Flip Book class-5 new

Review Knowledge 1. Answer the following questions: a. When do you use bullet list ? Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………….............. b. Which is default alignment ? Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………….............. c. Which bullet list is default in Ms-PowerPoint ? Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………….............. d. What does bullet list include? Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………….............. e. When do you get title and sub title place holder ? Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………….............. f. When do you use character formatting ? Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………….............. g. What is included in paragraph formatting ? Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………….............. h. How do you change start number in list ? Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………….............. Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 95

INSERT PICTURE Adding pictures can make your presentations more interesting and engaging. You can insert a picture from a file on your computer onto any slide. PowerPoint even includes tools for finding online pictures and adding screenshots to your presentation. To insert a picture from a file Steps to Follow: Step-1 : Select the Insert tab, then click the Pictures command in the Images group. Step-2 : A dialog box will appear. Locate and select the de- sired image file, then click Insert. Step-3 : The picture will appear on the currently selected slide. Trick & TIPS • You can also click the Pictures command in a placeholder to in- sert images. To insert an online picture: Step-1 : Select the Insert tab, then click the Online Pictures command. Step-2 : The Insert Pictures dialog box will appear. Page Presentation with PowerPoint 96

Step-3 : Choose Bing Image Search or your OneDrive. In our ex ample, we'll use Bing Image Search. Type search keyword. Here, it is typed 'Computer' Step-4 : Press the Enter key. Your search results will appear in the dialog box. Step-5 : Select the desired image, then click Insert. Trick & TIPS • When adding images, videos, and music to your own projects, it's important to make sure you have the legal right to use them.. Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 97

SHAPES A shape is the form of an ob- ject or its external boundary, Shapes help to make our pre- sentations more interesting. PowerPoint gives us a lot of different shapes to choose, and they can be customized to suit your needs, using your own color palette, preferences, and more. Insert a shape Steps to Follow : Step-1 : Select the Insert tab, then in the Illustra- tions group, click the Shapes command. A drop-down menu of shapes will appear. Step-2 : Select the desired shape. Step-3 : Click and drag in the desired location to add the shape to the slide. Trick & TIPS • You can modify and format shapes, pictures and WordArt as you read in Chapter-4 Editing & Formatting in MS-Word WORD ART PowerPoint allows you to add effects to the text inside of a text box, which is known as WordArt. A WordArt Style will automatically apply Page Presentation with PowerPoint 98

several effects to your text at once. You can then refine the look of your text by adding or modifying text effects: Insert Word Art Steps to Follow: Step-1 : Select a text box, or select some text inside of the text box. Step-2 : On the Format tab, click the More drop-down arrow in the WordArt Styles group. Step-3 : A drop-down menu of Wor- dArt Styles will appear. Se- lect the style you want to use. Step-4 : The text will appear in the selected style. If desired, you can change the font or font color from the Home tab. To add or modify text effects: Steps to Follow: Step-1 : Select a text box, or select some text inside of the text box. The Format tab will ap- pear. Step-2 : On the Format tab, click the Text Effects command in the WordArt Styles group. Step-3 : A drop-down menu will ap- pear showing the different effect categories. Hover the mouse over an effect catego- ry, then select the desired ef- fect from the menu that appears. Step-4 : The effect will be applied to your text. Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 99

SAVING PRESENTATION It's important to save your presentation whenever you start a new project or make changes to an existing one. Steps to Follow: Step-1 : Locate and select the Save command on the Quick Ac- cess Toolbar. Step-2 : If you're saving the file for the first time, the Save As pane will appear in Backstage view. Steo-3 : You need to choose where to save the file and give it a file name, for this, Click Browse to select a location on your com- puter. Alterna- tively, you can click OneDrive to save the file to your OneDrive. Step-4 : The Save As dialog box will appear. Select the location where you want to save the presentation. Step-5 : Enter a file name for the presentation, then click Save. Step-6 : The presentation will be saved. You can click the Save command again to save your changes as you modify the presentation. Page Presentation with PowerPoint 100

CLOSING A PRESENTATION Follow the following steps to close a presentation : Steps to Follow: Step-1 : Click the 'File' to view the 'Backstage' view. Step-2 : Click Close in the left pane. Step-3 : If the presentation has not been saved yet, a message box will be displayed to save the changes you have made. Step-4 : Click one of these options : Save, Don't Save or Cancel OPENING A PRESENTATION Follow the following steps to open a presentation: Steps to Follow: Step-1 : Click the 'File' to view the 'Backstage' view. Step-2 : Click 'Open' in the left pane. Step-3 : Click the Browse op- tion to find the saved location of Presenta- tion file. Step-4 : The Open dialog box appears. Stpe-5 : Find the file and select it. Step-6 : Click the 'Open'. Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 101

MOVING THROUGH THE SLIDES To move through the slide Step-1 : Click the 'Previous Slide' and 'Next Slide' button on the vertical scroll bar. PRESENTING SLIDE SHOW Created series of slides presenting among the audience or learners is called slide show. Slide show may tell the story or explain the re- sult of an experiment. So, it is very useful tool for teaching, learning and sharing the concept and idea about a specific topic. A slide show can be started in different way: • On the Quick Access Toolbar, Click the 'Start from Begin- ning' button. • Press F5 key. • Select the Slide Show view command button at the bottom of the PowerPoint window to begin a presen- tation from the current slide.. • From the Slide Show tab, on the Start Slide Show group, Click the 'From Beginning' button Fast Access a. Ctrl+N : To Create new document b. Ctrl+S : To save a presentation c. Ctrl+O : To open a presentation c. Ctrl+Q : To Close Presentation. d. PgDn : Go to the next slide e. PgUp : Go to the previous slide f. Esc : End the Slide Show Page Presentation with PowerPoint 102

Lab Activities 1. Prepare the following two slides and save in the new name 'Use of Computer' Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 103

Review Knowledge 1. Answer the following questions: a. Where do you get the Word Art insert command? Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………….............. b. How do you modify Word Art text ? Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………….............. ..................................................................................................................................... c. Where do you get shapes from ? Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………….............. ..................................................................................................................................... d. How do you insert Picture from file? Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………….............. ..................................................................................................................................... e. How do you insert Picture from online ? Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………….............. ..................................................................................................................................... f. What do you mean by Presenting Slide Show? Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………….............. ..................................................................................................................................... Page Presentation with PowerPoint 104

Points to Know • Presentation is the method of showing and explaining the content of a topic to an audience or learner. • PowerPoint files are called presentations files. • A theme is a predefined combination of colors, fonts, and effects that can be applied to your presentation. • A template is a theme plus some content for a specific purpose • A presentation consists a sequence of slides. • Re-arranging the slides in slide pane is known as the organizing the slide. • Text can be inserted into both placeholders and text boxes. • Formatting refers to change the appearance the text in the slide. • A bullet is an asterisk, black dot, circle, or other mark that is placed be- fore the text. • Number list is called ordered list. • By default, numbered lists is counted from the number 1. • You can insert a picture from a file, online pictures and adding screen- shots to your presentation. • PowerPoint allows you to add effects to the text inside of a text box, which is known as WordArt. Terms to Know Multimedia : Combination of text, sound, video, image, etc. Slide : A single screen of a presentation. Placeholder : A pre-formatted container on a slide for content. Illustration : A decoration, interpretation or visual explanation. Alignment : Arrangement of text or graphics relative to a margin. Indentation : Number of blank spaces used to separate a paragraph from the left or right margins. Screenshoots : Image that captures the contents of a digital display screen. One drive : Microsoft's free storage service in cloud system. Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 105

Worksheet Objective Questions 1. Fill in the blanks: a. Ms-Powerpoint is a powerful multimedia ........................ software. b. A ......................... is a theme plus some content for specific purpose. c. A presentaion is a consisted a sequence of .......................... d. By default number list count from ............................. e. You can insert a picture from a ......................, .................... and ................. 2. State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). a. Powerpoint files are called presentation. b. Select the file leads to 'Backstage View'. c. Title Slide is a default Layout of Slide. d. Text can be placed in only placeholder. e. Number list is known as order list. f. Circle is placed by a default bullet in the beginning of each paragraph. g. We can also insert picture from place holder. Descriptive Questions 1. Answer the following questions: a. What do you mean by Presentation ? Ans: ............................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... Page Presentation with PowerPoint 106

..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... b. In how many ways can you start your presentation ? Ans: ............................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... c. What do you mean by theme of presentation ? Ans: ............................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... d. What do you mean by organizing slide ? Ans: ............................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... e. What do you mean by formatting text ? Ans: ............................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... f. Differentiate between bullet and number list ? Ans: ............................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 107

..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... g. What do you mean by Word Art ? Ans: ............................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... Analytical Case Study Questions : 1. Jigme Wangchu had created a presentation on 'Concept of Computing'. He has saved the presentation with name 'Computing' . Now, He is will- ing to make some changes to the presentation. a. How will you help Jigme to save the changes in the same file 'Computing' ? b. What will Jigme do to save the changes by another name 'computing_concept' ? 2. Sumitra Jha had created a blank presentation, but later she decided to add a theme to the presentation but she is getting confused, how is it ? Now, How would you suggest her to : a. Add a theme to the selected slide of presentation ? b. Add a theme to all the slides of presentation ? 3. Study the following sample slide and answer the following questions: a. Which technique and feature are used for creating such heading of this slide ? b. How would you draw such drawing? c. If you want to change the fill color of drawing, what would you do? d. Is it possible to change the thickness and color of the stroke in drawings ? If yes, how would you change ? Page Presentation with PowerPoint 108

4. Study the given sample slide and an- Page swer the following questions: 109 a. Which feature of PowerPoint has been used to make tickmark in the beginning of each line? b. If I am interested to change the tick mark to any other marks, how can I change ? c. If I am willing to change the color of the marks, Which technique should I use? 5. On the basis of given sample slide, an- swer the following questions: a. When do you use this feature? b. What process should be followed to get this dialog box? c. When you click in 'Bullet and numbering...... ' option, What features you will get ? d. If you want to remove this feature, what will you have to do ? 6. On the basis of text format- ting of this slide answer the following questions: a. List out types of alignments used in this slide. b. Make separate list of charac- ter formatting and paragraph formatting features used. c. If the given picture is not in your computer, how would you put this images of soup ? d. If you want to change all the characters in upper case of heading, what would you do ? Smart Computer Science Book-5

Lab Activities-1 1. Watch the video provided to you and make the given presentation slides: Page Presentation with PowerPoint 110

Lab Project 1. Suppose Your School is organizing an inter-School Sports meet. You have been assigned a task to create a presentation giving details regard- ing events being organized in the sports meet. 2. Prepare the slide show presentation in the topic 'Health is Wealth'. 3. Prepare a presentation about your School. Organize your slides with character formatting, paragraph formatting, images, word Art, Shapes, Themes, etc. The Presentation should focus on the following topics: • Brief Introduction • Infrastructure • Extra Curricular Activities • Sports and Facilities • Clubs Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 111

CHAPTER Introduction of Internet 6 Lakpa : Hello Hari! What are you do- ing? Hari : Just starting EPH project. I have to collect many infor- mation about the environ- ment. How is it possible? Lakpa : Ooph…! this is the age of in- ternet you can collect all the information through out the internet. Why are you getting worried? Hari : What is internet? And how to use it, Lakpa? Lakpa : internet is a huge resource of information. It connects millions of computers around the world. Let’s learn about the internet, Hari. INTRODUCTION Internet stands for Interconnected Network. It is a largest network around the world. All most all the countries are connected in this network to exchanges data, infor- mation, news and opinions,etc. It is also called network of net- Page Introduction of Internet 112

works, is popularly called the Net. Internet is also called as a infor- mation super highway or cyber space. Computers are connected in the internet through the dedicated rout- ers, servers, telephone line and other means of medium. When com- puters are connected over the Internet, they can send and receive all kinds of information such as text, graphics, voice, video, and com- puter programs, etc. There are different ways to communicate over Internet like e-mails, websites, online chatting, search engine etc. People, institutions, government offices and departments connect to the internet to ex- change information, search any topic using world wide connectivity. HISTORY OF THE INTERNET The internet was the result of some visionary thinking by people in the early 1960s. They saw great potential value to share information using computers on research and development of scientific and mili- tary fields. The Internet grew out of ARPANET( Advanced Research Projects Agency's Network) established by the US Department Of Defense in 1960s to perform the military research task. Later universities and other US institutions connected to it in 1969. Initially only four com- puters were connected in online at universities in the southwestern US (UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, UCSB, and the University of Utah). Then it gave the birth of present 'Internet. After development of hypertext based technology (called World Wide web, WWW, or just the Web) provided means of displaying text, graphics, and animations, and easy search and navigation tools that triggered Internet's explosive worldwide growth. USE OF THE INTERNET Internet can do a lot of functions which helps us in the following ways. Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 113

1. We can access data from a remote computer. 2. We can chat through the internet. 3. We can send messages in a click, known as e-mails, to any part of the world. 4. We can search the information in any topic from the internet. 5. It is useful to sell and buy things. 6. Free software can be downloaded from the different sites of the internet. 7. You can upload and down load information through the internet. REQUIREMENTS FOR CONNECTING TO INTERNET To connect your computer to the Internet and get the valuable ser- vices, following are the requirements: ISP: ISP stands for Internet Service Provider. It is a company which provides the connection and access to the Internet. Some of the ISP in Nepal are Nepal Telecom, World Link, Mercantile, etc. Modem : Modem stands for Modulator Demodulator. A modem is a peripheral device that allows us to connect and communicate between computer and Internet. Computer System : To connect the internet, it needs more powerful com- puter like Pentium-IV or higher. The fast and powerful computer can make fast connectivity with the Internet. Telephone or Cable Connection: A telephone or Cable line is required to transfer data from one computer to in- Page Introduction of Internet 114

ternet. All information of Internet travels over the telephone or cable lines. The computer is connected to a modem, which is in turn con- nected to a telephone or cable line. Web Browser : A web browser is a software ap- plication. It is used to access the internet and dis- play web pages in the computer. The popular web browsers are, Internet Explorer, Goggle Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, etc. WWW (WORLD WIDE WEB) World Wide Web is a collection of electronic pages on the Inter- net which displays a variety of information such as text, graphics, sounds, animation that can be accessed by people all over the world. The common terms used in the world wide web are: Website A website is a collection of web pages of a particular subject. Collection of pages are linked together through hyperlinks. It is similar to a magazine, brusher or catalog. As you can turn pages of a magazine, you can move from one page to another on a website us- ing the hyperlinks. Open- ing and visiting one page to another page of website called netsurfing. Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 115

Web Page A web page is an electronic document formatted with a special lan- guage called HTML (Hyper Text Markup language). A web page may consist of a text, graphics, sounds, animated pictures, hyperlink etc. The information of the web page is displayed on the user’s computer using the browser. Hyperlinks Hyperlinks are highlighted text or images on the web pages. Hyperlinks connect to other pages or websites. With the help of hyper links; you can easily access vast amount of information by jumping from one page to another. Hyperlink also allows to jump to another web site. Hy- perlinks appear underlined and in color on the web page, so these can be effort- lessly identified. Trick & TIPS • When a mouse pointer is moved over a hyperlink the shape of the cursor become a hand symbol. Uniform Resource Locator (URL) URL is the unique address or location of a web document on the Internet. It is assigned to every web site. So, you can easily display a web page if you know its URL. URL starts with http (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) and contains the computer name, di- rectory name and name of the web Page Introduction of Internet 116

page. Such as http://www.google.com. Home Page The starting page of a website is called the home page. It is similar to a book cover or a table of content books. It provides information about the purpose and content of the web site. It contains introduc- tory information about the website. Searching Engines Search engines are web based software program which are spe- cially helpful for locating WebPages of certain topics or locating specific pages for which you do not know the exact URL. To find a page, you enter a word or phrases in the search text box. Such word or phrases are called search text or key- words. Some of the popu- lar search engines are: http/www.aol.com http/www.google.com http/www. bing.com http/www.ask.com http/www.altavista.com http/www. yahoo.com GETTING START GOOGLE Google is a popular search engine, which helps to search the infor- mation in any topic. Lets start to search information about the Envi- ronment in the Google: Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 117

Steps to Follow: Step 1 : Double click the Browser software. Step-2 : Type the URL as www.google.com. Step-3 : Enter word or phrases (Environ- ment Day) in the search text box. Step-4 : Press Enter key. Lab Activities 1. Open the Internet browser soft- ware and type the following key- word using Google search engine then visit the respective website. a. Club Penguin. b. Fact Monestor c. Yahoo Kids d. National Geographic Kids MANNERS IN THE INTERNET Internet is a logical universe. Millions of people are connected through out the world with the help of internet. It is like as world where we live. When we are connecting with internet, we must follow the rules and not to harm other. Some of the common manners are: a. Respect other when you are online. Page Introduction of Internet 118

b. Always use polite language. c. Don't share you personal information to unknown people. d. Never say your password to other. e. Always get permission with your parents to connect with inter- net. f. Don't send unnecessary message. g. Don't share your feeling with unknown persons. Points to Know • Internet is a largest network around the world. • Computers are connected in the internet through the dedicated routers, Servers, Telephone line and other means of medium. • Internet is used to send and receive all kinds of information such as text, graphics, voice, video, and computer programs, etc. • There are different ways to communicate over Internet like e-mail, web- sites, online chatting, search engine etc. • The Internet grew out of ARPANET established by the US Department Of Defense in 1969 AD. • Computer System, Modem, Telephone or Cable line, ISP, Web browser are necessary requirements to connect the internet. • A modem is a peripheral device that allows us to connect and communi- cate between computer and Internet. • All information of Internet travels over the telephone or cable lines. • ISP is a company which provides the connection and access to the In- ternet. • Web Browser is a software used to access the internet and display web pages in the computer. • World Wide Web is a collection of electronic pages on the Internet which displays a Variety of information. Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 119

• A website is a collection of web pages of a particular subject or an or- ganization. • Hyperlinks are highlighted text or images on the web pages which links to other pages or website. • URL is the unique address or location of a document on the Internet which is assigned to every web site. • The starting page of a website is called the home page which provides information about the site’s purpose and content. • Search engines are web base software program which are specially helpful for locating WebPages and URL of particular topic. Terms to Know Network : Interconnected computer to share information Router : An intelligent device used in Computer network Server : Main computer of computer network. Online : Connected by computer to Internet. Chatting : Exchange of typed-in messages. Software : Collection of set of instructions user a file name. Document : Collection of text, picture, drawing, video, audio, etc. Hypertext : Text which contains links to other texts. Peripheral Device : Internal or external device that connects directly to a computer. Such as mouse, keyboard, printer, Graphic card, etc. Modulation : Change analog signal to digital signal. Demodulation : Change digital signal to analog signal. Upload : Sending of data from your computer over internet. Download : Copy data from internet to your computer. Page Introduction of Internet 120

Worksheet Objective Questions 1. Fill in the blanks: a. ..................... is a largest network around the world. b. The Internet grew out of .................................... established by the US Department of Defense. c. The ARPANET is established in ................................ d. ........................ computers were connected online in the initial period of computers. e. .......................... provides the connection and access to the Internet. f. ........................... is used to access the internet and display web pages in the computer. g. ......................... is the unique address or location of a document. h. A web page URL start with ................................ i. The starting page of a wibsite is called ............................ page. 2. State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). a. Concept of Internet grew up in early 1960's. b. The ARPANET is developed by US Department of Defence. c. World Wide Web is also called Web. d. Internet is also useful to sell and buy things. e. Web browser is an application software. f. Telecome is an Internet service provider of Nepal. g. Home page contains detail information of Website. h. You can only down load the information through the Internet. Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 121

3. Write the full form: a. URL ..................................................................................................... b. HTTP .................................................................................................. c. HTML .................................................................................................. d. WWW ................................................................................................. e. ISP ...................................................................................................... f. ARPANET ........................................................................................... g. Internet ............................................................................................... Descriptive Questions : 1. Answer the Following a. What is Internet? Ans: ............................................................................................................................ ..................................................................................................................................... b. What are the ways of communication over the internet? Ans: ............................................................................................................................ ..................................................................................................................................... c. Write any three uses of internet? Ans: ............................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... d. List out the requirements for connecting to internet. Ans: ............................................................................................................................. Page Introduction of Internet 122

..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... e. What is modem? Ans: ............................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... f. What do you mean by WWW? Ans: ............................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... g. What is Webesite? Ans: ............................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... h. What is web page? Ans: ............................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... i. What do you mean by hyper links? Ans: ............................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... j. Why do you use search engine? Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 123

Ans: ............................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... k. Write any three manners in the use of Internet? Ans: ............................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... l. Why is telephone line or cable line needed in the use of internet ? Ans: ............................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... Analytical Case Study Questions : 1. Chhabilal Devkota's Father bought a computer set. Now Chaabilal wants to surf internet but internet service is not connected till yet. a. In order to connect the internet service what should Chhabilal suggest to his father ? b. After connecting the internet service, Chabbilal's fathers could not surfing the internet Now, what should Chhabilal suggest his father to surf the internet ? 2. Mithilesh Kumar Jha's mother wants to buy books online for him but she doesn't have any idea about the website to buy books . a. How should she get the website address? b. After getting website, how should they start for website ? c. How to move from one page to another page of the web site ? 3. Ansh Thapa is student of Machhapuchre Intn'l School at Kathmandu, School started to post the home assignment, test result, school activities and additional information in web site. a. How does he start the school's websites ? b. After accessing website, how does he get home assignment ? Page Introduction of Internet 124

Lab Activities-1 1. Get online and search the URL of sites where you could do the following: a. Buy and sell things. b. Buy books. c. Study online d. Download music e. Get information about Nepal f. Free download software (Down load Type master or Type Shala and install in your computer. 2. Suppose you and Your family are going to visit Pokhara in this summer vacation. You are assigned a task to search the tourist places of Pokhara, Pilgrimages, and hotels in Pokhara. Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 125

CHAPTER Programming Language 7 Hari : Hello Lakpa ! I get surprised how does computer work? Lakpa : Oh ! It's the mater ! Computer does not work itself. It needs our instruction. When it gets instructions then it works. Hari : What types of instruction computer needs. Where do we find them? Lakpa : Instructions are the set of commands which are pre defined in a computer program using programming language. When we run this computer program. Com- puter starts to work according to set of instructions. INTRODUCTION Computers have come out as most essential and important device in the recent years. Computer can perform different types of job, which makes our life easier. As we know computers are machines, they can not perform any task themselves. They need clear cut instructions to tell what to do, and when to do. COMPUTER PROGRAM A program is a set of instructions written in a computer language Page Programming Language 126

to tell what computer has to do, when to do. These instructions are stored in files and they tell your computer to perform a task. PROGRAMMER Programmer is a person who writes a computer programs. He is re- sponsible for designing, writing and modifying the computer program. There are two types of computer programmers: a. System Programmer b. Application Programmer COMPUTER PROGRAMMING Computer programming is a process to create a computer program including different steps in an organized way. Programming is done using the knowledge of one or more programming language, such as BASIC, FORATN, C, C++, JAVA, etc. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE Computer is a machine. It does not have any thinking capacity. It needs instructions to make communication and work. Instructions are given to the computer in the form of programs using comput- er language. So, it can be said that the language which is used to write programs for the computer is called programming language. A programming language consists of a set of characters, symbols and rules that allows user to write programs to communicate with com- puter. Computer can understand the following languages. 1. Machine Language 2. Assembly Language 3. High Level Language MACHINE LANGUAGE Computer can understand directly binary number system, 0 and 1. Every instruction has to be written as a series of 0’s and 1’s in ma- Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 127

chine language. A program written in a machine language for one computer is not suitable for another computer. For the same task, it is needed to write next new program. Machine language does not need any language translator. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE In assembly language; some codes were used along to write com- puter program called mnemonic code. An assembly language uses assembler as a language translator to translate assembly language codes into machine codes 0 and 1. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE High level language is that in which English alphabet, numbers, sym- bols (characters) are used to write the computer program. Computer can understand the programs written in a high level language with the help of translator. There are two types of translators used in the high level language. 1. Compiler: It compiles whole program at a time written in high level language into machine language 0 and 1. 2. Interpreter: it interprets program line by line and converts into machine language at the same time. Popular High Level Languages Due to complexity of low-level language and machine level languag- es, it has become necessary to develop another language, called high-level language. As result, different high level languages were developed. BASIC BASIC stands for Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. This is a very simple language and taught to beginners in computer Page Programming Language 128

programming. This language was invented by two American profes- sors- John. G. kemony and Thomash E. Kurts, of Dartmouth college, New Hamphshire, USA. BASIC was used first time in 1964 AD and became popular due to its simplicity. There are quite a few versions of BASIC such as BASICA, QBASIC, GWBASIC, etc. FORTAN The FORTRAN is one of the oldest programming languages. It was developed by a team of programmers at IBM company led by John Backus. It was first published in 1957 AD. It has been modified since then many times over and these versions were given the names like FORTAN-II, FORTAN-III. FORTAN-IV is the last one and the most popular version which was developed in 1966 AD. COBOL It is a high level language designed for computers. It stands for Com- mon Business Oriented Language. It is useful language to solve business problems. This is used in data processing especially in data files. COBOL is file oriented language. This language is developed by Grace Murray Hopper in 1959 AD USA. PASCAL PASCAL is a block structured programming language. It supports structure programming in a simple manner. It was developed as a simple language for the purpose of teaching and constructing com- pilers and interpreters. It was developed by Niklaus Writh in early 1970’s. This language has been named after Blais Pascal, the great French mathematician. Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 129

C-Language C-Language was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labo- ratories in America. This language links high level language with as- sembly language and make the functions easier. This language is very powerful for commercial as well as scientific applications. It is also called structured programming language. LOGO LOGO stands for Language Of Graphic-Oriented. LOGO is a com- puter programming language It is used for generating basic shapes using a turtle cursor. Logo teaches kids step by step the basic of computers programming. It was developed for children experimenting their first programming steps. It guides kids step by step with the basics of computers pro- gramming. JAVA Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Micro sys- tem in 1991 in USA. It is an object oriented language. It is much reli- able and powerful than C and C++. It has web-oriented features. Page Programming Language 130

Points to Know • Computers need clear cut instructions to tell what to do, and when to do. • A program is a set of instructions written in a computer language to tell what computer has to do, when to do. • Programmer is a person who writes a computer programs. • Computer programming is a technique to create a computer program. • The language which is used to write programs for the computer is called programming language. • A programming language consists of a set of characters, symbols and rules. • Machine language is written in binary. • In Assembly language; some codes were used along with binary codes to write computer program called mnemonic code. • High level language is that in which English alphabet, numbers, sym- bols (characters) are used to write computer program. • Popular high level languages are : BASIC, FROTAIN, COBOL, PASCAL, C language, LOGO, JAVA etc. • JAVA has object oriented language. Terms to Know Instruction : A command given to a computer to carry a task. Computer Language : Language used to write computer program. System Programmer : Programmer who write computer system pro- gram like operating system. Application Programmer : Programmer who write computer application pro- gram like Paint, MS-Word program. Document : Collection of text, image, video, etc under a file Language Translator : Language translator converts one language to another language of computer. Compile : Convert a program into a machine-code or ma- chine level language. Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 131

Worksheet Objective Questions 1. Fill in the blanks: a. JAVA has ........................ oriented features. b C language was developed in ........................ c. C language is also called ............................ programming language. d. COBOL is developed in ............................. e. BASIC is invented by ............................................................and ............ ........................ f. Every instructions written in the series of ............................... and .......... ...................... in machine language. g. Assembly language uses languages translator called .............................. 2. State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). a. FORTAIN is a oldest programming language. b. Compiler compiles whole program at a time. c. Interpreter interprets line by line. d. C language is a machine language. e. Machine language needs language translator. f. Assembly language uses the mnemonic code. g. Computer program tells to your computer to perform task. h. Computer can perform any task themselves. Page Programming Language 132

3. Write the full form of : a. BASIC ................................................................................................................ b. FORTAIN............................................................................................................ c. COBOL............................................................................................................... Descriptive Questions 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is computer program ? Ans: ............................................................................................................................ ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... b. What do you mean by a programmer? Ans: ............................................................................................................................ ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... c. What do you mean by programming? Ans: ............................................................................................................................ ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... d. What does programming language consist? Ans: ............................................................................................................................ ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 133

e. What is machine level language? Ans: ............................................................................................................................ ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... f. What is assembly language? Ans: ............................................................................................................................ ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... g. Write the names of popular high level language? Ans: ............................................................................................................................ ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... Analytical Case Study Questions : 1. Lakpa is typing in the computer making bold, italic, underline, change color and font, etc. a. To perform these task what does computer need ? b. How does computer do these tasks in your view ? 2. Asmit is writing a computer program for simple calculation for the com- puter. a. What is Asmit called in the view point of his task ? b. What is the work of Asmit called? c. What is used by Asmit to write this computer program? Page Programming Language 134

3. Ratan Lal Chaudhary is typing some instruction in English to draw picture in LOGO. a. Which Programming language is used by Ratan Lal Chaudhary ? b. How does Computer understand the Ratan Lal's instructions ? Activities 1. Prepare the Slide Show presentation in the Pow- erPoint with the topic 'History of Programming Languages' Presentation includes: a. Name of Programming Language b. Invention Date c. Inventor d. Features e. Concept of Language Translator Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 135

CHAPTER 8 More on Logo Programming LAKPA : Hello Hari! Are you looking sad? HARI : Oh! Harry, I am facing one prob- lem in LOGO programming. LAKPA : Yes Hari, what is the problem? Please share it. HARI : I have written a set of com- mands to draw a figure. I have to execute same as many num- ber of times as I want. What should I do? Again and again; I have to write same set of commands. Lakpa : Hee.. hee..! That is not a big problem. You have to make procedure. Hari : Procedure! What is this? I don’t have any idea about it. Lakpa : Procedure is a set of commands or instructions with a name. You can execute this procedure for a number of times by just typing the procedure name. INTRODUCTION You know the use of various commands of LOGO for drawing. These commands are given in a sequence to draw a particular diagram. You can give a name to a set of commands. A set of commands or instruc- tions in LOGO with a name is called procedure. Page More on Logo Programming 136

PARTS OF PROCEDURE A procedure should have the following three parts: Title : it indicates name of the procedure. Body : it indicates the set of commands. End : it indicates end of the procedure. Example : To draw a square, you can write the procedure in the following way. TO Square Name of procedure FD 90 Body / Instruction for drawing RT 90 End of Procedure FD 90 RT 90 FD 90 RT 90 FD 90 RT 90 END Naming a Procedure To name a procedure, the following points should be kept in mind. 1. It consists of alphabets, number or any other symbol. 2. The first character should always be letter. 3. It should not have any blank spaces. 4. The name of the procedure shouldn’t be any LOGO commands, e.g. RT, FD, LT, etc. 5. Arithmetic operators +, -, *, / can not be included. Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 137

Trick & TIP • The name should be very much informative which should give some infor- mation about the instruction. For example, SQUARE can be the name of the procedure that draws a square box. WRITING A PROCEDURE The procedure can be written in two ways: 1. Using the Input Box 2. Using Editor Window Using the Input Box To write a procedure for drawing rectangle using the Input Box, follow the following steps: Steps to Follow: Step-1 : Click in ‘Input Box’ of commander dialog box. Step-2 : Type TO followed by the name of the procedure. E.g. TO RECTANGLE Step-3 : Press the ‘Enter’ key. You get user input dialog box as given: Page More on Logo Programming 138

Step-4 : Enter the lines of commands with pressing the ‘Enter’ key after each com- mand. FD 40 RT 90 FD 140 RT 90 FD 40 RT 90 FD 140 Step-5 : When you enter all the commands, type ‘END’ and press ‘Enter’ key or click on ‘Ok’. Now, you get message as RECTANGLE defined as follows: Step-6 : You won't get output just writing the procedure. To get output, you should run the procedure name; by typing procedure name as RECTANGLE in the input box as given in the picture. Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 139

Step 7: Press the ‘Enter’ key or click on 'Execute' button from in- put commander dialog box. Step-8 : Now, the rectangle will ap- pear on the screen as given. Now, You can run this procedure RECTANGLE many number of times as you like to display the rectangle, it is not necessary to write set of instructions again and again for same task. Lab Activities 1. To display triangle; create proce- dure TRIANGLE with the follow- ing commands TO TRIANGLE FD 140 RT 120 FD 140 RT 120 FD 140 RT 120 END 2. Run the procedure and see the output. Page More on Logo Programming 140

USING THE EDITOR WINDOW You can also create a procedure using the Editor Window. To write a procedure to draw square using the Editor Window, do the following: Steps to Follow: Step-1 : Click inside the ‘Input Box’ of commander and type Edit \"SQUARE and press the ‘Enter’ key. Or click on ‘Endall’ button. The Editor window appears as given: Step-2 : Bring the pointer after the word ‘TO’ and write the name of the procedure SQUARE, if you load your editor by clicking Endall button. Step-3 : Click at the end of ‘TO SQUARE’ and press ‘Enter’ key to insert a blank line. Step-4 : Type the given lines of commands to draw the square. Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 141

Step-5 : Now, Close the Editor win- dow by selecting the ‘Exit’ option from the ‘File’ menu. Step-6 : Click ‘Yes’ to save the con- tents of work space. Step-7 : Run your procedure by typ- ing the name ‘SQUARE’ in the ‘Input Box’ and press the Enter key. Now you will get square on the LOGO screen. REPEAT COMMAND The REPEAT command is used to repeat the same command for given number of times. It reduces the number of lines of commands you need to write. Example : REPEAT 4 [FD 90 RT 90] Page More on Logo Programming 142

This set of command will repeat four times so, it displays the square object of 90 points in the screen. In the above SQUARE same set of command is repeated four times. So, same procedure can be written as: The following tables helps yo draw the different types of polygonal shape with REPEAT command: Polygon Command No. of sides Observation Triangle REPEAT 3 [ FD 100 RT 120] 3 360/3=120 Square REPEAT 4 [ FD 100 RT 90] 4 360/4=90 Pentagon REPEAT 5 [ FD 100 RT 72] 5 360/5=72 Hexagon REPEAT 6 [ FD 100 RT 60] 6 360/6=60 Octagon REPEAT 8 [ FD 100 RT 45] 8 360/8=45 Decagon REPEAT 10 [ FD 100 RT 36] 10 360/10=36 Type each command in Commander window and see the output. Smart Page Computer Science Book-5 143

Lab Activities 1. To display pentagon, create pro- cedure PENTAGON in Editor win- dow with the following commands TO PENTAGON FD 100 RT 72 FD 100 RT 72 FD 100 RT 72 FD 100 RT 72 FD 100 RT 72 END 2. Run the procedure and see the output. 3. Create procedure for the following drawing with REPEAT command using input user dialog box and Editor window. Run the each proce- dure and see the output. a. Triangle (3 sides) b. Square (4 sides) c. Pentagon (5 sides) d. Hexagon (6 sides) e. Octagon (8 sides) Page More on Logo Programming 144