Social Studies and Population Education Book 6_2077 Edition

Lesson SIZE OF POPULATION 4 The total number of people including children, youth, men, women and aged living in certain place or country at a certain time is called the size of population. According to the census of 2011 AD, the total population of Nepal is 26,494,504 (26 million 494 thousand 5 hundred and four). Population is dynamic. It does not remain constant. It is always changing. When a size of a population of a certain place or country is increased or decreased, it is called population change. We can know about the population change when the number of people increase or decrease in our village or town. Population census is taken in every ten years in our country to know the condition of population change. For example, according to the census of 2048 BS, the population of Nepal was 18,491,097 (18 million 491 thousand and 97) whereas the population of Nepal was 23,151,422 (23 million 151 thousand and 422) according to the census of 2058 BS. Similarly, the population of Nepal is 26,494,504 (26 million 494 thousand 5 hundred and four) according to the census of 2068 BS (2011 AD). Thus, the population of Nepal is increasing day by day. This is the population change of our country. Population change has lots of effects on human life. Population growth affects the environment, education, health, drinking water, employment and construction works. Population increases causes scarcity of food and drinking water, unemployment, environment pollution, lack of peace and order, etc. Similarly, population decrease causes lack of human resource and as a result natural resources cannot be utilized and the pace of development becomes slow. There are several reasons for population change. There are four major reasons for population change such as: a) Birth b) Death c) Marriage d) Migration These are also called the factors of population change. The birth increases the population of a place or country. Death decreases the population. In-migration increases the population whereas out-migration decreases it. Early marriage helps to increase the population whereas the late marriage decreases the population. Introduction to Population and Population status 201

KEY TERM Constant : steady, stable Unemployment : joblessness Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) Is the population of your locality increasing or decreasing? Why? Give reasons. b) How can we know the population change? 2. Fill in the blanks. a) The total number of people including children, youth, men, women and aged living in certain place or country in certain time is called the of population. b) When the size of a population of a certain place or country is or decreased, it is called population change. c) Population decrease causes lack of resource. d) Population increase causes scarcity of and drinking water. e) Early marriage helps to the population. f) The birth increases the of a place or country. 3. Answer the following questions. a) What is meant by size of population? b) What is population change? c) What is the total population of Nepal according to the census of 2011 AD? d) What are the factors of population change? e) What are the negative effects of population growth? f) How does marriage affect the population? 202 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Lesson POPULATION COMPOSITION AND ITS DISTRIBUTION 5 Introduction to Population Composition Population composition refers to the division of population on the basis of caste, age, sex, religion, occupation, etc. Population composition is also called the structure of the population. It helps the government and other organizations to launch programmes and make plans and policies to the targeted groups of population. It also helps to find out the structure of population on the basis of socio-economic and demographic characteristics. The explanation of population composition of our country is given below: A. Population Composition by Age The division of population on the basis of different age groups is called population composition by age. Population composition by age helps us to know the people of active and dependent age groups. The population of 0-14 years and 60 years and above is known as the dependent population whereas the population of the age group 15-59 is called the active population. The number of active population determines the mobilization of available resources and the future of the country. Population composition of Nepal by Age, (2011 AD) Age Population Percentage 0-14 9,248,246 34.91 15-59 15,091,848 56.95 60 and above 2,154,410 8.14 Total 26,494,504 100 Source: CBS, 2011 AD Introduction to Population and Population status 203

B. Population Composition by Sex Division of population on the basis of sex is known as population composition by sex. The population in any society consists of people belonging to either male or female. Data of male and female population helps to know about the participation of male and female in various sectors. The following table shows the population composition by sex according to the census of 2011 AD. Population composition of Nepal by Sex, (2011 AD) Sex Population Percentage Male 12,849,041 48.50 Female 13,645,463 51.50 Total 26,494,504 100 Source: CBS, 2011 AD C. Population Composition by Caste/Ethnic Group Division of population on the basis of caste/ethnic group is called composition of population by caste/ethnicity. There are 125 caste/ethnic groups in Nepal according to the census of 2011 AD. Chhetri 16.6% 4,398,053 Brahman-Hill 12.2% 3,226,903 Magar 7.1% 1,887,733 Tharu 6.6% 1,737,470 Tamang 5.8% 1,539,830 Newar 5% 1,321,933 Kami 4.8% 1,258,554 Musalman 4.4% 1,164,255 Yadav 4% 1,054,458 Rai 2.3% 620,004 Source: CBS, 2011 AD D. Population Composition by Occupation People in our country have involved in different occupations. Some are engaged in agriculture and some are in other occupations. Division of population on the basis of occupations is called population composition by occupation. 204 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Introduction to Population Distribution Distribution of population refers to the division of population according to the geographical regions or administrative regions. The distribution of population varies according to the place and time. So, the population distribution by geographical and administrative divisions in the context of Nepal is not found same. The places having facilities of transportation, communication, education, etc are densely populated whereas the places lacking these facilities are sparsely populated. Distribution of Population based on Geographical Region Geographically, Nepal has been divided into three distinct regions i.e. Mountain, Hill and Terai regions. These regions have different climatic conditions, physical features and land topography. Variation in these aspects has caused uneven distribution of population. The population pressure is found more in the Terai region in comparison to other geographical regions. Fertile soil, plain geophysical structure, availability of facilities, etc are the major causes behind it. The distribution of population according to the geographical region is given below: Population distribution of Nepal by geographical region (2011 AD) Area Population Percentage Mountain 1,781,792 6.73 Hill 11,394,007 43 Terai 13,318,705 50.27 26,494,504 100 Total Source: CBS, 2011 AD The above table shows that out of the total population only 6.73% people live in the Mountain region, 43% people live in the Hilly region and 50.27% people live in the Terai region. Because of difficult land topography, unfavourable climate, lack of services and facilities and lack of fertile soil, a very small population of the country is living in the mountain region. On the other hand, about almost half of the total population of the country is living in the Terai region. Introduction to Population and Population status 205

KEY TERM Targeted : focused Uneven : not even; not level; not uniform Unfavourable : opposing Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) How is the population distribution in your place? b) Find out the population of seven provinces and present in class. 2. Answer the following questions. a) Why does the size of population differ from place to place? b) Why is there more population in the terai? c) What do you mean by population composition by age? d) Why is it necessary to study the composition of population? 206 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Review Exercise Long answer questions: 1. What is migration? Differentiate between internal and international migration. 2. Why is there more population in terai and less in mountain region? 3. Population and environment are interrelated. How? Explain briefly. 4. What is population change? What are the factors of population change? 5. Fill in the blanks. a) Population growth rate of Nepal is % according to the census of 2011 AD. b) Density of population is high in region in comparison to both Mountain and Hilly regions. c) The process of population is called census. d) Birth, death and migration are the components. e) Internal does not affect the population of a country. f) The settlement of the people depends on the condition of a place. g) The total number of people including children, youth, men, women and aged living in certain place or country in certain time is called the of population. h) Population decrease causes lack of resource. Introduction to Population and Population status 207

UNIT POPULATION 10 GROWTH AND MANAGEMENT ??? Learning Achievement A Identify population growth and its effects, A Discuss the importance of population management, A Identify the measures of population management, and A Mention the role of local organizations in population management.

Lesson POPULATION GROWTH AND ITS EFFECT 1 Increase in the number of people in a certain place or country at a certain time is called population growth. Increment of population means the increment of human needs and desires. Thus, this creates excessive pressure on the environment. Environmental resources are limited. However their use has increased in proportion to the human needs, which leads to environmental degradation. It, as a result hinders in the development of socio-economic aspects of the country. The major aspects affected by rapid population growth rate are described below: Main areas affected by population growth: a. Food b. Housing or settlement c. Education d. Health services and facilities e. Employment f. Environmental pollution g. Economic development h. Water supply a) Food Food is the basic need of human beings. It is an indispensable element for the survival of the human beings. Lack of food results in people suffering from starvation and they may become victims of different food deficiency diseases like malnutrition, rickets, etc. Nowadays, the productive land is being used for constructional purpose, therefore, production of food is not proportional to the size of population. b) Housing and settlement When the population increases, people require more settlements. This results in people constructing infrastructures on agricultural land. Otherwise, they would have to live in a very congested area. To expand the settlement area, people start deforestation which results in environmental degradation. c) Education With population growth, the number of students in schools or colleges will automatically grow. This will lead to automatic demand of more infrastructures, teaching/learning materials, teachers, textbooks, furniture, playground, laboratories etc and an absence of any of these in sufficient amount will hinder the quality education of children. Hence population growth greatly affects the education system of a country. Population Growth and Management 209

d) Environmental pollution Environmental pollution refers to the mixing of unwanted elements in the environment. The environment is polluted when its originality is damaged. The main cause of environmental pollution is the excessive pressure of the population and the development activities run by mankind. Dust, smoke, poisonous gas, bad smells, etc, which come out from the industries, vehicles, rotten animals pollute the environment. Environment pollution makes our survival difficult. So, we have to be responsible for keeping the environment free from pollution for sustainable existence of all species. e) Health services and facilities As rapid population growth damages our environment severely, its impact can be seen soon on the health of people. More and more people fall sick due to environmental pollution, resulting in overcrowded hospitals and health centers. Hence a hospital, doctor or the medical assistant needs to handle more number of patients in a day than they can handle. Thus, this results in poor treatment or carelessness towards the patients which might prove fatal for the patient. Also more patients means more hospital or health centers with more and better medical facilities as well as more doctors, nurses etc. which will be economically very expensive. Therefore, health sectors are also affected by population growth. 210 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

f) Employment With the rapid growth of population, the number of people seeking jobs will go higher. This will increase the demand of employment in the country. Since the other sectors of development like health, education etc too are affected by population growth, the government can’t provide enough and better employment opportunities for youths which will eventually lead to unemployment or under employment in the country. KEY TERM Congested : crowded Deficiency : shortage Degradation : a decline to a lower condition, quality Hinder : to cause delay, interruption, or difficulty in, hamper Indispensable : absolutely necessary or requisite Rapid : fast Rickets : a disease of infants and children that disturbs normal bone formation Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) What effects of the population growth can be seen in your locality? Make a list. b) Generally the effects of the population growth can be seen more in cities. Explain. 2. Answer the following questions. a) What is population growth? b) How does population growth affect education? c) Rapid population growth creates a negative effect on the health of people. How? d) What are the reasons for increasing unemployment problem in our country? e) How does population affect the environment? 211 Population Growth and Management

Lesson INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF POPULATION 2 MANAGEMENT Introduction to population management The number of people living in a certain place at a certain period of time is called population. Birth, death and migration bring change in population. High birth rate, high life expectancy or fewer death rate, more in migration, etc are the factors responsible for the population growth. Similarly, less birth rate, high death rate, out migration, late marriage, etc are the factors of decreasing population. Natural resources are limited and it is not possible to increase natural resources according to the increment of population. There should be a balance between population and natural resources for standard and quality of life. To maintain balance between population and the available resources in the country is called population management. Population is decreasing in most of the countries of Europe and Japan. They have to increase the population to make the population balanced. But in context of Nepal, we have to control the high population growth rate. Importance of Population Management According to the means and resources available in the country, the size and growth of population should be balanced. The importance of population management are given below: a) To fulfill the basic needs: Population management helps to fulfill the basic needs of the people such as food, clothing, shelter, education, health and other basic facilities according to the available resources. For this, various population management programmes should be conducted to control the high population growth rate. 212 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

b) To maintain balance in the environment: Environmental balance can be maintained by the population management by controlling population growth. c) To achieve economic development: By the population management, the size of population can be maintained according to the need of a country. It helps in the economic development of the country. d) Happy and healthy life: Population management helps to balance the population according to available means and resources of the country. If the population is balanced, the state can provide all the facilities and services to the people. Thus, our life will be happy and healthy. The new generation will also feel secure for their future. Evaluation Exercises 1. Fill in the blanks. a) The number of living in a certain place and a certain period of time is called the population. b) Natural resources are and it is not possible to increase natural resources according to the increment of population. c) Population is decreasing in most of the countries of and Japan. d) There should be a balance between population and natural for standard and quality life. e) Various population management programmes should be conducted to control the growth. 2. Answer the following questions. a) What is population? b) Mention the factors that contribute to population growth. c) What are the factors that contribute in decreasing the population? d) What is population management? e) Population and natural resources are interrelated. Justify. f) What should be done for the population management of our country? g) Why is population management important? Population Growth and Management 213

Lesson PROBLEMS OF POPULATION MANAGEMENT 3 High population growth rate is one of the major problems of our country. It is very necessary to control over population. Various population management programmes should be launched to control the population. But there are several problems. Some of the major problems of population management of Nepal are given below: a) Early marriage Child Marriage According to the legal provision of Nepal, age for marriage is after 20 years of age but in most of the rural areas of Nepal, the girls marry at an early age which causes high birth rate. So, early marriage is a major problem for population management in Nepal. The appropriate age for marriage is after 20 years of age from the point of view of reproductive health. b) Lack of the means of family planning Family planning is the process of spacing or stopping birth. It helps to control the population. But most of the people in rural areas of Nepal are not familiar with the means of family planning. In many places of Nepal, means of family planning are not available. According to the population and health survey of 2011 AD only 49.7% of married women use the means of family planning in Nepal; and 24.6% women who want to use the means of family planning do not have access to such means. It is a great challenge for population management in Nepal. 214 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

c) Gender inequality A son is given more priority than a daughter in Nepal. In hope of giving birth to a son, several children are born. This trend is practiced throughout the country. It contributes to rapid population growth in our country. Due to less priority to the daughters, they are deprived from health and education facilities. d) Less literacy rate of women The research work in many countries indicates that if a mother is educated, their children will be even more educated and healthy. Such educated women take care of the health of their children and feed them a balanced diet. According to the census 2011, male literacy rate is 75.1% compared to female literacy rate of 57.4%. e) Lack of employment to women The women who occupy 51.50% of the total population of Nepal have little participation in high level jobs. They are not getting sufficient employment opportunity which discourages them to go ahead in their career. So, very few women are involved in jobs. Women involved in agricultural activities have more children than the women involved in other sectors. f) Unplanned migration Huge numbers of people of Nepal are migrating from rural areas to city and hills and mountains to terai. People are migrating to such places where there are facilities of health, education, employment, security, etc available. Unplanned migration of population has become a great problem for the management of population in Nepal. KEY TERM Access : the means or opportunity to approach or obtain Depriving : to remove or withhold something from the enjoyment or possession of (a person or persons) Discourage : cause (someone) to lose confidence or enthusiasm Population Growth and Management 215

Evaluation Exercises 1. Fill in the blanks. a) According to the legal provision of Nepal, age for marriage is after years of age. b) According to the population and health survey of 2011 AD only % of married women use the means of family planning in Nepal. c) According to the census of 2011 AD only % women of our country are literate. d) Women involved in activities have more children than the women involved in other sectors. e) Huge number of people of Nepal are migrating from areas to city and hills and mountains to terai. 2. Answer the following questions. a) What are the effects of early marriage? b) What is the appropriate age for marriage from the point of view of reproductive health? c) Discuss any three problems of population management in short. d) What are the problems created by the migration in Nepal? e) What problems are created during population management by gender inequality? 216 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Lesson MEASURES OF POPULATION MANAGEMENT 4 Several problems have been created by the population growth in many countries of the world. The countries with high population control population growth and with low population encourage population growth for population management. Population growth rate is comparatively higher in Nepal. It is essential to run the programmes of population management. The following measures should be taken for population management in Nepal. a) Increase Employment for Women Population management and growth in income are interrelated factors because people do not have time to raise children who are involved in income generating activities and give birth to fewer children. Besides this, birth space is also an essential factor of population management. The concept of having fewer children develops with the predication in generating the income of the family. Tailoring, embroidery, poultry farming, bee keeping, animal husbandry, vegetable and fruit farming are considered as activities of income generation. These activities increase the participation of women in income generation. b) Marriage at appropriate age Marriage at appropriate age helps in population management because it controls birth rate. The appropriate age for marriage from reproductive point of view is after 20 years of age. The marriage before this age is harmful for health on the one hand, and on the other hand, it increases birth rate. Therefore, marriage at appropriate age is useful for population management. Population Growth and Management 217

c) Emphasis on using the means of Family planning Family planning is the process of spacing or stopping birth. It is also a scientific measure for population management. It stops unwanted birth. It helps to meet the goal of small family size and leads to the happiness and prosperity in the family. It stops unnecessary population growth rate and plays an effective role for population management. So we should give more emphasis for using the means of family planning. d) Women education and employment generation Women education refers to the process of educating women by providing formal or non-formal education. Women education is the key of population management because educated women have good knowledge of merits and demerits of large population size. They have good knowledge about contraceptive devices as well as other methods of family planning. So, they marry at appropriate age after building their career. It helps in population management. e) Extension of health service Infant mortality rate is high in Nepal due to lack of health services. At the same time, many mothers die during the time of delivery. If the health services are provided, this problem can be solved and it helps in population management. f) Equal behave between son and daughter Desire for son over daughter is still in practice in our society. In a hope to have a son, some couples give birth to many children. These practice causes population growth. So, end of gender discrimination largely contributes in population management. g) Appropriate management of migration Migration of people from hills and mountain regions to terai is increasing day by day. Similarly, people from rural areas are migrating to cities and towns. This type of migration is creating uneven distribution of population in our country. Government should provide facilities and conduct the activities to develop infrastructures proportionately throughout the country to control the migration. KEY TERM : collect, relate, join together : an occupation undertaken for a significant period of a person’s life and Associate Career with opportunities for progress 218 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Contraceptives : prevents pregnancy by interfering with the normal process of ovulation, fertilization, and implantation Delivery : child birth Demerit : disadvantage Embroidery : ornamentation of fabric with needlework, stitching Infant mortality rate : the death rate during the first year of life Merit : advantage, good point, worth Poultry farming : raising of domesticated birds such as chickens, turkeys, ducks Proportionately : to make proportional, to adjust according to a settled rate, or to due comparative relation, to proportion Evaluation Exercises 1. Fill in the blanks. a) Population management and growth in are associated factors. b) Marriage at appropriate age helps for population management because it birth rate. c) Family planning is the process of spacing or birth. d) Legal age of marriage after years of age. e) End of discrimination largely contributes in population management. 2. Answer the following questions. a) How do the means of family planning help in population management? b) “Population management and better health services are interrelated factors.” Justify the statement. c) How does early marriage contribute to population growth? What should be done to control the early marriage? d) Why is women education and employment important for the population management? e) List the measures of population management and describe any two of them. Population Growth and Management 219

Lesson ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AND NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION 5 IN POPULATION MANAGEMENT Various government and non-government organizations are playing important role for population management. Health centres are providing suggestions and advices to the people regarding maternal-child and reproductive health through women health workers and volunteers. A health centre provides services of family planning, various vaccinations, balanced diet, etc. It also teaches the ways to prepare Jivan Jal when the villagers suffer from diarrhea and other suggestions about the health care. Ministry of Health Ministry of Health and Population, Ministry of Education, different hospitals, Family Planning Organization, etc are playing important roles for the population management of Nepal. The Curriculum Development Centre has been contributing to population management by making curriculum and text books of population education for school level. Different hospitals and Nepal Family Organization have been contributing to population management by providing population education and service on family planning. They also encourage the people for population control and management. Similarly, the programmes such as providing information of population management, publishing booklets, conducting radio programmes, television programmes, movies, etc also provide services regarding maternal-child health care. Ministry of Health conducts short term training, seminars and other programmes for social workers and women health volunteers. They actively participate in organising mobile camps of sterilization, distribution of temporary contraceptive devices, etc. 220 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

KEY TERM Contraceptive devices : methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy Curriculum : set of courses, programme of study Mobile camp : launching camp from place to place Sterilization : a procedure to permanently prevent reproduction Vaccination : immunization, injection against disease Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) How can you contribute to the population management as a student? 2. Fill in the blanks. a) Health centres are providing suggestions and advices to the people regarding and reproductive health. b) Different hospitals and Nepal Family Organization have been contributing to population management by providing population education and services on family planning. c) Curriculum Development Centre has been contributing to population management by making and text books of population education for school level. 3. Answer the following questions. a) Write any four works performed by the health centres in the village. b) Write the contributions of Curriculum Development Centre to population management. c) What do the women health volunteers do? d) Write the contributions of the Ministry of Health and Population for population management. Population Growth and Management 221

Review Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Write an effect of population growth in your locality. 2. What is population growth? 3. What is population management? 4. Write an effect of early marriage. 5. What do the women health volunteers do? Write any one. 6. How can you contribute to the population management as a student? Write in a sentence. Short answer questions: 1. Rapid population growth creates negative effects on the health of people. How? 2. How does population affect the environment? Explain. 3. What should be done for the population management of our country? Present your opinion in points. 4. What are the problems created by the migration in Nepal? Write in points. 5. “Population management and better health services are interrelated factors.” Justify the statement. 6. Why is women education and employment important for the population management? Explain. 7. What are the reasons for increasing unemployment problem in our country? Write in points. 222 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6 Nepal - Protected Areas, Peaks and Religious Places Mt. Api N Mt. Saipal Jhulaghat Mt. Kanjiroba Saileshwori Chandannath Muktinath Mt. Dhaulagiri Mt. Manasalu Mt. Annapurna Mt. Choyu Gosaikunda Mt. Sagarmatha Mt. Machhapuchchhre Mt. Makalu Mt. Kanchanjunga Swargadwari Manakamana Mt. Gaurishankar Protected Area Lumbini Tribeni Pathibhara Conservation Area Hunting Reserve National Park Gadimai Halesi Mahadev Wildlife Reserve Ramjanaki Mandir Barahachhetra Road Source: Department of Wildlife reserve and Survey Department, Government of Nepal. 223

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