote arts and cultures on which we still feel proud in front of the world. The society was based on agriculture occupation. The trade was Tibet-oriented. The land distribution was unequal. The religious performances and practices were the main centers of education. Though the Sanskrit language was recognized as national language, Newari and Maithili were also popular language in the country. The festivals used to be observed on the basis of religion and as per the ability. The people used to were Dhaka Topi, Daura Suruwal, Gunyu Choli, Ghalek, etc that were the domestic products. Judicial System based on Religion In the ancient period, the laws used to be formulated and implemented according to the religious scriptures. There was not equality in justice. The amount of punishment was different to different caste. Ram Shah, the King of Gorkha reformed this system. There was even a usage to make an accused person swear the gods or goddesses and give clearance. The local disputes used to be solved through ‘Panchasamuchchaya’. According to decentralized judicial system, Dware (to look after quarrel), Pradhan (to take care Tole), 270 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Kharidar (to provide justice visiting the whole country), etc used to be appointed to solve the local disputes at local level. King Ram Shah of Gorkha was famous for justice. A saying ‘Nyaya Napaya Gorkha Janu’ (if you don’t get justice, go to Gorkha) was popular among the people. KEY TERMS Accused : somebody charged with crime Guideline : official advice Swear : to declare solemnly or forcefully that what is said is true Usage : a customary and generally accepted practice or procedure Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Discuss in the class about the positive and negative aspects of the tradition, norms, values and cultures developed by our ancestors. 2. Explore the festivals and ways of celebration developed by your ancestors. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What are the three periods of Nepalese history? 2. What are the four castes based on Hindu Vernashram? Short answer questions: 1. Who are our ancestors? What things can we learn from our ancestors? 2. Prepare a sample of speech on the topic “Our norms, tradition and culture are handed over by our ancestors”. 3. ‘The irrelevant guidelines of your ancestors have to be modified or reformed as per the change in time, situation and international system.’ Do you agree with this statement? Present your opinion in four points. Long answer question: 1. “Our ancestors are our guides.” Justify with the examples of social structure, rites, traditions, lifestyles and judicial system developed by our ancestors. Community Work Visit a religious place or museum and study about various aspects of your ancestors. Prepare a report on the basis of your study and present it in the class. Our Past 271

8UNIT ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Learning achievements Introduce agriculture, industry, and trade, and explain their importance, problems and measures of solution, Explain the relationship among agriculture, industry and trade, Participate in commercialization and modernization of agriculture system, Mention the economic planning, its contribution in the poverty alleviation and promotion of employment, and Introduce labour, its types and its importance and respect the labour. 272 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

1Lesson AGRICULTURE Introduction Agriculture is the science, art, or occupation concerned with cultivating land, producing crops, and feeding, breeding, and raising livestock; to rear animals, birds or fish commercially. Nepal is an agricultural country. About 66 percent Nepalese people are involved in agriculture as their occupation. The agriculture has contributed about 36% in the gross domestic product. It has an important role in the economic development of the country. It is the main source of foodstuffs. Not only the human beings but animals and poultries also get their foods from agriculture. It provides necessary raw materials for agro-industries. If modern scientific agriculture system is adopted and the agriculture is commercialized, it can help in the poverty alleviation. Importance of Agriculture in Nepal Agriculture is the main source of national income. It is the source of foodstuffs not only for the human beings but also for animals and poultries. It supplies necessary raw materials for agro-industries. It helps in earning foreign currency by exporting agricultural products. It provides the employment to the people. It is the backbone of the economic development. Traditional Agriculture System An old system of farming is known as traditional agriculture system. In this system, the farmers work with hand. They use the land, rainfall, seeds, tillage methods and physical sources, etc what the nature offers. Conventional processes are used to till the land, select and plant seeds, protect plants from competing plants and animals and gather the harvest. The productivity of such systems depends primarily on the natural fertility of the soil and the climate. Traditional agriculture system is the main reason for the lack of development in the agriculture sector of Nepal. There is traditional agriculture system in Nepal even in 21st century. In the traditional agriculture system, insecticides, chemical fertilizers, improved seeds, etc are not used. Only the traditional tools are used for agriculture. Due to such traditional way of farming, the agriculture sector has not been developed satisfactorily. Thus, it is necessary to adopt modern and scientific agriculture system for the development of agriculture sector in Nepal. Economic Activities 273

Problems of Agriculture in Nepal Unequal Distribution of Land Lack of Proper Market Traditional Method of Farming Subsistence Farming Lack of Irrigation Facility Problems of Lack of Capital Agriculture in Nepal Lack of Storage Lack of Agricultural Tools Lack of proper plans and policies Measures to Improve Agriculture Emphasis should be given on establishing and developing essential physical infrastructure in the country. Good market and price for agricultural products should be ensured. Farmers should be given training to use new technology, improved seeds, fertilizers, etc. Irrigation canals should be constructed in more numbers so that large area of arable land can be covered by it. Farmers should be given subsidy on fertilizer, seed and other agricultural tools. Priority should be given for the production of commercial and high value items. Proper plans and policies should be made to ensure agriculture security, sustainable farming, quality improvement and market extension of agricultural product, etc. Young generations should be encouraged towards agriculture. KEY TERMS Backbone : central supporting part Conventional : using well-established methods or style Emphasis : special importance, significance, or stress Poultry : domestic fowl, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese 274 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Though, Nepal is an agricultural country, there are many problems in agriculture sector. Discuss the problems and find out the appropriate solutions. 2. Why is there irrigation problem in Nepal though there are many rivers and lakes in Nepal? Discuss in the class and find the conclusion. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What is meant by agriculture? 2. What type of agricultural system is known as ‘Traditional Agriculture System’? 3. What is the main reason for the lack of development in the agriculture sector of Nepal? Write in a sentence. 4. What percentage of GDP of Nepal is contributed by the agriculture? Short answer questions: 1. Why is agriculture important for Nepal? Write any four reasons. 2. Why is the living standard of people involved in agriculture low in Nepal? Give any four reasons. 3. “Agriculture is the main source of food and raw materials for industries.” Justify the statement with examples. 4. Agriculture sector is the largest employment sector to the majority of Nepalese people. Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer. Long answer questions: 1. Mention any six problems seen in the development of agriculture in Nepal and suggest any four ways to improve it. 2. Nepalese farmers complain that there is “more pain and less gain” in their occupation. What could be the reasons behind it? Also write the ways to make it the sector of “less pain and more gain”. 3. Due to modernization and effects of foreign employment, the population depending on agriculture is decreasing day by day, in this regard what should the local level do to encourage the youths towards agriculture? Present your views in seven points. Community Work Is there any agro-based industry established in your community? If so, how many people are employed? What is produced there? Where is the product sold and who are the buyers? Ask the local people and prepare a report. Economic Activities 275

2Lesson MODERN AGRICULTURE SYSTEM Introduction Modern agriculture system refers to the large scale agriculture production. It makes the use of improved seeds, technologically advanced tools and adequate facilities of irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides. In the modern agriculture system, the farmers have the access to resources, technology, management, investment, markets and supportive government policies. Modern agriculture system came out with the Green Revolution which took place soon after World War II, because of the food crisis. It emphasizes on high yielding varieties of grains, mechanization in agriculture, use of pesticides, weedicides and inorganic fertilizer, etc. Advantages of modern agriculture system Fulfillment of growing demands for food, Declination of the price of foodstuffs, Development of new modern agricultural tools, Development of new crop varieties, Use of pesticides and fertilizers for increasing the production, and Construction of large irrigation system. A success story of Kishan Lal Kishan Lal devoted about 10 years of his productive age in foreign employment but achievement was not as much expected. When he returned to Nepal, he wanted to engage in commercial farming and quit foreign employment forever. However, he didn’t have technical knowledge about it. He participated in various skill enhancement and capacity development trainings for vegetable production. The training doubled his confidence and motivated him to establish commercial vegetable farming in his village. First, he produced cauliflower, cabbage, onion, and cucumber and carrot equivalent of Rs. 10,000.00 in his small farm land of one Ropani. He took loan from Cooperatives and bought a tractor to increase his income. However, it didn’t help him much so he decided to sell it and bought more land for vegetable cultivation. In the past, he had to spend most of his income in buying vegetables, food products and other household stuffs to feed his big family consisting of ten members. Now, he does not have to buy vegetables. It has been proved that vegetable farming is five times profitable in comparison to his previous job in abroad. Now, he has been able to provide better education to his children and provide better quality of life to his family. 276 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Measures to modernize agriculture system If we adopt modern agriculture system with the use of new technology, it definitely improves the agriculture sector in Nepal. The following are the measures of modern agriculture system. • Commercialization in agriculture Our agriculture system is traditional. It is only enough for subsistence. So, for modernizing it we should apply business principle in Nepalese agriculture sector. • New research, use and experiment in the methods, tools and systems of agriculture We should conduct scientific research to find out the new possibilities in agriculture. Different agricultural methods, tools and systems should be explored. For this, the concern authorities of government, NGOs, INGOs and farmers should work hand in hand. • Crops diversification The farmers should identify the better and improved varieties of crops. They should cultivate new crops and apply new cropping systems to increase agricultural production. • The provision of easy agriculture loan Majority of farmers are economically weak. They have heavy debts also. They can hardly meet their household expenditure. So, the provision of easy agriculture loan enables them to invest in the agriculture. • Use of modern agricultural tools and technology Traditional tool and technology is enough only for subsistence agriculture. New and modern agricultural tools and technology should be explored and used which can yield more crops and meet the growing demand of foodstuffs. • Emphasis on the training and agriculture education Farmers should be facilitated with agricultural training and education. They should be made capable for selecting best breeds, fertilizers, techniques, market, etc. If the farmers are well-trained and educated, they can transform the agricultural system and launch agricultural revolution. • Provision of Irrigation Agriculture needs enough irrigation facility. If we could provide the irrigation facility, the farmers who wait monsoon rain for sowing seeds, can be benefitted. It also helps to grow cash crops and food crops in extensive area. • Multiple cropping Multiple cropping is the practice of growing two or more crops in the same piece of land during single growing season. It is a form of polyculture. It can take the form of double- cropping or relay cropping. • Intercropping It is the growing of two or more crops with different characteristics and requirements at the same time on the same plot of land. The goal of intercropping is to get a greater yielding on a piece of land by maintaining balance in fertility. It is an alternative method to the ecological destruction of slash-and-burn farming. Economic Activities 277

KEY TERMS Adequate : sufficient in quality or quantity to meet a need or qualify for something Inorganic : composed of minerals rather than living material Polyculture : agriculture using multiple crops in the same space Subsistence : condition of managing to stay alive Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Is Kishan Lal’s business successful? Present your logic. 2. Discuss in the class about the different methods of agriculture. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What is modern agriculture system? 2. When did modern agriculture system come into practice? Short answer questions: 1. Why is modern agriculture system important? Write in four points. 2. What steps should be taken by the government for modernizing the agriculture? Write in four points. Long answer question: 1. How can we modernize agriculture system in Nepal? Explain any seven appropriate measures. Community Work There may be some people in your community farming with modern agriculture system. Ask him/her, observe the field and answer the following questions. a. What is being produced? b. How is it produced? c. Where is it produced? d. How has the market system been managed? 278 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

3Lesson COMMERCIALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE Introduction The commercialization of agriculture means that the agricultural crops and goods are produced by the peasants for sale in the market and not for their own consumption. Agriculture in Nepal has long been on subsistence farming. It is not enough to meet the needs of growing population. For this, a feeling of commercial farming should be developed among the farmers. The farmers have to focus on the use of improved seeds, fertilizers, insecticides, multiple cropping, crop diversification and use of modern agricultural equipment. Nepal government has also made a policy of providing subsidies to those who have returned from foreign employment and are willing to utilize their skills in the country. Problems in the commercialization of Agriculture in Nepal Poverty and illiteracy, Attraction of foreign employment, Mentality of seeking employment rather than being self employed after the completion of studies, Lack of technology and visionary manpower, Lack of basic infrastructures like transportation, irrigation, storage, electricity, etc. Inappropriate distribution of land. Measures for commercialization in Agriculture Provision of storage facility, Appropriate provision of irrigation, Encouragement to commercial farming, Adoption of modern agriculture system, Facility of soft loan, Agriculture education and trainings for farmer, Development of feelings that not only the uneducated, educated also should work in agricultural field, Land reform programme and beginning of cooperative farming. Economic Activities 279

KEY TERMS Commercial farming : the production of crops and farm animals for sale, usually with the use of modern technology Consumption : the action of using up a resource Crop diversification : the addition of new crops or cropping systems to agricultural production on a particular farm Irrigation : to supply (land or crops) with water by means of pipes, sprinklers, ditches, or streams Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Prepare a bar graph on the basis of following statistics of food grains and cash crops. Name Food Grains Name Cash Crops Paddy Production Sugarcane Production 5,047,000 MT 3,020,000 MT Maize 2,283,000 MT Jute 15,000 MT Wheat 1,838,000 MT Oil seed 185,000 MT Buckwheat 305,000 MT Potato 2,738,000 MT 2. Is the agriculture commercialized in Nepal? Discuss in the class. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What do you mean by commercialization of agriculture? 2. What kind of policy has the Government of Nepal made for the commercialization of agriculture in Nepal? Short answer questions: 1. Explain any four problems of agricultural commercialization in Nepal in brief. 2. What are the measures of agricultural commercialization? Long answer question: 1. Define the commercialization of agriculture in your own word. Also explain any three problems of agricultural commercialization and three solutions to these problems. Community Work If any farmer of your community is involved in commercial farming, ask and find how it is done, how she/he learnt it and who supported him/her for it. Prepare a report about it. 280 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

4Lesson INDUSTRY Introduction Production of goods and services in different volumes and quantities by using skills, resources and appropriate technology is called industry. The development of industries helps in the economic development of the country. It also helps in the development of agriculture and trade. Many of the countries have made significant progress in the industrial sector by utilizing means and resources of the country. In absence of industries in the country, we have to import the essential goods from abroad which causes the currency go out of the country. The country has to bear the loss of billions of rupees. If the industries are established in the country, the required goods and services can be easily available in the country. The country can be self reliant in the industrial goods. If the industries are established with the intention of exporting goods to foreign countries, the country can earn foreign currency as well. It can largely contribute in the national economy. The industries contribute about 50% to 85% in the developed countries but in Nepal, it contributes only about 10% in the national income. Basic requirements of an industry a. Raw materials b. Capital c. Skilled manpower d. Laborers e. Appropriate technologies and machines f. Means of transportation and communication g. Proper market facility h. Storage facility Types of industries On the basis of investment, the industries are classified into two types. a. Cottage and Small Industries b. Medium and Large Industries Cottage and Small Industries Cottage industry A small-scale industry is defined as the industry 281 which can be run even at home with less capital investment by using locally available materials. In cottage industries, the creation of products and services is home-based, rather than factory-based. According to Industrial Enterprises Act 2049, the industries with a fixed asset of up to an amount of Economic Activities

Rs. 3,00,00,000.00 is called small industries. The fixed asset is termed as land, building, machine, furniture, etc. Cottage and small industries have been contributing in the Nepalese economy since ancient time. Importance of Cottage and Small Industries There is a great importance of cottage and small industries in the development of a country. It utilizes the local means and resources and helps to increase the national income. The importance of cottage and small industries are as follows: a. Preservation of Nepalese art and culture: Generally, the cottage and small industries produce handicrafts and curio materials which may help in the preservation of art and culture of the country. Thus, it is necessary to develop cottage and small industries. b. Creation of employment: It may be useful to reduce the problem of unemployment in the country. It further reduces the over dependency on agriculture and helps to mobilize manpower in the productive work. c. Decrease in regional disparity: It is difficult to establish large industries in Nepal because of geographical remoteness and lack of physical infrastructure. So, it would be better to develop cottage and small industries with the utilization of local skills and technologies. It may help to decrease regional disparity as well. d. Earning of foreign currency: Tourist love to see and buy Nepalese handicrafts. The country can earn foreign currency from the sale of such products. The foreign currency is required while importing machines and other equipment. e. Reduction in the trade deficit: Nepal is bearing a great loss in foreign trade. The essential goods have to be imported from other countries. If the cottage and small industries are developed, it could fulfill the domestic need and help to reduce the trade deficit of the country. f. Use of indigenous skills and technologies: It helps in the utilization of local skills and technologies. The occupation of making earthen pots, Dhaka clothes, iron tools, artistic items, etc can be developed as industries. g. Utilization of local raw materials: The raw materials from consumptions like straw, wheat stalk, stone, mud, wood, leather, bamboo, etc can be utilized in the cottage and small industries. From such raw materials, useful items can be made for our daily use. Problems of Cottage and Small Industries and their solutions Problems Solutions Frequent change in industrial Formulate and implement stable industrial policy and policy create suitable environment. Incapability to compete with Execute cottage and small industries promotion policy large industries and policy of tax exemption. Produce the items which are not produced in large industries. 282 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Lack of appropriate market Produce quality product, advertise and search local and international markets, encourage for the use of Lack of enough capital for domestic product, etc. investment Encourage saving, provide of soft loan and subsidies. Mass poverty Launch the programs and policies for poverty Shortage of skilled laborers alleviation. Traditional technology Provide contemporary education and training to the laborers. Use modern machineries and technologies. Possibilities of Cottage and Small Industries There is enough availability of local resources and means in Nepal. Nepalese people have been involving in field of cottage and small industries since ancient time. So, they have the knowledge about it. There are lots of local technologies and skills which can be useful in the cottage and small industries. The local people are skillful and efficient in arts and crafts. The amount of remittance is increasing which can be utilized in it. The returnees from foreign employment are searching appropriate opportunities to utilize their skills and knowledge. It can be run with little amount of investment, local skills and technology. Medium and Large Industries Medium scale industry The industries run with more investment, skilled manpower and using modern machineries and producing quality product in large quantity are called medium and large industries. According to the Industrial Enterprises Act 2049 (amended in 2054 BS), the industries with a fixed asset between thirty million rupees and one hundred million rupees are named as medium industries. Similarly, the industries with a fixed asset of more than one hundred million rupees are named as large industries. Sugar mill, cement factory, beverage industry, iron industry, leather factory, jute industry, paper industry, cigarette industry, cloth industry, tea industry, brick industry, soap industry, zinc industry, etc are the examples of medium and large industries established in Nepal. The development of such industries increases the economic activities in the country. Economic Activities 283

Importance of medium and large industries There is an important role of medium and large industries to improve the economic growth of the country. It creates the employment opportunities and makes the country self reliant in the necessary goods and services. The importance of medium and large industries can be mentioned as follows: a. Base of the economic development: The development of medium and large industries develop the primary industries like iron, cement, electricity, machineries, etc and set the base of the economic development in the country. b. Creation of employment opportunity: About 1,500 to 2,000 youths are leaving Nepal every day in search of job in foreign countries. It is because of the lack of employment. If medium and large industries are established in the country, they can get job in their own country and the problem of unemployment can be solved. c. Growth in national income: The development of industrialization enhances the economic activities extensively. It increases the employment and per-capita income of the country. As a result, there is improvement in the national income. d. Improvement in the living standard: The development of medium and large industries increases the employment opportunity which helps to improve the income of people. With the improvement in the income, people can fulfill their requirements and improve their living standard. e. Less import and more export: Industrial development plays important role to lessen the loss in foreign trade of Nepal. The required goods and services can be available in the country. Foreign currency can also be earned by exporting the surplus industrial products. f. Support in the development of agriculture: The medium and large industries produce the essential elements for the modernization and commercialization of agriculture like agricultural tools, chemical fertilizer, pesticides, improved seeds, etc. The industrial development reduces the over pressure on agriculture by shifting the manpower to industries which ultimately increase the production. Problems of medium and large industries Problems Solutions Frequent change in industrial Formulate and implement concrete industrial policy policy and impractical tax and tax policy policy Inaccessible transportation Develop transportation and communication rapidly and communication 284 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Lack of enough capital for Encourage saving, provide soft loan and subsidies, machineries, raw materials, encourage foreign and internal capital investment, laborers, building, storages, encourage entrepreneurs with accessible loan, etc. etc. Lack of entrepreneur and Produce skilled entrepreneur and laborers, develop laborer technical education and provide trainings Lack of primary industries Develop industries related to processing, iron, cement, steel, tin, etc. Lack of raw materials Increase the production of cash and food crops, utilize natural resources, manage the imported raw materials Political chaos properly Maintain political stability Problem of energy Increase the production of hydroelectricity, use other alternatives of energy like petroleum, coal, solar and Problem of market wind Increase purchasing power of people, search domestic Strike, protest, closure, etc. and international markets, improve the quality in goods and services Ensure industrial protection, maintain good relation between entrepreneur and laborers Possibilities of medium and large industries in Nepal Raw materials can be obtained from forest and agricultural products. Utilization of mineral resources available in the country can help in the development of such industries. Natural beauty, swift flowing rivers and possibility of adventurous activities can support in the development of tourism industries. Increasing remittance and growing interest of people for investment also can help in the development of Large scale industry industries. Changing trend of vocational and technical education, motive of entrepreneurship in people and encouraging policy of government for foreign investment can also support to the development of industries. Economic Activities 285

KEY TERMS Chaos : complete disorder and confusion Enterprise : a commercial company Mobilize : prepare forces for action Remittance : a sum of money sent in payment or as a gift Vocational education : education related to job or career skills Evaluation Exercises Activty Study the following materials and discuss on the various types of industries. According to the Industrial Enterprises Act, 2049 (1992) (According to Industrial Policy 2011 AD / 2067 BS) Classification of Industries: Classification of industries based on investment nature. Manufacturing Industries: Industries which produce goods by utilizing or processing raw materials, semi-processed materials, by a. Micro Enterprises products or waste products or any other goods. Where investment is up to two hundred thousand rupees as fixed capital except Energy-Based Industries: Industries generating energy from water the house or land resources, wind, solar, coal, natural oil, gas, bio-gas or any other Where the entrepreneur himself/herself sources. engaged in management Where there are up to nine workers Agro and forest-Based Industries: Business mainly based on including the entrepreneur agriculture or forest products such as integrated sericulture and silk Where the annual financial transaction is production, horticulture and fruit processing, animal husbandry, less than two million rupees, and dairy industry, poultry farming, fishery, tea gardening and If an instrument with engine is used, processing, vegetable seed farming, mushroom, vegetable farming the electric motor or other oil engine or vegetable processing, tissue culture, green house, bee-keeping, capacity has to be less than ten kilowatt honey production, rubber farming, floriculture and production, and forestry related business such as leasehold forests, agro-forestry, etc. b. Traditional and Other Cottage Industries: An industrial enterprise that uses traditional Mineral Industries: Mineral excavation or processing thereof. skills and technology, the instruments and Tourism Industries: Tourist lodging, motel, hotel, restaurant, resort, machinery based on local raw materials and associated with art and culture of the travel agency, skiing, gliding, water rafting, cable car complex, pony country and that uses electric power up to trekking, hot air ballooning, Para sailing, golf-course, polo, horse 10 kilowatts riding, etc. c. Small Scale industries: An industrial Service Industries: Workshop, printing press, consultancy service enterprise other than those of micro ginning and bailing business, cinematography, construction business, enterprises and traditional and other cottage public transportation business, photography, hospital, nursing home, industries having the fixed assets of up to 50 educational and training institution, laboratory, air services, cold million rupees. storage, etc. d. Medium Scale Industries: An industrial Construction Industries: Road, bridge, ropeway, railway, trolley enterprise having the fixed assets more than bus, tunnel, flying bridge and industrial, commercial and residential fifty million to one hundred fifty million complex construction and operation. rupees. Cottage Industries: The traditional industries utilizing specific skill or e. Large scale Industries: An industrial local raw materials and resources, and labour intensive and related enterprise having the fixed assets of more with national tradition, art and culture as mentioned in Annex I shall than one hundred fifty million rupees. be named as cottage industries. Small Industries: Industries with a fixed asset of up to an amount of thirty million rupees shall be named as small industries. Medium Industries: Industries with a fixed asset between thirty million rupees and one hundred million rupees shall be named as medium industries. Large Industries: Industries with a fixed asset of more than one hundred million rupees shall be named as large industries. 286 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Define an industry. 2. List any two basic requirements of an industry. 3. What are the types of industry on the basis of investment? 4. What do you mean by cottage and small industries? 5. How do you define medium and large industries? Short answer questions: 1. Explain the importance of cottage and small industries. 2. Why are the medium and large industries important? Write in point. 3. “There is a great possibility of development of cottage and small industries in Nepal.” Justify it. 4. Is there any possibility of medium and large industries in Nepal? Present your views. 5. What type of industries is suitable to establish in our country? Justify your answer in four points. Long answer questions: 1. What are the problems that have been hindering the development of cottage and small industries in Nepal? What should be done to develop such industries? 2. There are many problems for the development of medium and large industries in Nepal. Write the main problems and measures for their appropriate solutions. Community Work There may be some cottage and small or medium and large industries in your community. Visit there and prepare a report including the answer of the following questions by consulting with the manager. a. What is the name of the industry? b. What is its type? c. How is the raw material being supplied there? d. How many persons have got employment there? e. What are the major problems of that industry? Economic Activities 287

5Lesson TRADE Introduction Trade is the activity of buying and selling of goods and services. The goods produced in one place are bought and sold to another place within the country or outside. On the basis of the places of buying and selling of produced goods, the trade is classified into internal trade and external or foreign trade. Types of trade on the basis of its area of business a. Internal Trade The activities like buying, selling and supply of goods and services within the same geographical territory or country are called internal trade. It is not possible to produce all the necessary goods and services in one place. Thus, the goods and services produced in one place have to be supplied, bought and sold to another places. For example: foodstuffs produced in the Terai region Internal Trade are taken to mountain and hills for sale and in the same way, the fruits and herbs of mountain and hills are taken to sale in the Terai region. Thus, the trade fulfills the needs of people living in different parts of the country. b. External or Foreign Trade The trading activity of goods and services produced in one country and supplied and sold to another country is called external or foreign trade. In external trade, a country imports what it does not have and exports its External Trade surpluses to other countries. It helps them to fulfill the needs and even earn foreign currency. For example: we export medicinal herbs, carpet, leather, tea, etc to foreign countries for trading purpose. Similarly, we import industrial goods, fuel, machineries, etc from Germany, Japan, China, India, etc. Present state of trade in Nepal Nepal has been incurring loss in foreign trade. Nepal’s foreign trade is heavily concentrated to India. Nepal exports raw material at a low cost. Nepal imports ready-made, luxurious and expensive goods. Nepal mainly exports raw materials, ready-made garments, carpets, antique objects, tea, spices and some agricultural and forest products. 288 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Importance of foreign trade The foreign trade has an important place in the economic development of Nepal. Nepal’s economic sources like agriculture, industry, transportation, tourism, etc also depend on foreign trade. The development projects are also affected by the foreign trade. Thus, it is necessary to improve foreign trade in order to develop economy of the country. The importance of foreign trade can be presented as follows: a. Fulfilment of basic needs The goods, which are not produced in the country are imported from other countries through foreign trade and fulfill the basic needs of people. We import foodstuffs, medicine, paper, iron, salt, cement, cloth, petroleum product, etc and fulfill our needs. b. Earning of foreign currency Foreign currency is very essential in the economic development of the country. It can be earned easily if the domestic products are exported to foreign counties. c. Creation of employment Foreign trade creates employment opportunities in the country. Many people get job in the collection, production and supply of raw materials. d. Industrial development For the industrial development in the country, we need to import machineries, technologies, raw materials, equipment, etc. It is possible only through the foreign trade. e. Supply of consumable goods Because of the foreign trade, we can consume the goods which are not produced in the country. Such goods may uplift the living standard of people. The foreign trade has provided electronic devices, machines, mobile phone, computer, means of transportation, etc and made the lifestyle easy and comfortable. Problems of foreign trade in Nepal • More import than export: Nepal is in the stage of trade deficit because of more import than export. We have been exporting agro-based items in cheap price whereas importing expensive finished goods. The businesspersons are also not focusing to invest in the industrial sector rather than focusing for importing goods from other countries and making easy money. • Open border: Due to open border between Nepal and India, the Indian goods easily enter into Nepal illegally and they are cheaper too. This has badly affected Nepalese products that they are not getting proper market. • Landlocked country: Nepal being a landlocked country doesn’t have direct access to sea. Nepal has to bear a number of legal, administrative and procedural difficulties while exporting and importing goods through Indian ports. Transportation and insurance cost are very expensive. Economic Activities 289

• Increasing import of luxurious goods: With the motive of earning revenue, the import of luxurious goods has been promoted. It has largely contributed in earning revenue but huge amount of Nepalese money is being wasted for unproductive goods. Ways to solve the problems of foreign trade in Nepal Emphasis should be given on establishing industries. Nepal should trade with as many countries as possible and diversify its trade. Government has to encourage industrialists, entrepreneurs and business houses to establish various industries in the country. High taxation should be imposed on the imported goods which affects the market of Nepalese product. Rather than exporting raw materials, it should be processed in the Nepalese industries in order to produce manufactured goods. Smuggling of goods should be controlled. KEY TERMS Concentrated : wholly directed Deficit : the total amount by which money spent is more than money received Surplus : an amount remaining after the original requirement met; profit Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Discuss about goods which are imported to Nepal and exported from Nepal. 2. Why is trade deficit increasing in Nepal? Discuss and write the reasons. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What is trade? 2. Differentiate between foreign trade and internal trade in a sentence. Short answer questions: 1. Why is foreign trade important for Nepal? Write in four points. 2. What is the present state of foreign trade of Nepal? Explain. 3. What are the problems of foreign trade in Nepal? Write any four. 4. Suggest any four measures to develop foreign trade in Nepal? 5. “Nepal’s foreign trade is heavily concentrated to India.” Do you agree? Justify your answer. Long answer question: 1. What is foreign trade? Explain any three problems of foreign trade in Nepal and their solutions. Community Work Prepare a questionnaire and ask a merchant about the various problems that s/he is facing in the business and strategies for promoting market. Prepare a report covering your findings and present it in the class. 290 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

6Lesson PATTERN OF NEPAL’S FOREIGN TRADE Introduction Pattern of foreign trade means the nature of goods that a country imports and exports. The nature of goods which are imported to Nepal and exported from Nepal is the pattern of Nepal’s foreign trade. The pattern of Nepal’s foreign trade is as follows: Export pattern Nepal has not been able to produce industrial goods adequately. The goods, that Nepal exports are mostly agricultural raw materials and semi-processed rather than industrial products. We have been exporting carpet, tea, oilseed, garment, cardamom, medicinal herbs, ghee, jute products, etc. Import pattern It is difficult to fulfill our needs only with domestic products. Therefore, it is our obligation that we have to import machineries, gadgets and other materials for our daily use. Among them, cement, chemical fertilizer, electronic devices, medicine, motor parts, petroleum, coal, dairy products, machines, agricultural tools, etc are the major items of import. Economic Activities 291

KEY TERMS Gadget : a small device or machine with a particular purpose Obligation : something that must be done because of legal or moral duty Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Discuss the pattern of Nepal’s foreign trade. 2. Do you think that it is necessary to reform the pattern of Nepal’s foreign trade? Discuss. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What do you mean by pattern of foreign trade? 2. Can we fulfill our needs only with the domestic products? Why? Short answer questions: 1. Define the following terms. a. Export and Import b. Trade Surplus and Trade Deficit 2. Prepare a list of goods which Nepal imports and exports. Long answer question: 1. Explain the trend of Nepal’s foreign trade. Also mention the measures for earning profit from foreign trade. Community Work Visit a local shop and observe there. Ask the shopkeeper and make separate lists of items imported from foreign countries and produced in the country. Present your list in the class and discuss whether the imported items can be produced in our country. 292 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

7Lesson TRADE DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPAL Introduction The process of expanding trade of different items to different countries by not being limited only with specific goods and countries is called trade diversification. The economic growth of the country accelerates when the trade is well developed by its diversification. Nepal also can progress in foreign trade if new areas of business are explored. The foreign trade should not be concentrated only to limited commodities and countries. Types of Trade Diversification 1. Region/country-wise diversification Region-wise or country-wise diversification means supplying and selling the goods produced in a region or country to another region or country. It means selling the domestic product to another region or country. Diversification of trade helps in the promotion of trade by reducing trade deficit. Nepal’s foreign trade was limited only to India since the past. After the trade relation was made between Nepal and Tibet, import and export began with Tibet also. Nepal used to import salt, wool, sheep, goats, etc from Tibet. Similarly, Nepal used to export rice, flour, chilies, sugar, etc to Tibet. Nepal’s foreign trade was limited only with India and Tibet of China till 2020 BS. After that, Nepal extended foreign trade to overseas. The fourth five-year plan (2027-2032) had adopted the principle of trade diversification. Nepal has now started to produce export quality goods and earn foreign currency by exporting them to many countries in the world. 2. Commodity-wise diversification Commodity-wise diversification is the process of including different items for export. If a country needs to promote its foreign trade, it has to concentrate on commodity-wise diversification. Foreign trade should not be limited only with the production and sale of few goods but should produce and sell new goods according to the demand of world market. If we see the trend of Nepal’s foreign trend, we find the commodity-wise diversification increasing more than before. Nepal used to export the items like oil cake, wood, maize, rice, pulse, etc. But nowadays it has been exporting handicrafts, woollen material, ready- made leather goods, silver jewellery, tea, live animals, carpet, ready-made garments, leather, Nepali paper, medicinal herbs, pulse, cardamom, etc to India. Because of it, a kind of positive sign has been seen in Nepal’s foreign trade. It would be better to earn more foreign currency, if we could export ready-made items rather than raw materials. Economic Activities 293

KEY TERMS Commodity : a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee Overseas : relating to place across sea Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Study the following table showing Nepal’s foreign trade with various countries and write an economic article analyzing it. S. No. Area Export % Import % 1. Asia 2011/2012 2012/2013 2011/2012 2012/2013 2. Africa 3. America 78.2 78.8 97.7 92.6 4. Europe 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.4 8.9 8.5 3.4 3.1 1.3 1.9 1.5 1.2 Source: Trade and Export Promotion Center, CBS 2013 AD Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Define trade diversification. 2. What are different ways to diversify the trade? Short answer questions: 1. How does trade diversification help in the promotion of trade? 2. Differentiate between region/country-wise diversification and commodity-wise diversification with examples. Long answer question: 1. What is trade diversification? Explain the types of trade diversification. Community Work Consult with the seniors of your community who are involved in import-export business and prepare a list of new industrial and agricultural goods being produced in the country nowadays. Present your list in the class and discuss. 294 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

8Lesson TRADE PROMOTION AND MARKETING Introduction Advancement of trade into higher level is called trade promotion. It is the well-developed state of trade. For the promotion of Nepal’s trade, at first we need to solve the existing problems of trade. It is necessary to supply the products to the market. Marketing is the business activity of presenting products or services in the market in such a way as to make them desirable. Advertising or publicizing the goods or services in the market helps in the trade promotion. Measures for the trade promotion and marketing a. Exploring new markets and producing Access to the world of Knowledge the goods according to the demand of world market b. Focusing in the production of artistic items based on the traditional skills c. Formulating and implementing easy tax policy and strategy for trade promotion and marketing d. Giving priority on the region-wise and commodity-wise trade diversification e. Initiating for the facility and privilege to be obtained by landlocked country f. Paying attention on the border management by the government g. Producing good quality of goods h. Providing education and training to laborers Efforts made by the government of Nepal for the trade promotion and marketing Collection of the statistics of Nepal’s foreign trade Operation of training programs for ready-made garment production in order to increase the efficiency of laborers Operation of training programs for the artisans related to Nepalese stone sculpture to increase its production Operation of training programs for the production of Allo and Jute Operation of training programs for women, Dalit, Janajati, Adibasi and unemployed youths to Allo thread production, development and knitting clothes Publication of Nepal Export Trade Directory by collecting the detailed description of the exporters of Nepal Economic Activities 295

Publication of Nepal Trade Statistics Publication of Nepal’s Bilateral Trade and Transit Agreements including the trade agreements made with 17 countries including SAFTA, AFTA, TIFA, BIMSTEC, etc Publication of trade bulletin KEY TERMS AFTA : ASEAN Free Trade Area BIMSTEC : Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation SAFTA : South Asian Free Trade Area TIFA : Trade and Investment Framework Agreements Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Discuss in group about the techniques of marketing. 2. A good marketing policy helps in the promotion of trade. Discuss in the class and write your logical answer. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What do you mean by trade promotion? 2. Why is trade promotion necessary? Write in a sentence. Short answer questions: 1. Clarify the importance of trade promotion and marketing. 2. “There is a need of trade promotion and marketing in Nepal.” Justify its rightness. Long answer questions: 1. Mention the efforts made by the government of Nepal for trade promotion and marketing. 2. Explain the measures to promote and diversify trade in Nepal. Community Work There may be many items produced in your community. Are they getting appropriate market? If not, what should be done to manage good market? Discuss with the producers in your community and prepare a report including the conclusion of your findings. 296 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

9Lesson INTER-RELATIONSHIP AMONG AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND TRADE Introduction Nepal is an agricultural country. About 66 percentage Nepalese are engaged in agriculture. Raw materials required for industries are produced from agricultural sectors. For example, sugarcane is required to produce sugar. Likewise, Sunpat or jute plants are required for jute products, tobacco for cigarettes, tea leaves for tea and so on. All these items are obtained from agricultural products. Animal husbandry also comes under agriculture. Milk is obtained from cows, buffaloes, yaks and goats. Dairy industries need milk to produce cheese, ghee, milk powder, condensed milk, etc. Thus, most of the raw materials for industries are obtained from agriculture. Goods produced from various industries are sold in markets for general public consumption. There is the need of trade for carrying out these activities. Agricultural tools, equipment, chemicals, fertilizers and insecticides for increasing agricultural productions are manufactured in industries. Improved seeds and hybrid plants are brought to the markets from different places through trade. By this, we can clearly understand that there is a close relationship between agriculture, industry and trade. These three sectors can develop well through their inter relationship. One can’t grow without the support of another. The negative effects of one sector will adversely affect the other sectors. The following diagram depicts inter relationship among agriculture, industry and trade: Agriculture Industry Trade Economic Activities 297

If one of the sectors is not developed, the other sectors are automatically affected. It is important to have a balanced development between them for the benefit of the country. Hence, we must pay attention towards the balanced development of each sector. To ensure this, we must focus on developing basic physical infrastructures. Need and Potential of Agriculture based Industries in Nepal There is a strong need of agriculture based industries for the sound agricultural development in Nepal. If the agricultural products are consumed in the agriculture based industries and the farmers get right value of their products, then their living standard will improve. So, we should use the agricultural raw materials produced in our own country and expand the industrial bases. This will encourage the uses of locally available resources and create seasonal and long term employment. It will help in reducing unseen unemployment in the agricultural sector. Inter-relationship among Agriculture, Industry and Trade There is a deep inter-relationship among agriculture, industry and trade. Raw materials required for various industries are obtained from agriculture. Likewise, many goods that we export to foreign countries are produced from agricultural products. The country earns foreign currencies from these exports. We can establish industries and factories with the revenues so earned. On the one hand, we can earn foreign currency by exporting goods produced from agriculture, and on the other hand we can promote internal trade and market also. We can buy necessary tools, equipment, improved seeds, etc from these markets. We can increase agricultural productions by using these items manufactured in the agricultural industries. It is not possible to develop agriculture without developing industries. The goods required for agricultural development can be obtained only if there is industrial development in the country. And again, the products from these industries are used in the agricultural sectors. If the agricultural sector is not well developed, then the income of people engaged in agriculture would be small and they would be unable to buy the industrial products needed for agriculture. Trade development is very much dependent on agricultural and industrial development. Goods required for the trades and markets are obtained from the agricultural and industrial sectors. In the same way, agricultural and industrial developments are dependent on trade and market development. If there is no development of market and trade, the agricultural and industrial products get wasted and the concerned one has to bear a big loss. Thus, we find an intricate interrelationship existing among the agriculture, industry and trade. They are, in fact, complementary to each other. One is not possible without the other. 298 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

KEY TERMS Complementary : making whole Consumption : the action of using up of resource Intricate : complex Trade : the action of buying or selling of goods and services Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Are the agricultural products in your community consumed by the producers themselves or sold in the market for earning profit? Discuss in the class. 2. Discuss in the groups and list out the agricultural raw materials for the industries that are available in your community. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Give any two examples of industrial products which are used in the promotion of agriculture. 2. How does trade promote the industry? Write two examples. Short answer questions: 1. How are agriculture and industry interrelated? Explain with examples. 2. How does the development of trade depend on agriculture and industry? Clarify with example. 3. “There is great possibility of agro-based industry in Nepal.” Do you agree? Give reasons. 4. How does the development of industry help in the development of agriculture? Write your logics. 5. “Agriculture is the source of foods and raw materials.” Explain this statement with examples. Long answer question: 1. Show the inter-relationship among agriculture, industry and trade with examples. Community Work Visit an agro-based industry located in or nearby your community. Observe there and find out the raw materials used, productions made and status of trade. Prepare a report based on your study. Economic Activities 299

10Lesson ECONOMIC PLANNING Introduction kGw|f}+ ofh] gf A plan is a program made in order to achieve certain -cflys jif{ @)&^÷&&–@)*)÷*!_ goals within a specified period of time by utilizing estimated time, investment, manpower and resources. g]kfn ;/sf/ Every conscious person makes a plan for achieving goal. Similarly, the government also makes plans to /fli6«o of]hgf cfofu] achieve specified objectives in the country on the basis of priority by utilizing available means and l;x+ b/af/, sf7df8f}+ resource. The plan made by the government that aims at growing country’s economy is called economic planning. It is the activity of deciding the best way of using money, labour, and other resources in order to make a country’s economy successful. In 1928 AD, then USSR implemented the economic planning for the first time in the world. After this, many of the countries in the world have made economic planning and implemented in their countries. Nepal has also been making and implementing economic planning since 2013 BS. Beginning of Planning in Nepal Economic Planning was started in Nepal since 2013 BS. Some efforts of economic planning were made even before it. Fifteen periodic plans have been made and implemented in the country so far. Efforts of economic planning before 2013 BS The then Rana Prime Minister Juddha Shamsher had announced 20 years paper plan but it was not implemented. Nepal Company Act was implemented for the first time in 1992 BS. In the same year, Industry Council was also established. National Planning Committee was formed during the period of Rana Prime Minister Mohan Shamsher in 2005 BS. It had prepared a 15 years framework for the development of infrastructures like transportation, industries, agriculture and others. In 2007 BS, a planning committee was also formed and it had also prepared a 15 years plan but it was not made public. In 2012 BS, then King Mahendra declared Five-year plan to be effective from 2013 BS. 300 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9