Vol. 48 (3) July - September 2014 ISSN-0047-8539 CONTENTS PART I. RESEARCH PAPERSPLANT SCIENCEINFLUENCE OF SEASONS, SPACINGS, GROWTH HORMONES AND NUTRIENTS ON SEED PRODUCTION — 341 POTENTIAL AND ECONOMICS OF SUNNHEMP (Crotalaria juncea L.) — D. Thimmanna, B. C. Channakeshava, S. N. Vasudevan, Rame Gowda, B. K. Ramachandrappa, Basave Gowda and Y. A. NanjareddyVACUUM PACKAGING OF MINIMALLY PROCESSED JACKFRUIT BULBS FOR LONG DISTANCE — 351 TRANSPORTATION — Farheen Taj, B. Ranganna and K. B. Munishamanna 358BEHAVIOUR OF PROCESSING GENOTYPES OF POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.) TO DIFFERENT PESTS — AND DISEASES, TUBER YIELD AND STORAGE IN SOUTHERN TRANSITION ZONE OF KARNATAKA — Siddagangaiah and K. A. RaveeshaCHANGES IN NUTRIENT AND BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS ON DECOMPOSITION OF LEAF LITTER OF — 364 SELECTED TREE SPECIES — Jana Poorna Bindu, V. R. Ramakrishna Parama and C. A. SrinivasamurthySTUDIES ON INCIDENCE, SEVERITY AND MANAGEMENT OF SESAMUM PHYLLODY IN CENTRAL DRY ZONE — 374 OF KARNATAKA 381 — K. B. Palanna, B. Shivanna, B. Boraiah, Anil Pappachan and S. Bommalinga 387MOLECULAR SURVEY FOR INCIDENCE OF CUCUMBER MOSAIC VIRUS IN GHERKIN (Cucumis anguria — L.) AND ITS TRANSMISSION — V. V. Kavyashri and N. Nagaraju —BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF TOMATO LEAF CURL NEW DELHI VIRUS INFECTING BOTTLE GOURD (Lagenaria siceraria) FROM KARNATAKA — R. Rajeshwari and M. Krishna Reddy (Contd. on page iv)
MYSORE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Chairman Dr. D. P. Kumar Vice-Chancellor MembersDr. D. P. Kumar, Director of Education, UAS, BangaloreDr. N. Nagaraja, Director of Extension, UAS, BangaloreDr. M. A. Shankar, Director of Research, UAS, BangaloreDr. K. N. Ganeshaiah, Dean (PGS), UAS, BangaloreDr. H. Shivanna, Dean (Agri.), College of Agriculture, GKVK, BangaloreDr. T. N. Anand, Editor, Communication Centre - Convenor Editor : Dr. T. N. Anand Associate Editor : Dr. B. N. ManjunathaFrequency of Publication : Quarterly MJAS 48 (3) 2014 : 341-500 SUBSCRIPTION RATES Inland Foreign (Rs.)Membership US $ UK £ AM**Annual Membership SM* AM** SM*IndividualInstitution 300.00 60.00 80.00 30.00 40.00Life Membership 500.00IndividualStudent 3000.00Institution 2000.00Single copy 5000.00 75.00* SM – Surface Mail ** AM – Air MailNote : 1. All correspondence should be addressed to the Editor, Communication Centre, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore - 560 065, India. E-mail : [email protected]. Subscription amount should be sent to the Editor through Demand Draft drawn in favour of the Editor, Communication Centre, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore - 560 065.3. All the authors should be subscribers to the Journal and Processing fee of Rs. 100-00 should be paid per article for publishing the articles in the Journal.4. Authors should submit the article through proper channel along with the duly signed declaration stating that the article has neither been published nor sent for publication in any other Journal. Edited and Published by Dr. T. N. AnandCommunication Centre, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore - 560 065, India Available at UAS Website : www.uasbangalore.edu.in
(Contd. from page iv) — 451 PART II. RESEARCH NOTES — 456 — 460GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF RICE UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATED CROPPING SYSTEMS — 464 — P. S. Yadav, B. M. Maurya and S. M. Kurmvanshi — 467 — 475INFLUENCE OF PERSONAL AND SOCIO ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MEMBERS OF SELF HELP GROUP TOWARDS THEIR PARTICIPATION AND THE LEADERSHIP STYLES IN FACILITATING POVERTY REDUCTION — H. G. Raghavendra and N. NarasimhaEFFECT OF INORGANIC FERTILIZERS, PSB AND VAM ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF ONION — M. Raja NaikPARTICIPATION OF RURAL YOUTH IN AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE — H. Viswanatha, B. N. Manjunatha and M. T. Lakshminarayan PART III. ABSTRACTS OF THESESABSTRACTS OF PH. D. THESESABSTRACTS OF M. SC. THESES
(Contd. from page i) — 394POPULATION DYNAMICS OF PIGEONPEA STERILITY MOSAIC VIRUS DISEASE VECTOR Aceria cajani 400 406 — M. S. Pallavi and H. K. Ramappa 413 420ANIMAL SCIENCE 428 435GENETIC STUDIES ON LITTER AND REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF LARGE WHITE YORKSHIRE SOWS — — 443 M. Vasundara Devi, M. R. Jayashankar and V. ManjunathNUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF MAIZE (Zea mays) HUSK : A NEW FEED RESOURCE FOR SMALL — RUMINANTS — B. S. Venkatesh, T. M. Prabhu, R. G. Gloridoss, K. Chandrapal Singh, Nagaraja Ramakrishnappa and G. U. ManjuNUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF AZOLLA (Azolla pinnata) AND ITS SUPPLEMENTARY EFFECT ON — IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF TOTAL MIXED RATION — K. Kavya, T. M. Prabhu, R. G. Gloridoss, K. Chandrapal Singh and Y. B. RajeshwariSOCIAL SCIENCEINTER GENDER RELATIONSHIP AND TRAINING NEEDS IN RICE CULTIVATION - A STUDY IN WEST GARO — HILLS, MEGHALAYA — Puspita DasKNOWLEDGE OF FARMERS ON RECOMMENDED AGRICULTURAL INPUTS IN SUGARCANE — — B. B. Supriya, T. N. Anand, M. T. Lakshminarayan and S. V. SureshaADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED CULTIVATION PRACTICES BY ARECANUT GROWERS IN NORTH KANARA — DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA STATE — Vinayak N. Nayak, N. S. Shivalinge Gowda, M. T. Lakshminarayan and V. L. MadhuprasadTRENDS, PERFORMANCE AND DISPARITY IN THE FLOW OF INSTITUTIONAL CREDIT TO — AGRICULTURE IN INDIA — P. S. Dhananjaya Swamy, B. Chinnappa and K. B. Umesh (Contd. on page iii)
Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 48 (3) : 341-350, 2014Influence of Seasons, Spacings, Growth hormones and Nutrients on Seed Production Potential and Economics of Sunnhemp(Crotalaria juncea L.) D. THIMMANNA, B. C. CHANNAKESHAVA, S. N. VASUDEVAN, RAME GOWDA, B. K. RAMACHANDRAPPA, BASAVE GOWDA AND Y. A. NANJAREDDY University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shimoga ABSTRACTField experiment was conducted during kharif, rabi 2009 and summer 2010 at College of Agriculture,Department of Seed Science and Technology Experimental block, UAS, Raichur to study the effect of spacings,growth hormones and fertilizer levels viz., Spacings: 1) 30 × 15 cm and 2) 45 × 15 cm, Growthregulators: 1) NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) @ 20 mg / l of water and 2) Water spraying, Fertilizers: 1) RDF -25 N : 50 P O : 25 K O kg + 5 t FYM / ha, 2) RDF + 50 per cent additional P O 3) PSB (Phosphorus Solubilizing25 2 2 5,Bacteria) @ 10 kg / ha + 5 t FYM / ha and 4) RDF + Nutrients (Sodium molybdate - seed treatment @ 4 g / kg ofseed, soil application of ZnSo @ 15 kg /ha and Boron @ 2.5 kg / ha) on seed yield and quality. Among spacings, 4the spacing of 45 ×15 cm was recorded maximum seed yield per plant (18.79, 16.19 and 13.09 g) and seed yield perhectare (18.01,13.81 and 11.45q) during kharif, rabi 2009 and summer 2010, respectively. The NAA @ 20 mg / l ofwater recorded highest seed yield per plant (18.02, 15.04 and 11.85 g) and seed yield per hectare (17.56, 13.25 and10.86 q) during kharif, rabi 2009 and summer 2010, respectively. Among fertilizer levels, maximum was recordedby RDF+Nutrients (Sodium molybdate as seed treatment @ 4g / kg of seed, soil application of ZnSo4@15kg / haand Boron @2.5kg / ha) with respect to seed yield per plant (18.72, 15.04 and 12.18g), and seed yield per hectare(18.41, 13.78 and 11.21q) during kharif, rabi 2009 and summer 2010, respectively.SUNNHEMP (Crotalaria juncea L.) is a member of the The non-availability of good quality seed is onefamily Fabaceae and is a sub-tropical annual legume. of the handicaps in popularizing the practice of greenSunnhemp is also grown to provide biologically fixed manuring with sunnhemp. Hence, the production andnitrogen to subsequent crops, suppress weeds and making available sufficient high quality seed of thisnematodes, add organic matter to soils, and in some crop at reasonable price is necessary. For seedparts of the world, it is used as a forage crop. The production, suitable techniques have to be developeddistribution of sunnhemp includes tropical, subtropical for each agro-climatic situation. The informationand some temperate locations. available on seed production aspects of this crop is very meager. Among the different seed production Green manuring is an arable farming practice in practices, sowing time, spacing, nutrient management,which un-decomposed green plant material is harvesting, seed processing, seed packaging andincorporated into the soil in order to increase immediate storage are considered as most important aspects forproductivity. This material may be either obtained from increasing the productivity and quality of seed.quick growing green manuring crop grown in situ orex situ. Green manuring with sunnhemp improves soil Despite being a multi-purpose crop, sunnhempstructure, water holding capacity of the soil, reclaims has not gained due importance in our cropping system.the saline and alkaline soils and also add large quantity Besides, little research work has been done onof organic matter and nitrogen to the soil. It is estimated agronomic aspect of sunnhemp like row spacing andthat about 38 million tonnes of nitrogen is removed nutrient requirement, etc. Optimum spacing providesfrom the soil by crops every year in our country and it conditions for maximum light interception right fromneeds to be replenished by green manuring and other early period of crop growth. Further, it is important tobiological nitrogen fixation practices (Chiddasingh, realize that spacing should be defined not only in terms1999). of number of plants per unit area, but, also in terms of
342 D. THIMMANNA et al.arrangement of these plants on the ground (spatial / Seed yield per hectare (q) : Seed yield obtainedgeometry of planting). By changing the spacing, it is from each net plot was computed for hectare andpossible to achieve optimum vegetative and expressed in quintals per hectare.reproductive growth which can boost up the seed cropproductivity. Economics of seed production: Information on market price of seeds, land preparation, bullock pair,MATERIAL AND METHODS fertilizers, chemicals and labour units required for the seed production were considered in addition to the The field experiment was conducted to study the regular components of the cost of cultivation. Cost ofinfluence of seasons, spacings, growth hormones and labour was calculated taking into account the prevailingfertilizer levels on seed yield of Sunnhemp (Crotalaria labour wages at the time of investigation. Gross returnsjuncea L.) Local variety at College of Agriculture, from the sunnhemp seed yield were calculated. TheDepartment of Seed Science and Technology net returns and B: C ratio was worked out by usingExperimental block, UAS, Raichur under irrigated the following formula.condition during kharif, rabi 2009 and summer2010.The treatment details viz., Spacings: S1- 30 x 15 Net returns : Gross returns – Cost of cultivationcm and S2- 45 × 15 cm: Growth regulators: G1- NAA( Naphthalene Acetic Acid ) @ 20 mg / l of water and Benefit cost ratio = Net rerurns (Rs. ha–1)G2- Water spraying: Fertilizers: F1-RDF (Control) - 25 Cost of cultivation (Rs. ha–1)N: 50 P2O5: 25 K2O kg + 5 t FYM / ha, F2- RDF + 50per cent additional P2O5, F3-PSB (Phosphorus RESULTS AND DISCUSSSIONSolubilizing Bacteria) @ 10 kg / ha + 5 t FYM / ha andF4- RDF + Nutrients (Sodium molybdate - seed The experimental results obtained on influencetreatment @ 4 g / kg of seed, soil application of ZnSo4 of seasons, plant geometry and nutrients on seed@ 15 kg / ha and Boron @ 2.5 kg /ha) on seed yield potential and economics of sunnhemp during kharif,and economics. rabi 2009 and summer 2010 are presented in Tables I, II, III, IV and V. Number of seeds per pod : Ten pods selectedwere used for recording the number of seeds per pod. Seed yield parameters : Marked variations dueTotal numbers of seeds were counted and their average to spacings have been noticed with respect towas expressed as number of seeds per pod. characters like number of seeds per pod, seed recovery and seed yield. Spacings at 45 x 15 cm recorded more Seed yield per plant (g) : The seed yield number of seeds per pod (11.63, 8.58 and 7.46), seedobtained from each of the five-tagged plants were dried yield per plant (18.79, 16.19 and 13.09 g), seed yieldunder sun light to around 9.0 per cent seed moisture, per plot (1.95, 1.49 and 1.24 kg), seed recovery (86.66,weighed on analytical balance and expressed in grams 84.32 and 79.20 %) and seed yield per hectare (18.01,per plant. 13.81 and 11.45) in kharif, rabi 2009 and summer 2010, respectively. Number of seeds per pod and seed Seed recovery (%) : Seed yield obtained from yield was higher in the wider spacings which might becorresponding plots were processed using due to adequate availability of nutrients, light and spacerecommended grading bottom screen size 2.00 (R) mm with lower population that resulted in improvement ofand the seed retained on the screen and the rejected yield attributing characters and yield. These results areseeds were weighed. The seed recovery percentage in conformity with the findings of Abid et.al.(1988) inwas calculated as follows. cluster bean and Selvam (1994) in Sesbania rostrata.Seed recovery (%) = Weight of processed ×100 Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) belongs to the seed auxin group of growth regulators. It is a synthetic auxin. Total weight of unprocessed seed
INFLUENCE OF SEASONS, SPACINGS, GROWTH HORMONES AND NUTRIENTS ON SEED PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 343 TABLE IInfluence of spacings, growth hormones, fertilizer levels and their interaction on number of seeds per pod in sunnhempKharif 2009Treatments S1 S2 Mean S×F G×F G1 G2 G1 S1 S2 G1 G2 G2F1 8.00 8.00 11.00 10.67 9.41 8.00 10.83 9.50 9.33F2 9.67 9.67 13.00 11.00 10.83 9.67 12.00 11.33 10.33F3 7.67 7.66 10.67 10.66 9.17 7.66 10.67 9.17 9.17F4 11.00 10.67 13.66 12.33 11.92 10.83 13.00 12.33 11.50Mean 9.08 9.00 12.08 11.17 10.33 9.04 11.63 SxF 10.58 10.08 S GF SxG GxF SxGxF 0.162 0.229 0.229 0.324SEm+ 0.162 0.554 0.783 0.783 1.109 0.324 0.458CD (P=0.05) 0.554 1.109 1.567Rabi 2009 S1 S2 Mean S×F G×F G2 G1 S1 S2 G1 G2 Treatments G2 G1F1 7.00 6.00 9.00 7.66 7.42 6.50 8.33 8.00 6.83F2 7.66 6.67 9.67 8.33 8.08 7.17F3 6.33 5.66 8.33 7.33 6.92 6.00 9.00 8.66 7.50F4 8.33 7.33 9.67 8.67 8.50 7.83Mean 7.33 6.42 9.17 8.00 7.73 6.88 7.83 7.33 6.50 S G F SxG GxF 9.17 9.00 8.00 9,164 0.232 0.23 0.328 8.58 8.25 7.21 0.560 0.793 0.793 1.122 SxF SxGxFSEm+ 0.164 0.328 0.464CD (P=0.05) 0.560 1.122 1.587Summer2010 S1 S2 Mean S×F G×F G2 G1 S1 S2 G1 G2 Treatments G2 G1F1 5.33 6.00 7.33 6.33 6.25 5.67 6.83 6.67 5.83 6.33F2 5.66 5.66 8.33 7.67 7.00 6.00 8.00 7.33 6.66F3 5.00 6.67 7.00 6.00 5.92 5.33 6.50 6.33 5.50F4 6.00 5.17 8.67 8.33 7.42 6.33 8.50 7.67 7.17Mean 5.50 7.83 7.08 6.65 5.83 G 7.46 7.00 6.29 S F SxG GxF 0.155 SxF SxGxF 0.530SEm+ 0.155 0.219 0.219 0.310 0.310 0.438CD (P=0.05) 0.530 0.729 0.749 1.060 1.060 1.498
344 D. THIMMANNA et al. TABLE II Influence of spacings, growth hormones, fertilizer levels and their interaction on seed yield per plant (g) in sunnhempKharif 2009Treatments S1 S2 Mean S×F G×F G1 G2 G1 S1 S2 G1 G2 G2F1 15.77 15.18 17.99 17.86 16.71 15.48 17.93 16.89 16.53F2 17.77 16.42 20.75 19.54 18.62 17.10 20.05 19.26 17.98F3 15.31 13.13 17.33 16.79 15.64 14.23 17.06 16.32 14.96F4 18.23 16.54 20.97 19.12 18.72 17.39 20.14 19.60 17.83Mean 16.77 15.32 19.26 18.33 17.42 16.04 18.79 18.02 16.83 S GF SxG GxF SxF SxGxFSEm+ 0.162 0.162 0.229 0.229 0.323 0.323 0.458CD (P=0.05) 0.554 0.554 0.783 0.783 1.105 1.105 1.567Rabi 2009 S1 S2 Mean S×F G×F G2 G1 S1 S2 G1 G2 Treatments G2 G1F1 13.05 11.43 16.14 14.93 13.88 12.24 15.54 14.60 13.18F2 13.47 12.08 17.59 16.03 14.80 12.78 16.81 15.53 14.06F3 12.21 10.86 15.09 14.33 13.12 11.53 14.71 13.65 12.59F4 14.11 12.08 18.61 16.81 15.40 13.10 17.71 16.36 14.44 Mean 13.21 11.61 16.86 15.53 14.30 12.41 16.19 15.04 13.57SEm+ GxF S G F SxG 0.162 SxF SxGxF 0.081 0.550 0.081 0.115 0.115 0.162 0.229CD (P=0.05) 0.277 0.277 0.393 0.393 0.550 0.783Summer2010Treatments S1 S2 Mean S×F G×F G1 G2 G1 S1 S2 G1 G2 G2F1 10.04 9.24 13.04 12.08 11.10 9.64 12.56 11.54 10.66F2 10.30 9.87 13.77 13.20 11.79 10.08 13.49 12.03 11.54F3 9.82 9.17 12.68 12.33 11.25 10.58F4 10.78 10.13 14.34 11.99 10.92 9.49 13.97 12.56 11.81Mean 10.23 9.58 13.46 13.60 12.18 10.39 G F 12.72 11.50 9.91 13.09 11.85 11.15 S SxG GxF SxF SxGxF SEm+ 0.065 0.065 0.92 0.092 0.129 0.129 0.183CD (P=0.05) 0.222 0.440 0.626 0.222 0.314 0.314 0.440
INFLUENCE OF SEASONS, SPACINGS, GROWTH HORMONES AND NUTRIENTS ON SEED PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 345 TABLE IIIInfluence of spacings growth hormones, fertilizer levels and their interaction on seed recovery (%) in sunnhempKharif 2009Treatments S1 S2 Mean S×F G×F G1 G2 G1 S1 S2 G1 G2 G2F1 77.24 75.31 85.95 83.92 80.61 76.28 84.94 81.60 79.62F2 79.13 78.53 88.84 88.00 83.63 78.83 88.42 83.99 83.27F3 75.84 73.38 85.07 82.81 79.27 74.61 83.94 80.45 78.10F4 80.15 79.63 89.97 88.70 84.61 79.89 89.34 85.06 84.17Mean 78.09 76.72 87.46 85.86 82.03 77.40 86.66 82.77 81.29 GxFSEm+ S G F SxG 0.475 SxF SxGxF 0.237 0.237 0.336 0.336 1.626 0.475 0.671CD (P=0.05) 0.811 0.811 1.150 1.150 16.26 2.296Rabi 2009 S1 S2 Mean S×F G×F G2 G1 S1 S2 G1 G2 Treatments G2 G1F1 77.22 76.10 82.74 82.61 79.67 76.66 82.68 79.98 79.35F2 79.25 77.88 85.98 84.50 81.90 78.57 85.24 82.62 81.19F3 75.22 75.73 82.42 82.14 78.88 75.48 82.28 78.82 78.93F4 80.33 78.93 87.99 86.18 83.36 79.63 87.09 84.16 82.56Mean 78.01 77.16 84.78 83.86 80.95 77.58 84.32 81.40 80.56 S G F SxG GxF SxF SxGxFSEm+ 0.194 0.194 0.276 0.276 0.388 0.388 0.549CD (P=0.05) 0.660 0.660 0.944 0.944 1.327 1.327 1.878Summer2010Treatments S1 S2 Mean S×F G×F G1 G2 G1 S1 S2 G1 G2 G2F1 74.72 73.76 78.26 77.63 76.08 74.24 77.92 76.46 75.69F2 75.93 74.54 80.81 79.22 77.63 75.23 80.02 78.37 76.88F3 74.31 73.90 78.18 77.28 75.92 74.10 77.73 76.24 75.59F4 76.14 75.41 82.37 79.89 78.65 75.78 81.13 79.26 77.65Mean 75.28 74.40 79.89 78.51 77.02 74.84 79.20 77.58 76.46 SEm+ S G F SxG GxF SxF SxGxFCD (P=0.05) 0.123 0.123 0.171 0.171 0.242 0.242 0.342 0.420 0.420 0.585 0.585 0.828 0.828 1.170
346 D. THIMMANNA et al. TABLE IV Influence of spacings, growth hormones, fertilizer levels and their interaction on seed yield (q / ha) in sunnhempKharif 2009Treatments S1 S2 Mean S×F G×F G1 G2 G1 S1 S2 G1 G2 G2F1 16.08 14.84 17.99 17.44 16.59 15.46 17.71 17.03 16.14F2 17.06 15.46 19.00 17.77 17.33 16.28 18.39 18.02 16.63F3 15.61 14.99 17.22 16.75 16.15 15.31 16.99 16.42 15.88F4 18.05 18.95 18.76 18.05Mean 17.68 19.47 18.42 18.41 17.87 16.70 15.75 18.42 17.60 17.12 16.23 18.01 17.56 16.68SEm+ S G F SxG GxF SxF SxGxF 0.113 0.113 0.159 0.159 0.225 0.225 0.318CD (P=0.05) 0.387 0.387 0.544 0.544 0.770 0.770 1.088Rabi 2009 S1 S2 Mean S×F G×F G2 G1 S1 S2 G1 G2 Treatments G2 G1F1 12.16 11.29 13.58 13.02 12.51 11.73 13.00 12.87 12.16F2 12.78 14.13 13.60 13.01F3 11.60 12.16 14.41 13.86 13.30 12.47 13.13 12.48 11.97F4 13.14 11.06 13.36 12.90 12.23 11.32 14.66 14.07 13.48 12.64 15.00 14.32 13.78 12.89Mean 12.42 11.79 14.09 13.52 12.95 12.10 13.81 13.25 12.65 S G F SxG GxF SxF SxGxFSEm+ 0.069 0.069 0.097 0.097 0.134 0.134 0.195CD (P=0.05) 0.230 0.450 0.450 0.230 0.330 0.330 0.450Summer2010Treatments S1 S2 Mean S×F G×F G1 G2 G1 S1 S2 G1 G2 G2F1 9.10 8.27 11.51 10.71 9.90 8.68 11.10 10.31 9.48F2 10.40 9.47 12.04 11.32 10.81 9.94 11.68 11.22 10.40F3 9.10 7.87 11.38 10.46 9.70 8.48 10.92 10.24 9.16F4 10.83 9.78 12.53 11.70 11.21 10.30 12.11 11.68 10.74Mean 9.86 8.85 11.86 11.05 10.40 9.35 11.45 10.86 9.95 S G F SxG GxF SxF SxGxF SEm+ 0.088 0.088 0.124 0.124 0.176 0.176 0.249CD (P=0.05) 0.301 0.602 0.852 0.301 0.424 0.424 0.602
TABLE V Economics of sunnhemp seed productionTreatments Total cost of cultivation Gross income Net income Benefit cost ratio INFLUENCE OF SEASONS, SPACINGS, GROWTH HORMONES AND NUTRIENTS ON SEED PRODUCTION POTENTIAL (Rs. / ha) (Rs. / ha) (Rs. / ha) (Rs. / ha) T1: S1G1F1 T2: S1G1F2 Kharif Rabi Summer Kharif Rabi Summer Kharif Rabi Summer Kharif Rabi Summer T3: S1G1F3 T4: S1G1F4 23745 21643 20031 48210 36480 27300 24465 14837 7269 1.09 0.68 0.36 T5: S1G2F1 23891 21912 20513 0.51 T6: S1G2F2 22641 20981 20171 51180 38340 31170 27289 16428 10657 1.14 0.74 0.35 T7: S1G2F3 24999 22175 21061 0.54 T8 : S1G2F4 21615 20874 19035 46830 34800 27300 24189 13819 7129 1.06 0.65 0.30 T9 : S2G1F1 22374 21675 20082 0.41 T10: S2G1F2 21495 20681 19001 54150 39420 32460 29151 17348 11399 1.16 0.78 0.24 T11: S2G1F3 24710 21963 20535 0.42 T12: S2G1F4 24877 22177 20631 44520 33870 24780 23475 12996 5745 1.05 0.62 0.67 T13:S2G2F1 25558 22463 20751 0.73 T14: S2G2F2 24167 22099 20713 46470 36450 28410 24096 14475 8399 1.07 0.68 0.64 T15: S2G2F3 25835 22855 21321 0.76 T16: S2G2F4 24317 22164 20315 44970 33120 23580 22905 12439 4579 1.03 0.60 0.58 24513 22317 20513 0.65 23857 22015 20412 53040 37920 29340 28330 15951 8709 1.14 0.72 0.53 25281 22489 20982 0.68 53970 40710 34530 29093 18533 13899 1.16 0.83 56400 43230 36090 30842 20767 15339 1.20 0.92 51630 40080 34140 27463 17990 13427 1.13 0.81 58410 44970 37560 32575 22115 16239 1.26 0.96 52290 39060 32100 27973 16896 11785 1.15 0.76 53310 41550 33960 28797 19233 13447 1.17 0.86 50250 38670 31380 26393 16655 10968 1.10 0.75 55260 42930 35250 29979 20441 14268 1.18 0.90 347
348 D. THIMMANNA et al.Auxins are essential for enlargement and development level which may be attributed to the enhancedof ovary into fruit (Salibury and Ross, 1969). Actually photosynthetic activity, greater accumulation andauxins are synthesized in the stem and root apices and translocation of photosynthates from source to sinktransported through the plant axis. resulting in heavier and bolder seeds. These results are in agreement with the findings of Verma et al. The growth hormone NAA @ 20 mg / litre of (2004) in pigeonpea, Datta et al. (2008) in coriander,water recorded the highest values in all the three Kipling et al. (2011) in sunnhempand Lakshmiseasons. The significant variations due to growth Prasanna et al. (2012) in cluster bean.hormones with respect to yield characters, number ofseeds per pod (10.58, 8.25 and 7.00), seed yield per Use of micro nutrients plays a decisive role forplant (18.02, 15.04 and 11.85 g), seed yield per plot getting higher seed yield as well as better quality.(1.90, 1.43 and 1.17 kg), seed recovery (82.77, 81.40 Though micro nutrients are required in small quantityand 77.58 %) and seed yield per hectare (17.56, 13.25 to plants, their toxicity or deficiency may lead to poorand 10.86 q) during kharif, rabi 2009 and summer seed yield and quality. Generally micronutrients are2010, respectively. These results are conformity with applied to crop through soil, seed and foliage. Amongthe findings of Maske et al. 1998 in soybean, the several micronutrients useful for sustained cropVasudevan et al. (2002) in sunflower. productivity, zinc and molybdenum are more essential for obtaining increased seed yield and quality. Nourishment of mother plant with balanced Deficiency of minor elements may producenutrient particularly nitrogen, phosphorus and potash characteristic damage to seeds. Seeds deficient incould help in proper crop growth, development and molybdenum and zinc generally produce poorer plantscause for exhibiting the potential seed yield. The than normal seeds (Hewitt et al., 1954).fertilizer levels F4(RDF + Nutrients, (Sodiummolybdate as seed treatment @ 4 g/kg of seed, soil The interactions between spacings and growthapplication of ZnSo4 @ 15 kg / ha and Boron @ 2.5 hormones differed significantly for seed yield and itskg/ha) recorded the highest values in plant girth (2.82, attributes in all the three seasons. Significantly higher2.46 and 2.25 cm) and number of branches per plant number of seeds per pod (12.08, 9.17 and 7.83), seed(69.9, 44.9 and 36.0) in kharif, rabi 2009 and summer yield per plant (19.26, 16.86 and 13.46 g), seed yield2010, respectively. Similar results were also reported per plot (1.99, 1.52 and 1.28 kg), seed recovery (87.46,by Verma et al. (1991), Babu et al. (1992), Singh and 84.78 and 79.89 %) and seed yield per hectare (18.42,Tripathi (1994) and Virendrakumar et al. (2003) in 14.09 and 11.86 q) during kharif, rabi 2009 andfrench bean and Patil (2003) in cluster bean, Prasad summer 2010, respectively. This is because of theet al. (1998) and Verm et al. (2004) in pigeonpea. application of NAA had the potentiality to produce higher values for all the yield contributing characters. The fertilizer levels, F2 (25 N: 50 P2O5 :25 K2O Besides, higher plant population per hectare haskg + 5 t FYM + 50 % additional P2O5 ha-1) and F4 (25 resulted less number of branches and pods. These: 50 : 25 kg NPK per hectare and micro nutrients like results are in accordance with the findings of BiradarSodiummolybdate - seedtreatment @ 4 g / kg of seed, et al.(1991), Deshpande et al.(2000), Ekshing etsoilapplication of ZnSo4 @ 15 kg /ha and Boron @ al.(1995) in sunnhemp and Bhati (1996) in fenugreek.2.5 kg /ha) exhibited marked variations for number ofseeds per pod, seed yield per plant, seed recovery and Economics of seed production : Economicsseed yield per hectare in all the three seasons. of seed production on total cost of cultivation, grossSignificantly higher number of seeds per pod (11.92, income, net income and the interaction of spacings,8.50 and 7.42), seed yield per plant (18.72, 15.40 and growth hormones and fertilizer levels influenced cost12.18 g) and seed yield per hectare (18.42, 14.32 and benefit ratio during kharif, rabi, 2009 and summer11.70 q) in kharif, rabi 2009 and summer 2010, 2010, respectively.respectively were recorded with fertilizer level of F4compared to F1 and F3. Significant increase in seedyield and its components was noticed in F4 fertilizer
INFLUENCE OF SEASONS, SPACINGS, GROWTH HORMONES AND NUTRIENTS ON SEED PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 349 Among the combinations of spacings, growth (1993) and Pavan et al.(2011) in pigeonpea, Sagarehormones and fertilizer levels (S x G x F), the lowest et al. (1992) in groundnut, Smitha Patel et al. (2011)total cost of cultivation was noticed in interaction of in amaranth and Lakshmi Prasanna et al. (2012) inseed crop sown at spacing of 30 x 15 cm and PSB @ cluster bean.10 kg +5 t FYM ha-1 with water spraying in S1G2F3(Rs.21,495, Rs.20,681 and Rs. 19,001) during kharif, rabi The studies could be concluded that wider2009 and summer 2010, respectively. This is because spacings at 45 × 15 cm is found optimum spacing toof the no application of chemical fertilizers and growth obtain maximum seed yield (18.01, 13.81 and 11.45 q),hormones leads to reduce the crop canopy and plants per hectare application of fertilizers and micro nutrientsare lanky in seed production plot. (25 N : 50 P2O5 : 25 K2O kg + 5 t FYM /ha + Nutrients - Sodium molybdate as seed treatment @ 4 g/kg of The gross income was the highest in the seed, soil application of ZnSo4 @ 15 kg / ha and Boroncombination of seeds sown at spacings of 45 × 15 cm @ 2.5 kg/ha) was found optimum to obtain maximumand recommended dose of fertilizers along with the seed yield (18.41, 13.78 and 11.21 q) in kharif, rabimicro nutrients and spraying of NAA growth hormone 2009 and summer 2010, respectively with highest netcombination S2G1F4 (Rs. 25,835, Rs.22,855 and Rs. returns, cost benefit ratio and obtained good quality21,321) followed by S2G1F2 (Rs. 25,558, Rs.22,463 and seeds.Rs. 20,751) during kharif, rabi, 2009 and summer 2010,respectively. The gross income may be due to wider REFERENCESspacing with the spraying of growth hormones alongwith adequate amount of fertilizers and micro nutrients ABID, M. M., IQBAL, A. M. AND SALEEM, M. I., 1988, Growthresulted in higher seed yield. These results are in and yield of three guar cultivars as influenced byconformity with that of Nilambari Kaprekar et al. different row spacing. Pakistan J. Agric. Res., 9:(2003) in gram. 168-170. The net income was the highest in S2G1F4 (Rs. ANIL KUMARA, C., 2004, Standardization of seed32,575, Rs.22,115 and Rs. 16,239) followed by S2G1F2 production techniques in Fenugreek(Rs. 30,824, Rs.20,767 and Rs. 15,339) in kharif, rabi, (Trigonellafoenumgraecum L.). M.Sc. Thesis,2009 and summer 2010, respectively. This could be University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.attributed to the optimum cost of production, higherseed yield per hectare and high gross returns. Lower BABU, R., KUMAR, R. AND VERMA, J. P., 1992, Yield and growthnet income was recorded in S1G2F3 (Rs. 22,905, response of cluster bean to nitrogen and phosphorusRs.12,439 and Rs. 4,579) in kharif, rabi 2009 and application. Veg. Sci., 19: 97-101.summer 2010, respectively. Perhaps, this may be dueto higher plant population, inadequate chemical BHATI, D. S., 1996, RMT-1;Ahigh yielding fenugreek variety.fertilizers and no spraying of growth hormones resulting Spice India, 9: 21-22.in lower seed yield and lower gross income. Theseresults are in accordance with the results of Singh and BIRADAR, N. K., KAMANNAVAR, S. K. AND BIRADAR, D. P., 1991,Singh (1989), Yadav and Joon (1993) in Guar and Datta Performance of sunnhemp varieties at two interrowet al. (2008) in coriander. spacing. J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ.,16 (1): 111- 112. The cost benefit ratio was the highest in S2G1F4(1.26, 0.96 and 0.76) followed by S2G1F2 (1.20, 0.92 CHIDDASINGH, 1999, Modern Techniques of Raising fieldand 0.73) during kharif, rabi 2009 and summer 2010, crops, Oxford and IBH Publishers, New Delhi, pp.respectively. It was mainly due to high gross income. 371-377.This is in accordance with the findings of Anilkumara(2004) in fenugreek, Iruthayaraj and Rajendran (1973) DATTA, S., ALAM, K. AND CHATTERJEE, 2008, Effect of differentin sunnhemp, Nedunchzhiyan and Sambasivaraddy levels of nitrogen and leaf cutting on growth, leaf and seed yield of coriander. Indian J. Hort., 65(2): 201-203. DESHPANDE, N. S., DHOBLE, M. V. AND JADHAV, A. S., 2000, Response of sunnhemp to sowing date and inter row spacing. J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ., 25 (2): 227-229. EKSHINGE, B. S., SHELKE, B. V. AND ARATHAMAWAS, D. H., 1995, Effect of sowing date and spacing on yield of sunnhemp. J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ., 20: 298-299.
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Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 48 (3) : 351-357, 2014 Vacuum Packaging of Minimally Processed Jackfruit Bulbs for Long Distance Transportation FARHEEN TAJ, B. RANGANNA AND K. B. MUNISHAMANNA AICRP on Post Harvest Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangakire- 560 065 ABSTRACT The minimally processed jackfruit bulbs of three maturity stages, viz., un-ripe, semi-ripe and ripe bulbs were packaged at 80, 75 and 70 per cent vacuum, respectively, in 300 gauge polyethylene bags. The packaged jackfruit bulbs were transported to long distances of 300, 350, and 600 km through different modes of transport, viz, jeep, train and bus, respectively. The selected treatments at various levels of jackfruit bulbs maturity were placed in an insulated box with the aid of chilling pads to maintain inside temperature at 3-5°C. Sensory evaluation, biochemical properties viz., TSS (25.4%), total sugar (41.21%) and titratable acidity (0.055mg/100g) for ripe bulbs, TSS (19.52%), total sugar (30.1%) and titratable acidity (0.015mg/100g) for semi-ripe bulbs and TSS (5.43%), total sugar (25.2%) and titratable acidity (0.006mg/100g) for un-ripe bulbs. The microbiological analysis was carried out to assess the quality of jackfruit bulbs at the end of transportation. The sensory attributes of jackfruit bulbs were satisfactory up to 3 weeks for un-ripe bulbs, 2 weeks for semi-ripe bulbs and 1 week for ripe bulbs. Among the 3 modes of transportation studied, transportation by train was found to be the best in maintaining nutritional, biochemical properties and sensory qualities of the bulbs.JACKFRUIT (Artocarpus heterophyllus. L) is a major fruits and vegetables are vulnerable to microbial attack,tropical fruit popular in the forests of India, Bangladesh, even by pathogenic microorganisms (RomphophakSri Lanka, Southern China, Southeast Asian countries et al., 1995). So far, no systematic study has beenand with limited production in Australia, Mauritius, made on the suitability of minimal processing of manyBrazil, Suriname, Jamaica, Mexico, Hawaii and popular fruits and vegetables (Mandhare, 2008).Southern Florida (Samaddar, 1985). Rahman et al.,1999 described the fruit as a rich source of The application of vacuum packaging provides acarbohydrates, minerals, carboxylic acids, dietary fibre potential alternative to achieve an inhibition of theand vitamin such as ascorbic acid and thiamine. progress of deterioration of foodstuffs. Vacuum packaging refers to packaging in containers from which Jackfruit is quite popular in Eastern and Southern substantially all air would be removed prior to finalIndia and is cultivated widely in Karnataka, Kerala, sealing of the package. This method of packaging isAndhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, actually a form of “modified atmosphere” as normalMaharashtra, Assam, Andaman, and Nicobar Islands. ambient air is removed from the package.In India, the total area under jackfruit is approximately1.02 lakh ha (Bose et al., 2003). In Karnataka, it is Minimally processed jackfruit bulbs would becultivated in an area of about 6.78 ha, mostly in the highly perishable owing to its high respiratory behavioursouthern plains and Western Ghats, producing about and thus cannot be stored for long period due to its231.57 million tonnes of fruits per year (Anon., 2011). extremely short shelf-life. As a consequence, the bulbs are not amenable for transportation to long distances Minimally processed fruits or vegetables is defined by the growers / traders. On the other hand, demandas those products that may be cleaned, peeled, sliced, for jackfruit has been increasing owing to thepackaged or processed by means short of killing the popularization and other promotional activities bytissue. Packing and storage conditions of such academic and research institutes, creating hype amongprocessed products must be very specific to maximize the people across the country. In view of this, there istheir shelf-life. Under minimally processed conditions, an urgent need for the technological intervention for
352 FARHEEN TAJ et al.developing a suitable technology that would meet the Plate 2needs of transporting minimally processed jackfruitbulbs over long distances to make available to people Plate 3and to generate higher returns for growers. The presentstudy was undertaken to investigate the influence of Sensory evaluation: The samples werevacuum packaged of minimally processed jackfruit bulbs evaluated for colour, appearance, taste, texture andof different maturity stages for long distance overall acceptability on a numerical scoring methodtransportation. (Amerine et al., 1965). The 5 point “Hedonic scale” was employed. The samples were ranked for quality MATERIAL AND METHODS parameters from higher to lower in descending order Sample preparation: Fresh, ripened, uniformly of acceptability.sized and good quality jackfruit were procured from afarmer near Doddaballapur taluk of Bangalore district. Total soluble solids (TSS) : The TSS (oBrix)The fruits were cut into convenient halves using sharp was assessed with a hand refractometer (Erma Opticalstainless steel knives smeared with cooking oil. The Works Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). 1 or 2 drops of juicebulbs were separated from the halves of fruit. The extracted from 100g of minimally processed jackfruitseeds were separated from the bulbs and deseeded bulbs was placed on the prism surface. The cover platebulbs were trimmed and used immediately for was closed and pressed lightly and then theexperimentation. corresponding scale of light and dark boundary was Pre-treatments and vacuum packaging: Three read and recorded.equal portions of un-ripe, semi-ripe and ripe jackfruitbulbs were pre-treated in 0.25 per cent citric acid Titratable acidity: The titratable acidity ofsolution and shade dried. The pre-treated samples were jackfruit bulb samples was determined by the visualvacuum packaged with presence of different vacuum titration method (Ranganna, 1986).per cent levels (80, 75 and 70%) in 300 guagepolyethylene and thermally sealed. After vacuumpackaged, samples were placed in an insulated box ofcapacity 25 litres (PENTA BOX Plate 2) with the aidof chilling pads to maintain temperature at 3-5°C andtransportation (Plate 3) was done for a distance of300km, 350km and 600km, using different modes, viz.,bus, jeep and train, respectively. The samples wereanalyzed at periodic intervals for sensory attributes(Amerine et al., 1965), TSS, titratable acidity(Ranganna, 1986), total sugar and pH (Sadasivam andManickam, 1992). Plate 1
VACUUM PACKAGING OF MINIMALLY PROCESSED JACKFRUIT BULBS FOR LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORTATION 353 Titre Value × N of NaOH × Fibre Board boxes (9-10 kg / box) fixed with a diffusion channel and Silicon Membrane window were Volume Made Up × Equivalent transported over a long distance of 400 km by a public transport. Weight of Citric Acid Biochemical parameters : BiochemicalTitrable acidity, % = × 100 parameters such as TSS, titratable acidity, total sugar of the jackfruit bulbs were analysed after Aliquot Taken for Titration transportation (Table II). Of the 3 modes of transportation, the train transportation was found to × Weight of Sample × 1000 maintain the quality of jackfruit bulbs with respect to all the maturity stages. Jackfruit bulbs subjected to Total sugar: Total sugar was analyzed as per transportation by train showed a maximum value ofthe standard procedure of Sadasivam and Manickam, TSS and total sugar and minimum value of acidity when1996. compared to other modes of transportation. Thus, it can be concluded that transportation by train maintained Mg of sugar × Dilution × 100 the quality of the jackfruit bulbs. This increase in TSS and decrease in titratable acidity could be attributed toTotal sugar, % = Total sugars (%) × 100 the fruit ripening process during storage, and enhancement in enzymatic depolymerization as well Titer value × weight of sample as the conversion of organic acids in to starch and sugar through the process of gluconeogenesis (Saxena pH: Juice extracted from 100g of sample of et al., 2008)minimally processed jackfruit bulbs of each treatmentwas used to determine the pH. The pH was estimated Sensory evaluation : Sensory evaluation wasusing a litmus paper. conducted on the jackfruit bulbs after long distance transportation (Table III) it has come to notice that Statistical analysis: The experimental data was un-ripe bulbs exhibited no changes in their sensorysubjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using the attributes such as colour, flavour, texture and overallAgress system at 5 % level of significance. acceptability for over 3 weeks of storage. Thus, they can be successfully stored up to 3 weeks even after RESULTS AND DISCUSSION long distance transportation without any deterioration. Similarly, sensory attributes of semi-ripe and ripe bulbs The Table I shows the impact of long distance remained unaltered for storage duration of 2 and onetransportation on sensory attributes of different vacuum week, respectively.levels of 80, 75 and 70 per cent vacuum for un-ripe,semi-ripe, ripe jackfruit bulbs. For this study bus, jeep Microbiological load : Microbial load forand train were used as the modes of transportation analysed vacuum packaging of minimally processedcovering a distance of 300, 350 and 600, respectively. jackfruit bulbs are represented in Table IV and Fig 1.Sensory scores of jackfruit bulbs were evaluated soon The experiment of this study reveals that the microbialafter transportation. It has been observed that load of minimally processed jackfruit bulbs of differentpackaging material remained intact during course of maturity stages viz., un-riped, semi-riped and ripedtransportation. The sensory scores pertaining to un- bulbs at various vacuum percentage levels ( 80, 75ripe bulbs excellent acceptability even after long and 70 % vacuum) were taken after transportationdistance transportation. Semi-ripe and ripe bulbs for their storage study. The riped bulb samples duringrecorded a slight inferiority with respect to overall analysis showed an increase in yeast and mold counts,acceptability compared to un-ripe bulbs. Jackfruit bulbs while, other two maturity stages showed lesser countsthat had undergone transportation by train exhibited compared to control. Overall, the control sample hadsuperiority with respect to overall acceptability thanby other modes of transportation. The similar findingsof this result are in agreement with the results obtainedby Ranganna et al., (2008) developed a ModifiedAtmosphere Packaging (MAP) technology for guavafruits that are amenable for long distance transport of400 km. The MA Packaged guava fruits in Corrugated
TABLE I 354 FARHEEN TAJ et al. Sensory evaluation of vacuum packaged minimally processed jackfruit bulbs after long distance transportation by different modes of transportModes of Distance UR 80% SR 75% R 70%Transpor- transport Stability ed (KM) of V P Colour Texture Taste Flavour Overall Colour Texture Taste Flavour Overall Colour Texture Taste Flavour Overall tation acceptability acceptability acceptabilityBus 300 No 5 5555 5 4 4 4 4.5 44 44 4Jeep 350 changes 5 5555 44Train 600 5 5555 4444 4 54 44 4 No changes 5555 5 4 4 4.5 No changesNote : UR = Un-ripe, SR = Semi-ripe, R = Ripe, VP = Vacuum packaging 2 - Poor, 1 - Not acceptable5 - Excellent, 4 - Very good, 3 - Good,
VACUUM PACKAGING OF MINIMALLY PROCESSED JACKFRUIT BULBS FOR LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORTATION 355 TABLE IIInfluence of vacuum packaging on biochemical parameters of minimally processed jackfruit bulbs after long distance transportantionModes of Distance Stability Unripe 80 % Semiripe 75 % Ripe 70 % trans- transported of VP TSS Acidity To t a l TSS Acidity To t a l TSS Acidity Totalportation km Sugar Sugar SugarInitial 5.30 0.007 25.0 19.00 0.014 29.5 24.0 0.056 38.90 25.2 19.52 0.015 30.1 25.4 0.055 41.21Bus 300 No changes 5.43 0.006 25.1 19.50 0.017 30.0 25.0 0.058 41.20 25.4 19.61 0.014 30.2 25.5 0.054 41.22Jeep 350 No changes 5.40 0.007Train 600 No changes 5.45 0.006Note : UR - Unripe, SR - Semi ripe, R - Ripe, VP - Vacuum packaging TABLE IIISensory evaluation of vacuum packaged and stored minimally processed jackfruit bulbs after long distance transportation Refrigeration strage (3-5°C)Parameters UR 80% S R 75% R 70% 12 Initial 3 Initial 1 2 3 Initial 1 2 3Colour 5 5 5 5 5 5 5.0 3 5 5 3 1Appearance 5 5 5 5 5 5 4.5 3 5 5 3Texture 5 5 5 5 5 5 5.0 3 5 52 1Taste 5 5 5 5 5 5 4.5 3 5 5 3 1Flavour 5 5 5 5 5 5 5.0 3 5 5 3 1Overall 5 5 5 5 5 5 4.5 3.5 5 5 3 1acceptabilityUR - Unripe, SR - Semi ripe, R - Ripe,5 - Excellent, 4 - Very good, 3 - Good, 2 - Poor, 1 - Not acceptablehighest microbial load. Results revealed that vacuum samples the pH values 5.45, 5.6 and 5.3 at differentpackaged samples showed lesser microbial loads maturity stage, respectively. The control sample hadcompared to samples under conventional packaging higher retention compared to different percentage oftechniques. vacuum. No significant (p<0.05) differences were observed in similar samples between the different pH: The values of pH of the minimally processed vacuum percentages. Spoilage of fresh-cut fruitsjackfruit bulbs are presented in Table V. During the caused by specific moulds and yeasts which utilizecourse of storage, there was an increase in the pH organic acids, could have led to further reduced acidityvalues, under refrigeration condition and different and increased pH (Corbo et al., 2010).vacuum percentages. The pH values were found tobe 5.7, 5.91 and 5.45 at 80, 75 and 70 per cent vacuum, The results show that the vacuum packagedrespectively after week’s storage. While under control sample at 80 per cent was found to be best for unripe
356 FARHEEN TAJ et al. TABLE IVVacuum packaging on microbial counts (cfu / g) of minimally processed jackfruit bulbs under different maturity stages Microbial counts (cfu / g) Refrigeration storage (3-5°C) from initial to 3 weeks periodVacuum UR SR R 1 Initial 2 3 Initial 1 2 3 Initial 1 2 3Control 0 8 25 32 0 4 30 32 0 25 70 110 32 3570% 0 – – –0 – – – 0 14 –– ––75% 0 – – –0 1 7 12 0 – ** 0.428 0.42580% 0 3 5 10 0 ––– 0– 0.749 0.518 R = RipeF test NS NS * NS NS NS * * NS *SEm± –– 0.614 –– – 0.215 0.157 – 0.514CD ± –– 0.819 –– – 0.187 0.687 – 0.921* : Significant at 5% level , NS : Non-significant, UR = Un-ripe, SR = Semi-ripe, TABLE VVacuum packaging on pH of minimally processed jackfruit bulbs under different maturity stages pH Refrigeration storage (3-5°C)Vacuum UR SR R 1 Initial 2 3 Initial 1 2 3 Initial 1 2 3Control 5.45 5.7 5.75 5.77 5.6 5.77 5.82 5.91 5.3 5.27 5.42 5.45 –– – 5.3 4.22 4.47 4.4970% 5.45 – –– 5.6 – – 5.73 – –– –75% 5.45 – 5.7 5.72 5.6 5.65 5.67 –– –– – NS NS NS NS NS80% 5.45 5.66 5.6 – – NS NS –– – –– –– –– –F test NS NS –– NS NS NS –– UR = Un-ripe,SEm± –– –– – R = RipeCD at 5 – – –– –NS : Non-significant, SR = Semi-ripe,bulbs, 75 per cent for semi-ripe bulbs and 70 per cent can be successfully stored up to 3 weeks even afterfor ripe jackfruit bulbs for long distance transportation long distance transportation without any deterioration.as the microbial loads observed were well below the Similarly sensory attributes of semi-ripe and ripe bulbsrecommended loads. Among the 3 modes of remained unaltered for storage duration of 2 and onetransportation studied (bus, jeep and train), week, respectively.transportation by train was found to be the best inmaintaining quality of minimally processed jackfruit REFERENCESbulbs. After transportation negligible changes insensory attributes were observed. It has come to notice AMERINE, M. A., PANGBORN, R. M. AND ROESSLER, E. B.,that un-ripe bulbs exhibited no changes in their sensory 1965, Principles of sensory evaluation of foods.attributes in terms of colour, flavour, texture and overall Academic press, London.acceptability for over 3 weeks of storage. Thus they ANONYMOUS, 2011, Biennial Research Report of All India Coordinated Research Project on Tropical Fruits.
VACUUM PACKAGING OF MINIMALLY PROCESSED JACKFRUIT BULBS FOR LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORTATION 357 Compiled and Edited by Sidhu As, Patil P, Reddy Pvr, RANGANNA, S., 1986, Handbook of analysis of fruit and Satisha Gc and Sakthivel (Tech. Doc. No. 100), vegetable products. 2nd ed., Tata Mc-Graw-Hill Pub. Published by the project coordinator (Tropical Fruits), Com. Ltd., New Delhi. IIHR, Bangalore, India ROMPHOPHAK, T., Kareeros, P. AND TANTIRUNGKIJ, M., 1995,BOSE, T. K., MITRA, S. K. AND SANYAL, D., 2003, Jackfruit: In Microbial Contamination in Minimally Processed fruits of India: Tropical and subtropical Vol 2. Naya Fruits and Vegetables. An article from the Central Prokash Publishers. Calcutta, India. pp. 488–497. Laboratory & Greenhouse Complex and Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand. 4CORBO, M. R., SPERANZA, B., CAMPANIELLO, D., DAMATO, D. pp. AND SINIGAGLIA, M., 2010, Fresh-cut fruits preservation: Current status and emerging SADASIVAM, S. AND MANICKAM, A., 1992, Biochemical technologies. Current research, technology and Methods for Agricultural Sciences. Wiley Eastern education topics in applied microbiology and Limited and Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, microbial biotechnology, pp 1143-1154. Coimbatore. pp 49: 215–223MANDHARE, S. K., 2008, Studies on minimal processing of SAMADDAR, H. N., 1985, Jackfruit. In: T. K.BOSE (ED.), Fruits carrot (Daucus carota L.). Unpublished M.Tech. of India: Tropical and Subtropical. Mitra Naya (Agril. Engg) thesis, UAS, Bangalore. Prokash Publishers, Calcutta, India. pp 487–497, 638-649.RAHMAN, M. A., NAHAR, N., JABBAR, M. A. AND MISIHUZZAMAN, M., 1999, Variation of carbohydrate SAXENA ALOK, BAWA, A. S. AND RAJU, P. S., 2008, Use of composition of two forms of fruit from Jack tree modified atmosphere packaging to extend shelf-life (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) with maturity and of minimally processed jackfruit (Artocarpus climatic conditions. Food Chemistry, 65: 91–97. heterophyllus L.) bulbs. J. Food Engineering. 87: 455–466.(Received : March, 2014 Accepted : August, 2014)
Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 48 (3) : 358-363, 2014 Behaviour of Processing Genotypes of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to differentPests and Diseases, Tuber Yield and Storage in Southern Transition Zone of Karnataka SIDDAGANGAIAH AND K. A. RAVEESHA Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Karekere, Hassan - 573 225 ABSTRACT Advanced / released ten processing genotypes were evaluated for their behaviour against major pests and diseases, tuber yield and storage, for two years, during kharif season of 2007 and 2008, at ARS, Madenur, Hassan. The study revealed that, the genotype Kufri Surya and an advanced genotype MP/99-322 have shown resistance to pests; aphids, mites, shoot borer and late blight disease. Exotic processing genotype Atlantic has shown resistance to pests viz., aphids, mites, Spodoptera, Helicoverpa and potato tuber moth. Processing grade tubers were higher in the promising genotypes Kufri Surya, MP / 99-322 and Atlantic. The number of days taken for sprout initiation/dormancy was 73.7, 76.3 and 66 days in the genotypes Kufri Surya, MP/99-322 and Atlantic, respectively at storage. Mentioned genotypes were found promising and shown good adaptability to southern transition zone of Karnataka.POTATO is the 3rd most important world food crop which Though, many hybrids / genotypes have beenis consumed by more than a billion people worldwide released by CPRI, Shimla, erstwhile released Kufri(Gottschalk, 2011). The loss of produce due to pests Jyoti is the only popular variety under cultivation inwas found to be 10 to 12 per cent and worth of Rs. southern transition zone of Karnataka. In the recent6000 crores annually in India. A great diversity of past, due to climate change, weather parameters viz.,pests attacking potato exists in India due to vastly rainfall distribution and its quantum, temperature,different agro climatic zones. Many of these pests relative humidity are being changing erratically. Potatodamage the potato crop by feeding on leaves, stems is found to exhibit a wide range of variation within andand tubers finally inhibit the growth of tubers ( Khurana, between environments because of the genotype andet al., 2003). Though, there are many diseases caused environment interactions (Sharma et al., 2001).by different organisms, but only few of them causes Consequent to the climatic changes, pests and diseaseseconomic losses. Among them late blight, viral diseases, load and tuber yielding capability of individual hybridsbacterial wilt etc., are important. Now-a-days, lot of are expected to be varied. The zone requires suitabledemand for value added products like chips, finger chips processing genotypes to increase the income of theetc., gained momentum. Hence, the ideal processing farming community. Therefore, to identify resistant /genotypes are required to meet the demand. But, in tolerant processing genotypes to pests and diseases,the region no processing genotype is under cultivation higher tuber yield and keeping quality, envisaged theexcept medium maturing genotype, Kufri Jyoti. The experiment using recently developed / releasedgenotype with higher tuber yield, storability / keeping processing genotypes to provide most promisingquality without variation in quality will be a boon to the genotypes / varieties to the zone.industry. The storage behaviour of a particular potatovariety is varietal character and it depends on its MATERIAL AND METHODSdormancy period and weight loss. The storage pest(PTM) and rotting are also reported to be depending The experimental trial using ten processingon periderm thickness and physico chemical genotypes / hybrids was laid out during kharif seasoncomposition (Naidu and Nandekar, 2001). Varieties of 2007 and 2008 at ARS, Madenur, UASB, Hassan.with longer dormancy period are expected to have Each genotype / treatment was replicated three timesbetter keeping quality and hence, there would be limited with Randomised Complete Block Design. In eachweight loss (Pandey et al., 2005). plot, 60 emergence initiated tubers were planted and
BEHAVIOUR OF PROCESSING GENOTYPES OF POTATO TO DIFFERENT PESTS AND DISEASES, TUBER YIELD 359maintained. The crop was cultivated as rainfed crop diseases viz., mild mosaic, severe mosaic and potatoby adopting the package of practices of the University leaf roll virus (PLRV) were recorded at 60 days afterof Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. planting. Generated data was compiled year wise and pooled. Then data was subjected for Analysis of Recorded observations on population of aphids, variance for all parameters as outline by Panse andfoliage damage caused by yellow mite Sukhatme (1962).(Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), potato topshoot borer (Leucinodes arbonalis Guen), defoliators RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONviz., gram caterpillar (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner)and tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) and Potato Major Pests : Aphids (Table I) were nottuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) at 60 observed on the promising processing genotypes. Thedays after planting. The tuber damage caused by potato (leaf crinkling) foliage damage due to yellow mites wastuber moth and processing grade tuber yield and total significantly lowest in the genotypes Kufri Surya (2.18tuber yield were also recorded at harvest. The damage %) followed by other promising genotypes Atlanticby the bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia (2.69 %) and MP / 99-322 (3.08 %). Non appearancesolanacearum, fungal diseases viz., late blight and of aphids and lower than ten per cent foliage damageearly blight caused by Phytophthora infestants and due to mites may be categorised as immune andAlternaria solani (EII & Mart.), respectively and viral resistant, respectively (Raj et al., 2004). Varied TABLE IInfluence of different processing genotypes of potato on aphids, mites, shoot borer, defoliators and potato tuber moth Aphids / Crickled Shoot borer Defoliation Defoliation Potato Tuber Moth compoun leaves due damage (%)Genotypes to mites (%) due to due to Leaf No. of No. of / hybrids leaf blotching infested healthy Spodoptera Helicaverpa tubers / tubers / (%) plant litura armigera plant (%) (%)MP/98-71 0.98 (1.21) 3.54 2.04 (10.02) 3.57 1.33 (8.79) 0.50 (6.97) 0.30 (0.89) 3.87MP/98-172 0.00 (0.71) 4.50 2.54 (10.83) 2.31 0.91 (7.93) 1.84 (9.70) 0.54 (1.02) 3.24MP/99-322 0.00 (0.71) 3.08 3.29 1.36 (8.83) 1.71 (9.47) 0.49 (0.99) 2.97MP/99-406 0.00 (0.71) 2.67 0.50 (6.97) 3.46 1.43 (8.97) 1.94 (9.87) 0.65 (1.07) 1.93KCH-1 0.86 (1.16) 5.67 2.42 (10.62) 2.08 0.53 (7.11) 2.00 (9.97) 0.48 (0.99) 3.11KCH-2 0.00 (0.71) 2.11 4.33 0.84 (7.79) 0.50 (6.97) 0.08 (0.76) 4.63KCH-3 0.00 (0.71) 1.25 0.33 (6.54) 2.64 0.34 (6.65) 0.83( (7.77) 0.00 (0.71) 3.06Atlantic 0.00 (0.71) 2.69 0.63 (7.25) 3.54 0.43 (6.87) 1.82 (9.64) 0.05 (0.74) 2.49K.Surya 0.00 (0.71) 2.18 0.33 (6.54) 1.96 0.18 (6.22) 0.33 (6.60) 0.07 (0.75) 3.84K.Jyoti 2.49 (1.73) 8.11 0.63 (7.25) 5.42 2.86( 11.32) 2.99 (11.52) 0.86 (1.17) 2.19F Test 1.50 (9.07)SEm± * * 2.83 (11.28) *** * *CD (p=0.05) 0.02 0.38 0.41 0.20 0.34 0.02 0.20CV (%) 0.05 1.12 * 1.22 0.59 0.98 0.06 0.60 3.07 12.18 0.86 10.96 4.29 5.81 2.46 8.84 2.54 13.20* = Significant at 5 per cent Figures in parenthesis presented percentage
360 SIDDAGANGAIAH AND K. A. RAVEESHAresponse of the genotypes for these pests may be Lowest foliage (Table I) damage in the promisingattributed for individual genotypic traits having glandular genotypes due to shoot borer, Spodoptera,trichomes on their foliage (Horgan, 2010) and also Helicoverpa and PTM may be due to the presencebetter management of pests. The shoot borer of glandular trichomes on the foliage and better pest(Leucinodus sp) damage was significantly lowest and management. Least infestation of tubers in theit was within 15 per cent in the promising genotypes harvested tubers may be due to higher peridermMP/99-322 (0.5 %), Atlantic (0.63%) and Kufri Surya thickness (Horgan et al., 2010).(1.5%) thus, they are categorised as tolerant(Rajneesh, 2006). The defoliation in promising Major Diseases : The bacterial wilt diseasegenotypes due to Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa (Table II) was not noticed in any of the processingarmigera was within ten per cent, thus the genotypes genotypes. The late blight disease severity waswere categorised as immune (Sujatha and significantly lower in the hybrids MP/99-322 (10.0 %)Lakshminarayana, 2007). The leaf blotching percentage followed by Kufri Surya (15.5 %) and Atlanticdue to Phthorimaea operculella was significantly (41.5 %). As per the disease rating scale, MP / 99-lowest in the promising genotype Kufri Surya 322 and Kufri Surya were categorised as resistant(0.33 %) followed by Atlantic (1.82 %) and MP/99- (within 5 to 20 %) and other promising genotype as322 (1.71 %) and they were categorised as resistant moderately resistant (21 to 40 %) (Anon 1997).(Chandla et al., 2007). The number of infected tubers Though the disease severity of Atlantic was 40 perdue to PTM was significantly lowest in the promising cent, but due to its early bulking nature, higher tubergenotypes Atlantic (0.05) and Kufri Surya (0.07) yield was ensured. The early blight disease severityfollowed by MP/99-322 (0.49) at harvest. TABLE IIIncidence of bacterial wilt, late blight and viral diseases in different processing genotypes of potatoGenotypes Bacterial Late blight Early blight Mild mosaic Severe PLRV (%) / hybrids wilt disease disease (%) mosaic (%) infected severity (%) severity (%) plants (%)MP/98-71 0.00 22.00 (27.93) 11.00 21.17 7.00 10.83MP/98-172 0.00 10.00 (18.43) 13.33 20.83 6.67 7.50MP/99-322 0.00 10.00 (18.43) 8.50 9.83 7.67 6.00MP/99-406 0.00 35.33 (36.43) 13.17 10.83 10.00 6.17KCH-1 0.00 13.17 (21.18) 9.83 16.50 12.17 10.83KCH-2 0.00 10.00 (18.43) 10.17 6.50 6.50 6.83KCH-3 0.00 14.67 (22.42) 3.00 16.83 8.00 4.50Atlantic 0.00 41.50 (40.10) 13.17 11.05 7.33 6.33K.Surya 0.00 15.50 (23.16) 14.50 5.00 8.33 6.33\K.Jyoti 0.00 29.83 (33.10) 21.00 27.33 28.33 26.33F TestSEm± * * * * *CD (p=0.05) 1.06 0.98 1.12 0.79 0.90CV (%) 3.14 2.92 3.35 2.36 2.67\ 7.09 14.45 11.27 13.46 16.97* = Significant at 5 per cent Figures in the parenthesis are angular transformed values
BEHAVIOUR OF PROCESSING GENOTYPES OF POTATO TO DIFFERENT PESTS AND DISEASES, TUBER YIELD 361was moderate in the promising genotype MP/99-322 6.33%), respectively. Thus, all promising genotypes(8.5 %) and categorised as moderately resistant (within are categorised as moderately resistant. .1 to 10%) and other promising genotypes Atlantic (13.17%) and Kufri Surya (14.5%) are categorised as Tuber Yield : The processing grade and totalmoderately susceptible (within 11 to 25 %) tuber yield (Table III) per hectare were significantly(Fallon, 1995). higher in the promising genotypes Kufri Surya (232.48 and 253.72 q ha-1), MS/99-322 (189.6 and 210.93 q The incidence of mild mosaic disease (Table II) ha-1) and Atlantic (181.56 and 185.71 q ha-1),was significantly lower in the promising genotype Kufri respectively.Surya (5.0 %) followed by other promising genotypesMP/99-322 (9.83 %) and Atlantic (11.00). As per the Storage Behaviour : In the promising genotypedisease rating scale of Mughal and Khan (2001), Kufri Surya, the tuber rot (Table III) was not noticedpromising genotype, Kufri Surya was categorised as and one per cent noticed in other promising genotyperesistant, MP/99-322 as moderately resistant and MP/99-322 at 90 days after storage. Seven per centAtlantic as moderately susceptible. The severe mosaic tuber rot was noticed in Atlantic at 90th day of storage.and potato leaf roll virus incidences were significantly The tuber sprouting percentage was lower in thelower and within the range of six to ten per cent in the promising genotypes; Kufri Surya (37.58%), MP/99-promising genotypes Atlantic (7.33 and 6.33 %), MP/ 322(42.41%) and Atlantic (51.96%), respectively.99-322 (7.67 and 6.0 %) and Kufri Surya (8.33 and TABLE IIITuber yield and storage behaviour of different processing genotypes at room temperature Tuber yield (q ha–1) Tuber Tuber PTM Days for rot(%) sprouting infestation sprout Marketable Total PLW (%) Total weight tubers tubers (%) (%) loss (%) initiationGenotypesMP/98-71 150.91 182.62 4.18 36.77 4.05 17.59 21.78 62.00MP/98-172 166.80 190.64 6.24 36.05 21.48 8.37 14.61 75.33MP/99-322 189.60 210.93 1.00 42.41 43.15 12.20 13.20 76.33MP/99-406 158.14 170.40 6.53 46.64 53.00 8.51 15.05 69.83KCH-1 123.37 152.89 0.00 27.15 35.33 12.29 12.29 69.00KCH-2 144.62 182.79 0.00 37.68 14.78 17.20 17.20 51.33KCH-3 149.88 181.03 0.00 41.82 84.77 7.82 75.67Atlantic 181.56 185.71 7.01 51.96 54.86 6.02 7.82 66.00Kufri Surya 232.48 253.72 0.00 37.58 34.06 2.73 13.03 73.67Kufri Jyoti 179.46 198.30 0.80 56.72 50.65 7.55 65.83F -Test 2.73SEm± * * ** * * 8.35 *CD (p=0.05) 4.54 8.42 0.12 3.49 2.43 0.76 1.11CV (%) 13.50 25.25 0.35 7.35 7.25 2.26 * 3.31 4.69 9.20 7.96 10.33 7.73 10.15 0.77 2.81 2.30 10.62* = Significant at 5 per cent PTM= Potato Tuber Moth
362 SIDDAGANGAIAH AND K. A. RAVEESHA The potato tuber moth infestation of tuber was The exotic processing genotype Atlantic has34.06, 43.15 and 54.86 per cent in Kufri Surya, MP/ produced higher processing grade tuber yield, plants99-322 and Atlantic, respectively. have shown resistance to pests such as aphids, yellow mites, shoot borer, Spodoptera, Helicoverpa, PTM The physiological loss of weight (PLW) of tuber and moderately resistant to diseases such as earlywas 2.73, 6.02 and 12.2 per cent in the promising blight and MM with higher keeping quality.genotypes Kufri Surya, Atlantic and MP/99-322,respectively. It was lower than 10 per cent in the Among the ten genotypes evaluated, releasedgenotypes Kufri Surya and Atlantic. The total weight processing genotype Kufri Surya and advancedloss (TWL) was lowest in the promising genotype Kufri genotype MP/99-322 have shown resistance to majoritySurya (2.73%) at 90 days after storage. Whereas, in of the pests and diseases and also produced higherthe other promising genotypes; Atlantic (13.03%) and processing grade tuber yield. Better performance wasMP/99-322 (13.2%) it was comparatively higher. The also followed by exotic genotype Atlantic. Thus, theTWL in excess of 10 per cent reduces the marketability genotypes were found promising to the southernof potato because of their shrivelled appearance (Booth transition zone of Karnataka.and Shaw, 1981). Thus, Kufri Surya has good keepingquality as it recorded lowest TWL. REFERENCES The number of days taken for sprout initiation ANONYMOUS, 1997, Annual Report. International Potatowas 73.7, 76.3 and 66 days in the genotypes Kufri Centre (CIP), Lima Peru pp. 16Surya, MP/99-322 and Atlantic, respectively. Thus,their dormancy is considered to be longer and hence ASHIV MEHTA, SINGH, S. V., PANDEY, S. K. AND EZEKIEL, R.,the genotypes MP/99-322, Kufri Surya and Atlantic 2006, Storage behaviour of newly released potatocan be stored up to 76, 74 and 66 days, respectively. cultivars under non refrigerated storage, Potato J. 33 (3-4):158-161. The promising genotype Kufri Surya has adormancy period of 74 days, PLW of 2.7 and TWL of BOOTH, R. H. AND SHAW, R. L., 1981, Principles of potato2.7, PTM infestation of 34.1 and tuber sprouting of 38 storage, pp13-20, International Potato Center, Lima,per cent. The TWL was less than 3 per cent in addition Peruno tuber rotting was observed. Besides, Kufri Suryais a heat tolerant hybrid, it might have different physico- CHANDLA, V. K., GOPAL, J. AND CHANDEL, R .S., 2007,chemical properties; higher periderm thickness, more Evaluation of potato for their resistance to potatonumber of cell layers and less number lenticels which tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller).are desirable for the least TWL. The prolonged Potato J. 34 (1-2):89-90.dormancy of the tubers also add to prolonged storageand keeping quality of the genotype. The results are FALLON, R. E., VILJANEN ROLLINSON S. L. H., COLES, G. C. ANDin agreement with the studies conducted by Pande et POFT, J. D., 1995, Disease severity keys for powderyal., (2007), Ashiv et al. (2006) and Naidu and and downy mildews and powdery scab of potato.Nandekar (2005). Newzealand J. Crop. Horticultural Science. 23: 31-37. The advanced processing genotype MP/98-171has produced higher processing grade tubers, plants GOTTSCHALK, K., 2011., Recent developments in potatohave shown resistance to pests such as, aphids, yellow storage in Europe. Potato J. 38(2): 85-89mites, shoot borer, Spodoptera, Helicoverpa, PTMand diseases viz., late blight, early blight and MM with HORGAN, F. G., QUINNG, D. T., LAGNAOUI, A., SALAS, A. T. ANDhigher keeping quality. PELLETIER, Y., 2010, Variations in resistance against Phthorimaea operculella in wild potato tubers. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 137: 269-279.
BEHAVIOUR OF PROCESSING GENOTYPES OF POTATO TO DIFFERENT PESTS AND DISEASES, TUBER YIELD 363MUGHAL, S. M. AND KHAN, H. A., 2001, Disease rating scale PAUL KHURANA, S. M., MINHAS, J. S. AND PANDEY, S.K., 2003. for the assessment of disease severity of PVX and In: The Potato –Production and Utilization in PVY to facilitate the researcher and students working Sub-tropics. Chapter-26, pp 252-269. on plant virus, M.Sc. (Hort.) Thesis, submitted to University of Agriculture, Faislabad. RAJ, B. T., DEVENDRA KUMAR AND MINHAS, J. S., 2004, Field evaluation of heat tolerant potato genotypes andNAIDU, A. K. AND NANDEKAR, D. N., 2005, Evaluation of heat varieties against leaf hopper and mite. Potato J., tolerant potato hybrids for storage at room 31(1-2): 67-70. temperature in Satpura plaeau. Potato J., 32(3-4): 207-208. RAJNEESH, H., 2006, Management of shoot borer, Leucinodes arbonalis Guene on potato crop. Thesis submitted toPANDE, P. C., SINGH, S. V., PANDEY, S. K. AND BRAJESH SINGH., Univ. Agril. Sci, Dharwad. 2007, Dormancy, sprouting behaviour and weight loss in Indian potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties, SHARMA, A. K., GARG, V .K. AND SARJEET SINGH, 2001, Storage Indian J.Agri. Sci., 78(3): 198-202 behaviour of some advanced potato hybrids in north western hill conditions under room temperatures. J.PANSE, V. G. AND SUKATME, P. V., 1962, Statistical methods for Indian Potato Assoc., 28 (1): 139-140. Agricultural workers. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi SUJATHA,M. AND LAKSHMINARAYANA, M., 2007, Resistance to Spodoptera litura (Fabr,) in Helianthus species and back cross derived inbred lines from crosses involving diploid species. Euphytica., 155: 205-213.(Received : April, 2014 Accepted : August, 2014)
Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 48 (3) : 364-373, 2014Changes in Nutrient and Biochemical Constituents on Decomposition of Leaf Litter of Selected Tree Species JANA POORNA BINDU, V. R. RAMAKRISHNA PARAMA AND C. A. SRINIVASAMURTHY Department of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore - 560 065 ABSTRACT An experiment was carried out on nutrient dynamics and biochemical changes during decomposition ofleaf litter of six selected forest species grown on Alfisol in GKVK, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore,during Apri1 2010 to April 2011. Chemical characteristics and decomposition patterns of six forest tree species,leaf litter viz., Simaruba glauca (Simaruba), Tectona grandis (Teak wood), Ailanttius maiabarica, (White bean),Aphanamyxis polystachya (Amoora), Sweitenia macrophylla (Mahagany) and mixed leaf litter (Accacia.Eucalyptus, Bamboo) were analysed. The content of cellulose, hemi cellulose, polyphenol and lignin variedamong species recording higher values. Results of the decomposition study using litter bag revealed thatresidual litter mass declined exponentially with time in case of Simaruba, Teak, White bean, Amoora, Sweitenia andMixed leaf litter. In terms of nutrient release N & P recorded maximum release.DECOMPOSITION of forest litter is a key process in University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, duringnutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Changes in April 2010 to April 2011. The six forest tree speciesdecomposition rate will influence the rate of organic selected for the study were Simaruba glaucamatter circulation in forest ecosystem. Litter (Simaruba). Tectono grandis (Teak wood), Sweiteniadecomposition rate is controlled by intrinsic factors, macrophylla (Mahagany), Aphanamixis polystacliyasuch as chemical and physical properties of litter, and (Amoora), Ailanthus malabarica (White bean) andby extrinsic factors i.e., environmental conditions Mixed forest species (Accacia, Eucalyptus andincluding biotic factors such as species, abundance and Bamboo).activity of heterotrophic microorganisms and soil fauna.The forest floor is the most dynamic phase of the forest Leaf fall was quantified using sweep methodsoil profile. It is commonly believed that due to biological which involved marking an area of 1 square meternutrient cycling, a mature forest stand makes only below each tree species on the forest floor. Litter bagsminimal demands for the external supply of nutrients. (HDPE) of 20 × 15 cm size were used for leaf litterIn many forest ecosystems, plant detritus accumulated decomposition study. Twenty gram of leaf sample wason the forest floor from annual litter fall contains a taken in each litter bag and placed in soil at 6 cm depthsignificant store of nutrients (Swift et al., 1979). and covered with soil below the respective trees, as many as 36 bags per species (at 3 litter bags per Litter fall inputs and litter decomposition represent sampling for 12 months) were used in the study. Everya large and dynamic portion of the nutrient cycling in month three litter bags of each species were removedforest ecosystem. In addition, the turnover of litter is a and analyzed for changes in chemical and biochemicalmajor pathway of the nutrient and carbon inputs to parameters.forest soils. Significant amounts of organic matter andnutrients in the soils can be transferred during litter The decay rate coefficient (k) of the decomposingdecomposition processes. litter of different tree species was calculated through the negative exponential decay model of Olsen (1963) MATERIAL AND METHODS as represented by the equation The experiment was conducted in the Department X / X0 = e -ktof Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, GKVK, Where, x is the dry weight remaining at the end of the period of measurement (time), X° is the original
NUTRIENT AND BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS ON DECOMPOSITION OF LEAF LITTER OF SELECTED TREE SPECIES 365dry weight of the litter, e is the base of the natural (497.80 gm–2).Yadav et al. (2007), reported that totallogarithm and k is the decay rate coefficient. litter fall production was in the order P. cineraria, A. leucocephata, A. nilotica, D. sissoo, Large pulse of Triplicate samples of leaf litter, drawn from the litter fall coincided with the winter season. Theylitter bags (species-wise) monthly, were analysed for attributed factors such as environment, tree speciestotal N (micro-Kjeldhal method), P (vanadomolybdo and leaf type to variation in leaf fall. The present studyphosphoric yellow colour method) and K (flame clearly showed that the variation in species, leafphotometry) following the methods proposed by Piper geometry, age and environmental factors have(1966) to characterise monthly variations in nutrient contributed to leaf fall as a result there have beenconcentrations of leaf litter. Sulphur ( Turbidometric variation in leaf fall within the same time span of leafmethod) was determined using spectrophotometer at fall.420 mn (Bradsley and Lancestor, 1965). The calciumand magnesium was determined by Versenate titration Nutrient content of leaf litter of selected treemethod (Jackson, 1973). The amount of cellulose inleaf litter was estimated by the procedure outlined by species(Sadasivam and Manickam, 1992). Hemicellulose inleaf litter was estimated by the procedure outlined by Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium : TheJermyn, 1955. The polyphenols was estimated adopting data on the chemical composition of Simaruba, Teak,Folin - ciocalteau reagent as described by Sadasivam Whitebean, Amoora, Mahagany and Mixed leaf litterand Manickam (l992) and lignin content was estimated are given in Table II. The nitrogen content was as lowby procedure outlined by the Pandey et al. (2007). as 0.78 per cent in Amoora to as high as 2.85 per cent in White bean. The phosphorus content varied from RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 0.05 per cent in case of Amoora to as high as 0.21 per cent in Teak leaves. White bean recorded 1.20 per The data on leaf fall of selected tree species is cent potassium content being the least and in mixedpresented in Table I. The leaf fall varied from as low leaf litter recorded as high as 3.50 per cent K.as 497.8 gm–2 in Simaruba to 3201.65 gm–2 in case ofMahagany. The mass of the fallen leaves followed the Calcium, Magnesium and Sulphur : The dataorder Mahagany (3201.65 gm–2) > Mixed leaf litter on the content of Ca, Mg, S of leaf litter of selected(2243.50 gm–2) > Teak (1178.30 gm–2 )> Amoora trees is presented in Table II. The calcium content(930.00 gm–2 )> Whitebean (550.00 gm–2) > Simaruba was as high as 1.90 per cent in mixed leaf litter to as low as 1.20 per cent in Teak. The magnesium content TABLE I was 0.67 per cent in case of Amoora leaf litter andLeaf litter fall among different tree species Mahagany leaves recorded the largest value of 0.28 per cent. The sulphur content was as high as 0.40 per Tree species Leaf litter fall cent in Simaruba, White bean and Mixed forest litter (g m–2) to as low as 0.2 per cent in Mahagany. Tripathi andSimaruba Singh (1995) said that the initial substrate quality ofTeak 497.80 litter such as concentration of N P K and others play aWhite bean 1178.30 major role in litter decomposition.Amoora 550Mahagany 930 The analysis of litter quality and quantity and itsMixed leaf litter * 3201.65 rate of decomposition are important in understanding 2243.50 energy flow pattern, primary productivity and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. As reflected from theMixed leaf litter* = Bamboo + Accacia + Eucalyptus results of the study the nutrient content varied with the tree species. Biochemical properties of leaf litter : The biochemical properties viz., cellulose, hemicellulose,
366 JANA POORNA BINDU et al. TABLE II Chemical composition of leaf litter Parameters Tree species C NP K Ca Mg SSimaruba 49.28 1.30 0.12 1.84 1.80 0.48 0.4Teak 47.50 1.20 0.21 2.10 1.20 0.38 0.3White bean 50.28 2.85 0.06 1.20 1.70 0.53 0.4Amoora 51.56 0.78 0.05 1.90 1.85 0.67 0.3Mahagany 49.78 1.10 0.13 2.30 1.72 0.28 0.2Mixed leaf litter* 53.21 1.80 0.19 3.50 1.90 0.56 0.4Mixed leaf litter* = Bamboo + Accacia + Eucalyptuspolyphenols and lignin and their ratios are presented in Insitu leaf litter decomposition studiesTable III. The cellulose content was as high as 23.50per cent as in the case of mixed forest leaf litter Mass loss and decay constant of leaf litter :followed by 20.90 per cent in Simaruba to as low as The data on mass loss of leaf litter over a period of17.20 per cent in Amoora. The content of time is presented in Table IV. There was significanthemicelluloses varied from 3 per cent in Mahagany to difference observed in decomposition rates among11.80 per cent in the case of mixed leaf litter. species. White bean showed rapid loss in mass from an initial weight of 20 g, decomposed at faster rate The polyphenols content ranged from 8.20 per within three month with 0.25 decomposition constant.cent in Teak to 15.00 per cent in case of mixed forest Whereas, mixed leaf litter lasted for beyond nineleaf litter. Lignin content varied widely from 20.50 to months The pattern of mass loss among the different32.00 per cent. Highest content 32.00 per cent was tree species were White bean (3 months) > Teakrecoreded in case of mixed leaf litter followed by Teak (4 months) > Amoora ( 6 months ) > Mahagany29.50 per cent. White bean recorded lignin content as (7 months ) > Simaruba ( 8 months )> Mixed leaf litterlow as 20.50 per cent. The lignin / N ratio was as high (9 months). The data indicates two phases. The firstas 37.30 in Amoora to as low as 7.19 in Whitebean. phase operates in the first three months (May to AugThe polyphenols / N ratio also varied widely from 4.63 2010) where more than 45 per cent of the leaf litterin white bean to 15.12 in Amoora and the lignin + had decomposed. The order of the leaf litterpolyphenols / N ratio was 44.22 in case of Amoora to decomposed was White bean (82.25 %), Teak (64.50as low as 25.13 in White bean litter. %), Amoora (57.80 %), Mahagany (52.5 %), Simaruba (50 %) and Mixed leaf litter (47.75 %). Leaf litter is mainly composed of polysaccharides,lignin and polyphenol compounds (Rihani et al., 1995). The second phase i.e., from the fourth monthCellulose and hemicellulose constitute about 30.70 per (Aug 2010) until the end of the experimental periodcent of plant carbon (Chesson, 1997). The present Jan 2011, recorded maximum mass loss betweenstudy also showed that the major biochemical 82-85 per cent. The leaf litter of White bean did notconstituent was cellulose and lignin. The findings of last beyond three months, whereas, that of Mixed leafpresent study illustrate species differences in terms of litter lasted beyond nine months. Physical, chemicalnutrient and biochemical composition. and biological processes contribute to the decomposition
NUTRIENT AND BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS ON DECOMPOSITION OF LEAF LITTER OF SELECTED TREE SPECIES 367 TABLE III Biochemical composition of leaf litter ParametersTree species C NP K Ca Mg SSimaruba 8.30 20.90 10.00 22.80 17.53 7.69 30.49Teak 6.80 19.10 8.20 29.50 24.58 6.83 36.33White bean 7.60 18.80 13.20 20.50 7.19 4.63 25.13Amoora 8.20 17.20 11.80 29.00 37.30 15.12 44.22Mahagany 3.00 19.80 12.70 29.10 26.45 11.54 40.64Mixed leaf litter* 11.80 23.50 15.00 32.00 17.77 8.33 40.33Mixed leaf litter* = Bamboo + Accacia + Eucalyptus TABLE IV Mass loss and decomposition constant of leaf litter of selected tree species over time Tree May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Difference Decompositionspecies –––––––––––––––––––––––––– 2010 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 2011 ** constant Simaruba 16.00 12.60 10.00 7.96 6.32 5.02 3.99 3.17 nd 16.83 0.10 (20) (32) (50) (60.2) (68.4) (75) (80) (84.2) nd 0.15 10.02 7.09 nd nd nd 14.98 0.25 Teak 14.03 (50) (64.55) 5.02 nd 0.12 (29.85) 6.33 3.55 (75) nd nd nd nd1 6.45 0.10 (68.35) (82.25) nd nd 0.09 White bean 11.29 11.25 8.43 3.55 nd nd nd 16.44 (43.55) (43.75) (57.85) 6.32 4.74 (82.3) 12.20 9.50 (68.4) (76.3) 3.51 nd nd 16.49 Amoora 15.03 (39.0) (52.5) 4.50 16.91 (24.85) 12.9 10.45 7.40 5.78 (77.5) (82.4) 3.54 3.09 (84.55) (47.75) (47.75) (63.0) (71.1) (82.3) (84.5)Mahagany 15.60 5.46 4.39 (22.0) 8.42 6.77 (72.7) (78.1) (57.9) (66.2) Mixed leaf 16.1 litter (19.5)* Initial weight of leaf litter 20 g( ) figures in paranthesis indicate % of leaf litter decomposed** Difference between initial and finalnd = not detected
368 JANA POORNA BINDU et al.of organic matter, reducing it to elements which are recorded P content varying from 0.06 to 0.15 and 0.14released to the system and made available for uptake to 0.18 per cent, respectively. Mixed leaf litter lastedby the organisms (Gessner et al., 1999). for over nine months recorded P content varying fromDecomposition constant of leaf litter of different trees as low as 0.20 per cent at the start of decompositionspecies over a period of time is presented in Table IV. to 0.31 per cent at the end. The decomposition constant is worked out based The decrease in weight of leaf litter onon equation proposed by Olsen (1963), which considers decomposition and consequent nutrient (P)the initial weight and the weight recorded over the concentration could be one of the reasons for gain inperiod. The decomposition constant follows the same P. The increase in P has been marginal but steadyorder as that indicated in case of mass loss. during the period of experiment. Whitebean (0.25) > Teak (0.15) > Amoora (0.12) According to Alvarez et al. (2008), N and P> Mahagany (0.10) > Simaruba (0.10)> Mixed leaf behave similarly with a net gain in decomposing litter.litter (0.09). The findings of the present study illustrate Further, Blair et al. (1988) who studied the nutrientspecies differences interms of nutrient and biochemical changes in leaf litter observed that N, S and P tendedcomposition. to be retained in litter. The changes in the N and P concentration were related to the changes in Changes in nutrient content on decomposition biochemical constituents of leaf litter viz., lignin,of leaf litter : The changes in N P K content of polyphenols, etc. (Osano and Hiroshi Takeda, 2001).selected tree species over a period of time as a resultof decomposition is given in Table V. Potassium: Data on changes in potassium content of decomposed leaf litter was presented in Nitrogen : The nitrogen content of the leaf litter Table V.progressively increased with time in all the tree species.The nitrogen content increased over a period of eight In contrast to Nitrogen and Phosphorus,months from 1.32 to 1.40 per cent in the leaf litter of Potassium recorded a decrease in content among theSimaruba. Teak leaf litter recorded an increase in leaf litter of all species. Maximum potassium wasnitrogen content from 1.21 to 1.25 per cent within recorded in case of mixed leaf litter over a period offour months of decomposition. The increase of nitrogen nine months of decomposition (3.48 to 3.31%). Thewas marginal (2.86 to 2.88 %) in case of Whitebean, order of leaf litter in terms of decrease in potassiumthis change occurred in a span of three months. The content was Mixed leaf litter > Mahagany = Simarubanitrogen content of Amoora (0.79 to 0.84%) and >Amoora > Teak = White bean.Mahagany (1.12 to 1.17%) increase over 6 and 7months of decomposition. Calcium and Magnesium content : The changes in calcium and magnesium content in leaf litter The nitrogen content of the leaf litter of all tree over a period of time were shown in Table VI.species marginally increased with time. This differencein nitrogen behaviour was expected from lower lignin A definite trend was not observed with respect/ N ratio or polyphenols / N ratio or lignin + polyphenol to change in calcium content of leaf litter during the/ N ratio in natural forest litter (Mafongoya et al., process of decomposition.1982). Many studies have indicated increased Nconcentration in litter during decomposition process The magnesium content of the decomposing leaf(Berg, 1988). litter recorded a decrease trend with the exception of mixed forest leaf litter which showed an initial increase Phosphorus : In general there was an increase and then a decrease. The decrease in Magnesium wasin phosphorus content however it was marginal in all of the order Simaruba 0.49 to 0.08 per cent Mahaganythe decomposing leaf litter. Amoora and Mahagany
TABLE V NUTRIENT AND BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS ON DECOMPOSITION OF LEAF LITTER OF SELECTED TREE SPECIES Changes in calcium, magnesium and sulphur content in leaf litter of selected tree species during decompositon Tree Initial May June July dc/dt** Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Meanspecies 2011 dc/dt** ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 2010 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Nitrogen % 1.30 1.32 1.33 1.35 -0.02 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.39 1.40 * -0.01 1.37Simaruba 1.20 1.21 1.23 -0.01 1.23Teak 2.85 2.86 2.87 1.24 -0.01 1.25 * * * ** -0.11 2.87White bean 0.78 0.79 0.80 -0.01 0.82Amoora 1.10 1.12 1.12 2.88 -0.01 **** ** -0.01 1.14Mahagany 1.80 1.81 1.83 -0.01 1 . 8 7Mixed leaf litter 0.81 -0.01 0.82 0.83 0.84 * **phosphorus % 0.12 0.13 0.14 -0.01 0.17Simaruba 0.21 0.22 0.25 1.13 -0.01 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 ** -0.02 0.26Teak 0.06 0.07 0.08 -0.01 0.08White bean 0.05 0.06 0.07 1.84 -0.01 1.85 1.86 1.89 1.91 1.92 1.95 -0.02 0.11Amoora 0.13 0.14 0.13 -0.01 0.15Mahagany 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.15 -0.01 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.21 * -0.01 0 . 2 6Mixed leaf litterpotassium % 1.84 1.79 1.78 0.27 -0.02 0.29 * * * ** 0.02 1.76Simaruba 2.10 2.00 1.99 0.03 1.99Teak 1.20 1.19 1.17 0.09 -0.01 **** ** 0.05 1.17White bean 1.90 1.79 1.78 0.03 1.76Amoora 2.30 2.28 2.27 0.09 -0.01 0.12 0.14 0.15 * ** 0.01 2.25Mahagany 3.50 3.48 3.42 0.02 3.37Mixed leaf litter 0.14 0.00 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 ** 0.24 -0.02 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.31 1.77 0.02 1.76 1.75 1.74 1.73 1.72 * 1.98 0.04 1.97 * * * ** 1.16 0.01 **** ** 1.76 0.05 1.75 1.74 1.73 * ** 2.26 0.01 2.25 2.24 2.23 2.21 ** 3.39 0.04 3.37 3.36 3.35 3.34 3.32 3.31* Due to complete decomposition of leaf litter, estimation was not possible 369** dc/dt = (initial concentration – final concentration) / change in time (months)
TABLE VI 370 JANA POORNA BINDU et al. Changes in calcium, magnesium and sulphur content in leaf litter of selected tree species during decomposition Tree Initial May June July dc/dt** Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan dc/dt** Meanspecies 2011 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 2010 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Calcium % 1.80 1.81 1.81 1.82 -0.01 1.81 1.81 1.82 1.82 1.81 * 0.00 1.81 * ** * * 0.00 1.21Simaruba 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.21 0.00 1.21 * ** * * -0.01 1.72Teak * * 0.00 1.86White bean 1.70 1.72 1.71 1.72 -0.01 * 1.86 1.86 * * * 0.00 1.72Amoora 1.72 1.73 1.72 1.92 0.00 1.92Mahagany 1.85 1.86 1.86 1.87 -0.01 1.87 1.92 1.92 1.91 1.91Mixed leaf litter * 0.05 0.26Magnesium % 1.72 1.72 1.73 1.73 0.00 1.72 0.18 0.16 0.096 0.088 * 0.15 0.41 * ** * * 0.07 0.38Simaruba 1.90 1.91 1.92 1.93 -0.01 1.93 * ** * * 0.09 0.41Teak * * 0.03 0.19White bean 0.48 0.49 0.48 0.32 0.05 0.29 0.26 0.19 * * 0.05 0.06 0.31Amoora 0.18 0.13 0.09Mahagany 0.38 0.28 0.21 0.18 0.07 0.96 0.4 0.23 0.14 0.067 * 0.04 0.23Mixed leaf litter * 0.00 0.25 0.53 0.51 0.32 0.31 0.07 * 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 * 0.00 0.27Sulphur % * ** * * 0.03 0.27Simaruba 0.67 0.67 0.58 0.42 0.08 0.31 * ** * * 0.01 0.17Teak * 0.2 0.02 0.19White bean 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.02 0.21 0.1 0.5 * *Amoora 0.2 0.2 0.1Mahagany 0.56 0.5 0.52 0.48 0.03 0.39 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3Mixed leaf litter 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.07 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.00 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.00 * 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.00 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.00 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.10 0.1* Due to complete decomposition of leaf litter estimation was not possible;** dc/dt = (initial concentration – final concentration) / change in time (months)
TABLE VII NUTRIENT AND BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS ON DECOMPOSITION OF LEAF LITTER OF SELECTED TREE SPECIES Changes in biochemical properties of leaf litter of selected tree species during decomposition Initial May June July dc/dt** Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan 2011 dc/dt** Mean Treespecies ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 2010 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Hemi cellulose (%)Simaruba 8.30 8.20 8.10 7.80 0.17 7.20 7.00 6.80 6.30 6.00 * 0.29 7.17Teak 6.80 6.70 5.80 5.40 * * * * 0.43 5.75White bean 7.60 7.30 7.10 6.90 0.47 5.10 * * * * * 0.23 7.10Amoora 8.20 8.10 8.00 7.92 * * * 0.07 7.90Mahagany 3.00 2.90 2.83 2.81 0.23 * * 7.79 * * 0.04 2.75Mixed leaf litter 11.80 11.80 11.70 11.20 2.68 2.63 10.48 0.16 10.97 0.09 7.83 7.81 10.71 10.69 10.53Simaruba 20.90 20.10 19.8 18.20 * 0.00 16.15Teak 19.10 18.90 17.10 16.90 0.06 2.73 2.71 15.10 11.20 10.80 * 0.95 17.05White bean 18.80 18.20 15.60 12.30 * * * * 2.17 15.36Amoora 17.20 17.20 16.40 16.20 0.20 10.90 10.72 * * * * 0.38 15.95Mahagany 19.80 19.50 19.10 18.50 * * * 1.01 17.41Mixed leaf litter 23.50 22.90 22.70 22.60 Cellulose (%) 14.90 * 19.90 0.40 21.84 16.30 12.70Simaruba 10.00 09.00 08.56 06.23 0.90 17.60 16.40 21.1 22.00 20.90 * 0.98 5.27Teak 8.20 08.00 05.30 04.20 * 1.53 4.89White bean 13.20 12.90 12.00 11.65 0.73 15.30 * 03.12 02.86 02.19 * 0.52 12.18Amoora 11.80 11.30 10.23 09.56 * * * * 0.91 8.94Mahagany 12.70 12.10 11.60 10.50 2.17 * * * * * * 1.44 8.85Mixed leaf litter 15.00 13.80 12.60 11.50 * * 01.10 1.54 7.72 0.33 15.80 15.20 06.34 *Simaruba 22.80 22.85 22.90 23.20 07.50 02.60 * -0.19 23.60Teak 29.50 29.51 29.80 30.00 0.43 18.40 17.40 04.50 03.10 02.80 * -0.40 29.85White bean 20.50 20.52 20.61 20.68 * -0.06 20.60Amoora 29.00 29.61 29.62 30.12 0.30 22.40 22.1 24.10 24.30 24.31 * -0.36 30.46Mahagany 29.10 29.20 29.31 29.82 * * * * -0.30 30.10Mixed leaf litter 32.00 32.20 32.80 32.91 Polyphenols (%) * * * 34.10 -0.23 33.34 * * 1.26 05.89 04.32 31.16 * 30.12 31.20 1.33 02.08 * 33.74 33.80 33.90 0.52 * * 0.75 08.34 07.89 0.73 09.40 08.30 1.17 10.40 09.70 Lignin (%) 23.80 -0.13 23.40 * -0.17 30.11 * -0.06 * -0.37 31.06 31.23 -0.24 30.16 30.93 -0.30 33.01 33.63 * Due to complete decomposition of leaf litter estimation was not possible; 371**dc/dt = (initial concentration – final concentration) / change in time (months)
372 JANA POORNA BINDU et al.0.28 to 0.09 per cent and Teak 0.28 to 0.06 per cent. A %), White bean (18.80 to 12.30 %), Amoora (17.20 tostudy by Kim et al. (1997) that the concentration of 16.20 %), Mahagany (19.80 to 18.50 %), Mixed leafN, P and Ca of three litter types increased compared litter (23.5 to 22.60 %).with initial concentration, wherein, Mg recorded adecrease in litter. This is in contrast to the present Polyphenols : The initial polyphenol contentfindings. A study by Alvarez et al. (2008) showed that was higher in case of mixed leaf litter (15.00 %) andCa and Mg showed high tendency to be immobilized. the lower polyphenol content (8.20 %) was recordedThe results of the present study confirm the observation in case of Teak leaf litter. In general, there was aof other scientists. decrease in polyphenol content of all decomposing leaf litter. However, the decrease in content varied. The Sulphur : The changes in sulphur content in rate of change of polyphenol content of the order withinleaf litter over a period of time were shown in Table the first three months was White bean (0.52) which isVI. No definite trend was observed with respect to lowest and 1.33 which was the highest value recordedsulphur. Among species, Amoora showed highest in Teak and Simaruba (1.26), Amoora (0.75),sulphur content varying from 0.3 to 0.5 per cent over Mahagany (0.73) and Mixed leaf litter (1.17).six months of decomposition followed by Whitebean0.3 to 0.4 per cent and least was observed in Simaruba Lignin : Of all the biochemical constituents,0.1per cent and Mahagany 0.2 to 0.1 per cent over lignin is chemically the most complicated. The initialthe period of eight and seven months, respectively. content of lignin ranged from a low value of 20.50 per cent in White bean to a high value of 32.00 per cent in Changes in biochemical properties on mixed leaf litter. The results indicated a very slow trenddecomposition of leaf litter : The changes in in degradation. Joseph and France (2006) using a litterbiochemical constituents viz., hemicelluloses, cellulose, bag experiment observed decrease in hemicellulosepolyphenols and lignin of leaf litter of selected tree and cellulose, however, the content of lignin increased.species over a period of time is given in Table VII. Lignin biodegradation has diverse effects on soil quality.Among these the content of polyphenols, reduced with The microbial degradation of litter results in thetime and the content of lignin showed an increasing formation of humus and lignilolysis probably facilitatestrend. Hemicelluloses and cellulose showed a the process by promoting the release of aromatic humusdecreasing trend precursors from the litter (Hudson, 1986). Hemicellulose : The initial content of Decomposition of forest litter is a key process inhemicelluloses varied from 3.00 to 11.80 per cent in nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Results of thecase of Mahagany and mixed leaf litter, respectively decomposition study using litter bag revealed thatduring the first three months (May to July 2010) of residual litter mass declined exponentially with time inleaf litter decomposition. The Teak leaf litter recorded case of Simaruba, Teak, White bean, Amoora,a higher reduction in hemicelluloses from 6.70 to 5.40 Sweitenia and Mixed leaf litter leading release ofper cent followed by White bean recorded a decrease nutrients and changes in biochemical properties.from 7.30 to 6.90 per cent, whereas, Mahaganyrecorded a very small reduction in hemicellulose REFERENCEScontent (2.90 to 2.81%). ALHAMAD, L., ARAKAKI, S. AND AHAGIHARI., 2004, Cellulose : Cellulose is a major carbohydrate Decomposition of leaf litter of four tree species in aconstituent of leaf litter. Mixed leaf litter recorded an subtropical broad leaved forest. Forest. Ecol Mngt .,initial higher concentration of 23.50 per cent and the 202 (1-3): 1-11.least cellulose was recorded in case of white beanleaf litter. The cellulose content after the first three ALVAREZ , E. M., MARCOS, V. T. AND SANJURIO, J. F., 2008,months of litter decomposition was of the order Dynamics of macronutrients during the first stagesSimaruba (20.90 to 18.20 %), Teak (19.10 to 16.90 of litter decomposition from forest species in a temperate area. Nutr. Cycl. Agro. Ecosyst., 80: 243–256.
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Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 48 (3) : 374-380, 2014 Studies on Incidence, Severity and Management of Sesamum Phyllody in Central Dry Zone of Karnataka K. B. PALANNA, B. SHIVANNA, B. BORAIAH, ANIL PAPPACHAN AND S. BOMMALINGA Agricultural Research Station, UAS (B), Konehally, Tiptur - 572 202 ABSTRACT Studies for incidence and severity of sesamum phyllody in major sesamum growing areas of Tiptur and Arsikere taluk in central dry zone of Karnataka was carried out during 2009-10, 2010-11and 2011-12, and effect of chemicals on incidence and severity of sesamum phyllody was tested at Agricultural Research Station, Konehally, Tiptur, during 2010-11 and 2011-12. The survey results revealed that maximum per cent incidence of phyllody was recorded in Tiptur taluk (52.89 %) followed by Arsikere taluk, (46.97 %) with 60.18 and 57.49 per cent conversion of pods into leaf like structures in Tiptur and Arsikere taluks respectively. Among different treatments tested during 2010-11, Imidachloprid 70 WS seed treatment @7.5g / kg seed+ Monocrotophos 36 SL (0.2 %) spray at the time of initiation of symptoms accounted minimum incidence (18.00 %) followed by Imidachloprid 70 WS seed treatment @ 7.5g / kg seed and Triazophos 40 EC (0.2%) spray, which accounted for 18.34 and 19.00 per cent disease incidence, respectively. The maximum (65.00) per cent conversion of pods into leaf like structures was accounted by untreated control. The plant to plant per cent conversion of pods in to leaf like structures was ranged from 21.20 to 100.00 per cent. Similarly during 2011-12, Imidachloprid 70 WS seed treatment @ 7.5g/kg + Monocrotophos 36 SL (0.2 %) spray accounted minimum (23.00 %) incidence followed by Imidachloprid 70 WS seed treatment @ 5g / kg seed +Triazophos 40 EC (0.2 %) spray which accounted 23.34 per cent. Untreated control accounted maximum (31.34 %) incidence. The average per cent conversion of pods into leaf like structures was ranged from 44.82 to 55.53 per cent, whereas, plant to plant conversion ranged from 19.38 to 100 per cent. However there was no significant difference observed among the treatments in both the years tested.SESAMUM (Sesamum indicum. L.) is known as Sesame temporary recovery from the disease. Antimycoplasmaor Til or Gingely and it is one of the important ancient principles (AMPS) from leaf extracts of Vitexoil yielding crop. India ranks first both in area and negundo var purpurascens and Sesbania rostrataproduction, which accounting 45 per cent of the world and chemicals kinetin, L-arabinose and polygalacturonicarea. Sesamum is cultivated in many parts of world acid reduced phyllody incidence by 68 per centviz., China, India and Myanmur (Burma) (FAO, 2004). (Srinivasalu and Narayanswamy, 1993). Sanjay KumarIts production and productivity is hindered due to and Goel (1993) found the effect of pyrethroidseveral constraints. However, major biotic constraints insecticides viz., cypermethrin (60 g), deltamethrinin sesamum production identified as pest and diseases (12.5 g) and fenpropathrin (100 g) a.i./ha were as(Grover and Singh, 2007). Sesamum phyllody is caused effective as fluvalinate (75 g), fenvalerate (75 g) andby Mycoplasma Like Organism (MLO) an quinalphos (500 g) a.i./ha in maintaining the planteconomically important disease capable of inflicting population and in regulating the disease. Keeping allup to 33.9 per cent loss in decreasing the yield, these points in mind present study carried out to assesespecially in warm climates (Salehi and Izadpanah, the incidence and severity of sesamum phyllody and1992). Phyllody of sesamum also called as ‘leaf curl’ effect of seed treatment with imidacloprid at differentand it was first recoded in the Indo Pakistan levels with insecticides spray for management of mostsubcontinent at Mirpurkhas (Vasudeva and Sahambi, serious disease (Phyllody) of sesamum.1955). The disease has now been recoded in almostall sesamum growing countries. MATERIAL AND METHODS Akhtar et al. (2009) reported that, treatment of Survey for incidence and severity of sesamumphyllody infected plants with tetracycline-Hcl provide phyllody : A field survey was conducted to know
STUDIES ON INCIDENCE, SEVERITY AND MANAGEMENT OF SESAMUM PHYLLODY IN CENTRAL DRY ZONE OF KARNATAKA 375the incidence and severity of sesamum phyllody in to ascertain the severity of the disease on per centTumkur and Hassan districts particularly in Tiptur (27 conversion of pods / capsules into leaf like structuresvillages) and Arsikere (29 villages) taluks for three was calculated by counting the number of healthyyears from 2009-10 to 2011-12. The incidence of capsules per plant and infected capsules per plant in10disease was recorded randomly on 100 plants in each plants in each replication. The observations onplot / field and expressed as per cent disease incidence. incidence of disease and conversion of pods into leafPer cent conversion of pods / capsules in to leaf like like structures was recorded at harvesting stage andstructures was calculated by counting number of data was analyzed statistically.diseased and healthy pods in the selected 10 infectedplants. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of chemicals on incidence and severity Survey for incidence and severity of sesamumof sesamum phyllody : A field experiments was laid phyllody : The most common symptoms observed inout at Agriculture Research Station , Konehally, Tiptur diseased plants during survey are pale green and bushyduring Kharif 2010-11 and 2011-12 in a randomized growth due to excessive stunting and axillaryblock design with a plot size of 3 × 5 m2. There were proliferation and development of abnormal green7 treatments, each treatment was replicated thrice. structures in place of flowers (Fig. 1.). Akhtar et al.,Observations on the incidence of disease was recorded 2009 observed different types of phyllody symptomson 100 plants in each replication at random. In addition, viz., floral virescence, phyllody and proliferation on sesamum plants as major disease symptomsa) Phyllody infected sesamum field b) Phyllody infected sesamum plot showing pale green bushy growthc) Abnormal green structures developed in place of flowers Fig. 1. Symptomptology of sesamum phyllody
376 K. B. PALANNA et al. TABLE I Village-wise incidence and severity of sesamum phyllody in central dry zone of Karnataka (2009-10 to 2011-12) Tiptur Taluk Arsikere TalukSl. Incidence Conversion (%) (%)No. Village Incidence Conversion Village (%) (%) 2009-10 1 Konehally (Plot-1) 75 56.70 Mylanhally koppal 57 45.85 2 Konehally (Plot-2) 47 50.93 3 Bidiregudi 60 47.86 Mylanhally 43 54.72 4 Gubbi 57 52.02 5 Nagathihally 40 44.49 Belagumba 43 58.82 6 Lakkihally 28 63.42 7 Ramanhally 35 50.87 Gijihally 66 54.60 8 Honnavally 17 53.68 9— 55 56.25 Ramasagara 48 58.1210 — 53 57.2311 — 22 49.02 Panasamudra 40 48.35 40 51.38 Sulekere 52 43.73 Kodihally — — Banavara — — Jajuru — — Nagathihally 2010-111 Konehally 71 53.18 Gijihally (Plot-1) 37 68.812 Bidiregudi 44 57.453 Mathihally (Plot-1) 47 62.00 Gijihally Plot-2) 29 62.234 Mathihally (Plot-2) 51 65.525 Bidiregudi 68 78.44 Borankoppalu 49 65.386 Lakihally 62 60.527 Nagathihally (Plot-1) 71 61.44 Mylanhally(Plot-1) 59 55.228 Nagathihally (Plot-2) 49 52.389 Ramanhally 62 64.67 Mylanhally(Plot-1) 51 52.31 35 69.34 Mylanhally koppalu 48 63.47 Belagumba 58 59.45 Sulekere 38 64.24 Kodihally 2011-121 Konehally (Plot-1) 58 59.54 Borankoppalu(Plot-1) 29 66.132 Konehally (Plot-2) 49 69.003 Honnavally 44 70.50 Borankoppalu(Plot-2) 55 74.344 Lakkihally (Plot-1) 60 58.655 Lakkihally (Plot-2) 37 60.28 Borankoppalu(Plot-3) 39 68.626 Mathihally 70 66.807 Chickbidire 48 59.34 Gijihally 80 70.008 Bidiregudi 61 61.249 Nagathihally 55 56.23 Vitalapura 47 66.75 47 36.82 Haranhally 48 46.29 Ramsagara (Plot-1) 59 34.48 Ramsagara (Plot-2) 33 51.04 Belagumba
STUDIES ON INCIDENCE, SEVERITY AND MANAGEMENT OF SESAMUM PHYLLODY IN CENTRAL DRY ZONE OF KARNATAKA 377 The pooled survey results revealed that maximum of per cent incidence ranged from 22 to 75 per cent.per cent disease incidence of phyllody recorded was Similar results were observed in Arsikere taluk with52.89 per cent in Tiptur followed by 46.97 per cent in per cent range of 17 to 57 per cent incidence. TheArsikere. Similarly, maximum per cent conversion of maximum (66.00 %) incidence was observed incapsules in to leaf like structures was 60.18 and 57.49 Sulekere followed by Mylanahally Koplu and Gijeehallyper cent (Table II). which accounted 57 per cent incidence, whereas the least incidence was observed in Kodihally village During 2009-10, maximum per cent incidence of (17 %). The plant to plant per cent conversion ofphyllody (Table II) was recorded in Tiptur (47.37 %) pods in to leaf like structures ranged from 29.17 tofollowed by Arsikere (45.36 %). Whereas, per cent 100 per cent, whereas, village-wise conversion rangedconversion of capsules in to leaf like structures was from 43.73 to 56.70 in Tiptur taluk. Arsikere accountedmaximum in Arsikere (59.77 %) followed by Tiptur 27.78 to 100 per cent plant to plant (Table II) and 45.85(50.03 %). Range of plant to plant per cent conversion to 63.42 village to village per cent conversion of podsof pods in to leaf like structures was maximum in Tiptur / capsules in to leaf like structures (Table I).(24 to 100 %) followed by Arsikere (15 to 100 %).Village-wise incidence is considered, maximum per During the year 2010-11 (Table II), maximumcent incidence of phyllody was recorded in Konehally per cent incidence of phyllody was recorded in Tiptur(60-75 %) followed by Nagathihally (55 %), the range (56.86 %) followed by Arsikere (47.88 %). Similarly TABLE II Taluk-wise incidence and severity of sesamum phyllody in central dry zone of Karnataka (2009-10 to 2011-12) Year Taluk No. plots No. plants No. plants % % Plant to2009-10 observed observed diseased incidence Conversion plant % Tiptur conversion Arsikere of pods of pods Total 08 800 379 47.37 50.03 24.0 to 100 11 11,000 499 45.37 59.77 15.0 to 100 19 11,800 878 46.37 54.90 —2010-11 Tiptur 10 1000 563 56.86 63.69 30.0 to 100 Arsikere 09 900 431 47.88 59.98 14.5 to 100 Total 19 1900 994 52.84 61.83 —2011-12 Tiptur 09 900 490 54.45 66.84 13.00 to 100 Arsikere 09 900 429 47.67 52.72 23.00 to 100 Total 18 1800 919 51.06 59.78 —Pooled data Tiptur 9.0 900 477 52.89 60.18 — 453 46.97 57.49 — Arsikere 9.6 960 930 49.93 58.84 Total 18.6 1860
378 K. B. PALANNA et al.maximum per cent conversion of pods / capsules in to central dry zone of Karnataka. Hence, studies onleaf like structures was recorded in Tiptur (63.69 %) various aspects like epidemiology, vector biology andfollowed by Arsikere (59,98 %). The village-wise development of integrated management have to bemaximum per cent incidence of phyllody was recorded intensified to tackle the problem.in Mathihally (71.00 %) followed by Bidireguddi(62.00), the range of per cent incidence ranged from Effect of chemicals on incidence and severity35.00 to 71.00 per cent in Tiptur taluk. Similar results of sesamum phyllody : Among different treatmentswere observed in Arsikere taluk with range of 29.00 tested during 2010-11, Imidachloprid 70 WS seedto 62.00 per cent incidence. The maximum incidence treatment @7.5g / kg + Monocrotophos 36 SLwas observed in Mylanahally Koplu (62.00 %) followed (0.2 %) spray at the time of initiation of symptomsby Belagumbha (59.00%), whereas, the least incidence accounted minimum incidence (18.00 %) followed bywas observed in Boranakoplu village (29.00 %). The Imidachloprid 70 WS seed treatment @ 7.5g / kg andplant to plant per cent conversion of pods in to leaf like Imidachloprid 70 WS seed treatment @ 7.5g / kg +structures ranged from 14.5 to 100 and 30 to 100 per Triazophos 40 EC (0.2 %) spray accounted for 18.34cent in Arsikere and Tiptur, respectively (Table II). and 19.00 per cent, respectively. The presentWhereas, village-wise conversion ranged from conversion of pods into leaf like structure was ranged53.81 to 78.44 per cent in Tiptur taluk. Arsikere from 53.74 to 65.00 per cent. The maximum (65.00)accounted 52.31 to 68.81 per cent village to village per cent conversion of pods into leaf like structuresconversion of pods / capsules in to leaf like structures was accounted by untreated control. The plant to plant(Table I). per cent conversion of pods in to leaf like structures was ranged from 21.20 to 100.00 per cent (Table III). During the year 2011-12 (Table II), maximum per Similarly, during 2011-12 Imidachloprid 70 WS seedcent incidence of phyllody was recorded in Tiptur treatment @ 5g / kg seed treatment alone recorded 28(54.45 %) followed by Arsikere (47.67 %). Similarly per cent disease incidence, 51.76 per cent conversionmaximum per cent conversion of pod / capsules in to of pods into leaf like structures. Imidachloprid 70 WSleaf like structures was recorded in Tiptur (66.84 %) seed treatment @ 7.5g / kg + Monocrotophos 36 SLfollowed by Arsikere (52.72 %). The maximum village- (0.2 %) spray accounted minimum (23.00 %) incidencewise per cent incidence of phyllody was recorded in followed by Imidachloprid 70 WS seed treatment @Ramasagara (80.00 %) followed by Haranahally 5.0g / kg +Triazophos 40 EC (0.2 %) spray which(70.00 %), the range of per cent incidence ranged from accounted 23.34 per cent. Untreated control accounted29.00 to 80.00 per cent in Arsikere taluk. Similar results maximum (31.34 %) incidence. The per centwere observed in Tiptur taluk with range of conversion of pods into leaf like structures was ranged33.00 to 59.00 per cent incidence. The maximum from 44.82 to 55.53 per cent whereas, plant to plantincidence was observed in Bidireguddi (59.00 %) conversion ranged from 19.00 to 100 per centfollowed by Konehally (58.00 %). The plant to plant (Table IV).per cent conversion of pods in to leaf like structuresranged from 23 to 100 and 13 to 100 per cent in Though this disease has been managed byArsikere and Tiptur, respectively. Whereas, village- controlling vectors using chemical insecticides (Rosywise conversion pods / capsules in to leaf like Emerald et al., 1996). However, there was nostructures was 52.72 and 66.84 per cent in Arsikere significant difference was observed among theand Tiptur, respectively (Table II). treatment in both the years tested. Whereas, control accounted for maximum incidence with maximum per Mc Gibbon (1924) was the first to report on cent conversion of pods in to leaf like structures.occurrence of sesamum phyllody in Burma. The Chemical measures for management of sesamumdisease is now reported in almost all sesamum growing phyllody is futile. Hence, there is need to identifycountries. The present investigations revealed that resistant / tolerant variety against destructive diseasesesamum phyllody is becoming a major problem in by exploring the vast gene pool of sesamum spp.
STUDIES ON INCIDENCE, SEVERITY AND MANAGEMENT OF SESAMUM PHYLLODY IN CENTRAL DRY ZONE OF KARNATAKA 379 TABLE IIIEffect of chemicals on incidence and severity of sesamum phyllody (2010-11)Treatments No. No. plants % % Conversion Plant to pl.observed diseased incidence of pods into plant % conversionT1 : Imidachloprid 70 WS 100 19.67 19.67 leaf like of pods seed treatment @5 g/Kg 100 18.34 structures 100 19.67 24.0 to 100T2 : Imidachloprid 70 WS 100 18.00 53.76 seed treatment @7.5 g/Kg 100 19.34 100 19.00 18.34 56.75 35.4 to 100T3 : T1 + Monocrotophos 100 28.34 36 SL (0.2%) Spary NS 19.67 58.12 23.4 to 100T4 : T2 + Monocrotophos 18.00 58.28 29.0 to 100 36 SL (0.2%) Spary 19.34 53.74 21.2 to 100T5 : T1 + Triazophos 40 EC (0.2%) Spary 19.00 60.33 39.0 to 100T6 : T2 + Triazophos 28.34 65.00 37.3 to 100 40 EC (0.2%) SparyT7 : Control CD (0.05) TABLE IVEffect of chemicals on incidence and severity of sesamum phyllody (2011-12)Treatments No. No. plants % % Conversion Plant to pl.observed diseased incidence of pods into plant % conversionT1 : Imidachloprid 70 WS 100 28.00 28.00 leaf like of pods seed treatment @5 g/Kg 100 23.67 structures 100 28.67 32.0 to 100T2 : Imidachloprid 70 WS 100 23.00 51.76 seed treatment @7.5 g/Kg 100 25.34 23.67 53.67 20.0 to 100T3 : T1 + Monocrotophos 100 25.34 36 SL (0.2%) Spary 100 31.34 28.67 44.82 21.8 to 100 NST4 : T2 + Monocrotophos 23.00 48.62 21.2 to 100 36 SL (0.2%) Spary 23.24 47.05 19.0 to 100T5 : T1 + Triazophos 40 EC (0.2%) Spary 25.34 49.08 19.4 to 100 31.34 55.53 20.0 to 100T6 : T2 + Triazophos 40 EC (0.2%) SparyT7 : Control CD (0.05)
380 K. B. PALANNA et al. REFERENCES MCGIBBON, T. D., 1924, Annual report of the Economic Botanist, Burma for the year ending 30th June pp5.ABRAHAM, E. V., NATARAJAN, K. AND MURUGESAN, M., 1977a, Damage by pests and phyllody to sesamum indicum ROSY EMERL, J. S., SUBRAMANIAM, A. AND JAYARAJAN, J., 1996, in relation to time of sowing. Madras Agric.J., Economics of insecticides used against sesame insect 64 : 298-301. pests. Indian J. Ent., 58: 274-275.ABRAHAM, E. V., NATARAJAN, K. AND JAYARAJ, S., 1977b, SANJAY KUMAR AND GOEL, S. C., 1993, Bonus effect of investigation on the insecticidal control of the pyrethroid insecticides on the plant stand and control phyllody disease of sesamum. Madras Agric.J., 64 : of phyllody disease of sesamum. Annals of Plant 379-383. Protection Sciences, 1(2): 59-62FAO, 2004, Agriculture data. In “Agricultural statistics SALEHI, M. AND IZADPANAH, K., 1992, Etiology and databases” organization of the United Nations, Rome, transmission of sesame phyllody in Iran. J. Italy. HTTP://FAOSTAT.FAO.ORG, Phytopathology, 135 (1): 37-47.AKHTAR, K. P., GHULAM SARWAR, DICKINSON, M., MUSHTAQ SELVANARAYANAN, V. AND SELVAMUTHUKUMARAN, T., 2000, AHMAD, HAQ, SOHAIL HAMEED, M. A. AND IQBAL, M. Field resistance of sesame cultivars against phyllody J., 2009, Sesame phyllody disease: its disease transmitted by Orosius albicinctus Distant. symptomatology, etiology, and transmission in Sesame and Safflower Newsletter, 2000, (15): 71-74 Pakistan. Turkish J. Agric. and Forestry. 33(5): 477-486. SRINIVASULU, B. AND NARAYAN SWAMY, P. 1993, Effect of chemicals and AMPS in leaf extracts on phyllody inGHAURI, M. S., 1966, Revision of the genus Orosius Distant. Sesamum indicum L. Indian J. Plant Protection, (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Bull. Br.Mus.Nat.Hist., 21(1) : 77-79 8: 231-252. VASUDEVA, R.S. AND SAHAMBI, H. S., 1955, Phyllody inGROVER, D. K. AND SINGH, J. M., 2007, Sesamum cultivation sesamum (Sesamum orientale L.). Indian in Punjab: status, potential and constraints. Phytopathol. 8: 124-129 Agricultural Economics Research Review. 22: 299-313.(Received : June, 2014 Accepted : August, 2014)
Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 48 (3) : 381-386, 2014 Molecular Survey for Incidence of Cucumber Mosaic Virus in Gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) and its Transmission V. V. KAVYASHRI AND N. NAGARAJUDepartment of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore - 560 065 ABSTRACT Gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) is an important cucurbitaceous vegetable crop cultivated in India in recentyears. This crop is mainly affected by many viral diseases, among them cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) belongs toBromoviridae is one of the most widespread and destructive disease on gherkin transmitted by several aphidspecies in non-persistent manner. Field surveys were conducted during Karif 2013 to detect and determine theincidence of CMV in the gherkin growing areas of southern Karnataka. During survey 230 symptomatic leafsamples were collected from 23 fields were tested against CMV using DAS-ELISA. Results showed that highestmean disease incidence was recorded in Kolar (51.27 %) followed by Tumkur (35.62 %), Chickaballapur (31.45 %),Bangalore Urban (23.34 %) and least disease incidence was recorded in Bangalore Rural (17.15 %). The samplescollected during survey reacted positively against the antiserum of CMV. It was also proven that the CMV wastransmissible by Aphis gossypii in a non-persistent manner.GHERKIN (Cucumis anguria L.) is an important (CMV) is one of the most wide spread virus in thecucurbitaceous vegetable crop grown in Southern world infecting over 1000 plant species belonging tostates of India like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and more than 85 families (Rossinck, 2002) causing yieldTamil Nadu for slicing and pickling. Not only the losses as high as 40-60 per cent (Varma and Giri, 1998).gherkins are consumed in India but also exported to The virus is transmitted by Aphis gossypii andother countries like Russia, followed by USA, Canada Myzuspersicae in a non- persistent mannerand Europe which earned upto Rs. 502 crores. Bottled (Chandankar et al., 2013 and Coudriet, 1962).gherkins pickled in vinegar contribute nearly 50 percent of the exports (Sukumaran, 2007). They are However, no detailed information is available onusually picked when 4 to 8 cm in length and pickled in the incidence and spread of virus in gherkin crop injars or cans with vinegar or brine to resemble a pickled the commercial grower’s fields. Information on thecucumber. The term can also be used to refer to the identity and distribution of virus in major gherkinWest Indian Burr Gherkin, a related species, originally production areas is important in developing andfrom West Africa and introduced to the West Indies, implementing effective control strategies for virusprobably by the Portugese (Mugadur and Nittur, 2011). diseases in local areas. In addition, accurate virusViruses are the most common causes of diseases identification and detailed information about prevalentaffecting cucurbits. More than 25 viruses belonging to viruses in a particular region is important for growers.genera Cucumo, Como, Tobamo, Poty and Ilar virusare known to infect cucurbits worldwide (Lovisolo, The purpose of this study was to determine the1980). The mosaic disease in cucurbits was reported incidence and distribution of the most prevalent CMVto cause by several viruses including members of infecting gherkin crops in the southern Karnataka andgenera Cucumo, Como, Tobamo and Poty virus identify their potential vector in transmitting the virus(Mukhopadhyay, 1985). These diseases result in losses in the gherkin growing areas of southern Karnataka.through reduction in growth and yield and areresponsible for distortion and mottling of fruit, making MATERIAL AND METHODSthe product unmarketable. Survey and sample collection: Survey was The genus Cucumo virus is the major virus group performed in open field gherkin in different districts ofinfecting cucurbits, of which Cucumber Mosaic Virus southern Karnataka viz., Bangalore rural, Bangalore
382 V. V. KAVYASHRI AND N. NAGARAJUurban, Chickballapur, Kolar, Tumkur during Karif 2013. detected colorimetrically at A405 nm using an ELISAA minimum of three fields were selected randomly at reader. Two wells were used per sample. Virus-freeeach location. Viral symptoms observed included, cucurbit species grown in insect-proof cages were usedmosaic pattern of dark green and yellow patches on as negative controls. Positive and healthy controls werethe leaves, blistering and puckering of leaves and vein included in all tests. Samples were considered to beclearing. A maximum of ten samples per field were positive if the A405 nm values were more than threeselected, totally 230 samples were obtained from 23 times those of the healthy control. To confirm CMVfields randomly selected in each location. The per identification, total RNA extracts were obtained fromcent disease incidence was calculated using the leaves of infected plants that were positive in DAS-following formula. ELISA.Disease Total Number of ×100 Sap transmission : Young leaves of 12-15 daysIncidence (%) = Infected Plants old showing characteristic mosaic symptoms were collected from infected gherkin plants washed in tap Total Number of water to remove the dust particles adhering to them Plants observed and dried between the folds of blotting paper. The leaves were then macerated in chilled mortar and pestle About two to three leaves per plant were collected using potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 0.05M) atfrom the shoot apex of symptomatic plants and were the rate of 1 ml / gm of leaf tissue. The resultant pulplabelled and placed in separate plastic bags. Samples was squeezed through absorbent cotton and the extractwere transported to the laboratory on ice-bag and kept thus obtained was used as standard inoculum.at 4°C. All samples were processed within 24 h ofcollection. Collected samples were further investigated Aphid transmission : During the survey,serologically in order to confirm the virus causal agent abundant aphid colonies were recorded on diseasedof the disease. plants. Aphid species were collected in a plastic vial containing gherkin leaves and brought to the laboratory Serological test : Samples were analyzed to for identification of the species. The identified speciesdetermine the presence of CMV. The samples were transferred on to young healthy gherkin plants and keptused immediately after collection for the detection of under glasshouse conditions. Aphid species wereviruses by the double-antibody sandwich-enzyme- allowed for starvation for 1hr. The starved aphidslinked immuno sorbent assay (DAS-ELISA (Clark and were allowed to feed on CMV infected gherkin plantsAdams, 1977) for the presence of viruses. IgGs and for 10 min. of acquisition. The viruliferous aphids werealkaline phosphatase conjugated IgGs were used for transferred to individual healthy gherkin plants for tenidentification. Leaf samples were ground in a pre-cooled minutes as inoculation feeding period. The test plantsmortar and pestle with an extraction buffer (PBST: were sprayed with 0.05 per cent imidacloprid. In each0.13 M NaCl, 0.003 M KCl, 0.008 M Na2HPO4, 0.001 treatment, five plants of gherkin cv. Green long of 2-3M KH2 PO, pH 7.4) containing 0.05 per cent Tween true leaf stage and five adult aphids for each treatment20 and 0.1 per cent non fat dry milk and were placed were used for inoculation.in wells that had been pre-coated with specific antiseradiluted in a carbonate buffer (pH 9.6). Plates were Virus vector relationship : Aphid species viz.,incubated at 4°C overnight and washed three times Aphis gossypii Glover and Myzus persicae Sulz. werewith PBST-Tween 20 buffer. Plates were then coated multiplied from single viviparous wingless female insectwith alkaline phosphatase conjugated antibody diluted on cotton and radish plants, respectively.in extraction buffer and incubated for 2 h at 37°C.After washing, p-nitrophenyl phosphate in Pre-acquisition fasting (Starvation): Aphidsdiethanolamine substrate buffer (0.5 mg ml-1, pH 9.8) of both the species were first starved for 2 hr. in awas added to each well and incubated at room petri dish, placed in a dark chamber before releasingtemperature for 30 to 120 min. The reaction was on to the symptomatic leaves for acquisition feeding.
MOLECULAR SURVEY FOR INCIDENCE OF CUCUMBER MOSAIC VIRUS IN GHERKIN AND ITS TRANSMISSION 383 Acquisition Access Period (AAP): The pre- inoculation feeding period, aphids were killed bystarved aphids in petri dishes were allowed to feed on spraying with 0.05 per cent imidacloprid then the plantsinfected leaves showing good mosaic symptoms and were kept in insect proof cages for symptomswere kept turgid by putting a cotton swab at the expression.detached end of the leaf petiole. The aphids wereallowed for different acquisition feeding time viz., Number of aphids required for CMV5, 10, 15 and 20 min.After acquisition feeding period transmission: After giving a minimum AAP of 10 min.the viruliferous aphids were released on to healthy the healthy gherkin plants were inoculated with variedgherkin seedlings at the rate of 10 aphids per plant. number of aphids viz., 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 aphids perThe gherkin plants were inoculated separately in each plant. These aphids were allowed for 10 min. IAP,treatment. After 10 min. of IAP, aphids were killed by then they were killed by spraying with 0.05 per centspraying 0.05 per cent imidacloprid. The inoculated imidacloprid and the plants were kept in insect proofplants were kept for symptom development in cages for symptoms expression.rectangular insect proof cages. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Inoculation Access period (IAP): At the end Incidence and confirmation of CMV : Rovingof the acquisition feeding period of 10 min. viruliferous survey for the incidence of cucumber mosaic virusaphids were transferred to each of the test plants (10 disease in gherkin crop was conducted in the districtsaphids / plant) using a fine camel hair brush and were of Southern Karnataka viz., Bangalore urban,allowed for different inoculation feeding periods viz., Bangalore rural, Chickballapur, Kolar and Tumkur. The5, 10, 15 and 20 min. After giving the required results are presented in Table I. TABLE IIncidence of cucumber mosaic virus on gherkin in different districts of Southern KarnatakaDistrict / Name of the Variety Line Stage of the Per cent PDI Taluk Location crop (days) disease (mean) incidenceBangalore urban / ZARS, GKVK Green long 35 23.34 23.34Bangalore northBangalore rural / Challahalli Azax 30 16.00 17.15Doddaballapur Konenahalli Azax Linganahalli Sparta 35 17.33Chickballapur /Chickballapur Poshottahalli Azax 40 18.12Chickballapur / Rayamakalahalli Green long 30 33.59 31.63Baagepalli Doddamarali Azax 35 44.32Chickballapur / Gorthapalli Green long 40 16.98Gowribidanur Bagepalli rural Green long Gollapalli Azax 45 44.32 32.44Kolar /Kolar Bommashettihalli Sparta 45 34.52 Machenahalli SpartaTumkur / Kudumalakunte Azax 40 18.48Sira Gadadasanahalli Green long 35 36.57 30.28 Sugatur Green long 35 21.63 Doddabommanahalli Azax 35 32.65 Baladevarahatti Green long 30 56.35 51.27 Dasegowdanahatti Azax Agrahara Azax 30 68.79 35 28.67 40 59.65 35.62 40 27.64 45 19.58* Showed positive reaction with CMV specific antisera
384 V. V. KAVYASHRI AND N. NAGARAJU Among the different districts surveyed, the TABLE IImaximum disease incidence was recorded in Kolar(51.27 %) followed by Tumkur (35.62 %), Sap transmissibility of cucumber mosaic virusChickballapur (31.45 %), Bangalore urban in gherkin(23.34 %) and Bangalore rural (17.15 %). Among thevarieties grown in the surveyed area, cultivar Green Expt. No. of plants No. of Transmissionlong was found highly susceptible to CMV followed No. inoculated plants per centby Sparta and Azax. Further, the surveyed samples infectedalso showed positive reaction for the presence of CMVthrough DAS- ELISA 1 20 17 85.00 2 25 23 92.00 Similar form of survey was documented by 3 25 22 88.00Krstic et al. (2002) in Serbia. The virus-infected 4 30 28 93.33pumpkin leaf samples collected in mid-July 2001 and 5 25 20 80.00were tested by the bio-test, as well as two serological Average 25 22 87.67methods viz., ELISA and EBIA. The tests confirmedthat the most prevailing viruses infecting pumpkin were Variety : Green longZucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV) with 62.0 percent and Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) at 58.0 per Virus vector relationship: Aphid vector,cent infection. A. gossypii and M. persicae were used to study the efficiency of the vector on transmitting cucumber Sap transmission : Mechanical inoculation was mosaic virus in gherkin var. green long. When 10 min.carried out in 12 to 15 days old seedlings cv. Green AAP and IAP was given to A. gossypii andlong raised in polyethylene bags under insect proof M. persicae, the rate of transmission of CMV recordedglasshouse using standard extract prepared using was 100 and 90 per cent, respectively. The time takenphosphate buffer. The inoculated plants exhibited for symptom expressed was between 10-15 days aftersymptoms such as mosaic mottling, vein clearing, dark inoculation in case of A. gossypii, whereas, 15-20 daysgreen and light green patches on subsequent leaves in M. persicae. However, the transmission efficiencywithin 7 to 10 days after inoculation. The percentage in both the vector species was decreased with thesap transmission was varied from 80.00 to 93.33 per increase in AAP and remains constant with increasedcent (Table II). The results of Rao and Reddy (1971), IAP (Table III & IV). These results were corroborateSangar et al. (1988), Rossinck et al. (1991) and with the findings of Singh (1982), a strain of CMVDoomarsingh et al. (1999) where CMV can be readily was successfully transmitted on pumpkin by viruliferoustransmitted by mechanical sap inoculation. aphids (A. gossypii and M. persicae). The aphids acquired the virus with in 20 sec. and inoculated to Aphid transmission: Transmission of the virus healthy plants within 30 sec. Conversely, aphids wereattempted with the cotton aphid Aphis gosypii which found infective up to 2 hours indicating the virus–vectorwas found predominant insect in surveyed fields. The relationship was non-persistent.viruliferous aphids when they have given 10 min. AAPand IAP with five aphids per plants developed typical The efficiency of transmission of CMV variedsymptoms. Consequently, it was proven that with respect to aphid number (Table V). Hundred perinvestigated CMV isolate was non-persistently cent transmission was obtained when 5 and 10 aphidstransmissible by A. gosypii. These results were per plant were used in case of A. gossypii, whereas,corroborating with the findings of Singh (1982), who 90 per cent transmission obtained in case ofreported that, a strain of CMV was successfully M. persicae. When 1, 2 and 3 aphids were used fortransmitted on pumpkin by viruliferous aphids inoculation, the per cent transmission was 20, 50 and(A. gossypii and M. persicae) in a non-persistent 80 in case of A. gossypii and 0, 30 and 50 in case ofmanner. M. persicae, respectively. The days taken for
MOLECULAR SURVEY FOR INCIDENCE OF CUCUMBER MOSAIC VIRUS IN GHERKIN AND ITS TRANSMISSION 385 TABLE IIIEffect of different acquisition access period (AAP) on transmission of cucumber mosaic virus in gherkin through Aphis gossypii Glover and Myzus persicae Sulz Period of Aphis gossypii Glover Myzus persicae Sulzacquisition Per cent No. of days taken for Per cent No. of days taken for transmission sympton expression transmission sympton expression5 min. 30.0 15-23 20.0 18-2510 min. 100.0 10-15 90.0 15-2015 min. 80.0 15-20 50.0 18-2320 min. 20.0 20-25 10.0 20-25Experiment repeated twice Starvation period : 2 hrNo, of plants inoculated : 10 IAP : 10 min.Variety : Gree long No. of viruliferous aphids used : 10 TABLE IVEffect of different inoculation access period (IAP) on transmission of cucumber mosaic virus in gherkin by Aphis gossypii Glover and Myzus persicae Sulz Period of Aphis gossypii Glover Myzus persicae Sulzacquisition Per cent No. of days taken for Per cent No. of days taken for transmission sympton expression transmission sympton expression5 min. 30.0 15-25 20.0 20.2510 min. 100.0 10-15 90.0 15-2015 min. 100.0 10-15 90.0 15-2020 min. 100.0 10-15 90.0 15-20Experiment repeated twice Starvation period : 2 hrNo, of plants inoculated : 10 AAP : 10 min.Variety : Gree long No. of viruliferous aphids used : 10symptom expression varied between 10 to 28 days transmission efficiency was 100 per cent in all threedepending upon number of viruliferous aphids used for species when a group of five aphids were used pertransmission when 10 min. of AAP and 10 min. plant.inoculation period was given. These results aresupported by Kalleshwaraswamy and Krishna Kumar The hundred and ninety per cent transmission of(2008). Single-aphid inoculation studies indicated that cucumber mosaic virus in gherkin was obtained with aM. persicae (56 %) and A. gossypii (53 %) were optimum AAP (10 min.), IAP (10 min.) and number ofsignificantly more efficient in transmitting PRSV to aphids (10) per plant were used, respectively in casepapaya plants than A. craccivora (38 %). PRSV of A. gossypii, and M. persicae.
386 V. V. KAVYASHRI AND N. NAGARAJU TABLE VDetermination of number of viruliferous aphids required for transmission of cucumber mosaic virus disease in gherkin Period of Aphis gossypii Glover Myzus persicae Sulzacquisition Per cent No. of days taken for Per cent No. of days taken for transmission sympton expression transmission sympton expression1 20.0 22-28 00.0 –2 50.0 18-23 30.0 20-253 80.0 15-20 50.0 17-235 100.0 10-15 90.0 15-2010 100.0 10-15 90.0 15-20Experiment repeated twice Starvation period : 2 hrNo, of plants inoculated : 10 AAP : 10 min.Variety : Gree long No. of viruliferous aphids used : 10 REFERENCES LOVISOLO, O., 1980, Virus and viroid diseases of cucurbits. Acta Hortic., 88: 33–82.CHANDANKAR, V. D., MONDHE, M. K., BHOYAR, P. R., NINAWE, B. N. AND JADESHA, G., 2013, Biophysical MUGADUR, N. S. AND NITTUR, D. S., 2011, Gherkin cultivation characterization, host range and transmission studies in Haveri district of Karnataka: An economic analysis. of Cucumber mosaic virus. The Bioscan, Contemporary Research in India, 1(3): pp 42-50. 8(2): 437-441. MUKHOPADHYAY, S., 1985, In:Prospectives in Virology. (EDS.CLARK, M. F. AND ADAMS, A. N., 1977, Characteristics of GUPTA, I.B.M., SINGH, B.P., VERMA, H.N. AND the micro plate method of enzymelinked SRIVASTAVA, K.M.), Print House (India), Lucknow, pp immunosorbent assay for the detection of plant 75–104. viruses. J. Gen. Virol. 34 : 475-483. RAO, M. H. P. AND REDDY, D. V. R. M., 1971, A new strainCOUDRIET, D.L. 1962, Efficiency of various insects as vectors of TMV. Indian Phytopathol., 24 : 672-678. of cucumber mosaic and watermelon mosaic viruses in Cantaloups. J. of Economic Entomo., 55(4): ROSSINCK, M. J., 1991, Temperature sensitive replication of pp. 519-520. CMV in Muskmelon. J. Gen. Virol., 72: 1747-1750.DOOMAR SINGH, NAQUVI, Q. A. AND GARG, T. D., 1999, A ROSSINCK, M. J., 2002, Evolutionary history of cucumber strain of Cucumber mosaic Cucumovirus causing mosaic virus deduced by phylo genetic analysis. J. mosaic in Marigold in India. Indian Phytopathol., Virol. 76: 3382-3387. 52: 114-117. SANGAR, R. B. S., 1988, Filiform disease of summer squashKALLESHWARASWAMY, C. M. AND KRISHNA KUMAR, N. K., 2008, in Madhya Pradesh. Farm Sci. J., 3: 8-81. Transmission efficiency of Papaya ringspot virus by three aphid species. Phytopathol., 98 : 541-546. SINGH, 1982, Astrain of Cucumber mosaic virus on Pumpkin. Ann. Appl. Biol., 105: 522-528.KRSTIC, B., BRANKA, NATASA DUKIA, D., NIKOLAOS KATIS, I., JANOS BERENJI, B., IVANA VICO, M. AND CHRYSSA SUKUMARAN, A., 2007, Gherkin exports may slow on lower PAPAVASSILIOU, C. M., 2002, Identification of viruses demand from Russia. Live Mint and the Wallstreet infecting pumpkins (CucurbitapepoL.) in Serbia. Journal. Proceedings for Natural Sciences, 103: 67-79. VARMA, A. AND GIRI, B. K., 1998, Virus diseases. In: Nayar, N. M., More, T. A. (eds) Cucurbits. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, pp 225-245 (Received : July, 2014 Accepted : September, 2014)
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