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Home Explore ကြယ်စင်များရဲ့မိခင် (လူထုဒေါ်အမာ)

ကြယ်စင်များရဲ့မိခင် (လူထုဒေါ်အမာ)

Published by accmelibrary, 2022-11-15 08:46:48

Description: ကြယ်စင်များရဲ့မိခင် (လူထုဒေါ်အမာ)

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taræa& om;wkd@ac:oH=um;vm; om;w@dkatmof H =um;vm; tarth &yd rf mS om;wkd@ckdem; om;w@dk wm0erf ausc=hJuyrHk sm; ciG vhf w$ yf g tar? taræa& touf u;dk q,Ehf pS Ef pS qf wdk m Armjynf v@louwf r;f rmS aoaysm+fyvD @dk qEdk idk af yr,hf jynwf iG ;f jzpf zuqf pvf uaf tmurf mS taræaeraysmcf bhJ ;l qwdk m om;w@dk oyd gw,tf ar? tckawmhæ tqkd;taumif;ukd tusK;d ta=umi;f e@J &iS ;f jyay;r,ohf l oeG of iqf ;Hk r ay;r,ohf l tar r&adS wmbh ;l ? tarhukd,fpm; tarxm;oGm;wJh pmay tartG EpS af weG @J Armjynwf acwof paf tmif om;w@dk }uK;d pm;azmaf qmiof mG ;ygrh ,f tar? tarrm aumi;f &m o*k wd vm;ygap? ? &J&ifhoufZGJ {+yD 7/ 2008 103

““em;piG xhf m;&wthJ o&H iS ”f &aJ bmpf ;dk cspf (1) • rreS wf &hJ ywf ncf suf o@lwourf mS wpurf rS &dS (2) • acwwf ikd ;f acwwf ikd ;f rmS rjriof mwahJ umi;f r_ r=um;Eikd wf thJ orH [wk f (3) • jynof tl aygi;f axmiaf omi;f ru aoa=u=uwhJ umvrsKd ;rmS ‘e;D ±;kd ’ toiG f tm%m&iS uf 0uEF ·W yJG qi,f iEf aJ$ omf ‘a':a':’ bmrsm; ajymrnef n;f ? (10 - 5 - 2008) · 0uFEWyGJ - qENcH,lyGJ 104

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rEaW v;&@Jusuof a& tar {&m0w&D @Jusuof a& tar Armjyn&f @Jusuof a& tar t'J tD ar[m orH %vd yd jfym ye;f vyd jfym t'J tD ar[m tarrm jynof cl spwf hJ a':trm vxl ak ':trm æ w?hJ t'J aD e@rmS {&m0wuD aemufqHk;ajymoGm;w,f? vlwcsdK@u u,dk tfh rnuf ,dk ehf mruudk seaf pz@dk oridk ;f acwtf quqf urf mS xm;&pzf @dk aoewvf uef uef @J urn` ;f ausmupf mx;dk v@dk truJ tdk jzLvyk vf @dk? 'gayrhJ {&m0w&D @Jr;dk aumi;f uirf mS awmh “trmonf taysmrh [wk f tjzLonf trn;f r[wk f tajzmiohf nf taumurf [wk ”f ye;f uEwk pf muEwk f tvwS @dk[m xm0pOfavjynfavnif;eJ@twl aea&mifva&mifeJ@twl viG =hf uLar;G =uLaev@dk 0i;f awmu&f aJ wmuaf ev@dk? ? +idrf;csrf;ol 2008 {+yD 7 &uf? 106

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{&mjrprf }uwd rf Eikd cf rJ & &i0f pnwf ;D a&p;D rwe@fape@Jaemf // re;f awmi&f yd nf Kd &izf Ekd rG ;f [ukd f yifhoufv_dufarm cspfaomolESihfauGuGif;& w&m;\"reR @Jom ajzygawmh // yyk m` ;awmixf k xuf av;euwf @J t\"yd m` ,f tar ao&usKd ;eyyf gw,f // (2) tara& yyk tf nhJ pof ;kd pepqf ;kd 0*J ,u=f u;D xrJ mS om;wdk@udk xm;&pcf @Jaygh // ar#mvf i@fcsuef @J touf&Sifc@J wJ@tar aemuqf ;kH EvS ;kH cek of H wpcf suf ar#mvf i@fvsuyf jJzprf mS yg // ye;f jci;f æ ye;f acG tvrG ;f aweG @Ja0 æ tar&@J t+yKH ;rmS ææ arwWmt&dyfv$rf;aew,f owtdW a&miof e;f aew,f æ arwmW e@JowdW azsmpf yxf m;w@J 108

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vGwfvyfa&;acwf ? pptf p;dk &acwf acwftqufquf jynof bl uuf &ywf nf zEd ydS rf t_ aygi;f axmif;axmif;xqef@usif arwmW opmP orm\"d owdW *%k &f njfrirhf m; tmZmenrf sm;&@Jtar ol&Jaumif;wkd@&J@tar tarraob;l 93 EpS f vl@oufwrf;jynfh aeomG ;cwhJ thJ arrm wourf mS EpS cf graochJ wourf mS EpS cf gaeapcsi&f @J ? atmijf ird ;f (23/ 4/ 2008) 114

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+irfd ;f csr;f a&;ye;f rmvmrsm; ? yiG vhf e;f a0qm/ trad jrrmS &Sdrvmao;wmrkd@ {&mjrp±f ;dk wav#murf S tarrm&@J t±;dk jymrsm;[m olcspfwhjJ ynfolrsm;t=um; tarrmu,dk yf mG ;rsm; ar;G zmG ;&iS of eaf y;avt?hH ausmfaqG (14 {+yD 200*) 121

tarac:oHrsm; &aJ bmaf usmaf v; (1) tar æ æ tara& æ æv@dk w@dkwawG æ æ &ixf uJ wrf;wrf;ww reS ;f qac:wthJ oH ao;G æ æ ac|; æ æ rsu&f nf æ æ tuH cdk J rmeuf wdk i;f æ æ tcsif;csif;vufwkd@ wudk yf 0JG i=fuz@dk wudk yf qJG i=fuz@dk tm;jyKv@dkac:wthJ oH tm;pzk @dkac:wthJ oH tara&? 122

(2) [wk yf gw,f æ æ tara&v@dk qnl wH hJ ac:wthJ oH pu±f tkH vyk ±f akH wxG uJ ac:wthJ oH ±;dk jywvf ,af wmxuJ ac:wthJ oH pmoiaf usmi;f ce;f awxG uJ ac:wthJ oH +y;D awmh æ æ ,r;f ai@GjrLc;dk awmwkd;awmifwuf c&D;qufae=uwJh &JabmfawG&J@ac:wJhtoH +y;D awmh æ æ u|e;f xJ wkdufxJ axmifxJ wudk yf 0JG iaf eqJ &aJ bmaf w&G @J ac:wthJ o?H (3) tar tara& æ æv@dk w@dkwawG &ixf uJ wrf;wrf;ww reS ;f reS ;f qq ac:=uwJhtar[m tarwumudk u,dk pf m;jyK tarvxl k a':trmwhJ jynAf rm&@J 123

orD;aumif;wa,mufyg/ orkdif;tqufquf o@lyc;kH xuuf wm0ef ausyeG cf ±hJ rkH u o@ltrsKd ; o@ltE,G f tem*wvf rl sKd ;E,G wf cvk ;kH vnl eG @frw;kH &atmif q;kH ryjhJyif &mouyf ef wudk yf 0JG if Aod uk m&iS f taryg/ tarav#mufcJhwJhvrf; tarazmucf whJ vhJ r;f OD;uxrf; yuhJ xr;f w0rf;wpdwfnD cswD u&f i;f O;D nw¸ f uwdjyKvkdufygw,ftar? &aJ bmaf usmaf v; (10-4-2008) 124

,Oaf us;rpkS prf suEf mS . rcd if cspaf tmif · twikd ;f tqr&wdS hJ }u;D rm;whJ vxl rk cd if a':trmqwkd m q&m}u;D ri;f o0k %f ajymovkd trmonf taysmrh [wk f taysmoh nf trmr[wk cf yhJ g? · aemS i;f acwvf al wG orikd ;f oad tmif r¹ci;f rcsef oeG of iqf ;kH r rcd itf rm&@Jb0[m orikd ;f t&nS }fu;D yg? · jrerf mtyk pf ;dk ol opmP azmuf ,Oaf us;ra_ ysmurf mS ukd p;kd &rd af e&oyl g? 125

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