Social Studies and Population Education Book 6_2077 Edition

Lesson OUR RELIGIOUS HERITAGES 5 Nepal is a multi-religious country. Nepalese people follow different religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Jain, Sikhism, Kirant, etc. All of them have their own religious heritages. Some of them are given below: Pashupatinath It is the holy place of all the Hindus of the world. It is situated in Kathmandu. Pashupati area was enlisted in World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979 AD. Pashupati area includes the temple of Pashupatinath, Deupatan, Jaya Bageshori, Gaurighat, Kutumbahal, etc. There are about 492 temples, chaityas, satals etc and about 1000 Shivalingas in Pashupati area. Swayambhunath It is the holy place for both the Buddhist and Hindus. It is situated in Kathmandu. There are popular holy shrines like chaitya of Swayambhu, temple of Manjushree and Ajima. The biggest statue of Lord Buddha is located there. This place was enlisted in World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979 AD. Along with the stupas and idols of Buddha there is a temple of Hindu Goddess Saraswati. So, this place is regarded as the symbol of religious tolerance. Ram Janaki Temple 51 It is located in Janakpur. It is one of the famous holy places of Hindus. It is believed that this temple was constructed by Queen Our Social Values and Norms

Brishbhanu Kumari of Tikamgadh. This temple is full of Mithila art and architecture. It reflects the identity of our country. This temple is also called ‘Naulakha Mandir’ because it’s construction on 28th Magh 1967 BS cost nine lakh rupees then. Jame Mosque It is located in the heart of Kathmandu, near Ghantaghar. It is the most popular holy place of Nepalese Muslim community. Every Friday, people from Muslim community gather here to pray. They also visit the mosque during Islamic festivals like Eid, and Bakrid. Larumba It is an important holy place of Kirant community of Nepal. It is located in llam district. Kirant people gather here to celebrate their festivals like Udhauli Ubhauli. They worship their god according to their culture and recite Mundhum, their holy book. They offer flowers, cloth, money, naivedhya and grain to God but animal sacrificing, drinking alcohol and smoking is prohibited here. Assumption Church It is the holy place of Christians. It is located at Dhobighat of Lalitpur district. The wall of the church is decorated with Thanka painting in which the life and service of Jesus Christ is portrayed. Mostly, people gather here on Saturday to pray to Jesus Christ. Christian people come here during Christmas and other festivals. It was constructed in 1955 AD. Besides above mentioned places, there are several other religious heritages in Nepal. Lumbini, Muktinath, Bauddhanath, Manakamana, Swargadwari, Gosaikunda, Pathivara, etc are some of the examples of famous religious heritages of Nepal. In Nepal, people are very religious. That is why we can find religious places in every locality. Whatever the religion these places belong to, all of them are our valuable heritages. It is our responsibility to preserve them. 52 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

KEY TERM : kept in list Enlisted Holy place : religious place Portrayed : to show or describe somebody or something in a picture or writing Religious tolerance : mutual relation among various religious people Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) Name the religious heritages located in your locality. b) Which religion does your family follow? Where do you go to pray? c) What can be your contribution to preserve the religious heritages located in your community? 2. Answer the following questions. a) Why Nepal is called multi-religious country? b) Name any eight religious heritages related to different religions. c) What does religion teach us? d) Write a letter to your friend describing any one important religious place of Nepal. e) Discuss the positive aspects of all religion in class and write in points. f) “Although the people of various religions live here, there is religious tolerance in Nepal”. Justify the statement. g) Find out at least one religious centre of each of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, and Kirant. Write the importance of those places and measures to preserve them. h) Prepare a news article about a religious place related to the religion followed by your family. Our Social Values and Norms 53

Lesson JAYA PRITHVI BAHADUR SINGH: A HUMANIST 6 Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh The world has seen many such personalities who have strived hard for the betterment of their society and country. Those people are to be remembered and respected for their work. Jay Prithvi Bahadur Singh is one such personality of our country. Early Life Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh (1934 BS-1997 BS) Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh was born on 7th Bhadra 1934 BS in Bajhang district. He was born in the royal family of Bajhang. He was the eldest son of Bikram Bahadur Singh, the King of Bajhang and Queen Rudra Kumari Singh. The Ranas were his maternal uncles. Jay Prithvi Bahadur Singh was greatly influenced by his father’s religious activities. Hence, he was kind and generous. He was married to the daughter of Chandra Shumsher. Education Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh received his early education at his royal palace. At the age of eight, he came to Kathmandu and studied in Durbar High School, Thapathali. He passed his Matriculation Examination from Kolkata in 1952 BS and went to Allahabad for higher studies. He completed his study (PCL, IA) from Allahabad in 1954 BS. He devoted most of his time in study and writing books. He gained knowledge in sociology, political science, law, philosophy, literature, history, science, etc. 54 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Struggling Life In 1965 BS, he went for a visit to Europe with his father-in-law, Chandra Shumsher. He was impressed by the development and system of government prevailing in Europe. Although he was related to the Ranas, he was against discrimination and exploitation. He believed in gender equality and was against the caste system. When he came back from Europe, he wrote fearlessly and openly against the existing administration in Nepal. Prime Minister Chandra Shumsher could not tolerate the bold act of Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh. He was declared an outcaste for his act and belief. He was dismissed from his post of editor and manager of Gorkhapatra and was banished from the kingdom. He left Nepal and settled in Bangalore, India. There he wrote three books on humanism in English. Soon his books became popular. He established an organization in 1991 BS and worked for the welfare of people. He travelled to Egypt, Switzerland, Germany, France, the USA, Japan, and China for world peace. He was invited to attend the world religious conference at Chicago, USA in 1933 AD, where he delivered a series of lectures on humanism. He published a monthly magazine in 1990 BS called “The Humanist”. Contributions He established a primary school (Satyabadi Primary School) and started teaching. For the spread of education he wrote nearly two dozen books on various subjects like accounts, education, law, geography and literature. Some of the books written by him are Aksharank Shiksha, Balbodh, Gyanmala, Bhugol Bidhya, Padartha Tatwavivek, Sresta Bodh, Shiksha Darpan, Prakrit Vyakaran, Kanoon, Bhasakos, Matribhasa, etc. He wrote grammar books of Nepali language. He is the pioneer in the field of Nepali grammar. These books helped the people to achieve minimum qualifications to get government jobs in the posts of officers and clerks. He also wrote books for children of different levels. Our Social Values and Norms 55

Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh was interested in the field of journalism as well. He was an expert journalist. He served as the chief editor and manager of Gorkhapatra from 1958 to 1973 BS. He wanted to open a school for the orphans in Nepal but was not allowed by the Ranas. He opened one such school in Myanmar named “Jaya Prithvi Institute”. He also volunteered to help the war affected people in Ethiopia, Africa. Thus we can say that he was truly a great social reformer and a humanist. Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh is called the Father of Education in Nepal. He made a great contribution to the development and expansion of education in Nepal. Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh spent the rest of his life in Bangalore. Though born in the royal family, he hated luxury and comfort. He was a patriot who sacrificed his kingdom and comfortable life for the sake of people, country and world peace. He believed in simple living and high thinking. He spent rest of his life reading and writing. He took his last breath on Ashwin 1st, 1997 BS at the age of sixty-three in Bangalore. He will always be remembered for his good deeds. KEY TERM Banish : exile, send away, expel Clerk : a person who works in an office performing such tasks as keeping records, attending to correspondence, or filing Dismissed : send away Exploitation : abuse, misuse Generous : kind, liberal Influenced : inclined, make effect Last breath : died Luxury : comfort Outcaste : a person who is rejected or cast out, as from home or society Pioneer : lead the way, established Prevailing : existing Strive : struggle, endeavor 56 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) Like Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh, name any two such personalities of Nepal who have served for the welfare of people. Also write about their contributions. b) Are you impressed by the life story of Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh? Why? 2. Fill in the blanks. BS in Bajhang district. a) Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh was born in b) He passed his Examination from Kolkata in 1952 BS. c) He served as the chief editor of from 1958 to 1973 BS. d) He also to help the war affected people in Ethiopia, Africa. e) He opened a school in named “Jaya Prithvi Institute”. 3. Answer the following questions. a) Why Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh is called the “Father of Education” in Nepal? b) In which subjects had Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh attained knowledge? c) Why was Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh banished from the country? d) Write the names of Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh’s literary works. e) Why do you think Prithvi Bahadur Singh was a “Humanist”? f) Describe the contributions made by Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh in the field of education. Our Social Values and Norms 57

Lesson TULSI MEHER SHRESTHA: A SOCIAL ACTIVIST 7 Tulsi Meher Shrestha was a great social worker of our country. He was born at Bholakshe Tole, Lalitpur, in Poush 1955 BS. When he became an adult, he found the condition of the society deteriorating day by day. There was inequality in the society. Social evils like untouchability and exploitation prevailed in the society. He thought that as long as these social evils and inequality remain in the Tulsi Meher Shrestha society, development in the society is not possible. He felt (1955 BS - 2035 BS) the strong need to eradicate all these social evils in order to bring progress and unity in the society. So he started awareness activities for social integration. He became a popular social figure. Nepal was under the Rana rule at that time. The Ranas were threatened by the growing popularity of Tulsi Meher. They did not like his act and doubted a conspiracy in his activities. Thus, Ranas exiled him from the country at the age of 21. Tulsi Meher was not a man to give up things very easily. He was a man of strong determination. In India, he met Mahatma Gandhi, who was launching a movement to free India from the British rule. Tulsi Meher was greatly inspired from Mahatma Gandhi. He also joined the Indian Independence Movement. Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of movement was based on peace, non- violence, service, self reliance and discipline. Tulsi Meher returned to Nepal in 1981 BS, after six years of exile. As he was very much influenced by the philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi, he wanted Nepalese people to be independent too. He encouraged Nepalese people to make their own cloth with the help of Charkha (Spinning Wheel). Thus, he launched Charkha movement in the country. The Rana Prime Minister Chandra Shumsher again became suspicious about his activities. In order to please the Prime Minister and to continue the movement, Tulsi Meher established an organization called “Shree Chandra Kamdhenu Charkha Pracharak Mahaguthi”. This organization was named after Prime Minister Chandra Shumsher. This organization emphasized on discarding the use of foreign clothes and giving importance to the home-made 58 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

cotton clothes woven in Charkha. He lived a simple life, wore simple clothes and encouraged people not to depend upon others but to be self-reliant. The Charkha movement was not liked by Bhim Shumsher, the next Rana Prime Minister. He banned the Charkha movement, arrested Tulsi Meher and put him in prison. Tulsi Meher remained in the jail till he was released in 2007 BS after the downfall of Rana rule. Tulsi Meher became free to continue his work of social reform after the advent of democracy. He established a social organization called “Gandhi Smarak Nidhi” in 2008 BS. The main objectives of the organization were to provide food, shelter and clothing to the poor, orphans and the helpless and also to eliminate illiteracy and bring harmonious development in the country. Tulsi Meher’s reputation spread far and wide as a recognized social worker. At that time women were exploited in the society. Hence, in order to bring awareness and raise the status of women, he conducted literacy programmes, short and long term training programmes. In 2033 BS (1977 AD) he was awarded Jawahar Lal Nehru Award for International Understanding by the government of India. It received a cash award of one hundred forty five thousand rupees. He donated the whole amount of money for women’s training centre. The great social worker died on Ashoj 11th, 2035 BS at Bir Hospital, Kathmandu. Tulsi Meher Mahila Ashram was established in his memory in 2036 BS, at Manahara, Kathmandu. A number of organizations have been named after him. They are: • Tulsi Meher UNESCO Club • Tulsi Meher Sadan Mahaguthi • Tulsi Meher Samaj Sewa Puraskar Tulsi Meher Shrestha is looked upon as the “Gandhi of Nepal”. KEY TERM 59 Advent : beginning, start Conspiracy : plan to commit illegal act together Deteriorating : worsening Determination : strength of mind Discarding : removal, disposal Eradicate : end, abolish Exile : banish, deport, expel Integration : mixing Self reliance : independence Suspicious : doubtful Our Social Values and Norms

Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) Name any two social organizations located in your locality and also mention their functions. b) Is there any social worker in your community? Write their name and contributions. 2. Fill in the blanks. a) “Charkha Pracharak Mahaguthi” is one of the important social service of Nepal. b) “Charkha Pracharak Mahaguthi” was founded by Tulsi Meher Shrestha in BS. c) Tulsi Meher Shrestha was born at Bholakshe Tole, Lalitpur, in Poush BS. d) In India, Tulsi Meher Shrestha met Mahatma Gandhi, who was launching a movement to free from the British rule. e) Ranas Tulsi Meher Shrestha from the country at the age of 21. f) In 2033 BS, Tulsi Meher Shrestha was awarded Jawahar Lal Nehru Award for International Understanding by the of India. g) Tulsi Meher Mahila Ashram was established in his memory in BS. h) Tulsi Meher established an organization called “Shree Kamdhenu Charkha Pracharak Mahaguthi”. 3. Answer the following questions. a) What is meant by social service organization? b) When was Charkha Prachark Mahaguthi established? c) Why was Tulsi Meher exiled from the country? d) Which philosophy of Gandhi did Tulsi Meher admire the most? e) What do you mean by ‘Charkha Movement’ launched by Tulsi Meher? What were their objectives? f) What were the objectives of Gandhi Smarak Nidhi? g) What did Tulsi Meher do for the exploited women of our country? h) Name the organizations established after his name. 60 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Review Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Which festival do you like the most and why? 2. How is our national flag different from the flags of other countries of the world? 3. Write about two customs or tradition of your community which needs to be reformed. 4. Name the traditional dresses worn in your community. 5. What can be your contribution to preserve the religious heritages located in your community? 6. Name any one social organization located in your locality and also mention its major function. 7. What did Tulsi Meher Shrestha do for the exploited women of our country? Short answer questions: 1. Describe any one festival celebrated in Nepal. 2. What do the sun and moon on our national flag indicate? Explain. 3 Describe any two folk musical instruments of Nepal. 4. What types of sculpture are found in Nepal? Write one example of each of them. 5. Write a letter to your friend describing any one important religious place of Nepal. 6. “Although the people of various religions live here, there is religious tolerance in Nepal”. Justify the statement. 7. Describe the contributions made by Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh in the field of education. Our Social Values and Norms 61

UNIT SOCIAL 3 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS ??? Learning Achievement A Identify the social problems and evils, A Find out the measures to minimize the social problems and evils, A Identify the role of individual, family and society to solve the social problems, A Help to solve social problems, A Find out the causes of conflict in school, and A Identify the measures of conflict management and help to solve the conflict of classroom and school.

Lesson SOCIAL PROBLEMS 1 Rampur, Chitwan 6th April, 2020 Dear daughter, How is life going on in the city? I hope everything is fine there. As you have been there for your higher study, you must be familiar about the various social problems existing in the city. I just want to sensitize you about some social problems prevailing in our society. Girl trafficking is one of the serious social problems in our society. It is said that large number of girls are sold every year to different countries. Innocent and illiterate girls from rural areas of Nepal are brought to the city in pretext of a good job and a happy life by the traffickers and are sold by them. Some of them are sold to factories in the cities. Such girls have a very difficult life because they have to work long hours with low wages. Drug addiction is another social problem found mostly in the city. Many people especially of your age have fallen into this habit. When one becomes habitual of drugs, it is very difficult to get rid of it. Drugs are very expensive. When the addicts do not have enough money to buy drugs, they get involved in criminal activities like theft, murder, Social Problems and Solutions 63

robbery, etc. Some young people are also involved in smuggling of illegal goods like old statues, drugs, etc. Due to bad influence, many young people start smoking and gradually start taking drugs. You may have many friends and classmates who spend more money than they can afford. They ask for more money with their parents and spend unnecessarily. It becomes a burden for their parents. It is also the symptom of a social problem. Similarly, the people who take alcohol regularly start to quarrel with others unnecessarily when they get intoxicated. Such people spoil their health and become financially bankrupt. They destroy the peace of family and society. You should keep yourself aloof from such habits. So you should be very careful while making friends. If you are not careful, you will regret throughout your life. You should not trust strangers easily. You should be able to resist the lure of money. You should not taste any intoxicating items. Please keep yourself far away from bad company, always pay attention to your studies, and think about your future. Your dad Khushiram KEY TERM Addiction : a habit hard to get rid of Bankrupt : to be financially destroyed Burden : a source of great worries or stress Habitual : something done regularly Illegal : not allowed by law Illiterate : unable to read or write Intoxicated : very drunk Lure : the attractive qualities of something Pretext : an excuse or cover up for the truth Sensitize : to make people aware Smuggling : to bring and to send things illegally Trafficking : deal or trade in something illegal 64 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) What are the social problems seen in your society? List them. b) How can you keep yourself away from such social problems? Mention any four ways. 2. Fill in the blanks. is one of the serious social problems in our a) Girl society. b) Innocent and illiterate girls from rural areas of Nepal are brought to the city in of a good job and a happy life by the traffickers and are sold by them. c) Drug addiction is another social found mostly in the cities. d) Due to the involvement of bad company many have started to smoke and later on take drugs. 3. Answer the following questions. a) List the social problems existing in our society. b) What will happen if the social problems are not controlled on time? c) What is girl trafficking? How can this problem be solved? d) What are the disadvantages of taking alcohol regularly? e) Prepare any two slogans against the social problems. f) What should be done to prevent social problems? Write any four ways. In your community a) Find out the social problems existing in your community. b) Take suggestions from people of your community to solve social problems and list them. Social Problems and Solutions 65

Lesson SOCIAL EVILS 2 Rajman was a student of class six. He was a brilliant student. His father used to work in a factory and his mother used to work in their farm. He had a happy life. But nowadays a big problem has arisen in his family. His father regularly drinks alcohol. He started to come home late at night. Sometimes he sleeps on the street. He quarrels with his wife and the people in the society. He spends all his money on drinking. Rajman is now unable to buy books and copies due to his father’s bad habit. Rajman is not able to pay his school fees as well. There is always conflict and argument in his family. So, Rajman could not study properly. Due to this, he has become weaker in his studies day by day and has failed in his final exam too. This is the effect of his father’s habit of taking alcohol. Consuming alcohol is injurious to health. People who consume excessive alcoholic drinks lose control over themselves. They fail to differentiate between right and wrong. Most of the people cannot remain peaceful when they get intoxicated, and start quarrelling or get violent. People who drive vehicles after drinking can cause accidents. Such drunkards are not liked and trusted in the society. 66 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Smoking is the inhaling of fumes of cigarette, bidi, etc. It is the most common social evil. Smoking is a bad habit. It is injurious to health. Smokers not only spoil their own health but also harm others living around them. Like smoking, chewing tobacco is also social evils. People who consume such things suffer from many harmful diseases like cancer, gastritics, liver diseases, tuberculosis, etc. The next growing problem in our society is drug addiction. People who get into the habit of consuming harmful drugs regularly are called drug addicts. Drug addicts suffer from serious health problems. They become weak and sick. They need more money to buy drugs. When they don’t have it, they involve themselves in notorious activities like stealing, lying or criminal activities. Such people ruin themselves and disturb the peace of the society. Gambling is another serious social problem. Playing any game for money is called gambling. People get into gambling first for entertainment. When a habit is formed, it is not easy to quit. Gamblers start getting involved in anti-social activities when they do not have money to gamble. They steal, snatch, fight and disturb social harmony. They neglect their household needs. People do not gamble alone. They pass on this habit to others in the society as well. Thus, it affects an individual, families as well as the entire society. KEY TERM 67 Brilliant : intelligent, bright Conflict : quarrel, fight or an argument Consume : to eat or drink something Drunkards : a person who gets drunk very often Fumes : smoke Inhaling : breathing in air, gas, etc. Injurious : bad for health Notorious : famous for something bad Social Problems and Solutions

Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) If one of your close friends has a habit of smoking, how will you convince him to quit that habit? 2. Fill in the blanks. a) Consuming alcohol is to health. b) People cannot remain when they get intoxicated and start quarrelling. c) People who get into the habit of consuming regularly are called drug addicts. d) Gambling is a playing activity money. e) People who are habitual in taking alcohol or drug regularly affect an and society. 3. Look at the picture and answer the questions given below: a) Which social problem is indicated by the above picture? b) What are the effects of this problem in the family and society? 4. Answer the following questions. a) What are the effects of being an alcoholic in the family and society? b) Why do drug addicts get involved in criminal activities? c) What is gambling? Why do you think gambling is a bad habit? d) Why do you think smoking is a bad habit? Give reasons. In your community Meet any one family of your community who are suffering from social problems and discuss about the causes of the problem. Prepare a report on it and present in class. 68 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Lesson CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND EVILS 3 (A conversation in the class about the causes and solutions of social evils.) Teacher : Dear students, today we will discuss about the causes of social problems and their solutions. Kapil, can you tell me the social problems prevalent in your community? Kapil : Smoking, drinking alcohol, theft, drug addiction, and bribery are the social evils existing in my community, ma’am. Teacher : Sameer, can you tell the causes of having such social evils in the society? Sameer : Sorry ma’am, I don’t know. Will you please tell us? Teacher : Ok, listen. Social environment is the first cause of any social evil. A person is neither good nor bad by birth. It is the environment that makes him/her what s/he is. The character of a person is formed by what s/he sees in his/her family. If a family member smokes, drinks and quarrels with each other, it gives a bad impression to the children. If the children are not taught to behave properly at home and in the schools, bad habits may develop on them. Good behaviour and proper guidance lead a child to the right path. The parents and elder members of the family should keep a watch on the child. Children like to imitate their elders. Therefore, parents should be careful about their own habits. Bipasana : Could you please tell us some other causes of social evils, ma’am? Teacher : Other causes of social evils are social problems like poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, population growth, etc. When a person’s needs are not fulfilled, s/he may be involved in committing crimes to fulfill their needs. Illiterate people cannot differentiate between right and wrong, so they may engage in wrong acts. Similarly, if the people get a job they do not Social Problems and Solutions 69

have time to act wrong and can fulfill their needs from their earnings. Unemployed people are not able to fulfill their needs and may engage in anti-social activities like theft, robbery, etc. Population growth is also a responsible factor of social evils. The production of the country must keep up with population growth. Annual birth-rate of our country is high, but economic development is not increasing satisfactorily. Industry and service sectors are not developing well. So, a large number of people are unemployed. Due to lack of employment, people may involve in social crimes. Sunil : We understood the causes of social evils. What are the solutions of the social problems and social evils ma’am? Teacher : Good question, Sunil. Listen carefully, I will tell it point-wise. The following are the solutions: a) First of all poverty should be eliminated from the society by providing education, skill training and job opportunities. b) The government should pay attention to industrial development. Job-oriented education and skill-oriented training should be provided to the people to solve the problem of unemployment. c) In order to control population growth, we should create more awareness about the family planning and the effect of population growth. Devices of family planning should be available free of cost to the poor and rural population. d) Similarly, in order to solve social problems and evils as a whole, the civil society, social workers, educationists, politicians, health workers, police, etc should organize various awareness programmes like procession, street drama, etc. Advertisement of alcohol, tobacco, etc in media like television, newspaper, radio, etc should be banned. KEY TERM Bribery : the giving or offering of a bribe Devices : a method or a plan Eliminate : to get rid of Imitate : to copy the action and mannerism Poverty : state of being poor Procession : a group of people moving forward in an orderly fashion Robbery : the action of robbing a person or place 70 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) How can you contribute to solve social problems and evils existing in your community? b) If any member of your family or relative is an alcoholic, what suggestion will you give to him to quit that habit? Write your suggestions. c) What role can school play to solve the social problems and evils? Discuss in group and write. 2. Fill in the blanks. lead a child to the right path. a) Good behaviour and proper b) When a person’s needs are not fulfilled, s/he may get involved in committing to fulfill their needs. c) Population is also a responsible factor of social problems. d) Job-oriented education and skill-oriented should be provided to the people to solve the problem of unemployment. e) Devices of family should be available free of cost to the poor and rural population to control the population. 3. Answer the following questions. a) List the social problems existing in your society. b) What are the causes of social problems and evils? Write any four causes. c) Mention any four possible solutions of the social problems. d) Draw a poster to create awareness on any one social problem. e) How do social problems and evils hamper in the development of a society? Give reasons. In your community a) Meet a person who smokes in your community and ask him/her the reason for smoking. b) Tell the people of your community about the bad effects of smoking. Prepare a poster to create awareness against smoking and paste it in a public place. Social Problems and Solutions 71

Lesson SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION 4 Jeena was going to participate in an oratory competition in her school on the topic of social discrimination. But she did not know much about it. So she asked her father. Jeena : Could you tell me the kinds of discrimination in our society, father? Father : There are several types of discriminations in our society. First of all, let me tell you about the gender discrimination. Discriminating people on the basis of male, female and third gender is called gender discrimination. Nature has made them different but all of them can do the same work. All human beings are equal. Similarly, discriminating people on the basis of caste is called racial discrimination. All these are the social problems. We should not discriminate anyone on the basis of caste, economic status or gender. Jeena : Besides this, what other problems are there in our society? Father : Gender violence is another major problem in our society. On the charge of witchcraft, women are given physical and mental torture, and insulted in a public place. Child marriage, polygamy, unmatched marriage, etc are the other examples of gender violence. Domestic violence is also increasing day by day. Jeena : We may be different in gender, profession, religion, culture or tradition, but we are the same human race. It is not good to discriminate people. Am I right? 72 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Father : Yes, you are absolutely right. There should not be discrimination among the people. Discriminating people on the ground of caste, gender, etc is punishable act by the law of our country. There is a provision in our constitution regarding right to equality and right against untouchability and discrimination. This provision of our constitution should be implemented effectively. But it may take time. Every individual and society should be alert and aware about it. Jeena : How can the problem of social discrimination and gender violence be minimized or solved? Father : To solve these problems, the following measures should be taken: a) Mass awareness should be launch throughout the country, especially in rural areas. b) Different medias like radio, television, newspaper, email and internet, etc should be used to create public awareness. c) Our family members and the people of our community should be convinced regarding social discrimination. d) People should be made aware about the legal provisions against such violence and discriminations. e) Posters and hoarding boards should be pasted on public places to aware and sensitize the common people. Jeena : Good suggestions, thank you. KEY TERM : encourage, persuade Convince Domestic violence : violence within the family Gender discrimination : discriminating people on the basis of sex Hoarding board : a large board used for displaying advertising posters Oratory Competition : public speaking competition Polygamy : marrying more than one wife Sensitize : make sensitive or aware Unmatched marriage : marry with big gap of age Social Problems and Solutions 73

Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) If someone discriminates you on the basis of your caste, what will you do? b) As a student, what can you do to end discrimination from your community? 2. Answer the following questions. a) What is meant by discrimination? b) What kinds of discriminations are there in our society? List them. c) What is untouchability? What is its main cause? d) What do you mean by gender discrimination? e) Prepare a poster to create awareness against any one of social discriminations existing in our society. f) What can be your contribution to end the gender discrimination in our society? g) How can each of the following problems be solved? Discuss in class and complete the following table. Problems Solutions Untouchability Child marriage Polygamy Gender discrimination Activities Collect the pictures, photos, cartoon, etc from the newspaper regarding the problems created by discrimination. Paste it on chart paper and display in your classroom. 74 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Lesson EMPATHY AND COOPERATION 5 Bhaskar was a student of grade six. He was strong and older than his friends. So he always dominated the other students. He broke their pencils, threw their tiffin and teased them. No one had the courage to speak against him. They all hated him. Sameer was a new student in grade six. He had no friends in the school. One day when he was eating his tiffin, Bhaskar came and threw his tiffin. Sameer felt very sad but could not do anything. When the result of the first terminal examination was published, all the students passed the exam except Bhaskar. He failed in mathematics and science. Everyone in the class was happy because Bhaskar failed. Everyone teased him for this and he became very sad. He then stopped talking and playing with his friends. He started to stay alone and looked depressed. No one talked or cared about Bhaskar except Sameer as he started getting worried about Bhaskar’s changed behaviour. Sameer showed sympathy towards Bhaskar and started to talk to him. Now, Bhaskar has realized his mistake, and hence he apologized for his misbehaviour. As Sameer was very good in studies, Sameer and Bhaskar started to practice and revise the lessons together. Sameer helped him to solve the problems of mathematics and science. They did this regularly and soon Bhaskar improved his studies and even passed the final exams with good marks. Bhaskar changed completely with the help and support of Sameer. Now he has stopped dominating others. Now others have started to play with him, and he even helps them in need. Bhaskar realized that we should feel the pain of others and help them. Understanding of other’s feelings is empathy. All the students and teachers were happy with Bhaskar’s changed behaviours. Social Problems and Solutions 75

KEY TERM Depressed : sad, unhappy Dominated : controlled or ruled by superior authority or power or harassed by persistent nagging Misbehave : behave badly Sympathy : pity, kindness Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) Is there any student in your class like Bhaskar? If yes how can you reform him? b) If you fail in an exam like Bhaskar, what will you do to become successful? c) What do you do when someone laughs or teases you for your failure? 2. Read the lesson and answer the questions. a) Why did students not like Bhaskar? b) Why did Bhaskar start to stay alone and look depressed? c) How did Sameer help Bhaskar? What changes were seen in Bhaskar’s behaviour? d) What did you learn from the lesson “empathy and cooperation”? Classroom Activities Some students may have quarreled in your class or school for some reasons. Find out the reasons for it. Also write their solutions and present in class. 76 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Lesson CONFLICT MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE PEACE 6 Namchebazar, Solukhumbu 19th April, 2020 Dear daughter Suruchi, How is your study going on? I hope you are doing better. A good student is the one who does hard work and also is disciplined in the class. You should help your friends in class and study well. You should not fight with others. You should respect the sentiments of others and be cooperative. Discipline and cooperative behavior helps to maintain peace in the family and society. If there is peace in the family and society, there will be peace in the country. Different types of people live in a society. They are different in nature and attitude. Sometimes they quarrel with each other. If such quarrels are not resolved on time, they create tension in society. This is called conflict. Solving the conflict by creating consensus among the individuals and group is called conflict management. Similarly, the condition of no violence, jealousy, conflict and living with mutual cooperation is called peace. If there is no chance of conflict at all among the people of the society, such a situation is called sustainable peace. Dear daughter, you might have heard about the sustainable peace on radio, newspaper and television. It is very necessary to maintain sustainable peace in the country. Development of a country is not possible amidst war and violence. There are several ways of making sustainable peace in the society and the country. The following measures should be taken to make sustainable peace: a) Respect the opinions of others, b) Should not be arrogant, jealous and greedy, c) Give equal opportunity to all the people of the society, d) Give equal justice to all, e) Listen to the problems and feel the pain of others, f) Create the environment for dialogue between the conflicting parties, and g) Maintain rule of law in the country. The role of arbitrator is very important in conflict management. But s/he should work impartially and try to convince both the conflicting parties and groups. Social Problems and Solutions 77

I hope you will understand what I mean to say. I am planning to visit you soon. Take care of yourself. Your loving father Lakpa Sherpa KEY TERM Arbitrator : an independent person or body officially appointed to settle a dispute Consensus : consent, agreement Sentiment : feeling, emotion Sustainable : long lasting Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) If any two friends of yours fight in the class, how do you manage the conflict? b) What are the reasons of conflict in your locality? 2. Fill in the blanks. a) Disciplined and cooperative behaviour helps to maintain in the family and society. b) Solving the by creating consensus among the individual and group is called conflict management. c) Development of a country is not possible amidst and violence. d) The role of is very important in conflict management. 3. Answer the following questions. a) What do you mean by conflict? b) What are the reasons of conflict in our society? c) What is peace? Why is it important? d) What is sustainable peace? e) What should be done to maintain sustainable peace in society? f) What is meant by conflict management? g) Mention the role of an arbitrator? 78 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Review Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What are the social problems seen in your society? List them. 2. Prepare any two slogans against the social problems. 3. Why do you think smoking is a bad habit? Give reasons. 4. What do you mean by gender discrimination? 5. If any two friends of yours fight in the class, how do you manage the conflict? 6. What do you mean by conflict? Short answer questions: 1. What is girl trafficking? How can this problem be solved? 2. What should be done to prevent social problems? Write any four ways. 3. What are the effects of being an alcoholic in the family and society? 4. Look at the picture and answer the questions given below: a) Which social problem is indicated by the above picture? b) How can we solve this problem? 5. What are the causes of social problems and evils? Write any six causes. 6. As a student, what can you do to end discrimination from your community? 7. What did you learn from the lesson “empathy and cooperation”? 8. What is peace? Why is it important? Social Problems and Solutions 79

4UNIT CIVIC AWARENESS ??? Learning Achievement A Introduce constitution, A Introduce the concept of federal democratic republic, A Respect and follow the nation, nationality and democratic culture, A Recognize themselves as the citizen of Nepal; and fulfill the duties of a good citizen, and A Follow the traffic rules and help others to follow such rules.

Lesson OUR CONSTITUTION 1 Constitution is the supreme law of the country. It determines the structure of the government. A country is gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfg governed according to the provision of the constitution. All the laws of the country are made on the basis of g]kfn ;/sf/ constitution. So, the constitution is called the main law of sfgg\" , Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;;+ bLo dfldnf dGqfno the country. Law and order of the country is maintained on the basis of laws. People run their business and sfgg\" lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt profession under the law of the country. Similarly, people get facilities and services from the state according to the law of the country. The constitution determines the political system and structure of the government. So it is also called the “Mirror of the country”. Good constitution helps to formulate effective, people oriented and democratic laws. Common people can get service from the state easily through good laws. If the common people are not provided with the facilities and services according to the provision of law, concerned individuals and institutions are punished by the law. The constitution determines the rights and freedoms of people. Such rights are called fundamental rights. The present constitution of Nepal has granted thirty one fundamental rights to people such as right to freedom, right to equality, right to children, right to women, right to property, right to justice, etc. The present constitution of Nepal is a federal democratic republican constitution. There is a clear provision of the formation, power and function of legislative, executive and judiciary. Similarly, there is a provision of constitutional organs like, the Election Commission, the National Human Right Commission, the Auditor General, etc to run the state affairs smoothly and provide justice to the people. The present constitution, ‘Constitution of Nepal’ was promulgated on 3rd Ashwin 2072 BS on the political consensus of more than 90% members of the constituent assembly. It is the first constitution of Nepal which has been drafted by the direct participation of people’s representatives. The formal name of present constitution is the Constitution of Nepal. It has 35 parts, 308 articles and 9 schedules. It has created three levels in the country as federal level, provincial level and local level. This constitution can be amended according to the will and need of people. It is the duty of every individual to follow the constitution of the country. Civic Awareness 81

KEY TERM Auditor General : constitutional organ which audit the account of the government office Election Commission : constitutional organ which conducts election in the country Executive : law implementing body of the country, government Formulate : prepare, make Fundamental right : rights which are essential or fundamental for the well being of a person Judiciary : courts, body of the state which gives justice to the people Legislative : law making body of the country National Human Right : constitutional organ which monitor the condition of human rights Commission Evaluation Exercises 1. Match the following: Executive Right to freedom Legislative Election Commission Fundamental rights Mirror of the country Constitutional organ Government Constitution 2. Answer the following questions. a) What is constitution? b) Why is the constitution called the main law of the country? c) Why is the constitution called the mirror of the country? d) What are the differences between the rules of your class and the constitution? Make some rules for running your class smoothly. e) Write any two features of the present constitution of Nepal. f) When and how was the present constitution of Nepal promulgated? Classroom Activities Divide class into four groups. Ask each group to make the rules that should be followed by the class. Collect the rules of each group, write them on a chart paper and paste in your classroom. Follow the rules in class. 82 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Lesson INTRODUCTION TO CITIZEN 2 In ancient Greece, a resident of a city or town was called the citizen. Similarly in ancient Rome, a man who had the capacity to take a direct and active part in the administration of the city state was called the citizen. Such citizens had political rights. Other people like women, slaves, servants and the people of low classes were not recognized as citizens. Nowadays, the word citizen is used in a broader sense. It covers all men and women, young or old, rich or poor, educated or illiterate, living in a village or a city of a country permanently. A citizen is a person who is a member of the state, owes loyalty to the state and enjoys the protection and rights granted by the state. A citizen may belong to any part of the country but must be a permanent resident of the country. A citizen has the right to vote in the election held in the country. S/he can be the candidate in the election as well. Civic Awareness 83

All the people living in the country may not be the citizens of that country. There are usually two types of people living in the country: one is citizen and another is resident. All the residents may not be the citizens of the country. The people who are permanently residing in the country and having citizenship are citizens whereas people from other countries residing in Nepal are just residents but not the citizens. They are called aliens. They can get protection from the state but cannot claim the rights of citizen. They are not entitled to hold any government posts and do not have the right to vote. All the citizens are responsible in the nation building. All citizens should have good moral character. Unhealthy and lazy citizens cannot contribute to the national development. So citizens should be healthy, active and educated and patriot as well. They should involve themselves in social work. They should give priority to national interest rather than personal interest. A citizen should always work for the betterment and development of his or her country. A good citizen always protects public properties like water taps, wells, ponds, temples, monasteries, schools, health posts, etc. A good citizen needs to have several characteristics such as: a) Sound health b) Well-educated and civilized c) Good moral character d) Political awareness e) Dedicated to nation KEY TERM Aliens : not natives of a place, foreigners Capacity : ability or capability Entitled : to give certain rights or claims Granted : to give Inhabitant : people living in a particular place Loyalty : the act of being faithful Moral : concerned with right or wrong behaviour Patriot : a person who strongly supports the country Priority : most important 84 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) Do you think you are a citizen of Nepal? How? b) What privileges does your family enjoy as citizens? List them. 2. Fill in the blanks. of a state. a) A citizen is a person who is a b) A citizen must be a inhabitant of the country. c) A citizen should always work for the betterment and of his or her country. d) A good citizen always public property. e) Citizens should give priority to interest rather than personal interest. 3. Answer the following questions. a) Define ‘citizen’ in your own words. b) What differences do you find between citizens and aliens? c) What rights can a citizen enjoy in the country? List them. d) Why does a country need healthy, active and educated citizens? e) What are the responsibilities of a citizen? List them. f) What are the characteristics of an ideal citizen? Describe any two of them. In your community A public stone tap near your house is very dirty and damaged. As a responsible citizen, what do you have to do? Civic Awareness 85

Lesson RIGHTS OF CITIZEN 3 Rights are the freedoms to act or behave for the development of an individual without any external interference. Similarly, the rights which every citizen has to get for the development of personality according to the constitution are called the fundamental rights. Our constitution has granted us several fundamental rights such as the right to freedom, the right to equality, the right to property, the right against exploitation, etc. All these are legal rights. The rights which are mentioned under our law are called legal rights. Rights and duties are the two sides of the same coin. So, when we enjoy our rights, we should not ignore our duties. We should not create any obstacle while enjoying our rights. For example, we have the right to form a union or organization but we should not form such an organization which can harm the people and disturb the peace in the society. Our constitution has given us the press and publication right. According to this right, no prohibition is made on the publication of newspapers or any reading materials. But we should not publish such articles or news which harms the nation and its people. According to right to equality, all the citizens are equal before the law. There is no discrimination in application of general laws. 86 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution of Nepal 1. Right to live with dignity 16. Right relating to education 2. Right to freedom 17. Right to language and culture 3. Right to equality 18. Right to employment 4. Right to communication 19. Right to labour 5. Rights relating to justice 20. Right relating to health 6. Right of victim of crime 21. Right relating to food 7. Right against torture 22. Right to housing 8. Right against preventive detention 23. Rights of women 9. Right against untouchability and 24. Rights of the child 25. Rights of Dalit discrimination 26. Rights of senior citizens 10. Right relating to property 27. Right to social justice 11. Right to freedom of religion 28. Right to social security 12. Right to information 29. Rights of the consumer 13. Right to privacy 30. Right against exile 14. Right against exploitation 31. Right to constitutional remedies 15. Right to clean environment When we enjoy our rights, we should not forget our duties. It is our right to get education in school but tearing paper and throwing it everywhere, spilling ink on a desk, writing on the wall is not our right. Getting food, clothing, shelter, health facility and security are also basic rights. The state has given us several rights. All Nepalese can equally exercise all these rights. We have to ensure that others’ rights should not be violated when we exercise our rights. KEY TERM 87 Exploitation : using another person for selfish purpose Guaranteed : assurance that a certain condition will be fulfilled Interference : the act of obstructing something Violating : fail to respect someone’s peace, privacy or rights Civic Awareness

Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) As a student what rights are you enjoying? Make a list. b) Compose a song or poem about the rights of citizens. 2. Which fundamental rights are the following statements related to? a) Every person shall have the right to live with dignity. b) All citizens shall be equal before law. c) Every citizen shall have the right of access to basic education. d) Every citizen shall have the right to demand and receive information on any matter of his or her interest or of public interest. e) Every person shall have the right against exploitation. f) Every citizen shall have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment. 3. Answer the following questions. a) Define fundamental rights. b) List the fundamental rights granted by our constitution. c) Why should we respect the rights of other people while enjoying our rights? Write your logics. In your community How are the people of your community enjoying their rights? Ask them and write. 88 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Lesson DUTIES OF A CITIZEN 4 Duty is a moral, legal, civic or religious obligation. A duty can also be considered as the work that people need to do. Examining the patients and prescribing them medicine is the duty of a doctor. Teaching students is the duty of a teacher. It is the duty of a student to obey and respect his/her parents, teachers and elders. Traffic police controls traffic. It is his/her duty. In this way, soldiers, engineers, officers, journalists all have to perform their respective duties. The citizen of a country has to perform mainly three types of duties. They are: 1. Moral duty 2. Legal duty 3. Civic duty 1. Moral duty It is a duty that we perform with our own conscience and are not forced by someone. Moral duty deals with behaviour. Moral duty deals with an ideal and honest life showing respect and honour to parents, teachers and elders and loving and protecting young ones. Maintaining friendship with everyone also falls under moral duty. 2. Legal duty It is the duty stated by the law of a country. Laws are formulated to ensure the general welfare of every citizen of the country. Laws provide equal rights to all. So, it is the prime duty of a citizen to obey the laws of his/her country and maintain the rule of law. 3. Civic Duty The happiness and prosperity of the citizen depends upon the peace and development of the country. Therefore, it is the duty of all the citizens to make Civic Awareness 89

a positive contribution from their respective areas for peace, security and development of the country. The government needs money to run the development and administrative works. For this, the government imposes certain taxes to the people. It is the duty of the citizen to pay such tax on time. In democracy, the government is chosen by the people. So, every adult citizen should cast his/her vote to elect an efficient, honest and capable candidate. Then the government would be formed of capable people who would work for the welfare of the people and the country. Following are listed as civic duties: a) To serve the nation b) To obey the law of the land c) To exercise voting right d) To pay taxes e) To raise voice in favour of truth and justice Similarly, according to the Constitution of Nepal, following are the duties of the citizen. M Protect nationality, sovereignty and integrity of Nepal by pledging allegiance to the nation. M Abide by the constitution and law. M Compulsorily enlist when the state needs the service. M To protect and conserve public property. KEY TERM Conscience : the sense of right and wrong that governs a person’s thoughts and action Formulated : developed according to an orderly plan Obligation : a social, legal or moral requirement such as duty or promise 90 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) What are your duties as a member of your family? b) What are your duties in the school? 2. Read the following and identify the rights and duties: a) To obey the parents b) To cast vote c) To publish books d) To follow the religion of one’s choice e) To pay tax f) To form organizations 3. Answer the following questions. a) Define duties with appropriate examples. b) Make a list of civic duties. c) Differentiate between moral duty and legal duty. d) Why should citizens pay tax? e) ‘Casting a vote is an important civic duty’. Why? f) Mention the duties of the citizen according to the Constitution of Nepal. g) “Duties and rights are two sides of a same coin.” Justify this statement? 4. Look at the pictures. Write which duties they are performing. a) b) Civic Awareness 91

Lesson RIGHT TO INFORMATION 5 It means we can request and obtain information related with the interest of citizens held in public agencies. It’s our right to information. “Rights to Information” is a fundamental right granted by present constitution. This fundamental right states as “Every citizen shall have the right to demand and receive information on any matter of his or her interest or of public interest. But no one shall be compelled to provide information on any matter of which confidentiality must be maintained in accordance with law.” We have “Right to Information Act, 2064” and “Right to Information Regulation, 2065” to ensure the right to information in Nepal. Information can be obtained by contacting the information officer. Nepali citizen who seeks to obtain any information should submit an application to the related information officer. The application must contain personal identity, reason and required specific information. Right to information denotes the right to request and obtain information of public importance held in public agencies. There is National Information Commission (NIC), an independent commission established for the protection, promotion and implementation of right to information in Nepal. 92 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Right to information is important to every citizen for the reasons:  To have access to information relating to public importance,  To promote the rule of law,  To ensure transparency in the country,  To discourage false information,  To make public agencies responsible and accountable, and  To allow public to know and raise questions to public agencies about the status of the work. Right to information is not an absolute right. We cannot request and obtain all the information of public importance. Some kinds of information are restricted to request, obtain and provide. The following kinds of information do not fall under the Right to Information or are restricted to provide:  Information which seriously threatens the sovereignty, integrity, national security, public peace, stability and international relations of Nepal  Information which directly affects the investigation, inquiry and prosecution of crimes  Information having serious impact on protection of economic, trade, or monetary interest or intellectual property, or banking or trade privacy  Information that jeopardizes the harmonious relationship among various caste and communities, and  Information that interferes on individual privacy and security of body, life, property or health of a person. Civic Awareness 93

KEY TERM : any written document, material or information related to the functions, Information proceeding or decisions of public importance made by the public agencies Jeopardize : to put somebody or something at risk or being lost, harmed, killed, or destroyed Public agency : an agency which provides public service and performs the function of public importance Public importance : a subject related directly or indirectly with the interest of citizens Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) How is information provided in your school? b) How do the public agencies of your community provide information to people? 2. Answer the following questions. a) What does right to information denote? b) Why is right to information important to every citizen? Write in four points. c) What kinds of information cannot be requested and obtained? Mention any four of them. In your community Visit a health post or any other community institution located nearby your locality and collect information about the services provided from there. 94 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Lesson THE TRAFFIC RULES 6 We should always follow traffic rules for our safety. If we do not follow and obey the traffic symbols and rules, we may fall in accident or danger. Every year hundreds of people die in road accidents. Traffic rules help to minimize road accident and maintain road safety. So everyone who uses the road should follow the traffic rules. There are several traffic rules which should be followed by the road users. Some of the important traffic rules are as follows: M Learn and follow the traffic sign/signals properly, M Use overhead bridges or zebra crossing while crossing the road, M Do not use mobile phone while driving vehicle, M Do not drive vehicle in high speed, M Do not play on the road even if there is no vehicle, M Do not drive vehicle after drinking alcohol, etc. The following are some traffic signs that we often see on roads and highways. These traffic signs teach us meaningful traffic rules. Follow the Traffic Rules and Be safe from Road Accidents Zebra Crossing No Parking Narrow road No Entry No Horn Roadworks No U turn Crossroads School Area Turn right Uneven Road Double Curve Civic Awareness 95

Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) What traffic rules do you follow in your daily life? List them. b) Why should we learn to follow traffic sign/signals? c) What will happen if we do not follow the traffic rules? d) Is it necessary to teach the traffic rules to the people who live in remote areas where vehicles do not run? 2. Answer the following questions. a) What is meant by traffic rules? b) What is a zebra crossing? c) Draw any two traffic symbols you have seen. d) Write any four important traffic rules. e) What do the following symbols indicate? Activities Draw a placard to create awareness on traffic rules and present in class. 96 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Lesson NATION AND NATIONALITY 7 A large community of people living in a particular territory with their own government, constitution and sovereignty is called a nation. Nepal is our nation and Nepali is our nationality. The Constitution of Nepal has defined the nation in article 3 as “All the Nepalese people, with multi- ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-cultural, multi-religious characteristics with common aspirations of people living in diverse geographical regions, and being committed to and united by a bond of allegiance to national independence, territorial integrity, national interest and prosperity of Nepal, collectively constitute the nation”. It has also defined State of Nepal in article 4 as “Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive democratic, socialism-oriented federal democratic republican state”. The word ‘nationality’ is derived from the word ‘nation’. Nationality means a state of being a member of a nation. Thus, when we are a member of a nation, we have some responsibilities towards our nation. Nation and nationality are like two sides of a coin. If our nation remains there, our nationality will remain as Nepali. Therefore, nationality is marked by human character and behaviour. We should try to preserve and promote our nationality by being faithful to our country. We should conserve and protect our national properties. Our nationality is a product of our past glory, art, literature, customs and traditions of our ancestors, which have been handed down from generation to generation. Nationality is the feeling of belonging to a nation. Being a member of a nation gives us the responsibility to work in accordance with the rules of the nation. It is more of a psychological feeling rather than something we can see. It is the feeling of a Civic Awareness 97

person towards one’s nation. We should promote our nationality by being faithful to the country. We should preserve our traditions, customs, cultures and national properties. Our nation carries history, art, culture which has been handed down to us through our past generations. We should always give it due respect and importance. Our languages of the nation : All languages spoken as the mother tongues in Nepal Our official language : The Nepali language in the Devnagari script Our national flower : The Rhododendron Our national colour : Crimson colour Our national animal : Cow Our national bird : Lophophorus Nationality is a feeling of devotion or trust to the nation. Every citizen should be proud towards his/her nation. Every citizen should work for the national interest or for the welfare of the nation. Voices should be raised when our border is encroached. Diplomatic efforts should be made to protect our border. To make our nationality strong, unity should be maintained by ending discrimination on the basis of race, language, caste, gender, etc and work for the national interest. It is the duty of all Nepalese to respect our national emblems, national anthem, national flag, national animal, national colour, etc. It develops the feeling of nationality. It is the responsibility of a good citizen to be active in the development of the country. Citizens should show concern for the welfare of the country, elect the good leader, etc. We should be united against any attack to our nationality or the nation’s unity. KEY TERM Diplomatic effort : skilled in dealing with sensitive matters or people; tactful Encroach : to take another’s possessions or rights gradually or stealthily Independence : freedom, liberty, self rule Indivisible : inseparable Integrity : state of being whole, entire, or undiminished Mother tongue : the language that you grew up speaking Secular : a concept related to the separation of state and religion. Secularity is the state of being free from religious or spiritual qualities Sovereignty : supreme power of the country Territory : land, country, province 98 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6

Evaluation Exercises 1. Think and write. a) What is your nationality? 2. Fill in the blanks. a) A large community of people living in a particular with their own government, constitution and sovereignty is called a nation. b) A state of Nepal is defined as “Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive democratic, socialism oriented federal republic state.” c) Nationality means a state of being a of a nation. d) Nation and are like two sides of a coin. e) Voices should be raised when our is encroached. f) Every citizen should work for the national or for the welfare of the nation. g) We should be united against any to our nationality or the nation’s unity. 3. Answer the following questions. a) Define a nation. b) How has Constitution of Nepal defined the nation? c) How is “State of Nepal” defined in the Constitution of Nepal? d) What is our official language according to the constitution? e) What is nationality? Why is it important? f) What should be done to protect our nationality? Make a list. Activities Draw a flag of Nepal and colour it. Civic Awareness 99

Lesson FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF NEPAL 8 (A conversation in the class about “Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal”.) Teacher : Can anybody tell me the official name of our country? Garima : Nepal, ma’am. Teacher : No, Garima. The official name of Nepal is Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. Gaurav : Why is Nepal Residence of the President (Rastrapati Bhawan) called the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, Ma’am? Teacher : There is federal system of governance, democracy and people elected head of the state in Nepal. So Nepal is called the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. Samir : What is a federal system, ma’am? Teacher : Good question, Samir. Listen, federal system is a system of government in which power is divided between the central authority and constituent units. The central authority is called federation and the constituent units are called states or provinces. Such states or provinces are autonomous. Each state or province has its own government along with a federal government at centre. There are two types of federal system: one by getting different states united and other by dividing the country into different autonomous states or provinces. In the context of Nepal, the country is divided into 7 autonomous provinces. The people in each province formulate policy, program and implement for the development. Thus, Nepal is a federal state. 100 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 6