Social Studies Book 9_2078 Revised and Updated Edition

Likewise, in the Buddhist community, when somebody Scroll Painting of Goddess demises, a scroll painting is prepared wishing the departed Siddhilaxmi made in 17th Century soul to get heavenly peace. In such paintings, the name, address, date of birth and date of demise are mentioned. Wall Painting There is also a tradition of performing a religious function and offering such painting to the priests. Mithila Chitrakala Once in a year, there is a trend of picture and painting 51 exhibition in different Bahaals of Kathmandu from the day of Gaijatra to Krishnajanmasthami. Various Nepali scroll paintings have been collected in the museums of Nepal and abroad. There are many expert painters in Nepal who have adopted painting as their profession. c. Wall Painting (BHITTECHITRA) The paintings made on walls of houses, buildings, temples, monasteries, etc are called wall painting. It is a general practice of people belonging to different communities in Nepal to draw pictures or symbols of different gods, goddesses and animals on the walls or to hang such paintings on the walls. It is believed that having such paintings on the walls forbids the devils and bad omens to harm us. Wall painting is also based on the religious beliefs. Paintings or picture of a Naag is pasted every year on the door during Naag Panchami according to the Hindu culture. According to the rule of wall painting, it is fixed what and where to draw paintings on the walls of temples or Bahaals. Generally, the painting of Kumbhakarna and Raavan are drawn on the outer wall of temples and Bahaals. Similarly, the paintings of Yaksha, Buddha, Bodhisatwa, etc are drawn above the windows of the temples or Bahaals. Likewise, the picture of Bodhibriksha is drawn on the main place of worship. On the left and right side of this, a painting of Barun is made. A picture of a king riding an elephant is made on inner side of the door. Among the available wall paintings of Nepal, the painting made on the wall of Taleju Bhawani temple of Bhaktapur in about 15th century is considered to be the Our Tradition, Social Values and Norms

oldest. The wall paintings of Shantipur of Swoyambhu, Basantapur Durbar, Kumarighar of Kathmandu are most significant. These paintings were made in the 18th century. All wall paintings could not be protected for various reasons. Frequent renovation and maintenance on temples, monasteries and palaces certainly led to the loss of original paintings made there. King Jitamitra Malla and Bhupatindra Malla kept many wall paintings in their decorative chowks. King Jaya Prakash Malla of Kantipur did the same. Huge wall painting is still found in Pashupati and Jaya Bageshwari. Stories of Ramayan, Mahabharat, Jatak, etc are commonly portrayed there. Mithila painting is one of the most refined forms of wall painting. It is widely practiced in the Terai region among the Maithili community. There is a tradition of making Mithila paintings containing religious stories, animals, birds, flowers, etc. It is popular in Tharu community also. Mithila Chitrakala is also called the Madhuwani Chitrakala as it is believed to have started from Madhuwani of India. Straight lines and composition of bright colours are the main features of Mithila Chitrakala. It is also being commercialized nowadays. Our art is our identity and it must be preserved and promoted. KEY TERMS Artisan : somebody who is skilled at a craft Authoritative : convincing, reliable, backed by evidence Precious : highly valued Sacred : relating to or used in religious worship Sorcery : witchcraft Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Conduct a drawing competition in your class. Draw a painting you like the most. Pay proper attention in the use of colours. Then, form an evaluation committee and select the best one. Make a provision of award to the best painting also. 2. Discuss the historical development of painting in Nepal. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What is painting? 2. What are the types of Nepalese painting? 3. Which is considered the oldest book painting in Nepal? 4. Write one difference between Pata and Mandala paintings. 5. List any four main materials that you feel necessary for drawing a picture. 6. How can painting help in the economic progress of the nation? Write in a sentence. 7. Identify the following paintings. 52 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Short answer questions: 1. Describe the historical background of Nepalese painting in brief. 2. What are the three types of Nepalese painting? Give a short introduction of each. 3. Write a short description on Mithila Chitrakala. 4. What should be done to preserve the Nepalese paintings? Present your views in four points. 5. Mention the similarities and differences between book painting and scroll painting. 6. Write any four suggestions to uplift the Nepalese paintings. 7. “Nepali arts are related to religious and cultural practices.” Justify the statement. 8. How do you justify that our traditional paintings reflect the Nepalese culture and history? Community Work Visit places like museums, temples or monasteries, where some models of old paintings are available and study them. Enquire the concerned person to find out when and for what purpose that painting was made, who made and what that painting represents. Prepare a short report of your study and present in the class. Our Tradition, Social Values and Norms 53

2Lesson NEPALI SCULPTURE (MURTIKALA) An art of making objects of different shapes, sizes and features of glass, metal, stone, wood, clay, etc is called sculpture. Like the art of painting, the sculpture is also related with religious traditions and practices in Nepal. There is a long history of making statues of different deities from metal or stone in Nepal. Sculpture developed in different phases of history. It is believed that the sculpture was introduced in Nepal in the first century or prior than that. The statues of Kirant period are found here and Birupaksha there in Kathmandu valley. However, enough Budhanilkantha evidences are not available to prove their authentication that they are the sculptures of Kirant period. It is difficult to analyse the authentication of such sculptures. Some of the scholars consider that the stone statue of Birupaksha located at Aryaghat of Pashupatinath Temple is the oldest statue in Nepal and considered to be made in Kirant period. Sculpture as an art flourished fully in the Lichchhavi period. Palanchowk Bhagawati The sculpture of Baman Trivikram installed by Lichchhavi of Kavre King Mandev is the oldest dated image available today. History depicts that there was an influence of Nepalese sculptures even in Tibet and China in that period. Images of Trivikram and Vishnuvikranta found in Lajimpat and Pashupatinath, image of Vishnu in Budhanilakantha, Garudnarayan in Changu, Chaitya in Dhokabahaal, etc are the excellent examples of stone sculptures of Lichchhavi period. Similarly, the statues of Palanchowk Bhagawati, Baraha Awatar of Dhumbarahi, Mahishasurmardini of Pharping, Vishwobirat of 54 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Changunarayan, Kaliyadaman of Hanumandhoka, etc are beautiful sculptures of Nepal. These sculptures are featured as neutrality, religious theme, minimum use of costume, simplicity and tantrism, etc. The development of Nepali sculpture reached its climax Narasingh of Hanumandhoka in the Malla period. It was golden period of Murtikala. The tradition of making statues of metal, stone and wood was common during the Malla period. There are many such sculptures of Ganesh, Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Laxmi, Saraswati, Buddha, etc built during the Malla period in and around Kathmandu valley. Garud of Mahankal, Narasingh of Hanumandhoka, Saraswati of Handigaun, Suryanath of Banepa, Vishnu and Ugrachandi Bhairav of Bhaktapur, etc are some examples of the sculptures of Malla period. Though the sculpture didn’t get much attention during the Shah and Rana period, there are some statues of Rana Prime Ministers and Shah Kings at different places of Nepal. There is still a practice of erecting statues of different gods, goddesses and martyrs. The tradition of building statues of Durga, Kali, Saraswati, etc from clay and straw during festival times is popular in the Terai. There are many institutions and people engaged today to promote the art of painting and sculpture. There is an art college for the study of fine arts called Lalitkala Campus. Nepal Academy and some organizations and departments under it are actively involved for the promotion of arts in Nepal. Nepal Association of Fine Arts (NAFA) is also such an organization. This has been playing an important role in promoting the Nepalese arts of painting and Nepal Academy sculpture. KEY TERMS Authentication : proof of validity Climax : key moment Neutrality : noninvolvement Our Tradition, Social Values and Norms 55

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Conduct an oratory program in your class on the topic “Roles of Nepalese sculptures in the development of tourism”. 2. How can we commercialize the sculpture of Nepal? Discuss in the class. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Define sculpture in a sentence. 2. Name the oldest sculpture of Nepal. 3. Foreign tourists observe the Nepali sculpture interestingly. Why? 4. How can sculpture help in the income generation? Present your logic in a sentence. Short answer questions: 1. Describe the condition of sculpture in Nepal during Lichchhavi period. 2. “The development of Nepali sculpture reached its climax in the Malla period.” Justify the statement with examples. 3. What activities are going on at present to promote the arts in Nepal? 4. “Most of the statues in Nepal are related to different religions and traditions. They are more influenced by religion than art.” Give reasons. 5. Prepare an editorial for a daily newspaper highlighting the role of sculpture in the national economy. 6. What should be done to promote Nepali sculpture both from the religious and artistic point of view? Community Work Visit one of the temples or monasteries in your locality to enquire about the statues installed there. Ask about them with concerned person and prepare a news bulletin for a newspaper including name of the statue, location of statue, date of its installment, materials used, person who installed it and its importance. 56 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

3Lesson NEPALI ARCHITECTURE (VASTUKALA) Architecture is an art and science of designing and constructing buildings. It is related to a specific period, place or culture. In Nepali language, “Vastu” means a place of dwelling and “Kala” means art. So, Vastukala is the art of dealing with a place of dwelling. Thus, by architecture, we mean the art of building houses, palaces, monasteries, temples, forts, inns, etc. The ancient architecture of Nepal is found to be excellent even from the scientific point of view. They are considered to be very important cultural heritage of Nepal. Historic statues are available in more numbers compared to temples, chaityas or stupas. It is because they are carved on the stones that can remain for thousands of years but the temples, stupas are built from the clay, wood, bricks, etc and cannot exist for a long time. At present, we don’t have any concrete proof of architecture built in the Lichchhavi period. But by examining the old sculptures of the Lichhchhavi period we can assume that there must have been some temples or architectural structures built to place and protect them. For instance, the existence of Mangriha of Mandev, Kailashkut of Amshuverma and Bhadradhiwas of Narendra Dev can not be found at present. Palaces, temples, Buddhist monasteries and stupas, built in the medieval age have survived till today as the cultural treasures of Nepal. Nyatapola, the 5-storey temple of Bhaktapur was built in medieval age by King Bhupatindra Malla to keep the goddess Laxmi inside the premises of his durbar. The Malla period is considered as an important period in the development of architecture in Nepal. Like other aspects of art, Nepali architecture is noted for its originality and magnificence. Nepalese architecture can be studied under the three categories: Pagoda Style, Stupa or Chaitya Style and Shikhar Style. Pagoda Style Pagoda style of architecture means the multi- storied structures having more than one roof with the broader base and gradually narrowing tops. Pinnacle (Gajur) is placed at the top. The God and Goddess to be worshiped are placed in the ground floor. The upper stories have space for storing the properties that belong to the temple. Mangriha of Mandev, Changunarayan temple, Kailashkut building of Anshuverma, Bhadradhiwas of Narendra Dev, Dattatreya and Nyatapola of Bhaktapur, Kasthamandap of Kathmandu, Pashupatinath temple, Nyatapola Temple of Bhaktapur Our Tradition, Social Values and Norms 57

Taleju, Palanchowk Bhagawati, Nine storey palace of Basantapur, Nuwakot palace, etc are the examples of the pagoda style. Stupa or Chaitya Style Stupa is mainly a Buddhist style of architecture. Emperor Ashoka is believed to have introduced this style of architecture in Nepal. Ashoka Stupa of Patan, Buddhanath, Swayambhunath, Charumati of Kathmandu, Mahabouddha closer to Tudikhel, Mayadevi temple of Lumbini, etc are the excellent examples of Stupa or Chaitya style of architecture. Ashoka stupa of Patan is believed to be the oldest stupa of Nepal. The followers of Buddhism bury Bouddha Stupa some sacred things related to their community on the land and build monuments over it. Such monument in hemispherical dome having pinnacle with Buddha’s eyes painted on the outside is called Stupa or Chaitya. According to the Buddhist tradition, the style of architecture having a broad base and gradually tapering upwards is called a Stupa or Chaitya style. Shikhar Style Krishna Mandir of Patan The Shikhar style is also a fine traditional architecture. It is believed that it was developed in the 4th century and entered from India. Shikhar style building is roofless with several towering and tapering tops with golden pinnacles. The original material for its construction is stone. In Nepal this type of architecture was popular during the 17th and 18th century. Krishna Mandir of Patan, built by King Siddhi Narsingh Malla is a typical example of Shikar style. Mahabouddha temple of Patan, Batsalyadevi temple of Bhaktapur, Shiva temple of Indrachowk, Kathmandu, Pratappur and Anantapur temple of Swayambhu are also the excellent examples of Shikhar style temples. Nepalese architectures were influenced Janaki Temple of Janakpur by the European style during Rana rule. Singha Durbar, Keshar Mahal, Thapathali Durbar, Shree Mahal, Rani Mahal, etc are the examples built in European style. There are buildings and religious shrines built in Gumbaj style and Mugal style also. Janaki temple of Janakpur is the 58 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

example of Mughal style. The structures of Gumbaj style are also found in the Kathmandu valley and in the Terai. Our arts and cultures are our important heritages and we must preserve them. There are few people who are professionally engaged in this field. They have been attracting number of tourist as well. Some individuals and organizations are working in the preservation of Nepali art and culture. A college of fine arts (Lalitkala Campus) in Kathmandu has been established. Nepal Academy, Nepal Association of Fine Arts (NAFA), Nepal Tourism Board (NTB), etc are also contributing for the preservation and promotion of Nepalese art. Department of Archaeology, a government agency, is working in the exploration and preservation of things and places of archaeological significance. Efficiency of these existing organizations and their number need to be increased for better promotion and preservation of our art and culture. KEY TERMS Archaeology : study of ancient cultures through remains Architecture : the art and science of designing and constructing buildings Magnificence : the impressive beauty Tapering : gradually reducing Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Draw a specimen picture of each of Pagoda style, Shikhar style and Stupa style. 2. The great earthquake of 25th April, 2015 AD devastated important heritages of Nepal. In this context, if you were appointed as the Chief of Post-Earthquake Reconstruction Authority, what would be your plan for the reconstruction of the damaged heritages? Discuss in the class. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. How do you define architecture? 2. Categorize the styles of ancient architecture of Nepal? 3. Draw a sketch of any one of the styles of Nepalese architecture. 4. Compose a slogan for the preservation and promotion of our traditional architecture. 5. Mughal style was imported from India during Mughal rule. Give an example of architecture built in Mughal style in Nepal. Our Tradition, Social Values and Norms 59

Short answer questions: 1. Give short introduction to the styles of Nepalese architectures with examples. 2. Is it necessary to preserve and promote our traditional architectures? Why? Justify your answer in four points. 3. How should the community play the roles for the preservation of old architectures available in Nepal? Write in four points. 4. Temples, monasteries, mosques are our important assets. Suggest any four ways for the preservation and promotion of them. 5. Mention any four differences between ancient and modern architecture. 6. Our modern architecture is highly influenced by the European style. Justify with examples. 7. In which style is each of the following temples or palaces built? Pashupatinath temple Krishna temple of Patan Kasthamandap Nyatapola of Bhaktapur Bouddhanath Dattatreya temple of Bhaktapur Manakamana temple of Gorkha Janaki temple of Janakpur Swayambhunath Singha Durbar Community Work There may be some old architecture in your community. Visit one of these sites and find out their style of construction and materials used for their construction. Prepare a report on your findings. 60 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

4Lesson RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE AND SECULARISM Religious tolerance is the acceptance of the different views of other people in religious matters, and fairness toward the people who hold different religious views. It is a practice where people of different religion live together at a place with harmonious relation and respect each other. Nepal is a country where the people of different religion have been living together with good relation. No conflict has taken place in the name of religion. They respect each other’s religion and even participate in each other’s religious and cultural activities. On the basis of the following facts, we can justify that there is religious tolerance in Nepal since ancient time. The Kings of Gopal and Kirant dynasty used to follow Shaivism whereas Lichchhavi King Mandev’s family used to follow both Shaivism and Vaishnav. The Lichchhavi King Mandev built Man Vihar paying respect to Buddhism. Pratap Malla permitted Christian pastors to live in Kathmandu. Bhaskar Malla appointed some Muslims in his palace for their services. King Prithvi Narayan Shah invited Muslim artisans in the palace for repairing arms and giving training his army. Both the Hindus and Buddhists worship in Pushipatinath and Swayambhunath. Daughter of Shakya who follow Buddhism is worshiped by Hindus as Kumari. If a state treats all its citizens equally not considering their religion and avoids favoured treatment to the citizens of a particular religion, it is a practice of secularism. Secularism is an ideology according to which religion or religious beliefs should be excluded from certain human activities and decisions, especially those concerning to public and political affairs. A state or a country that is officially neutral in matters of religion, neither supporting nor opposing any particular religious system is called a secular state. The reinstated parliament by the People’s Movement II made a historical ‘House of Representatives Declaration 2063’ on 4th Jesth 2063 BS. This historical declaration made Nepal a secular state for the first time in the history of Nepal. Before it, Nepal was known as only one Hindu Kingdom in the world. Constitutional provision regarding secularism and right to religious freedom The Constitution of Nepal has defined ‘State of Nepal’ in part: 1, Article: 4 as “Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive, democratic, socialism-oriented, federal democratic republican state”. It has further explained this article as “For the Our Tradition, Social Values and Norms 61

purpose of this article, \"secular\" means religious, cultural freedoms, including protection of religion, culture handed down from the time immemorial. Similarly, a provision of Right to Freedom of Religion as a fundamental right has been made in the Article: 26 under the Part: 3 in the Constitution of Nepal. It has stated that: Every person who has faith in religion shall have the freedom to profess, practice and protect his or her religion according to his or her conviction. Every religious denomination shall have the right to operate and protect its religious sites and religious Guthi (trusts). No person shall, in the exercise of the right conferred by this Article, do, or cause to be done, any act which may be contrary to public health, decency and morality or breach public peace, or convert another person from one religion to another or any act or conduct that may jeopardize other’s religion and such act shall be punishable by law. Thus, it is everyone’s duty to enjoy the religious freedom. Every religious denomination should perform religious activities only according to the law. All of us should learn to respect each other’s religion while performing own religious activities. Positive aspects of Secularism Religious and social relation can be promoted through social justice and equality. A sense of cooperation and friendship is developed among the people. People get equal facility, service and protection from the state. The state can work freely without the pressure of any religious group. Culture, tradition and heritages of various religious groups can be preserved. 62 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

KEY TERMS Harmonious : friendly Indivisible : not separable Reinstate : reintroduce something Sovereign : self-governing and not ruled by any other state Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Discuss among the friends in the class on the positive aspects of secularism. 2. Make a chart showing some examples of religious tolerance practised in our country. Show it to your teacher. 3. Read the following examples of religious tolerance and present another example of it which you have seen or heard in your community. wflds{ ;lxi0f'tfsf] HjnGt pbfx/0f b]zsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}s“ f] afuahf/df g]jf/x¿sf] afSnf] a:tL 5 . To; :yfgdf d';ndfgx¿ klg k/fk\"j{ sfnb]lv 3/hd u/L a;f]af; ub{} cfO/x]sf 5g\\ . s]xL jif{ otfbl] v To; 7fp“df k\"j{ d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;Ddsf ljleGg hfthflt / wdfj{ nDaLsf JolStx¿ klg :yfoL ¿kdf a;fa] f; ul//x]sf 5g\\ . gj] f/x¿sf] 3/df d'l:nd / dl' :ndsf] 3/df gj] f/nufot cGo hfltsf JolStx¿ ef8fdf a;]/ :jtGqtfk\"js{ cfk\\mgf] k];f ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\\ . cfkm\\ gf] wd{ tyf ;+:sf/ cjnDag u/]sf 5g\\ . afuahf/ glhs} /fgLkfv] /Lsf] lardf lxGb'x¿sf] dlGb/ 5 . /fgLkfv] /Lsf] k\"jk{ 6\\l6 dl' :ndx¿sf] bO' { cf]6f dl:hbx¿ klg 5g\\ . afuahf/ cf;kf;df klg lxGb'x¿sf] d7 dlGb/, ab' \\w wdfj{ nDaLsf :t\"k / rT} ox¿ /xs] f 5g\\ . oxf“ lj|ml:rog wdfj{ nDaLsf luhf3{ /, dG8nLx¿ klg 5g\\ . OGb|rfs] sf] k\"jL{ 6f]nnfO{ /fsL 6f]n elgG5 hxf“ O/fsL d';ndfgx¿ a:b} cfPsf 5g\\ . afuahf/df leGg hflt / wdf{jnDaLsf 3/x¿ Ps cfk;df hf]l8Psf 5g\\ . pgLx¿ cf–cfk\\mgf] ;:+ sl[ t lgjf{w ¿kdf lgles{ tfsf ;fy dfGb} cfPsf 5g\\ . pgLx¿ Pscsf{sf] wflds{ :yn tyf sfoj{ m| ddf pT;'stfkj\" {s hfg] klg u5g{ \\ . cfh;Dd To; 7fpd“ f wds{ f] gfddf sg' } em}emu8f, snx, dte]b ePsf] 5g} . a? csfs{ f] wdk{ l| t ;Ddfg / lh1f;f /fvs] f] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ ax' hftLo Pjd\\ ax' ;f+:sl[ ts ;dfhdf wflds{ ;lxi0f'tfsf ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . Our Tradition, Social Values and Norms 63

Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Define religious tolerance in your own words. 2. Is there religious tolerance in Nepal? Write a logic. 3. What is secularism? 4. When was Nepal declared a secular state? Write full date. 5. What do you mean by a secular state? 6. What is the basic difference between a secular and non-secular state? Short answer questions: 1. How can you claim that there is religious tolerance in Nepal since ancient time? Write with examples. 2. Suggest any four ways to maintain religious tolerance more effectively in our country. 3. Write an editorial on the importance of religious tolerance. 4. What is the constitutional provision regarding the secularism and right to freedom of religion in Nepal? 5. Write any four positive aspects of secularism. 6. How can secularism help in the promotion of religious tolerance? Present your opinion in four points. Community Work Make a small study in your community and find out the religions followed by the people and their relationship with each other. Prepare a report on it and present in the class. 64 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

5Lesson CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY OUR NATIONAL FIGURES AND LUMINARIES Many national personalities with marvellous talent have taken birth in Nepal. Such personalities who have given significant, unique and praiseworthy contributions to the nation are known as national figures. The government of Nepal has declared such great people as the Luminaries (Rastriya Vibhuti). The contributions of our eminent national personalities standing to their credit are briefly described in the following paragraph: 1. King Janak King Janak was an ascetic King of Mithila (present Janakpur). He was a follower of Bramha. He used to give more importance to the soul (Atma) than the body (Deha). He wanted to spread this message all over his Kingdom. He used to discuss with great intellectuals like Maitreyi, Gargi, Yagyavalkya, etc about the importance of scriptures and religion in his palace. For this reason, he was known as Videha and Rajarshi. Thus, he became successful to popularize the name and fame of Nepal. He developed Mithila as the center of intellectual discourses. He made cultural and religious value of Mithila popular in the world. 2. Sita King Janak’s daughter Sita or Janaki was an ideal lady. She was married to Ram Chandra, the eldest son of Dasarath, King of Ayodhya. She was an idealistic, wise and praiseworthy lady. Sita is always remembered for her ideal as a devout and faithful woman. She is an inspiring example for Nepalese women. Sita is worshiped as a goddess by Hindus as an incarnation of Goddess Laxmi. She is also famous as Dhartiputri and Janaki. She is known for her dedication, self-sacrifice, courage and purity. 3. Gautam Buddha Gautam Buddha (Siddhartha Gautam) was born in 563 BC in Lumbini, Nepal. In the quest of mystery of the world’s sorrow and suffering, he left his royal luxuries, wife and a young son. After long meditation and hardship, he concluded that the truth of life is peace, justice and non-violence which he followed and taught to the people all over the world. He became the promoter of peace in the world. His teachings later took the form of Buddhism, one among world’s major religions. He is called the “Light of Asia”. He preached the world with the message of Our Tradition, Social Values and Norms 65

Panchasheel that “Do not steal, do not lie, do not hurt by arms, do not consume intoxicants and do not practice sexual misbehavior”. He is known as the angel of peace in the world. 4. Amshuverma Amshuverma was a famous King of Lichchhavi period. He was a learned King. According to the travel account of Huen Tsang, a Chinese traveller, Amshuverma had written a book entitled ‘Sabda Vidhya’ which made him popular even outside the country. The Kailaskut palace built by him was an example of superb work of contemporary art and architecture. He maintained good relation with India, China and Tibet and saved the country from foreign invasion. He made all round development in Nepal during his rule. Because of his praiseworthy works, Lichchhavi period is called the golden age. 5. King Ram Shah Ram Shah was a famous King of Gorkha. He was best known for the reforms he introduced in his state in socio-economic, legal and religious field. A new system of measurements was introduced by him to improve the trade in his state. He introduced a standard system of weight, scale and measurements. Mana, Pathi, Dhak, Taraju, etc were introduced by him. He fixed the rate of interest. He was famous for his good governance and justice. He had systematized the irrigation system and had made rule for punishing the criminals. He managed such efficient system of justice that the saying ‘Nyaya Napaye Gorkha Janu’ (If you are deprived of justice, go to Gorkha) became popular. 6. Prithvi Narayan Shah Prithvi Narayan Shah was the King of Gorkha. During his rule, Nepal was fragmented into small Kingdoms called Baise and Chaubise Rajya. At the same time British India Company was ruling in India and wanted to conquer Nepal. Prithvi Narayan Shah started to unify the small Kingdoms and unified almost half of present Nepal. He extended Nepal’s Eastern border to Mechi River and made Nepal a strong country. He was the builder of independent and sovereign Nepal. He was a great politician, valiant commander, a successful and far-sighted leader, founder of non-aligned foreign policy and protector of traditional culture. He used to respect the intellectuals and had a good judicial administration. He is truly called the founder of modern Nepal. 66 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

7. Araniko Araniko was a great architect of Nepal. He was born in Patan of Kathmandu valley. He was given the name ‘Balabahu’. During the period of Abhaya Malla, on the demand of Chinese emperor Kublai Khan, a group of artist was sent to Tibetan capital Lhasa under the leadership of Araniko. He built several pagoda style monasteries in Lhasa. The Chinese emperor was impressed by his talent. Araniko was made one of the ministers of his court and given the title “The controller of imperial studies” by the Chinese emperor. He was an artist, sculptor, architect and a scientist. Dozens of sculptures made by him are still there in China. He constructed a pagoda style Silver Chaitya in Chinese capital Beijing and Golden Chaitya in Tibet. He was honoured with the title of ‘Minghoi’ (great talent) after his death by the Chinese government. He popularized the Nepalese art all over the world and proved Nepal to be the home of brilliant artists and creators. 8. Amar Singh Thapa Amar Singh Thapa, loyal and patriotic in nature fought bravely with the British East India Company of India during 1814-1816 AD war. It was he who extended the boundary of the Western Nepal up to Kangada and the Ravi River through Kumaun, Gadhwal. Amar Singh Thapa had fought during the unification of the Baise and Chaubise states. Despite a great allurement of British General Ochterlony, he fought unselfishly. When Nepal chose to sign the Sungauli Treaty, he became highly distressed and went to Gosainkunda where he lived until his death. 9. Bhimsen Thapa Bhimsen Thapa was the first Prime Minister of Nepal. He was a good administrator and a brave warrior. He was a true patriotic and against the British imperialism. He brought many reforms in his regime in the social, economic and military fields. In spite of the efforts of his opponents to harm him, he earned a good name for his love for nationalism. He ruled Nepal for 31 years as the Prime Minister. He had continued the unification of Nepal and extended the Western border to Sutlaj. His good vision, patriotism and purity were highly appreciated by then King. Once, King Rana Bahadur had said, “The country will not sink if I die but will sink if Bhimsen dies”. Likewise, Chandra Shamsher had said, “Nepal would no more be there if Bhimsen Thapa was not born”. He was a clever diplomat. He also modernized the Nepalese army. Our Tradition, Social Values and Norms 67

10. Balbhadra Kunwar Balbharda Kunwar was a great warrior of Nepal. During the Anglo-Nepal war he took the entire defence of Nalapani fort. A 20 years old young commander, Balbhadra Kunwar, though less equipped, fought very bravely against the strong British forces and had supervised a successful defence of the fort for long. During the war, he had only 600 troops including women and children whereas the British had 3,500 soldiers with modern weapons like guns and cannons. Even then the British could not defeat Balbhadra Kunwar. Highly impressed by his courageous defence, the British force erected memorial stone and carved words of honour on it: As a tribute of respect for our gallant adversary BULBUDDER, commander of the fort and HIS BRAVE GORKHAS. He did not surrender in front of the British force but exhibited extraordinary Nepalese bravery. 11. Bhanubhakta Acharya He translated a Hindu epic, Ramayan into simple common Nepali language in a poetry form. He started to write poems in Nepali language and proved that poems could be written in Nepali language also. He has a great contribution in the field of Nepali literature. His several books in Nepali language like Bhaktamala, Badhu Shiksha, Prashnottari, etc made Nepalese literature rich and prosperous. He made Nepali language simple and errorless. He unified Nepalese people in terms of language. Thus, he became the pioneer poet of Nepal and is known as Aadikabi. 12. Motiram Bhatta Motiram Bhatta is known as Yubakkabi. He was the one who introduced Bhanubhakta to Nepalese society. He collected the poems written by Bhanubhakta and published them. Motiram Bhatta has written many poems and Gajals in Nepali language. He was a singer also. He printed the Ramayan translated by Bhanubhakta and made them available to the common people. Without him, Bhanubhakta’s contribution would not be exposed and realized. Motiram Bhatta died at the young age of 30. 13. Tribhuwan King Tribhuwan played the key role in the movement launched in Nepal for democracy in 2007 BS. He joined the people’s revolt against tyrannical regime of Ranas and left his palace after the risk of losing his life and throne. He is considered as a national hero as he contributed to make the democratic movement a success. Because of his support in the Anti-Rana Movement, democracy was introduced on 7th Falgun, 2007 BS in Nepal. 68 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

14. Shankhadhar Sakhwa Shankhadhar Sakhwa was the founder of Nepal Sambat. He was a merchant. It is believed that he collected gold from the sands of Bishnumati River in order to free the poor people of Kathmandu from their debt. In 936 BS he started the Nepal Sambat in order to commemorate the incident. Shankhadhar Sakhwa was included in the list of national heroes on 2nd Mangsir 2056 BS. 15. Pasang Lhamu Sherpa Pasang Lhamu Sherpa is the first Nepali woman to climb the summit of Mt. Everest. She climbed Mt. Everest on 10th Baishakh 2050 BS. She was buried in an avalanche while descending Mt. Everest and hence lost her life. She is a source of inspiration for all Nepali women for their courage to rise from their level and perform adventurous activities to glorify the nation. She has glorified the name and fame of our country in the world. Her name was included in the list of national heroes on 9th Baishakh, 2059 BS. 16. Mahaguru Falgunanda Falgunanda was born of Limbu parents on 25th Kartik, 1942 BS in Ilam. He is well-known as Mahaguru (the great teacher) especially among the Limbu community. He is remembered for his outstanding socio-cultural and religious messages in the Limbu community. His messages were related to nonviolence and religion. He had issued a ten-point ‘Dharma Muchulka’ for the ethnic, economic, social and religious reforms in his community. In his preaching, he has advised to avoid bad practices like gambling, smoking, taking alcohol, jealousy, anger, murder, telling lie, etc. He has advised to respect father, mother and teacher, study hard, serve the people, etc. He implemented rules and policies such as establishing a temple and school in every village, educating Kirant community, treating sons and daughters equally. He was declared as a 16th national hero on 16th Mangsir, 2066 BS. KEY TERMS Adventurous : involving risk Glorify : make something appear superior Idealistic : principled Imperialism : the policy of extending the rule or influence of a country over other countries or colonies Incarnation : a god’s or spirit’s appearance in human or animal form Luminaries : eminent or famous persons Marvellous : amazingly impressive Praiseworthy : deserving praise Superb : of the highest quality Tyrannical : ruling with absolute power over a population Valiant : courageous Our Tradition, Social Values and Norms 69

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Organize a speech program in your class on the contributions made by the luminaries. 2. Consult with your teachers and find out the roads, buildings, institutions, etc named after the national personalities. 3. Collect the photographs of national personalities and paste them on a chart paper. Mention any two contributions of national personalities under their photos and display the chart in your class. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What kinds of personalities are known as national luminaries? 2. How have we been benefited by the works of the luminaries? Write in a sentence giving an example of the work of any one of the luminaries. 3. Pasang Lhamu Sherpa is an important source of inspiration for the Nepalese women. Why? Short answer questions: 1. Write a dialogue on the contributions of luminaries. 2. Make a list of the national luminaries of Nepal. 3. If you wish to add someone’s name in the list of our national luminaries, suggest the name with reasons. 4. If you had to introduce any two luminaries in short, whom would you introduce and why? 5. Write a letter to your friend emphasizing the contribution of Shankhadhar Sakhwa. 6. Mention one contribution of each of the following national luminaries: a. Gautam Buddha b. Araniko c. Balabhadra Kunwar d. Bhanubhakta Acharya 7. Search a public personality in your community and prepare a short description as shown in the table given below: Name of the person His/Her Contribution Lesson to be learnt from him/her Others Community Work Visit a library of your community or school. Make a study of different books and find additional information about the national figures of our country. Share your findings with your friends. 70 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

6Lesson EMPATHY AND COOPERATION Empathy We, human beings are social and sensitive creatures. We understand each other’s feelings and cooperate with each other. Such human character of understanding each other’s feelings, views, difficulties and needs is known as empathy. If we have the sense of empathy, we can take others’ feelings, difficulties, problems, views and grief as ours. In the present days, people have become so materialistic and mechanical that the feeling of empathy in them has gradually decreased. Because of the industrialization and urbanization, the individuals have become very busy in their life. A habit of being selfish and thinking only for oneself has developed. The trend of understanding each other’s feelings, views, difficulties, grief, etc has gradually decreased. The feeling of brotherhood, wishing for others prosperity has also decreased. Due to the selfishness, greediness and luxuriousness, the empathy and respect has decreased. Cooperation We cannot deal with our personal needs, wish and necessities only with our single efforts. Every person needs each other’s cooperation. If any work needs the support of two or more persons, it is considered as cooperation. There are three types of cooperation: voluntary, compulsory and self-centered. Voluntary cooperation strengthens the relation and is the best in the humanitarian point of view. Compulsory cooperation increases the hostility and the self-centered cooperation develops fraudulence. Importance of Empathy and Cooperation As we are social creatures, it is necessary to maintain good relationship with all by understanding their feelings and conditions. We expect something from others. The feeling of empathy and cooperation prevents the individuals from making others suffer and hurt. The other people also expect the same from us. Cooperation maintains coordination and solidarity, enhances the closeness and intimacy. As a result, the works are easily carried out. Empathy and cooperation increase the unity and trust with each other. It creates a civilized society. Nepalese society is full of diversity. For the progress and prosperity of Nepal and Nepalese people, we have to strengthen the racial, religious, lingual, gender and regional goodwill and cooperation. It helps to maintain national unity. It is believed that where there is empathy and cooperation, there is peace. Peace is the first need and condition. Thus, it is necessary to arouse empathy and cooperation in the community, country and in the entire world. In the absence of empathy and cooperation, there cannot be friendship and goodwill. There instead will be hatred, hostility and conflict which ultimately will result into war and destruction. War and destruction will lead the human civilization and human development to a great loss. If an individual does not get support, s/he becomes alone and feels insecured, fear and chaos. We have witnessed many insurgencies, civil wars and World War I & II. We have already suffered from such hurt. An individual can have a life with pleasure when there is love, Our Tradition, Social Values and Norms 71

goodwill and cooperation among each other. Thus, empathy and cooperation are inevitable for the progress and prosperity of mankind. KEY TERMS Chaos : a state of complete disorder and confusion Fraudulence : dishonesty Hostility : strong opposition to somebody or something Insurgencies : revolutions Materialistic : focusing on material things Sensitive : thoughtful and sympathetic Solidarity : mutual agreement and support Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Write an article on the topic “Empathy and cooperation are the bases for the world peace”. 2. Discuss in the class about any conflict or quarrel that took place in the lack of empathy and cooperation. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What is meant by empathy? 2. How do you cooperate with your parents at home? Write in a sentence. 3. What does voluntary cooperation do? 4. Write the difference between empathy and sympathy. Short answer questions: 1. What should we do to maintain empathy and cooperation in our country? Write any four measures. 2. “Empathy and cooperation are inevitable in the countries like Nepal which is full of diversity”. Justify this statement. 3. Why do you think the feeling of empathy and cooperation has decreased gradually in people nowadays? 4. Write a paragraph on the importance of empathy and cooperation. 5. What kind of problems may occur in the absence of empathy and cooperation? Write with examples. 6. Complete the following table. Advantages of empathy and cooperation Disadvantages of misunderstanding and conflict a. a. b. b. c. c. d. d. Project Work Visit a library for reading different books related to the history. Find out the causes of the insurgencies and conflicts that took place in different time periods in Nepal. 72 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

7Lesson PEACE CULTURE Peace is a calm and quiet state. It is a state of being free from any disturbance, misunderstanding or conflict. Peace is an inevitable prerequisite for the development of an individual, community, nation and the entire world. It is difficult to live a life with pleasure in a violent and chaotic environment. Culture is the beliefs, customs, practices and social behaviors of a particular nation or people. Peace culture does not merely mean to remain quiet in the violence or not to be involved in violent activities. Peace culture reduces the family, community, social and national and international disputes. This is a technique of maintaining mutual love, care and unity. It helps to manage the violence, possible conflict and tension in the society and the nation through dialogue, discussion and consensus. Peace culture is a positive value, norm, view, practice and way of life which fights against the violence. It identifies the causes of the conflict and violence, and helps individuals and nation make a peaceful and healthy society. Importance of Peace Culture Peace promotes creation, construction, unity, brotherhood, cooperation, love and all round development whereas conflict interrupts the human relation and generates hatred. The ultimate aim of everyone is to achieve pleasure. Pleasure is not achieved only by the economic and physical progress. The economic and physical progress is also not possible in the environment of conflict. An individual can achieve pleasure only if s/he enjoys fundamental rights and freedom in the fearless environment. Thus, the development of peace culture is needed not only for ours but also for the progress, prosperity and pleasure of the entire world community. Nepal is the birth and work place of Lord Buddha, an angel of peace and Royal Sage Janak. This is the Vyas’s place of meditation. There is no any conflict in the name of caste, religion, language and culture till this date in Nepal. So, Nepal is known all over the world as a country of unity in diversity. We need peace culture to carry on the unity and tolerance as well. Role of Dialogue and Consensus in Peace Culture The present world is suffering from number of conflicts. When an individual is unable to enjoy human rights, freedom, equal existence and respect, then there begins a state of conflict and war. Poverty, illiteracy, ignorance, greediness, hatred, economic and social inequality, injustice, discrimination, intolerance and strong desire for power are the challenging factors for peace culture. A peace culture can be established by reducing such challenging factors. It is necessary to address freedom, social justice, democracy, tolerance, unity, cooperation, diverse pluralistic culture in every level of society and the nation. For this, it is necessary to have dialogue and consensus between the individuals, communities and the societies. Dialogue and consensus can develop a peace culture. Measures to maintain Peace Culture a. Peaceful solution of conflict, development of mutual understanding and respect. b. Promotion and respect toward democracy, human right and fundamental freedom. c. Building the attitude of dialogue, conversation and consensus. d. Elimination of poverty, illiteracy, inequality and discrimination. e. Assurance of social and economic development. Our Tradition, Social Values and Norms 73

f. Judicious distribution of available means and resources. g. Guarantee of transparency and accountability in the ruling system. h. End of intolerance in the name of racism, racial discrimination and contracted nationalism. i. Understanding among all the human civilization and culture, tolerance, cooperation and solidarity. j. Special protection and assurance of involvement of all lingual, religious and ethnic minorities in the community. k. Prohibition in the production and supply of arms. Our wish is a peaceful and prosperous present and bright future of our future generation. An outline of the war and conflict begins from the human mind. So, we have to make our mind free from such conflict and violent thoughts. We have to accept the fact that every problem can be solved through peaceful measures and develop a peace culture to set up a beautiful world. KEY TERMS Inevitable : impossible to avoid or to prevent from happening Minorities : small socially defined groups Panic : a sudden feeling of fear or anxiety Pluralistic : diverse Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. “Peace culture has to be started from our home.” Discuss this statement in the class. 2. Conduct a speech program on the topic “Need of peace culture development”. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. How do you define peace culture? 2. Write any two features of peace culture. 3. Why is peace culture necessary? Write in a sentence. 4. What would be your role to maintain the peace culture? Mention any one role. Short answer questions: 1. What do you think are the obstacles of peace culture? How can they be overcome? 2. Suggest any four measures to maintain peace culture. 3. Make a list of the roles to be played by the individual, society, political parties and the state to maintain a peace culture. Write one role of each. 4. How can the students play important roles in the development of peace culture? Write in four points. Community Work Different kinds of norms and values are developed in local level to maintain peace. Consult some intellectuals of your community and make a list of the local traditions for maintaining peace. 74 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

4UNIT SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS Learning achievements Identify the social problems, and find out their effects and measures for solution, Determine own role to eradicate social evils, Find out the roles played by government and non-government organizations for social reforms and follow on such works, List efforts for social reforms carried out in Nepal and compare them, Participate in the constructive works carried out for social reforms, Identify the causes of conflict, and Analyze the conflict cycle, and bring the conflict transformation into practice. Social Problems and their Solutions 75

1Lesson IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS Society is an organized group of people. We live in a society. A society faces many hindrances and difficulties in its development. Such hindrances and difficulties are called social problems. Due to various reasons, people involve themselves in some antisocial activities. Such activities are known as social evils. Nepal is also suffering from numerous social problems and evils. The forms, frequency and quantity of social problems differ with place, religion, situation, belief, caste, class and individual. However, they cause the same effects in the society. Such social problems and evils affect the entire nation. The major causes of the social problems and evils are illiteracy, ignorance, traditional values, norms, negligence of people, political instability and so on. On the basis of Nepal’s geographical structure, social structure and economic status, the causes of social problems and evils can be identified as follows: a. Conservative Tradition and Culture In some societies, there are many people who are still not ready to accept change. They hold on to the old traditional values and are known as conservative people. This problem is prevalent in the Nepali society as well. There are a lot of examples from different parts of the country where many males or females have been victimized and accused of witchcraft. Because of the illiteracy, ignorance and superstition, the social problems such as Chhaupadi custom, Jhuma custom and Deuki custom are in Hut made for Chhaupadi practice. The belief of getting sanctity by getting their daughters married in their early age has caused the rise of child marriage and lots of domestic violence. In some cultures it is mandatory to consume alcohol during ceremonies and festivals which have encouraged this habit amongst the youngsters. This has also contributed in arising many problems in the society. b. Discriminations The discriminations on the basis of gender, language, region, class, ethnicity, disability has also created social evils. The discrimination towards male, female and third gender creates gender discrimination. Nepalese society being a male dominant society, ignorance and low economic status of women are the main reason behind it. Due to the lingual discrimination, some languages may fall behind from the mainstream of development. Though, the equal 76 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

legal rights have been given to all physically challenged, ethnic group, class, gender, language, religion, culture, it has not been fully implemented in practice. Thus, we have not achieved our goals of solving the social problems as we expect. c. Economic Inequality People of different economic background live in the society. The different economic status of people results into the formation of different classes in the society. As a result the lower level people are oppressed and the higher level people hold the oppressive character. The problem of theft, robbery increase and there can emerge a social insurgency. The extravagance of the rich people increase the social evils and the people with low economic status go after the same practice and fall in heavy debt. d. Misuse of Technology Technology is the application of tools and methods for manufacturing and productive processes. The use of technology has played a great role to make our life convenient and manageable. However, its misuse has increased nowadays. Cyber crime carried out through social media, email, websites, etc is one such example. There is high possibility of arising bad practices such as children may learn bad habits, bad foreign culture may enter in the society, and criminals may expand their network and so on through the means of internet and technology. We have to be aware to prevent such situation. To keep such situations in check, the one, who are involved in cyber crime should be given legal punishment; internet should be used for keeping and searching correct information and social networks should be used only for building positive social relation. Besides the problems mentioned above, there are many social problems and evils in the Nepalese society. Corruption, child labour, drug addiction, alcoholism, criminal activities, abduction, difficult settlement, ransom, prostitution, bullying and many more have been disturbing the social development of Nepal. The following measures can be adopted to eradicate the social problems and evils from our society: Parents should treat both sons and daughters equally. Government should launch effective plans for reducing unemployment, illiteracy and poverty. Society should be made free from exploitation, discrimination, corruption, feudality, and orthodoxy. Political parties should mobilize their campaigners for creating awareness against social problems and evils. We, common people should raise our strong voice for truth, justice. All the stakeholders should work jointly to aware every one about their rights and responsibility. KEY TERMS 77 Dominant : in control or command over others Oppressive : imposing a harsh or cruel form of domination Ransom : money demanded for releasing captive Sanctity : the state or quality of being holy, sacred, or saintly Social Problems and their Solutions

Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Prepare a poster to reflect the existing social evils in your society. 2. Make groups of your friends. Ask each group to list the social problems and evils existing in their society. Then discuss the efforts that have been made to eradicate such problems and evils from their society. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What do you mean by social problems and evils? 2. Write the major social problem prevailing in your community and a measure to solve it. 3. What roles can you play to abolish dowry system? 4. Define extravagance in a sentence. Short answer questions: 1. “Social problems and evils are the obstacles for the development.” Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer. 2. Cyber crime has become a serious problem nowadays. Write its causes and appropriate measures for solution. 3. Study the given picture and answer the following questions. a. What social problem does the picture indicate? b. Write the main cause behind it. c. Suggest any two measures to solve it. 4. Make a table and show the causes, effects and solutions to each of the following problems: b. Alcoholism c. Brain drain a. Smoking d. Child marriage e. Misuse of internet f. Dowry system g. Untouchability h. Violence against women 5. Compose a slogan to discourage each of the following social evils. a. Child marriage b. Gambling c. Girl trafficking d. Untouchability 6. What measures should be taken to solve the social problems and evils from the side of government, political parties, students and community? Make a list of them. 7. “Public awareness is the important measure to solve social problems and evils.” Present your logics in four points. Community Work Your community might have been facing various problems. Consult with a social worker of your community or district about the major social problems and evils prevailing in the society, their causes and measures of their solution. Prepare a report including his/her opinion and your views. 78 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

2Lesson CORRUPTION Corruption is an illegal act of misusing public property, power and authority for personal benefit. It is a human activity that obstructs the physical, social, economic and moral progress. Corruption is a major social problem in the developing countries. It is also called a white-collar crime as it is lawbreaking by a salaried employee or senior manager of a company or organization and going against the society and the nation. The public post holders involve in corruption individually and institutionally also. Corruption creates social conflict, inequality and problems. Transparency International has been publishing the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) of the world every year to aware all against the corruption. It shows the status of corruption in countries around the world. The index ranges from 0 to 100 where 0 means that a country is perceived as highly corrupt and 100 means it is perceived as very clean. e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f Pg] , @)%( cg';f/ s'gk} lg /fi6;« j] sn] l/;jt lng' lbg', lagf d\"No jf sd d\"Nodf j:t' jf ;]jf lng', bfg, bftJo, pkxf/ jf rGbf lng,' sldzg lng', /fhZj r'xfj6 ug,'{ u/} sfg'gL nfe jf xflg k¥' ofpg] ablgotn] sfd ug'{, unt lnvt tof/ ug{', unt cgj' fb ug{,' ;/sf/L sfuhft ;Rofpg', ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;:+ yfsf] sfuhft gf]S;fg ug'{, kZ| gkqsf] ufk] gLotf eu+ ug'{ jf k/LIffsf] kl/0ffd km/] abn ug,'{ u/} sfgg' L Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug{', gkfPsf] cf]xbf kfP“ eGg,' em' §f ljj/0f lbg,' ;fjh{ lgs ;DklQsf] xflg gfS] ;fgL ug{,' u/} sfgg' L bjfa lbg', unt k|ltjb] g lbg', u}/sfg'gL ?kdf ;DklQ cfh{g ug'{, pBf]u ug',{ dltof/ xg' ', ;+ul7t ;+:yfaf6 ePsf] s;'/df d'Vo eO{ sfd ugn'{ fO{ æe|i6frf/Æ elgG5 . Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) CPI is the most widely used indicator of corruption. It scores and ranks countries based on how much corrupt a country’s public sector is perceived to be. It is calculated on the basis of surveys and assessments of corruption collected by a variety of reputable institutions. Social Problems and their Solutions 79

CPI of Some Countries Rank Country CPI 2019 CPI 2018 CPI 2017 CPI 2016 CPI 2015 1 New Zealand 87 88 88 90 91 1 87 87 89 90 91 23 Denmark 69 71 75 74 76 25 United States of America 68 68 67 65 65 80 41 39 41 40 37 80 Bhutan 41 41 40 40 38 93 China 38 38 38 36 37 113 India 34 31 31 29 27 120 Sri Lanka 32 33 32 32 30 146 Nepal 26 26 28 26 25 173 Pakistan 16 16 15 15 11 179 Bangladesh 12 13 12 11 15 180 Afghanistan 9 10 9 10 8 South Sudan Source: Transparency International, 2019 AD Somalia Causes of Corruption Socio-economic Judicial causes Political causes Managerial causes Other causes causes Inconsistency in judicial decision Political Lack of Nepotism and Influence of interference accountability favouritism foreign culture Delaying in judicial administration Political Discretionary Loop holes in laws Over-spending appointment right or monopoly nature without criteria in power Lack of awareness in people Feeling of superiority Non-transparent Cheating in in the society political donation paying tax Strong circle of corrupt people Vainglory Irregularity in appointment and Lack of feeling of transfers nationality Lack of rule of law and anarchism Lack of strict law and punishment to corrupt Effects of corruption Creates social, economic and political crisis Disrespects human rights Misleads national and international trade and commerce Hampers democracy and the rule of law Threatens sound governance and ethics in the private sectors Makes the free press ineffective Reduces accountability in government 80 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Retards social and economic development Traps people in poverty and misery Validates political activity based on patronage, and money Wastes public resources Solutions to corruption Social boycott to corrupt people Good governance and political commitment Maintaining transparency Avoiding luxurious lifestyle Mass awareness to the people against corruption Enough and appropriate salary scale to the government and private sector’s employees Empowering the organizations working against corruption Efforts made to control corruption in Nepal Efforts of CIAA: A Constitutional body, Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA) has been implementing the curative and promotive strategies against the corruption. It has spread the message to people that corrupt must bear the punishment. Formulation of Acts: Anti-corruption activities have been made more effective after the implementation of “Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority Act 2048” and “Corruption Prevention Act 2059”. Similarly, Money Laundering Prevention Act 2064 and Money Laundering Prevention Regulation 2066 have been implemented in Nepal. National Vigilance Center: It has been established with the aim to promote good governance and check corruption. It has also aimed at reducing the slowness in the public authority. It is working under the direct supervision and control of Prime Minister. Signatory of UN Convention: Nepal has signed on the “United Nations Convention against Corruption” on 10th December 2003 AD and ratified it from the parliament on 31st March, 2011 AD. Efforts through education: The subject matters related to the control of corruption have been included in the school curriculum. Reward to the reporters: There is a provision of encouragement with reward to those who complain against the corruption. Efforts of Mass Media: Mass media is also playing important role to control corruption by transmitting and broadcasting programs for public awareness. Efforts of INGOs: Various non-government agencies have been running social awareness programs in the country against corruption. Social Problems and their Solutions 81

Transparency International Nepal (TIN) Transparency International Nepal (TIN) is a civil society institution dedicated to increase public accountability and curbing corruption in all walks of life. TIN is one of national chapters of Transparency International, an Coalition against Corruption NGO that leads a global movement against corruption. Transparency International is active in more than 100 countries with its secretariat in Berlin. It builds up support for the national chapters as part of a growing international movement for a transparent and corruption-free society. Through advocacy; intervention; cooperation with constitutional and governmental anti-corruption agencies, focusing on internal governance and management; promoting values through a set Code of Conduct, TIN contributes as a catalyst in the fight against corruption. Vision, mission and values TIN envisions Nepal in which government, politics, business, civil society and the people are free of corruption. TIN defines corruption as the abuse of position, power or trust for personal or private benefit of people in position of authority. TIN’s mission is to initiate, pursue and promote anti corruption movement in Nepal through advocacy of transparency, integrity and accountability in governance, and mobilization and empowerment of people. KEY TERMS Discretionary : giving somebody the freedom to make a decision according to individual circumstances Monopoly : an exclusive right to have or do something Vainglory : an excessive display of something in order to draw attention to it Vigilance : the condition of being watchful and alert, especially to danger Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Prepare a poster against corruption with fitting slogans suitable to display in the public places. 2. Make a separate list of the roles to be played by the civil society, community and student to control corruption. 3. Discuss about TIN and its role towards corruption-free Nepal. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What is meant by corruption? 2. What is CPI? 3. Write the name of any two organizations working in Nepal to control corruption. 4. What is Transparency International? Write its one function. 5. Write a slogan against corruption. 82 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Short answer questions: 1. What are the causes of corruption in Nepal? 2. What activities are considered as corruption? Mention. 3. What roles can you play to minimize corruption? Write in points. 4. Why is corruption regarded as social crime? Elucidate with examples. 5. “Nepotism and favouritism are also corruption.” Justify it. 6. Mention any four efforts made to control corruption in Nepal. 7. Draw a picture against corruption and give it a suitable caption. 8. What should be done to control corruption in our country? Describe any four measures. 9. Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA) has been established as a Constitutional Organ to check corruption in the country. Illustrate the roles played by it to control the corruption in Nepal. 10. Study the given news article and analyze the present condition of corruption in Nepal. Nepal improves in annual global corruption ranking January 23rd, 2020 The Kathmandu Post Nepal has improved its ranking in the global corruption perceptions index, but despite climbing a few spots, it continues to remain alongside countries with significant corruption, Transparency International said on Thursday. Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 has ranked Nepal 113th, 11 spots up compared to 2018, with a score of 34. In 2018, Nepal’s score was 31. In South Asia, Nepal is behind Bhutan (25th), India (80th) and Sri Lanka (93rd), but is ahead of Pakistan (120th), Maldives (130th), Bangladesh (146th) and Afghanistan (173rd). The index ranks 180 countries and territories by their perceived levels of public sector corruption, according to experts and business people. It uses a scale of zero to 100, where zero is highly corrupt and 100 is very clean. In a press statement, Transparency International Nepal said though Nepal has improved ranking in the corruption perceptions index, it failed to make any progress on long-term issues as the government could not implement its commitment of zero tolerance against corruption. Corruption in public and business sectors and abuse of authority continued while The report said that Nepal’s ranking improved due to the work carried out in various sectors to curb corruption including–action by anti-corruption agencies against public office holders who abused authority, works of the judiciary, decisions on tax collection, integrity of the state security agencies, especially of the Nepal Army and civil organizations’ role in the issues of public interest. Community Work 83 Conduct a research in your community about the corruption and prepare a report including the following subjects. a. Concept of corruption in your community b. Present condition of corruption in your community c. Causes of the corruption in your community d. Effects of corruption in your community e. Efforts made to check the corruption in your community Social Problems and their Solutions

3Lesson PROSTITUTION, ADDICTION AND BULLYING Prostitution Prostitution is an act of engaging in sexual intercourse or performing other sexual acts in exchange of money, or other personal benefits. It is also an impious sexual act. Though prostitution is an illegal and anti-social act, some people have adopted it as an occupation. Mainly in the city areas, it is happening secretly deceiving the security mechanism. It has to be checked in time with the effort of all. Causes of prostitution: Poverty, Illiteracy, Unemployment, Gender discrimination, Family disharmony, etc. Effects of prostitution: Physical and mental torture to women, Loss of dignity and prestige of the family and community, It may spread sexually transmitted diseases like HIV/AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea, etc. Feeling of inferiority in those who are engaged in prostitution, It is against the law. So, one should bear legal punishment. Measures to control prostitution: Poverty alleviation programs should be launched. Every sectors of the state should work together to fight against this problem. Priority should be given to women education and employment. Skill-based training should be given to the girls and women. Effective implementation of laws should be insured. Appropriate alternatives should be provided to those who have been engaging in prostitution as an occupation. Efforts made to check prostitution: Various organizations are established to work against girl trafficking and prostitution. Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act, 2064 has been implemented. Raiding is made frequently in the possible areas of prostitutions by the government and legal actions are taken against those who are involved in such an act. 84 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Various programs and policies have been brought to empower women and provide opportunity to them. Addiction Addiction is an unusually great interest in something or need to do or have something. It includes all kinds of bad habits affecting the health of individual, family and society, etc. A strong and harmful need to regularly have drugs or to gamble is the major addiction in our society. Some people are addicted to the social networks such as face book, twitter, etc and misuse it. Causes of addiction: Influence of bad company, Broken home/conflict in family, Feeling of loneliness, Excessive freedom, Wrong role model, Mental tension, etc. Effects of addiction: Loss of health, dignity, wealth and manpower, Loss of faith from family and society, Hindrances for personal and national development, Increase in the crime, etc. Measures to control addiction: Avoiding smoking and chewing tobacco, Avoiding the company of addicts, Observing the social norms and values, Respecting each other’s feelings and maintaining good relation in the family, Making provision of employment, Providing counseling and awards to those who have left the addiction, Engaging in the creative works, Preventing family disharmony, Caring and loving to each other. Efforts made to check addiction: Rehabilitations centers are established in different parts in the country. ‘Narcotic Drugs (Control) Act, 2033’ has been implemented. Publicity against the use of drugs has been made through different media. Awareness creating programs are launched by NGOs and INGOs. The subject matters related to the harmful effects of drug addiction are included in the curriculum of different level. Social Problems and their Solutions 85

Bullying Bullying is the process of intimidating, insulting or mistreating somebody weaker. Threatening, frightening, backbiting, physical or verbal attacking, provoking, spreading unnecessary rumors, etc are called bullying. Isolating somebody from the group, being arrogant, showing egotism and making fun of others are also bullying. Such activities are generally common in the childhood and gradually develop in the coming stages. Causes of bullying: To get noticed, Jealousy/hatred, Sense of revenge, Aggressive personality, Having power over their peers, Lack of supervision, Having problems at home, and To make fun of others. Effects of bullying: Bullying causes the beginning of dispute, creation of violence, self destructive behaviour, development of the feeling of revenge, and creation of difficult situation. It brings an environment of distrust in the personal and social relation. It weakens the fundamental characters like respect, honour and coexistence. An individual may feel loneliness. Furthermore, it causes problems in the process of socialization. Measures to control bullying: To prevent bullying, good works should be encouraged and the bad works should be discouraged in the family and school. The habits of treating all equally and showing empathy to all the friends should be developed. The activities of developing the habit of respecting different thoughts, ability and working style should also be done. Efforts made to check bullying: Moral and value education have been given priority. Rules for equality and equity have been made. Legal provision has been made against all kind of torture. Public awareness programs are being conducted to aware the people regarding their duties and rights. 86 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

KEY TERMS Arrogant : feeling or showing self-importance Disharmony : conflict between people Impious : showing lack of religious respect Mechanism : way that something works Provoking : making somebody feel angry Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Organize an interaction program about the ways to create public awareness against social problems such as bullying, prostitution and addiction. 2. Why is the legal provision to ban smoking in public place considered exemplary job of the state? Discuss in the class. 3. Discuss in the class about the attempts applied in your society to prevent addiction. 4. Read the given news article and discuss its positive effects in the society. sf7df8f“,} kmfu'g @) ;jfR{] r cbfntn] of}g lx+;fdf k/]sf dlxnfx?sf] ;+/If0f ug{ cnu} sfgg' agfpg ;/sf/nfO{ cfb]z lbPsf] 5 . b'O{ GofofwLzx¿sf] ;+oS' t Ohnf;n] lx;+ faf6 lkl8tnfO{ ;/+ If0f / bf]ifLnfO{ sf/afxLsf nflu 5'66\\ } sfg'g agfpg ;/sf/sf gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L u/s] f] xf] . ;jfR{] rn] dlxnf lx+;f lj?bw\\ sf] cGt/fl{ i6o« 3fi] f0ff kqdf g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/s] f] cj:yfdf ofg} lx;+ fdf k/]sf dlxnfx?nfO{ k'/fg} sfgg' cg;' f/ ;+/If0f xg' g;Sg] hgfPsf] 5 . ofg} b'Joj{ xf/df afn aflnsf / dlxnf lkl8t x'g] jm| d hf/L /x]sf] / pgLx¿ ;dfhdf kg' M:yf{kgf x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gbl] vPsf] tyf pgLx¿sf] ;/+ Ifs gePsf] bl] vPsfn] tTsfn sfgg' lgdf0{ f u/L /fHon] cleefjsTj u|x0f ug{'kg{] ;jfR{] rsf] km;} nfdf elgPsf] 5 . of}glx;+ f lkl8t dlxnf tyf afn aflnsfsf] sfgg' L /Iffsf nflu cnUu} ;+oGq agfpg /fli6«o dlxnf cfofu] sf] l;kmfl/; sfof{Gjog ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;jf]R{ rn] cfbz] lbPsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df cgu' dg ug{ ;jf{R] rn] dlxnf cfofu] nfO{ lgb{]zg u/]sf] 5 . Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What do you mean by prostitution? 2. Define addiction in your own words. 3. What would be your role to control violence in the country? Write any one. 4. What is bullying? 5. Prepare a slogan to raise awareness against gambling. Social Problems and their Solutions 87

Short answer questions: 1. “Prostitution is considered a serious social problem.” Justify this statement. 2. Why does a person become an addict? Give reasons. 3. Write a paragraph on “If we wish to get respect from others, we should learn to respect other too”. 4. Prepare separate lists of the effects of drug addiction on individual, family and society. 5. What roles can you play personally to control addiction in the country? Write any four roles. 6. Make a poster appealing people to be aware against bullying. 7. Identify the social problems prevalent in your society in the past and at present and prepare a comparative description. 8. How can an individual be freed from addiction? Mention the measures. 9. Name the organizations active in your community to control addiction and also state their activities. 10. Show the following statistics in a simple bar graph. The statistic of the causes of violent death in Nepal Causes Number (in %) Violent use of physical force 24 Use of sharp weapons 21 Squeezing the throat 11 Burning 2 Use of explosive weapons 4 Unknown 13 Other 25 Source: World Health Organization, 2014 AD Community Work There may be some organizations working to rehabilitate the drug addicts. Visit any one of them and prepare a report including the following aspects. a. Name and address of the organization b. Main objectives of the organization c. Process of rehabilitation to the drug addict 88 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

4Lesson CONTRIBUTION OF LOCAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN SOCIAL REFORM There are several social service organizations in Nepal. They are working to eradicate the social problems. They work with the aim of social service and social reform. A country can be developed through the overall progress, prosperity and reform of the society. Many of the governmental and non-governmental organizations are working in the country for this purpose. Some of such organizations provide services at a specific place or region while some others provide services at the national level. All the local and national organizations are actively working for the collective and wide-ranging welfare of the society. Such social service organizations have been contributing a lot for the social transformation, public awareness, income generation, reconciliation, peace and order, and overall development of the society. Some Local and National Organizations and Their Contributions Organization Contribution Aama Samuha Work against various violence, help in checking the CVICT (Center for Victims social problems and evils like gambling, alcoholism, etc of Torture) Help the victims of torture and violence, rehabilitate them and fight against various kinds of violence CWIN (Child Workers in Campaign against child labour and work for child rights Nepal) INSEC (Informal Service Protect the right of people engaged in informal sector Center) Maiti Nepal Control of human trafficking, rescue the trafficked girls and rehabilitate them, provide training to them for income generation Paropakar Sanstha Provide health service, educate helpless and orphan children with shelter Social Problems and their Solutions 89

Rachana Work in villages of Dhanusha for the development Shakti Samuha Relief and rescue of girls and women from being sold or victimized Sinkalama program Narconon Nepal Help in the construction of infrastructures of development and conservation of environment Rehabilitate drug addicts The government of Nepal has taken the policy to join with the social service motive of private sectors in the mainstream of national development. With the purpose of developing coordination among the various social service organizations working in Nepal, Social Service National Coordination Council Act 2034 was issued for the first time. Similarly, Social Welfare Council Act 2049 has been issued at present for the proper management and mobilization of organizations established for the social service. It has been felt that the works of some of these organizations are not that much satisfactory. Most of them do not want to go to rural areas where there is a great need of their service. They also lack transparency in their budgets, programs and coordination. However, they have been contributing to some extent in the social reform. The growth in quality of service along with the quantity of such non-governmental organization is necessary. It is necessary to extend the role of such organizations to remote and village areas. KEY TERMS Coordination : coming or working together Reconciliation : the ending of conflict or renewing of a friendly relationship between disputing people or groups Rehabilitate : help somebody return to normal life Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Make a table and mention the names and works of social organizations working in your community. 2. Collect photographs and information from different newspapers and then prepare a poster reflecting various social reforms carried out by local and national organizations. 3. Aama Samuha has been playing an important role in eradicating social problems. Discuss in the class about the activities carried out by Aama Samuha in your community. 90 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What do you understand by local and national organizations? 2. Write the major contribution of Maiti Nepal. 3. What is CWIN? What does it do? Short answer questions: 1. What roles can the teachers and the students play for the social reform? Make separate lists of their roles. 2. Prepare a request letter to be sent to the national level social organizations to bring appropriate programs to solve the social problems in your community. Suggest the ways to solve such social problems. 3. Observe the picture given below and answer the following questions. a. What kind of social problem is depicted in the picture? What do you think is the cause of this problem? b. Which organizations can help to solve this problem? c. What can you do to solve this problem? 4. Why are the social service organizations taken as driving force of social transformation? Give reasons. 5. Describe the importance of local and national organizations for social reform in the present perspective of Nepal. 6. Mention any four local and national organizations and their contribution. 7. Write a sample of news article describing the ways of solving social problems in your community. Community Work There may be offices of some national level social organization in your community or district. Visit one of them and after enough enquiries; prepare a report including the following topics: a. Name of the organization b. Background of the establishment of organization c. Objectives of the organization d. Activities of the organization e. Source of fund of the organization Social Problems and their Solutions 91

5Lesson EFFORTS MADE FOR SOCIAL REFORM IN NEPAL No society is free from social problems and evils. The nature of social problems and evils may differ according to the society and the number of problems may be more or less but some social problems may exist in every society. Several efforts have been made time and again in our country to eradicate social problems and bring positive changes in the society. The changes and improvement in the existing condition of the society by removing different problems is known as social reform. The following efforts have been made in Nepal for the social reform: King Mandev of Lichchhavi period prevented his mother from attempting Satee which illustrates that there was high respect to women and religious freedom in his rule. Jayasthiti Malla, a famous Malla King reformed the then society by making fixed rules for food and drink habit, lifestyle, wearing cloths and ornaments, rites of birth, marriage and death, etc. King Mahindra Malla encouraged solving the local disputes at local level. According to the decentralized judicial system, he appointed officials like Pradhan to solve the local disputes and Kharidar to look after the disputes all over the country. Ram Shah, the Shah dynasty King of Gorkha, brought great changes in the justice and measurement system. For the social reform, he introduced measurement system of Dhak, Taraaju, Naaptaul, Daampaisa in his Kingdom. Prithvi Narayan Shah discouraged the corruption saying that both bribe giver and taker are enemy of the nation. Bhimsen Thapa strongly opposed the bribery system and ended the bribery system of “Dudh Khane Ra Ghyu Khane”. He also ended the tradition of extravagance in the Newar community and the impractical marriage in other communities. Junga Bahadur Rana enacted the first written law in 1910 BS in the name of Muluki Ain and attempt for social reform. Dev Shamsher established more than 150 schools all over the country within a short period and brought a remarkable change in education. Chandra Shamsher abolished the most inhuman practice Satee custom in 1977 BS and Das (slavery) custom in 1981 BS. Panchayat government enacted the second Muluki Ain on 1st Bhadra 2020 BS which made the legal provision of abolishing untouchability, child marriage, polygamy, etc. Land Reform Act was introduced on 1st Poush, 2021 and brought into implementation. 92 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

National Education System Plan was implemented in 2028 BS to reform the education sector. It tried to reform the curriculum, text book, training, teachers’ qualification, inspection, etc. National Referendum was conducted in 2037 BS as a result of the political movement of 2036 BS. This largely contributed to enhance the general public awareness. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2047, promulgated after the success of People’s Movement 2046 BS, made the constitutional provision for social reforms by making the provision of fundamental rights to people. A declaration was made to abolish Kamaiya Pratha (bonded labor custom) on 2nd Shrawan, 2057 BS which was in practice for a long time in the Western Terai of Nepal. After the success of People’s Movement 2062/63, the reinstated parliament made an important declaration and declared Nepal a secular state. The Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 also acknowledged secularism and provided additional fundamental rights. Haliya custom was abolished from 21st Bhadra, 2065 BS which was in practice in nine districts of Sudurpashchim Province of Nepal. The Constitution of Nepal promulgated on 3rd Aswin, 2072 has also made lots of provisions for social reforms by adding different commissions and fundamental rights. Civil Code 2074, has been enforced from 1st Bhadra, 2075. KEY TERMS Bribery : the offering of money or other incentives to persuade somebody to do something, especially something dishonest or illegal Extravagance : excessive or wasteful spending of money Inhuman : showing great cruelty and a lack of humanity Promulgate : declare something officially Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Compose a song or a poem or a story or a dialogue or a news article or draw a picture about the prevailing social evils. Write the ways to solve them. Present your work in the class. 2. The Constitution of Nepal has also made lots of constitutional provision for the social reform. Study the constitution and write the provisions in point. 3. Discuss the various ways of bringing social reforms in your community. 4. Read the following news article and discuss its positive effects in the society. Social Problems and their Solutions 93

kfNkf, rt} !) ;jf/L P]gsf] ke| fjsf/L sfofG{ jogaf6 ltg jif{sf] cjlwdf b'3{6gfsf sf/0f Hofg u'dfpg] / 3fOt] xg' ]sf] ;ª\\Vof xj\\ fTt} 36s] f] 5 . k|x/Ln] lhNnfdf ;jf/L Pg] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog u/k] l5 b'3{6gf Gog\" xb“' } cfPsf] bfaL u/]sf] 5 . k|x/Ln] nfk/afxL;fy ;jf/L rnfpg] rfnsx?nfO{ sf/afxL / pgLx¿sf] cgd' lt kq;dt] /bb\\ u/s] f] atfPsf] 5 . ut jifs{ f] tn' gfdf o; jif{ b'3{6gf / Ifltdf zt k|ltztn] sdL cfPsf] 5 . kx| /Lsf] ;lj|motf tyf ;jf/L Pg] nfO{ s8fOsf ;fy nfu' ubf{ b'36{ gfdf sdL cfPsf] xf] . o;sf nflu 3d' j' f k|x/Laf6 P]g sfofG{ jogsf] lgu/fgLsf ;fy} ;fbf kf;] fssf k|x/L;d]t vl6Psf 5g\\ . ;jf/L Pg] df nfk/afxL ug{] k|x/LnfO{ ;dt] sf/afxL u/]kl5 b'36{ gfdf pNnv] gLo sdL cfPsf] 5 . Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What do you mean by social reform? 2. When was the second Muluki Ain enacted? 3. Prepare a placard with a slogan for social reform. 4. What was the contribution of Ram Shah for social reform? 5. Social reforms contribute for the social development. How? Write in a sentence. 6. When was Civil Code 2074 enforced? Short answer questions: 1. Show the following efforts made for the social reforms in a time line. a. 2065 BS Haliya custom abolished b. 2057 BS Kamaiya custom abolished c. 2020 BS Enactment of Muluki Ain d. 1981 BS Slavery custom abolished 2. Several declarations were made in different times to abolish social evils in the country but still we can see and hear some such social evils. What could be the reason behind it? Write an analytical article for a national newspaper. 3. “Only the enactment of laws cannot reform the society, it needs effective implementation.” Write your opinion in four points. 4. How did the abolition of Satee and Slavery custom help in achieving social justice? Present your logical answer. 5. Mention the similarities and differences of social reforms made by Jayasthiti Malla and Ram Shah. 6. Write short notes on: a. Satee custom b. Slavery custom c. Kamaiya custom d. Haliya custom e. Bribery custom Community Work Our community has experienced significant changes within the period of last 10 years. Visit the senior citizens of your community and ask questions about the changes that they have seen or experienced. Prepare a report on the basis of their views to present in the class. 94 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

6Lesson CONFLICT CYCLE AND RESOLUTION Janakpurdham, Dhanusha 3rd February, 2020 Dear Pasang, It has been a long time since we have had no contact. So far I am fine here and hope that you are also fine there along with other family members. Here, I am writing this letter to brief about the conflict that takes place frequently in my area. Pasang, here in my village, there’s shortage of drinking water during summer. Though, there is a river in our village, the distribution system is not well organized. This summer too, the villagers quarrelled with each other on the issue of water. When the conflict reached at its extreme, it was settled after the mediation of local representatives. However, the effect of the conflict remained for some weeks. The local organizations also conducted interaction programs in the presence of senior and intellectual personalities of the village. It helped to widen the positive relation among the villagers. Now, all the villagers live in harmonious relation with each other. They participate actively in the development works. They coordinate and help each other in the village. From time to time, the youths organize sports programs also. In this way, the intimacy, collaboration and cooperation is increasing gradually in our village. You know, disagreement between people with opposing opinions or principles is known as conflict. Conflict is a situation when two or more than two parties disagree between them. Mainly, there are three types of conflicts. They are personal conflict, group conflict and organizational conflict. A personal conflict involves a conflict between two people, most often from a mutual dislike or personality clash. Conflict occurred in groups because of the scarcity of freedom, position, and resources is called group conflict and a state of disagreement caused by the actual or perceived opposition of needs, values and interests between people working together is called organizational conflict. The conflict cycle is an expected cyclical process through which conflict passes. This is an excellent tool that assesses the current stage and intensity of a conflict. By understanding this conflict cycle and learning the skills necessary to reverse the cycle, people can often bring resolution to present conflict and minimize future conflict. Social Problems and their Solutions 95

Peace, State Insecurity, Conflict, of free from Distrust Violence discrimination and exploitation Conflict Cycle Status after Negotiation, Conflict Conciliation and Peace Building Dear Pasang, the following are the features of conflict. Conflict is a state of tension and struggle. Two or more than two parties are involved in conflict. Conflict may cause positive or negative result. Conflict is inseparable aspect of the society. Conflict should be considered as challenge. Conflict resolution reduces, eliminates, or terminates all forms and types of conflict. It is the method and process involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict. Similarly, conflict management minimizes the negative outcomes of conflict and promotes the positive outcomes of conflict. Conflict can be managed by negotiation, mediation, arbitration, litigation and adjudication. The following chart shows the stepwise process in the conflict resolution which should be completed by all the parties in the conflict together. Clarify what the Establish a common Discuss the ways to disagreement is goal for both parties meet the common goal Acknowledge the agreed Agree on the best way Determine the barriers solution and determine the to resolve the conflict to the common goal responsibilities each party SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9 has in the resolution 96

Pasang, as you are a student studying in grade nine of a reputed school, you should promise not to quarrel with others, raise the voice for justice and truth, mediate in the quarrel of friends, understand that the quarrel does not lead to a positive result and keep harmonious relation with all. I hope, you will act accordingly during incidents of conflict and help maintaining the peace. Your loving Ramjanam KEY TERMS Collaboration : working together Intimacy : close personal relationship Mediation : facilitation Reverse : change something to opposite Termination : ending something Evaluation Exercises Activities 1. Discuss about the causes, effects and resolution of conflict. 2. What is conflict cycle? Discuss in the class about it. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What is conflict? Write in a sentence. 2. How does conflict occur in the society? 3. What is meant by conflict cycle? Short answer questions: 1. What are the various features of conflict? Write any four of them. 2. What is meant by conflict resolution? Why is it important? 3. Write the processes of conflict resolution in brief. 4. Give any one example of conflict settlement that you have seen or heard or experienced. 5. “A conflict should end in win-win situation.” What does it mean? Explain. 6. “Peace is the base for development.” Present your views in a paragraph. 7. Suppose, you are going to mediate in the quarrel between your friends. How would you play the role of mediator? Community Work Your community may have faced some conflicts. Consult the senior personality of your community and prepare a report based on the information you got. Include the following aspects in your report: a. Meaning of conflict b. Causes of conflict in the community c. Effects of conflict in the community d. Resolution of conflict Social Problems and their Solutions 97

5UNIT CIVIC AWARENESS Learning achievements Discuss the introduction and development of constitution, Introduce fundamental rights, and maintain the civic duties, Mention the roles of good governance and civil society, Maintain tolerance with each other identifying all the caste, religion, language, region, gender, etc living in Nepal, and Discuss the subjects of national concern having the feeling of nationalism. 98 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9

1Lesson AN INTRODUCTION TO CONSTITUTION Constitution is the supreme law of a country. The ‘Article: 1’ of the Constitution of Nepal has also stated that “This Constitution is the fundamental law of Nepal. Any law inconsistent with this constitution shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.” It is the most authentic political and legal written document in which the political system of the nation, formation of the organs of the nation and use of the power of the nation are mentioned. A perfect constitution reflects the true face of the country because the country is governed as per the provision made in the constitution. Functions of Constitution: It determines the structure of the government. It limits power of the government. It divides the state power into various organs of the state and maintains relation among them. It legitimates the functions of the state. It guarantees the rights of people. It instructs the constitutional authorities to function within the jurisdiction. It makes the rulers responsible and accountable towards the citizens. According to the assumption of modern democratic gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg nation, people are the main source of the nation and they are sovereign. The main objective of making g]kfn ;/sf/ constitution is to protect people’s right and freedom from sfg\"g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno being confiscated dictatorially by the state authority. Constitutional system is developed to check anarchism, dictatorship and despotism. A country is not necessarily called a democratic country even if the ruling is made according to the constitution. Democratic country is that country which has accepted self-government and limited-government. This is the modern assumption that these facts should be considered while making constitution. The political system, economic status, social and sfgg\" lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt cultural situation, geographical status, etc of a country influences in the form of constitution. Although the world history of constitutional tradition is long, the written constitutions came into existence only in the last of 18th century. Traditionally, the main function of the constitution was to determine the ruler. Today, most of the countries in the world have written constitution according to their norms and values and running their ruling system according to it. Civic Awareness 99

The modern constitutions are found to have adopted the assurance of people’s right and concept of limited government. While formulating a constitution, people’s wills, aspirations and concerns are addressed. An appropriate check and balance system among the organs of the state is also made according to the time and situation through the means of amendment. It is important for the overall development of a country that its people should participate in the formulation of laws and acts. People should make their constitution by themselves. The will and aspiration of people should be reflected in the constitution. There should be people’s affinity towards the constitution. There should be the provision of amendment in the constitution so that it can be reformed according to the changing situation of the country. Such things make the constitution long lasting. All the people should practice the constitutional character. The constitution based on the equality, freedom and justice becomes a democratic constitution. There are written and unwritten constitutions in the world. United Kingdom, the mother of all democracy, does not have a written constitution. The country is ruled according to the prevailing tradition, customs, norms, convictions and practices. These customs, conventions, policy and rules have been reformed according to the need, time and situation of the country. The first country to write its constitution is the United States of America. It is the shortest constitution in the world too. Since the Constitution came into force in 1789 AD, it has been amended for twenty-seven times. The constitution is important to maintain law and order, to fulfill people’s aspirations, to achieve peace, prosperity and stability and to guide the nation to the right direction. There are some important characteristics of a good constitution. They are as follows: Clarity: Articles, sub-articles, schedules etc of the constitution must be very clear and should not be ambiguous at all. They should be written in simple language. Flexibility: The constitution should be flexible. There should be provision for amendment of the constitution according to the need of time, situation, necessity and feeling of the people and country. Broad Based: The constitution must be able to embrace every aspect of the state like the nature and scope of the government, people’s rights and duties, political powers and so on. Fundamental Rights: The constitution must spell out the fundamental rights clearly and have provisions for their protection and promotion. Independent Judiciary: The constitution must guarantee independence of judiciary to protect the interest of the citizens. Separation of Power: The constitution should make the clear provision of separation of power among the three organs of the state keeping them interdependent and self-restrained. 100 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 9