Social Studies and Population Education Book 6_2077 Edition

Lesson THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION 7 The development made by human beings by establishing residences, housing, roads, agriculture, cattle-rearing, art, EUROPE education, dress, fooding, language, trade, ornaments, ASIA etc to make their life happier and prosperous is known Map AFRICA as civilization. Various civilizations have been developed of the by human beings in the world. Some civilizations have Indus made progress are still existing whereas some failed to Valley progress and hence have ended. For example, Ancient Greek, Babylonia, Persia, etc have ended but the Chinese, Indus Harappa Roman and Aryan civilizations are still in existence. Mohenjo-daro When we study human civilizations, we find one similarity Lothal in all of them. Every civilization has developed on the INDIA banks of a river. The main reason for this is the availability ARABIAN Area where of fertile land, sufficient water for drinking, irrigation, SEA the Indus and grass for the animals. Like other civilization, the Valley people lived Indus Valley civilization also developed on the bank of a river. The two important cities of this civilization are Harappa on the bank of Ravi river and Mohenjo-daro on the bank of the Indus river. They are in Pakistan at present. The remains of this civilization between 2300-1750 BC have been found in the excavations. The excavations of these places started in 1920 AD. Although no written documents were found by the excavation, available remains give a clear picture of a well developed civilization. The Cities On the basis of excavations, it was found that Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were well-planned cities. Harappa was surrounded with 12 metres wide brick-walls. Similarly, Mohenjo-daro was surrounded with 11 metres wide brick walls. There were many houses made by baked bricks. Our Past 151

Some houses were small and some were multi- storeyed. Every house had a well and a bath- room. A large pond has been discovered in Mohenjo-daro where general people could bathe. There was a drain pipe for filthy water to flow out and a well for supply of fresh water. There was a great granary in Harappa. There was also a crematorium. The Society Since no big palaces were found in the excavation, historians guess that no king had ruled and the administration was conducted by the people. The images of a bull and a man surrounded by animals were found in some places. The historians guess him as the Lord Shiva. Besides this, the images and the statues of goddesses were found in different places. It indicates that there was a matriarchal society and the tradition of worshipping goddesses. The chief sources of entertainment were animal fighting and playing dice. Economic Condition of Indus Valley The main occupation of the people was farming. They grew wheat, barley and peas. Animals like goats, pigs and bulls were reared. Wheat was the staple food. They also ate meat, eggs, fish and watermelon. They cultivated cotton and wore the clothes made from it. Both male and female wore ornaments. They used copper, brass and silver pots. Many goods reflecting the culture of Harappa found in Mesopotamia proved that they were engaged in external trade also. KEY TERM Crematorium : a place where a body is burnt Excavations : to find something having historical importance by digging in the ground Filthy : dirty Flourished : to grow well Matriarchal : a woman who rules a tribe Prosperous : having success 152 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) Name any four historical places of Nepal similar to Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. 2. Fill in the blanks. of river. a) All civilizations developed on b) The Mohenjo-daro and Harappa are in at present. c) The Indus Valley civilization is supposed to have flourished between BC. d) The excavation of the Indus Valley started in AD. e) The main occupations of the people in the Indus Valley were . 3. Match the following: Wheat Mohenjo-daro Source of amusement Matriarchal Staple food Civilization developed Society Pakistan Bank of river Animal fighting Harappa Ravi river 4. Answer the following questions. a) What is meant by civilization? b) Why did most of the civilizations develop on the banks of rivers? c) Name any two civilizations which are still in existence. d) How can you say that Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were well-planned cities? e) Describe the society of the Indus Valley. f) What was the economic condition of the Indus Valley? Our Past 153

Lesson THE NILE VALLEY CIVILIZATION 8 About 5,000 years ago a civilization developed in a EUROPE country named Egypt, northern part of Africa. That civilization is called the Nile Valley civilization or the ASIA Egyptian civilization. Like the Indus Valley civilization, this civilization also developed on the bank of the Nile AFRICA Map river. It is the oldest civilization in the world. of The Nile Valley civilization is also called the civilization Mediterranean SeaEgypt of pyramids. A pyramid is a large building having a rectangular base and four triangular faces that meet in Nile Delta Lower a point at the top. It was used as a tomb. There are still Egypt 30 pyramids in Egypt. The Giza pyramid is the largest one. It was built about 4500 years ago. It is 145 metres Giza high covering 13 acres of land. It was built by Khufu, Memphis the king. In ancient Egypt a king was called ‘Pharaoh’. A hundred thousand workers worked for 20 years to Western Nile Red build this pyramid. It is one of the seven wonders of Desert Sea the world. The Sphinx of Giza is also a wonder. It is a huge statue with a woman’s head and a lion’s body. Upper Eastern Egypt Desert Valley of the Thebes Kings Nile Valley Border between Lower and Upper Egypt The Egyptians made many temples. The Karnak temple strikes the attention of all. It has 130 pillars inside the temple. They are 60 metres deep made by cutting the rock. On its entrance, there are four big statues of 20 metres high. This temple is called the Sun temple. The great Sphinx of Giza The Egyptians made progress in several fields. They developed writing. There were engineers and doctors in Egypt. It was the engineers of Egypt who made the pyramids and temples. They surveyed the land and made dams and canals. The Egyptian doctors were familiar with the anatomy Pyramids of the human body. They used herbs and roots 154 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

for treatment. The Egyptians studied the stars and prepared a calendar. Thus, the contributions of the Egyptians were great. Social Life The Egyptian society was divided into three classes. The upper class consisted of the king, the royal family, aristocrats, priests and soldiers. They were the privileged class. The middle class consisted of traders and craftsmen. Those who were defeated and arrested in war were made slaves. The slaves were regarded as the lower class. The Egyptians were pantheists. They believed in many gods who controlled nature. They worshipped the sun, river, wind, the moon, etc. They believed in the rebirth and immortality of the soul. Therefore, they kept the dead body safe by mummifying the dead bodies and then preserving them in pyramids. The huge pyramids were constructed to preserve the dead bodies of kings, queens and rich people and small pyramids were made by the poor people. Economic Life Agriculture was the main occupation of the people of Egypt. The Nile river brought flood-washed soil which was very fertile and helped to grow many crops. So, Egypt is called the “Gift of the Nile”. The people grew wheat, barley, peas, potatoes, etc. They also did the jobs of smiths, carpentry, metal-craft, weaving, clay works, etc. They exported mainly wheat, linen and golden ornaments. They imported ostrich feathers, metal weapons, wood and silver. Trade was well-flourished in Egypt. KEY TERM Anatomy : the physical structure of a living thing Aristocrats : the ruling class Immortality : endless life Mummify : to preserve a dead body by treating it with special oils and wrapping it in cloth Pantheist : worship of different gods Privileged : a high class Tomb : a grave Our Past 155

Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) What are the important contributions made by the Egyptians to humanity? 2. Fill in the blanks. a) The Nile Valley civilization is also called the of pyramid. b) The Giza pyramid was built by King . c) The Egyptians used and for treatment. d) Those who were defeated and arrested in were made the slaves. e) Egypt is called the of Nile. 3. The pictures of seven ancient wonders are given below. Identify their names with the clue given below. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Statue of Zeus, Temple of Artemis, The Pyramids of Giza, Statue of Colossus, Lighthouse,The Mausoleum 4. Answer the following questions. a) Where and when did the Nile Valley civilization develop? b) Why is the Nile Valley civilization called the civilization of pyramid? c) What is a pyramid? Why did the Egyptians construct it? d) How was the social life of ancient Egypt? e) Describe the economic condition of the Nile Valley civilization. 156 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Review Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Name the dynasties that ruled over Kathmandu valley. 2. In which district of present Nepal is the Sinja valley located? 3. Name the first and last kings of the Kirant dynasty. 4. What is the holy book of Kirants? 5. What was Trikar? 6. Name any three artistic works of the Lichchhavi period. 7. Why did most of the civilizations develop on the banks of rivers? 8. What are the important contributions made by the Egyptians to humanity? Short answer questions: 1. Write in brief about the trade of Khas Kingdom. 2. Why is the Lichchhavi period called the ‘Golden Age’? 3. How was the social condition of Nepal during the Lichchhavi period? 4. What was the economic condition of Nepal during the ancient period? 5. “Lichchhavis were fond of art”. Justify. 6. What was the economic condition of the Indus Valley? 7. What is a pyramid? Why did the Egyptians construct it? Our Past 157

7UNIT OUR ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ??? Learning Achievement A Describe the economic activities of Nepal, A Describe the agricultural activities of Nepal, A Discuss the importance and present state of agriculture of Nepal, A Identify the service sector of Nepal, A Discuss the importance and present state of service sector of Nepal, and A Help in economic activities of the family.

Lesson INTRODUCTION TO OUR ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 1 The activities of people to generate income are called economic activities. Farming, animal rearing, bee keeping, fish farming, trade, business, service, industry, etc are some of the examples of economic activities. All these activities are performed to generate income. A family cannot run properly without sufficient income. Prosperity of any family depends upon its occupation and income. A family may live a happy life and can fulfil all its needs if the economic condition is good. So, economic activities of a country determines whether a country is developed or under developed. Agriculture, industry, trade and service are the main areas of economic activities in Nepal. The occupation concerned with cultivating land, raising crops and keeping animals is called agriculture. It provides food for human beings and animals as well. Nepal is an agricultural country. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people of Nepal. They produce various types of crops for their livelihood. But, agriculture methods in Nepal are still at its primitive stage. People here still use traditional methods of farming. Hence, agricultural production is not satisfactory and does not yield much profit for our farmers. Cattle rearing is another important economic activity of Nepal along with agriculture. It is the major occupation of people living in the himalayan region. People rear yak, himalayan goat, sheep, mule, etc, and they get milk, meat, fur, etc from such animals. In himalayan region, animals are used as the major means of transportation as well. Our Economic Activities 159

Industry is the next important economic activity of Nepal. Manufacturing of goods in different volumes and quantities by using skills, resources, labour and appropriate technology is called industry. It provides employment opportunity to people. There are different types of industries in Nepal. Pottery, furniture industry, oil processing, wood carving, candle making, Nepali paper producing are some of the cottage and small scale industries. Sugar, jute, textile, tea, cement, jute, soap, noodles, shoes, etc are some of the major medium and large scale industries. But, the pace of industrial development is very slow in Nepal. Tourism is one of the growing economic activities of Nepal. The business activities connected with providing accommodation, entertainment, supplies and services to the tourists are called tourism industry. This industry includes the business of hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, trekking agencies, rafting, bunjee jumping, etc. All these economic activities help to raise the income of the people. Due to diversified topography, rich art and culture, famous religious places, adventure activities, plenty of historical and religious sites, many tourist visit Nepal every year. Many people are engaged in tourism industry. Trade and business is another important economic activity of Nepal. Many people are engaged in domestic and international trade. Similarly, many Nepalese youths are going for foreign employment. Foreign employment enters millions of rupees into Nepal every year. KEY TERM Accommodation : place to live Appropriate : something that is suitable Diverse : different from one another Livelihood : working to earn for living Pace : the rate of speed at which an action takes place Remittance : Income obtained from foreign countries through employment and any other activities Yield : to produce or provide something 160 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) In what economic activities are your family members involved? List them. b) What economic activities do you want to get involved in the future? Why? c) Do you want to go for foreign employment? Why? 2. Fill in the blanks. are called economic a) The activities of people to generate activities. b) The concerned with cultivating land, raising crops and keeping animals is called agriculture. c) Animal rearing is the major occupation of the people living in region of Nepal. d) Manufacturing of goods in different volumes and quantities by using skills, resources, labour and appropriate technology is called . e) The of industrial development is very slow in Nepal. f) Any business activities connected with providing accommodation, entertainment, supplies and services to the tourists is called industry. 3. Answer the following questions. a) What do you mean by economic activities? What are the three main areas of economic activities in Nepal? b) What is agriculture? c) Why do more people engage in animal rearing in the mountain region of Nepal? d) What is industry? What is its role on economic development? e) Define tourism industry in your own words. Why is it important? f) What is foreign employment? Our Economic Activities 161

Lesson AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES OF NEPAL 2 Sonam Tamang lives in Tistung, Makwanpur. Agriculture is his family occupation. One day while he was working in his field, a reporter of a daily newspaper took his interview. Let us read the conversation between the reporter and Sonam. Reporter : How long have you been engaged in this occupation? Sonam : This is my family occupation. Since the time of my grandfather, we have been involved in this occupation. Reporter : What differences do you find in agriculture during the time of your grandfather and at present? Sonam : Production was comparatively less in the time of my grandfather. 162 At that time, agriculture system was very traditional. Chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, etc were not used. But nowadays we use all such things. We do not depend on monsoon rain only. We use water pump to irrigate our land, a tractor is used to plough the land. We SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

consult JTA to check our soil. We use insecticide, pesticide and other reformative measures according to the suggestions of JTA to improve our production of agricultural crops. We do rotation in agriculture. Due to the collective effort of farmers we have constructed a canal to irrigate our land. Reporter : Are you satisfied with the production of your field? Sonam : Yes, whatever production I made in my field is sufficient to feed my family. I sell the surplus crops and vegetables in the market and I use that money to buy chemical fertilizer, improved seed and other household needs. Reporter : So, there is no any problem in agriculture. Isn’t it? Sonam : No, there are lots of problems. We do not get fertilizer on time. JTA may not be available in the village when we need them. We cannot buy insecticide, pesticide on time. Due to lack of transportation facility we cannot sell our products on time too. There is lack of marketing facilities, new technology, etc. Majority of the farmers have heavy debts. They can hardly meet their household expenditures for marriages, children’s education, health care, social obligations, etc with the mere small income. Quite often, they are compelled to borrow loans on hard terms, conditions and heavy interest rates. So, it is very difficult to get rid of their debts. Hence, their economic condition can hardly improve. Reporter : Can you suggest some solutions for these problems? Sonam : The government has to make sincere efforts to solve these burning problems. Agricultural sectors has to be given due priority. Development of basic physical infrastructures and services in the agriculture field is essential. For this, the following steps should be taken: Our Economic Activities 163

a) Farmers should be given support to use new technology, improved seeds, plants, fertilizers and irrigation facilities. b) Appropriate education and training on agriculture and animal husbandry should be provided to the farmers. c) Good markets and prices for agricultural products should be ensured. d) Small scale industries should be established to provide employment to people partially engaged in agriculture. e) The government should buy the product if the farmers cannot rake their products to the market. Reporter : Thank you Sonam for your time and kind co-operation. KEY TERM Canal : an artificial waterway to irrigate land Compelled : to be forced to do something Debts : a sum of money that needs to be paid Expenditures : action of spending money Fertilizer : a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase fertility Social obligations : duty towards the society Surplus : an amount of something leftover after the need has been met 164 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) List the cash crops, food crops, fruits and vegetables grown in your community. b) If you want to be a successful farmer, which of the following will you give priority to? Write in order. 1) irrigation 2) landform 3) climate 4) fertilizer 5) seed 6) market 2. Fill in the blanks. a) Farmers sell the surplus crops and vegetables in the and use that to buy their household needs. b) Due to lack of facility farmers cannot sell their products in time. c) Farmers use water pumps to their land, a tractor to plough the field. d) Farmers are compelled to borrow loans on hard terms, conditions and heavy rates. e) Appropriate education and on agriculture and animal husbandry should be provided to the farmers. 3. Answer the following questions. a) What are the major problems in agriculture of Nepal? b) If you were appointed the Minister of Agriculture, what programme would you implement to develop the agriculture in Nepal? Write any three. c) Why is agriculture very important in the context of Nepal? d) Write any four solutions to the problems of agriculture in Nepal. e) What lesson do you get from the interview given in the text? f) How does a JTA help farmers? g) Differentiate between food crops and cash crops. Our Economic Activities 165

Lesson PRESENT STATE OF AGRICULTURE IN NEPAL AND ITS 3 IMPORTANCE Agriculture is the major occupation of Nepalese people. It is the main source of food, income, and employment for the majority of people. So Nepal is called an agricultural country. Present State of Agriculture in Nepal Nepal is a mountainous country with very limited land for agriculture. Agriculture for Nepalese people is not just a means of income, but has always been a way of living life too. Hence most of the Nepalese people are farmers. As a result, agriculture has become the most important economic activity of our country. Although a large number of Nepalese people are engaged in agriculture, our agriculture sector yet has to make improvements. Our farmers are still not able to make it a profitable source of income for them. This results in difficult and poor life style for our farmers. Because of their poverty, they use traditional methods in agriculture which yields them less product. There are several problems in the agriculture of Nepal. Such as: a) Traditional methods of farming b) Lack of irrigation facility c) Lack of improved seeds and fertilizer d) Lack of proper market e) Lack of proper transportation and communication facilities 166 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

f) Unequal distribution of land g) Lack of storage facility h) Lack of modern agricultural tools and so on. It is very necessary to solve this problem on time. The following steps can be taken to improve our agriculture sectors: i) Farmers should be given knowledge of new technology. ii) Fertilizer should be provided on time. iii) Government should help the farmers to provide improved seeds and irrigation facility. iv) Government should manage the market to sell and buy the agricultural products. v) Agro-based industries should be established to improve the life standard of the farmers. vi) Loan on cheaper rates should be provided to the farmers. vii) Better transportation facilities should be provided. Importance of Agriculture in Nepal There is a great importance of agriculture in Nepal because of the following reasons: 1. Agriculture has contributed 26.9% in the GDP of Nepal according to Economic Survey 2075/76. People’s living standards gets improved by its development. 2. Agriculture has been the primary means of livelihood for Nepalese people. 3. Most of the raw materials for industry are produced from agriculture. Development of industries and trades also dependents on agriculture. 4. More than 50% of export products come from agriculture. 5. Agriculture is the backbone of foreign trade and one of the major sources of earning foreign currencies. 167 Our Economic Activities

KEY TERM : loan Debts Get rid of : free from Social obligation : social rituals like marriage, bratabandha, etc Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) What are the cash crops and food crops grown in your locality? Show them in the table given: S.N. Cash Crops Food Crops 2. Fill in the blanks. in the GDP of Nepal. a) Agriculture has contributed b) Government should help the farmers to provide improved and irrigation facility. c) Most of the raw materials for are produced from agriculture. d) Agro-based industries should be established to provide to the farmers. 3. Answer the following questions. a) How is the present state of agro-based industry in Nepal? Write in a paragraph. b) Write any four major problems seen in agriculture of Nepal. c) What should be done to improve the condition of agriculture in Nepal? d) Why is agriculture important for Nepal? e) What is the present state of agriculture in Nepal? Write in a paragraph. 168 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Lesson SERVICE: AN IMPORTANT ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 4 People in Nepal mostly engage in agriculture, industry and trade. Besides this, service is another important economic activity. Many people of Nepal work in different government offices. In this modern age government has to perform various tasks. It has to maintain law and order in the country. It has to fulfill the basic needs of people like food, clothing, shelter, education and health services. It has to run the administration of whole country. Government is responsible to run development activities throughout the country. To conduct all these tasks, government needs a huge number of employees. So, every year government recruits a huge number of people in different offices. The people who work in government offices are called civil servants. Public Service Commission selects the civil servants in a free and fair way. It publishes the notice of vacancy in Gorkhapattra and conducts written and oral examination for the selection of suitable candidates. Those who pass the exam taken by the Public Service Commission are given appointments as civil servants at various government offices. Besides civil service, many people work in Nepal Police, Nepal Army and Armed Police Force. One should posses certain qualifications and pass the examinations for this. People also work in different corporations of the government like Nepal Oil Corporation, Nepal Airlines, Nepal Telecom, Drinking Water Corporation, Nepal Electricity Authority, etc. There are many other areas where a person can work. In recent years, private sectors have been providing jobs to many people. Private schools and colleges, private banks and other financial institutions, travel and trekking agencies, private telecommunications, airlines, publications, hotels and restaurants, etc also provide jobs to many people in our country. If the service sector is developed, more people get employment opportunities and the unemployment problem of our country can be solved. In our country, most of the young generation nowadays prefer service sector. Whether people work in government service, private sector or military, all of them serve the nation. Our Economic Activities 169

KEY TERM Public Service Commission : constitutional organ which conducts examinations to recruit civil servants in government offices Recruit : to enroll employees Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) Where do your family members work? List your family members with the jobs they do. b) In which sector do you want to work in future? Give reasons. 2. Fill in the blanks. a) Besides agriculture, industry and trade, is another important economic activity of the people. b) Many people of Nepal work in different government . c) The people who work in government office are called servant. d) The Public Service Commission conducts for the selection of suitable candidates for civil service. e) One should posses certain and pass the examinations taken by those institutions to join the police and army. f) In recent years, the private sector has been providing to many people. 3. Answer the following questions. a) Why is service regarded as one of the important economic activities? b) Who are called civil servants? c) Why does government need a huge number of employees? d) What is Public Service Commission? What does it do? e) Where do people of a country work besides government service? List them. In your community Visit any government office or institution nearby your home and collect the information about the work done by it. 170 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Lesson PRESENT STATE OF SERVICE SECTOR AND ITS 5 IMPORTANCE Service sector is one of the most important source of income. In developed countries, most of the people are engaged in this occupation. People get jobs in government and non-government organizations, international agencies and private sectors. Serving the people for getting salary is called service. Present State of Service Sector in Nepal The service sector has made remarkable contribution to solve unemployment problem of our country. Industry is the main source of providing employment. But, the pace of industrial development is very slow in Nepal despite its possibilities. Trade and commerce is also not satisfactory in our country. In such condition, the service sector is playing an important role in our economy. The employment opportunities in health, education, communication, banking, hotel, restaurant, tourism, etc are increasing. But, still the rate of unemployment is increasing day by day due to population growth and migration from rural areas to cities and towns. Due to lack of good jobs in Nepal, many Nepalese youth are going for foreign employment nowadays. Importance of Service Sector Along with agriculture and industry, service is another most important economic activity. The role of service sector in economy has increased compared to agriculture and industry sector in recent years. Many people of Nepal earn their livelihood from the service sector now. The income of people is increasing day by day because of this sector. At the same time government also can collect plenty of income tax from this sector. The service sector has great importance in the economy of Nepal due to the following reasons: • It helps to develop physical infrastructures. • It helps to utilize the hidden work force of agricultural sector. • It is a source of earning livelihood. Our Economic Activities 171

KEY TERM Foreign employment : going to other country for job Income tax : certain amounts paid to the government from the income of a person Pace : speed Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) Do you want to involve yourself in any service sector in future? Why? Give reasons. b) Have you ever seen the vacancy announcement for a job? Collect some from any newspaper and present in class. 2. Fill in the blanks. a) The service sector is one of the most important sources of . b) The service sector has given great contribution to solve the problem of our country. c) Due to lack of jobs in Nepal, many Nepalese youth are going for employment. d) Government can collect plenty of income from the service sector. 3. Answer the following questions. a) What is service sector? b) Differentiate between government service and non-government service. c) List any four jobs that fall under non-government service. d) What is foreign employment? e) Why more youths of Nepal are going for foreign employment? f) Describe the importance of service sector. 172 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Review Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Write two main areas of economic activities in Nepal. 2. Differentiate between food crops and cash crops in a sentence. 3. In which sector do you want to work in future? Give reason. 4. What is foreign employment? 5. Fill in the blanks. are called economic a) The activities of people to generate activities. b) Animal rearing is the major occupation of the people living in region of Nepal. c) Most of the raw materials for are produced from agriculture. d) The people who work in government office are called servant. e) Due to lack of jobs in Nepal, many Nepalese youth are going for employment. Short answer questions: 1. What is industry? What is its role on economic development? 2. Define tourism industry in your own words. Why is it important? 3. Why is agriculture very important in the context of Nepal? 4. Write any three major problems in agriculture of Nepal and three ways to improve its condition in Nepal. 5. Why is service regarded as one of the important economic activities? Explain. 6. Why more youths of Nepal are going for foreign employment? Present your opinion in points. Our Economic Activities 173

8UNIT OUR INTERNATIONAL RELATION AND COOPERATION ??? Learning Achievement A Discuss about the condition of Nepal’s international relation and cooperation, A Introduce SAARC, A Discuss the objectives of SAARC, A Find out the need and importance of SAARC, A Identify the current affairs related to Social Studies, and A Find out the effect of current affairs in human life.

Lesson INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATION AND 1 COOPERATION Human beings are social creatures. They live in the society. They help each other to fulfil their needs. Similarly, one country needs help from other countries to fulfil its needs. No country alone can develop on its own. Every country needs help and must cooperate with each other. No country can produce everything it needs. Therefore, mutual cooperation among the countries is very essential. Only mutual help brings development and peace in the world. The means of communication and transportation have UN Headquarters brought the countries of the world very close to each other. So, today the world is called a global village. Development of transportation and communication promotes export and import in a quicker and cheaper way. Developed countries and international organizations provide financial aid, loans, technology, etc to develop the infrastructures like roads UN General Assembly and bridges, and generate electricity in the developing countries. This has become possible due to a good relationships and cooperation with the neighbouring countries. Nepal is also on the path of development with the international aids provided by various countries of the world. Our International Relation and Cooperation 175

Nepal has also been sending peace keeping force through the United Nations to maintain peace in the world. Nepal helps different countries with human and financial support during natural calamities as well. Nepal has kept bilateral relations with 166 countries. For the first time, Nepal’s bilateral relation was kept with UK in 1816 AD and last time with Eswatini on May 9th, 2019 AD. International relations and cooperation are growing stronger day by day. These co-operations are based on the principle of mutual benefits. Many international and regional organizations have been established in order to develop good relationships. For example the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), etc. All these organizations are formed to generate friendship, co-operation and mutual help in regional level or worldwide. Some countries of South Asia have also established a regional organization to develop a good relationships and cooperation so that they can solve their common problems together. This organization is called South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka are the members of SAARC. KEY TERM Aid : assistance or help Mutual : two parties having the same purpose Rapidly : at an increasing speed, quickly 176 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) Name any four neighbouring countries of Nepal. b) Name any three countries which are providing aid to Nepal for the development. c) Name any two international organizations working to solve the social problems in Nepal. 2. Names of some countries are given below. Identify them as ‘developed’ and ‘developing’ countries. Put them into a separate column given below. Nepal, Japan, Bhutan, South Korea, England, Belgium, Maldives, Australia, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, France, Ethiopia. Developed countries Developing countries 3. Fill in the blanks. on its own. a) No country alone can b) Transportation and are developing so fast that no country can think of existing in isolation. c) Nowadays the world is called the village. d) Development of transportation and communication promote export and in a quicker and cheaper manner. 4. Answer the following questions. 177 a) Why does a country need help from other countries? b) What makes the countries of the world come close together? c) Write the name of any three international organizations? d) Why is the world called a global village? e) How is Nepal being benefited from international relation? f) With how many countries, Nepal has kept bilateral relations? Our International Relation and Cooperation

Lesson INTRODUCTION TO SAARC 2 The South Asian Association for Regional Afghanistan N Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional organization of South Asian nations. It was Pakistan Nepal Bhutan founded in the initiation of Ziaur Rahman, Maldives the former President of Bangladesh. Its India seven founder members are Sri Lanka, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Bangladesh. Afghanistan joined the organization on 13th of November, Sri Lanka 2005 AD. The countries of South Asia have established this organization to develop good relationships, extend co-operation and solve their common problems together. It was established on 8th December 1985 AD. Among the eight countries of SAARC, India is the biggest and Maldives is the smallest country in area. Similarly, Sri Lanka and Maldives are the island countries whereas Nepal, Bhutan and Afghanistan are the landlocked countries. Following are the flags of SAARC member countries: Nepal Maldives Pakistan Sri Lanka Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India 178 Flags of the SAARC countries SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Major Areas of Co-operation The SAARC countries are different in size, population, economy, etc but they have many things in common. They have more or less similar types of problems and needs. Thus, they realised that they could develop their countries Emblem of SAARC more rapidly if they help and cooperate with each other in the fields like agriculture, tourism, education, sports, etc. There are different areas of united action and co-operation in SAARC. The major areas of co-operation are: SAARC Secretariat, Kathmandu • Agriculture and rural development • Environment, forest and meteorology • Science and technology • Transportation and communication • Education, culture and sports • Prevention of drug trafficking • Promotion of tourism • Women empowerment • Poverty alleviation • Prevention of girl trafficking • Prevention of social backwardness Structure of SAARC • Heads of States or Governments Meeting • Council of Ministers • Standing Committee • Technical Committee • SAARC Secretariat Our International Relation and Cooperation 179

The SAARC Secretariat was established in Kathmandu on 16th of January 1987 and was inaugurated by Late King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah of Nepal. It is the administrative organ of SAARC which carries out day-to-day administrative tasks of SAARC. The head of it is called Secretary General. The present SAARC Secretary General is Amjad Hussain B Sial of Pakistan. In the functioning of SAARC, it follows certain principles. They are: • Respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, political equality and independence of all member states. • Non-interference in the internal matters is one of its objectives. • Cooperation for mutual benefit. • All decisions to be taken unanimously and need a quorum of all eight members. • All bilateral issues to be kept aside and only multilateral (involving many countries) issues to be discussed without being prejudiced by bilateral issues. The emblem of SAARC consists of seven pigeons held in two hands. It is the symbol of unity, peace and respect among the SAARC member countries. KEY TERM Emblem : a symbol or logo Empowerment : the state of making someone powerful Inaugurate : to open an occasion formally Integrity : the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles Meteorology : the branch of science related to the study of the atmosphere and the forecasting of week Prejudiced : an opinion about something before knowing the facts Quorum : a select group Sovereignty : supreme authority of a country Unanimously : sharing the same views 180 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) Name any two organizations similar to SAARC. b) Write two common problems of SAARC countries. 2. Fill in the blanks. a) The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional organization of nations. b) Afghanistan joined the SAARC on 13th November, AD. c) SAARC was established on December AD. d) The SAARC was established in Kathmandu on 16th January 1987 AD. 3. Identify the SAARC countries with the clues given below: a) The only country in SAARC having monarchy system. b) The biggest country of SAARC. c) The smallest country of SAARC. d) The country that suffers from flood every year. e) The countries surrounded by water from all sides. f) The landlocked countries of SAARC. g) The country linked with the southern boundary of the Arabian Sea. 4. Answer the following questions. a) What is SAARC? b) What do the seven pigeons of the SAARC emblem symbolize? c) Write any two principles of SAARC. d) Draw emblem of SAARC and explain it. e) What are the areas of united action and cooperation of SAARC? 5. Draw an outline map of SAARC countries. And present in the class. 181 Our International Relation and Cooperation

Lesson OBJECTIVES OF SAARC 3 Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur 26th Feb, 2020 Dear Henry, I was very glad to get your letter yesterday. I got lots of information about Europe from your letter. I was very impressed with the information you had provided about the formation and functions of the European Union (EU). You have asked me to write about any such organization existing in my continent. So, I am going to write to you about SAARC. As you have mentioned in your letter, the European Union was established to develop Europe faster and to solve the common problems of Western European countries, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) has also been formed to solve the common problems of the countries of South Asia. The president of Bangladesh Ziaur Rahman was the first person to develop the concept of SAARC. Most of the countries of South Asia are poor and developing. Their problems are more or less similar. They felt that the problems of this region could be solved faster if they work together. Hence, on December 1985 AD SAARC was formally established. Dear Henry, the letter will be too long if I describe all what SAARC does. Therefore, I will only point out the major objectives of SAARC here. The main objectives of SAARC are: • To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development, • To promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to improve their quality of life/living standard, • To contribute towards mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of the problems of each other, SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6 182

• To promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia, • To cooperate with international and regional organizations with similar aims and purposes, • To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fields, and • To strengthen the cooperation of the member countries in international forums in matters of common interest. The most important objective of SAARC is to develop SAARC as a Free Trade Zone and eradicate poverty in this region. SAARC is a common platform for all the member countries. Its aim is to work together in a spirit of friendship, trust and understanding. All the member countries put forward their problems and try to find solutions. SAARC member countries have created a link to maintain friendly relation. Various programmes like SAARC audio-visual exchange programme, SAARC scholarship programmes, SAARC youth award programme are organized to bring people of the SAARC countries together. So, SAARC is a very important regional organization of South Asia. I hope you like the information about SAARC. I will write more in my next letter. Your friend Sadikshya KEY TERM Accelerate : increase speed Collaboration : working together as a team Eradicate : to get rid of Forum : a place for discussion Platform : a common place to express one’s views Our International Relation and Cooperation 183

Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) Write any two similar characteristics of SAARC countries. b) What is the similarity between the EU and SAARC? 2. Fill in the blanks. of the a) SAARC has been formed to solve the common countries of South Asia. b) The president of Ziaur Rahaman was the first person to develop the concept of SAARC. c) Most of the countries of South Asia are and developing. d) The problems of countries are more or less similar. e) The most important objective of SAARC is to eradicate from this region. f) To promote the welfare of the people of South and to improve their quality of life is one of the objectives of SAARC. 3. Answer the following questions. a) Who developed the concept of SAARC? b) When was SAARC established? c) What is the most important objective of SAARC? d) Mention any four objectives of SAARC. 184 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Lesson IMPORTANCE OF SAARC FOR NEPAL 4 Since the establishment of SAARC, it has tried to accelerate the economic growth, social progress and other development among the member countries. So, SAARC has an important role to develop co-operation among its member countries. One of the main objectives of SAARC is to promote the welfare and to improve the quality of life of the people in this region. It has been providing economic and technical SAARC Secretariat, Kathmandu assistance to the member countries. There are different areas of united action and co-operation of SAARC such as agriculture and rural development, prevention of drug trafficking, promotion of tourism, women empowerment, etc. All these are the common problems faced by the member countries of SAARC. SAARC is important to Nepal. Nepal has received various benefits from SAARC. The SAARC secretariat is in Nepal. The SAARC Tuberculosis Centre was established in Nepal in 1992 AD. It has helped to control tuberculosis. The SAARC Audio Visual Exchange (SAVE) television programme is transmitted on the first day of every month. This programme makes people familiar with the problems faced in this region. For educational development of South Asian Games (SAG) this region, the SAARC fellowship and scholarship schemes have been launched. It has started SAARC Youth Volunteers Programme (SYVP) to mobilize the youths for the development. These programmes have played important roles in promoting contact among the people in this region. Similarly, South Asian Games (SAG) has helped to develop sports in this region. SAARC prepares its budget every year. All the member countries contribute certain percentage from their national budget. This contribution is fixed on the basis of economic status of the country. The annual budget of SAARC is prepared according to the following shares from the member countries: Our International Relation and Cooperation 185

S.N. Countries Percentage of budget 1. India 30.32% 2. Pakistan 22.52% 3. Nepal 10.72% 4. Bangladesh 10.72% 5. Sri Lanka 10.72% 6. Bhutan 5.00% 7. Maldives 5.00% 8. Afghanistan 5.00% Every member country receives assistance from this budget. SAARC is helped by different countries and organizations such as Japan, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), UNICEF, UNDP, European Union, etc. This assistance is used to promote social and economic development of the member countries of SAARC. SAARC has helped Nepal to conduct programmes like poverty alleviation, trade, exchange of audio visual aids and the conference of SAARC youth. SAARC secretariat also helps schools by providing books and other materials. So, it is an important organization for Nepal. Different culture of SAARC countries Nepal Sri lanka Pakistan Bhutan Afghanistan Bangladesh India Maldives 186 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

KEY TERM Assistance : help and support Budget : a total sum of money put aside for certain purpose Schemes : a systematic plan of action Transmitted : to send out signals through wire Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) Which is the most developed country among the SAARC? b) Which country do you want to visit among the SAARC? Why? Give reasons. 2. Tick (P) the correct answer from the given alternatives. a) In which country is the SAARC secretariat located? i) India ii) Pakistan iii) Bhutan iv) Nepal b) When was the SAARC Tuberculosis Centre established in Nepal? i) 1992 AD ii) 1993 AD iii) 1994 AD iv) 1995 AD c) What is the main objective of SAARC Youth Volunteers Programme (SYVP)? i) To develop sports ii) To eradicate poverty iii) To mobilize youths iv) To develop economy d) What is the full form of SAVE? i) South Asian Volunteer Programme ii) SAARC Audio Visual Exchange Programme iii) South Asian Village and Environment iv) SAARC Aid For Volunteer encouragement 3. Answer the following questions. a) Write the names of international organizations which are providing aid to SAARC. b) Name the programmes that are playing a role in promoting contact among the people of SAARC region. c) Why is SAARC important to Nepal? Write any five reasons. Our International Relation and Cooperation 187

Lesson CONTEMPORARY WORLD AND NEPAL 5 In this global village, sometimes a person’s view or vision for the future may affect the life of millions living in this world. Some of the important personalities who have managed to influence in the world are: António Guterres António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres is a António Guterres Portuguese politician and diplomat who is serving as the ninth Secretary-General of the United Secretary-General of the United Nations Nations. He assumed office from 1st January, 2017. Guterres was the Prime Minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002 and was the Secretary-General of the Socialist Party from 1992 to` 2002. Xi Jinping Xi Jinping is a Chinese politician currently Xi Jinping serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, President of the People’s Republic President of the People's Republic of China of China, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission. He assumed his office from 15th November 2012. He visited Nepal for a state-visit from 12th to 13th October, 2019. Donald Trump Donald John Trump is the 45th and current President of the United States, in office since January 20th, 2017. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality. He was the world’s 766th richest person as of May 2018, with an estimated net worth of $3.1 billion (Source: Forbes). He became the oldest and Donal Trump wealthiest person ever to assume the presidency. President of the United States 188 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Ram Nath Kovind Ram Nath Kovind Ram Nath Kovind is the 14th and current President President of the Republic of India of the Republic of India, in office since 25th July 2017. Previously he had served as the Governor Amjad Hussain B. Sial of Bihar from 2015 to 2017 and was a Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from 1994 to 2006. Secretary General of SAARC Before entering politics, he was a lawyer for 16 years and practiced in the Delhi High Court and Dr. Sanduk Ruit the Supreme Court until 1993. Nepali Ophthalmologist Amjad Hussain B. Sial 189 Amjad Hussain B. Sial is the Secretary General of SAARC from 1st March 2017. He has a rich experience in bilateral and multilateral diplomacy both at Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Islamabad and Missions abroad. Before joining SAARC Secretariat, he was Special Secretary at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Islamabad. Dr. Sanduk Ruit Ophthalmologist Dr. Sanduk Ruit has bagged prestigious the Padma Shri Award in the field of Medicine on the occasion of 69th Republic Day by the government of India on 26th January 2018 AD. Padma Shri Award is considered as one of the prestigious civilian awards presented by the government of India. Dr. Ruit is famous Nepali eye surgeon who established the Tilganga Eye Hospital in Kathmandu known for affordable eye care facilities. He has been honoured with the Prime Minister National Talent Award-2075 as well. Our International Relation and Cooperation

Mahabir Pun Mahabir Pun is known for his extensive work in applying wireless technologies to develop remote areas of Nepal. He is from a remote valley of Myagdi district. He completed his study from the University of Nebraska, USA. After completing higher education, he returned to his native village. He is a humanitarian whose work is inspiring many youths to return their own country and serve it for its development. In 2007, Pun was Mahabir Pun awarded the Magsaysay Award in recognition of Social Entrepreneur “his innovative application of wireless computer technology in Nepal, bringing progress to remote mountain areas by connecting his village to the global village”. Later in 2007, the University of Nebraska awarded Pun an honorary degree as Doctor of Humane Letters for his outstanding work for his country, Nepal. National Innovation Centre at Kirtipur, Kathmandu with the objective of encouraging young Nepali scientists. Visit Nepal 2020 Logo of Visit Nepal 2020 The year 2020 has been announced as Visit Nepal 2020. Its vision is to enhance the growth of tourism industry by welcoming more than 2 million tourists. The government of Nepal has planned to complete the on going construction and expansion of international and domestic airports, heritage sites and other tourism infrastructures before 2020. KEY TERM : take responsibility for something Assume : involving two groups Bilateral Multilateral : involving several parties Ophthalmologist : a specialist in the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of disorders and diseases of the eye 190 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) Write any two development activities or changes that took place recently in your locality. b) What important changes took place during last one week in the world? List any four. c) When did Xi Jinping, the President of People’s Republic of China’s visit to Nepal? 2. Match the following: Nepali Ophthalmologist António Guterres Secretary General of SAARC Xi Jinping President of the Republic of India Donald Trump President of the United States Ram Nath Kovind Present of the People’s Republic of China Amjad Hussain B. Sial Secretary General of the United Nations Dr. Sanduk Ruit 3. Answer the following questions. a) Highlight the contributions made my Dr. Sanduk Ruit and Mahabir Pun. b) List any four current affairs of world and their effects in human life. c) Name any two international personalities and mention their status. Our International Relation and Cooperation 191

Review Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Name two neighbouring countries of Nepal. 2. Name any two international organizations working to solve the social problems in Nepal. 3. Write two common problems of SAARC countries. 4. When was SAARC established? 5. Write any two development activities or changes that took place recently in your locality. Short answer questions: 1. Why does a country need help from other countries? Discuss. 2. How is Nepal being benefited from international relation? Write in points. 3. Write any three principles of SAARC. 4. Why is SAARC important to Nepal? Write any six reasons. 5. List any three current affairs of world and their effects in human life. 6. Identify the following personalities and write their name: 192 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

UNIT INTRODUCTION 9 TO POPULATION AND ITS STATUS ??? Learning Achievement A Identify the importance of population, A Discuss the factors of population change, A Identify the composition of population, A Identify the factors affecting population distribution, A Show the population related statistics in a table and a chart, and A Describe the effect of population growth.

Lesson INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF POPULATION 1 Introduction to Population Population refers to the total number of people of a particular place or territory living at a particular time. Therefore, the population of any place is the total number of people living in that particular area. The total number of people living in Nepal is 26,494,504 (26 million 494 thousand and 504) according to the census report 2011 AD. Population growth rate of Nepal is 1.35% according to census of 2011 AD. The size of population is not the same in different regions. The distribution of population is directly affected by the distribution of facilities, land topography, fertile land, etc. Where the facilities of roads, employment, industries, schools, hospitals, etc are available, the population is high there. Therefore, the density of population is high in the Terai region in comparison to both the Mountain and Hilly regions. The density of population of Nepal is 180 per sq. km. according to the 2011 AD national population census report. The process of population counting is called census. The census of Nepal is taken in every 10 years. The first census was taken in 1911 AD (1968 BS) in Nepal. According to 11th census taken in 2011 AD, the population of Nepal is 26,494,504. Among them, 12,849,041 (48.50%) are the male and 13,645,463 (51.50%) are female population. As projected by CBS Nepal, the total population of Nepal in 2018 AD was 29,218,867. According to the census of 2011 AD, Kathmandu district has the highest population and Manang district has the lowest population. This proves that, population distribution of Nepal is not the same in all parts of the country. Importance of Population Population is a biological power of the world. It is in the center of all development activities. The change in the world has been possible due to population. Population is necessary in order to manage and conduct the development works. The development 194 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

of resources and means of modernization become impossible without population but high density of population creates excessive pressure on the natural resources and different components of the environment which pollutes the environment. Therefore, the population should be in balance with the resources and means. The increment of population should be in proportion to the means and resources available in the country. KEY TERM : official counting of a region’s or nation’s people and compilation of Census economic, social and other data Density of population : number of people living in per sq. km. Evaluation Exercises 1. Fill in the blanks. a) Population refers to the total number of people of a particular or territory in a particular time. b) Population growth rate of Nepal is % according to the census of 2011 AD. c) The total number of people living in Nepal is according to the census report 2011 AD. d) Density of population is high in region in comparison to both Mountain and Hilly regions. e) The density of population of Nepal is per sq. km. f) The process of population is called census. 2. Answer the following questions. a) What is population? b) Why is the population not equal in all places? Give reasons. c) Name the districts of Nepal having highest and lowest population. d) Why is population important? Write any two reasons. e) What do you mean by density of population? What is the density of population of Nepal? Introduction to Population and Population status 195

Lesson DEMOGRAPHIC COMPONENTS 2 Demographic Components Birth Death Migration Human population is dynamic. It keeps on changing. Birth, death and migration are the determinants of population change. Demography is the scientific study of population. As birth, death and migration are the main areas of demography, these factors are called demographic components. a) Birth Birth is the natural factor of population change. It increases the size of population. When a baby borns and shows living activities it is called birth. After birth a human being is involved in social activities. b) Death Death is the permanent departure of the human being. It is also a natural factor of population change. It decreases the population whether it is timely or untimely death. The death rate becomes low with increase in knowledge of health education, facilities of health services, maintenance of balance diet, availability of hospitals, health centers, doctors, nurses and various medicines and awareness about hygiene and sanitation as well. c) Migration Movement of people from one place to another for settlement is known as migration. Migration is an artificial factor of population change. It is the third element among 196 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

the three factors. Migration is a social mobility. The factors responsible for migration are called pull factors and push factors. Push factors drive migrants out of their place of origin whereas pull factors attract the migrants to their place of destination. For example: lack of facilities is the push factor and availability of facilities is the pull factor. There are two types of migration. They are: Internal migration and International migration. i) Internal migration The movement of people from one place to another within the country is known as internal migration. Internal migration doesn’t affect the population of a country but it increases the population of origin and decreases the population of destination place. People migrate for various facilities like employment, health, education facilities, etc. The trend of migration in Nepal is from Hill and Mountain to Terai. Similarly, the tendency of migration from village to city has increased due to the concentration of facilities of electricity, transport, communication, employment and so on in urban areas. Due to the continuous flow of migration, some places have large population whereas other have small population. There is excessive use of natural resources in the places where the flow of migration is high but in the place of origin, valuable natural resources become wasted due to lack of human resources. ii) International migration The movement of the people from one country to another country for settlement is called international migration. International migration affects population of the country of both origin and destination. People like to migrate from one country to another to get better facilities of good jobs, education, health services and other better opportunities. At present, large number of Nepalese youth are going abroad for higher study, business or other purposes. This trend may result lack of human resource in the country. Introduction to Population and Population status 197

KEY TERM Abroad : overseas, out of the country Destination : goal, objective Drive : motivation to do Dynamic : lively, active Evaluation Exercises 1. Fill in the blanks. a) Birth, death and migration are the components. b) Movement of people from one place to another for is known as migration. c) The trend of migration in Nepal is from to Terai. d) Internal does not affect the population of a country. 2. Answer the following questions. a) What are the determinants of population change? b) Differentiate between internal and international migration. c) Why is death rate decreasing? d) What is migration? e) Why do people migrate from one place to another? f) What are push factors and pull factors of migration? Mention any two examples. 198 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Lesson RELATION OF POPULATION WITH OTHER SUBJECTS 3 Family, community, society and nation are formed by the population. So without the study of population, the study of other subjects will be incomplete. There is no subject which does not have a relation with population. It has a multi-subject nature. Population itself is dynamic. It has relation with several subjects. Some of the important subjects which have relation with population are given below: Population and Geography The settlement of people depends on geographical condition. There is no equal distribution of population in mountain, hill and terai region of Nepal. There is very difficult topography, cold climate and infertile soil in the mountain region. Thus very few people live in the mountain region of Nepal whereas due to plain land, fertile soil and other infrastructures of development more number of people live in the terai region. Similarly, due to suitable climate for human settlement and having good facilities, density of population is comparatively high in the valleys. Thus, the population has relation with geography. Population and Economics People want to live a happy life. For this they need different things. To fulfill their needs, they must have good income. They can earn their livelihood if the economy of their country is good. We need, food, clothing, shelter, education, health facility, etc which can be achieved if there is good economy. Economics studies the economy. So, there is a close relation between population and economics. Population and Sociology Human beings are social animals. Society cannot be formed without people. First of all an individual is born. A family is formed by the individual. Different families living together form a society. People share their pain, sorrow and happiness in the society. Individuals cannot make progress without society. Sociology studies the society. Therefore, there is a close relation between population and sociology. Introduction to Population and Population status 199

Population and Environment Population and environment are interrelated. Population growth directly affects the environment by polluting the environment, increasing diseases whereas population management helps to balance environment. So there is a very close relation between population and environment. KEY TERM Economics : the study of economic activities Geography : the study of the lands, features, inhabitants Sociology : the study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) What is the relation between population and geography of your locality? 2. Fill in the blanks: the study of other subjects will be a) Without the study of incomplete. b) The settlement of the people depends on the condition of a place. c) Very few people live in the region of Nepal. d) Different living together form a society. e) There is a close relation between and sociology. 3. Answer the following questions. a) With which subjects’ does population have a close relation? b) What is the relation between population and economics? c) Why is there more population in terai and less in mountain region? d) How does geography affect the population of a place? Write with examples. e) Population and environment are interrelated. How? Explain briefly. 200 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6