ကြယ်စင်များရဲ့မိခင် (လူထုဒေါ်အမာ)

w@dkacw&f @Jtar/ vxl tk ar tzEd ydS cf eH @Jawmvf eS of wl @dk&@Jtar cyG af 'gi;f w@dk&@Jtar tarqwdk hJ *%k yf 'k &f @J xyd zf sm;/ ez;l pn;f rmS b,tf &mawG &adS eavrv?J ukdvkdeDacwfrSm u|eof abmurf jzpvf odk l widk ;f jynuf cdk sp/f Eidk if oH puf vdk vdk m;ol oywd af rmS uaf usmi;f ol rtrm a&w$ *d Hk apw,D *%F rmS / owl uvf rS ;f vudk wf m[m w&m;a[m pijfrirhf [wk f oywd &f aJ bmaf w&G @J wvJG uaf z;u/l tm;ay;re_ @Jtwl yyD gcaHG [mi;f wv;Hk ay:o@dkom 'g[m e,cf s@Judk ped af c:whJ jyncf sppf wd \"f mw/f Eidk if aH &;Zmwcf wHk cvk n;f jzpcf whJ ,?f yyD gy;Hk caHG y:u e,cf s@Judk ped af c:cohJ l rtrm[m uavmizf sm;rmS awmvf eS wf cH eG vf i$ hf pmay/ ,Oaf us;r/_ owi;f pm pprf suEf mS ziG hf ol@&&J ifhjcif;e@Jtwlæ t'J tD csed uf “e,cf s@Jorm;udk wudk /f azmujf yeaf &;uwdk udk ”f qwdk ahJ w;oH &aJ bmaf w=Gum;rmS v#cH whJ ,?f ‘=u,ef ’D udk rwd qf uaf y;cohJ /l Armjynpf udk cf i;f rmS orl sK;d }ucJ hJ ‘,e;f u;D ’w@dkudk ped af c:cohJ /l Armjynf uwwk uf si;f rmS owl yvf eS @fchJ O;D }u;D azoed ;f (a&O$ a'gi;f ) tm; ‘t&i;f usr;f ’ay;zwuf m vxl k t,'f wD mtz@JGrmS taw;G tac: nnD wG af p&i;f Armjynf pmaypprf suEf mS rmS o‘l tvi;f vr;f ’azmucf ?hJ 151

‘±;l ';D ,m'f upyf vi;f ’w@dk ajymc=hJuwhJ EiS ;f q0D g rEaW v;[m a':trm&@J ‘vxl ’k acwrf mS EiS ;f qeD aD wG wqyk wf c/J wci;f wajr &&J }Ju;D yiG chf =hJuw,?f “rEaW v;+rKd @}u;D eoD mG ;awmrh ,”f whJ “Armjyn}fu;D eoD mG ;awmrh ,”f whJ &eof vl wl e;f pm;/ acsmucf sm;apwhJ ‘vxl ’k pprf suEf mS rmS o[l m &&J iwhf hJ ppof naf wm?f &eof tl p;dk &/ tcrJ a=u vxl ok wi;f pmwudk uf dk 'idk ;f erudk ef @J azmucf pJG Ouf viof m;ciyf eG ;f onuf vdk n;f zr;f pm&uG pf mwr;f awvG n;f r;D pJG r;D xuJ cpJ mv;Hk rsm;EiS thf wl o@lEvS ;Hk om;vn;f avmiuf |r;f c&hJ rmS yg? azmujfyeaf &;tp;dk & tquqf u/f pptf m%m&iS tf quqf uf tarw@dk[m awmvf eS af &;burf mS ciyf eG ;f onf tzr;f c&H om;awG tzr;f c&H ukdukd;u|ef;a&mufola&muf usq;Hk ol usq;Hk u,dk wf idk vf n;f tzr;f c&H ontf csed 'f tD cg rmS tpOvf m&wdS thJ ar/ wn=f unwf thJ ar/ oud mQ / orm\"/d ajzmirhf wrf t_ jynhf tar &eof ul dk tnrhH c/H }u}hHuchH wH thJ ar om;awuG dk peG @fvw$ &f wthJ ar/ peG @fvw$ af y;qurf _ tppk jkyKc&hJ wthJ ar em=un;f avav/ &eof tl ay: jywof m;av 152

rawaG 0b;l / ‘oaH csmi;f ’w@dk&@J tarrm? rEaW v;òr@&@J or;D ysK[d m rEaW v;òr@&@J rcd ijfzpvf mwthJ cgæ te,ef ,tf &y&f yf pmayorm;w@dk jrwEf ;dk &m ‘tarrm’ rsK;d quof prf sm; ,=Hkuntf m;u;dk &m ‘tarrm’ tzEd ydS cf wH @dk ar#muf ;dk &m ‘tarrm’ tarph um;wceG ;f udk vr;f ne¸ cf suwf &yvf dk apmifhcJh=uw,f? *vbdk ,vf udk af Z;&iS ;f 0uyF grmS rsufpdvnfolvnf=u/ csmcsmvnf av#muof l av#mu=fu e,cf s@Jqwdk m aysmuof al ysmu=fu &eof ql wdk m azsmuof al zsmu=fu u;dk q,af usmf tarwa,muuf awmh tapm}u;D uwn;f u um;vrf muh pf wf uG cf sujfycwhJ hJ '0D uyF g tjri&f iS ;f pmG =unEhf idk cf whJ ,?f widk ;f jynf a&ajro,ZH mw a&mi;f pm;/ yeG ;f y/hJ uek cf e;f jynof @lb0 raJG w/ iwjfyw/f nK‡;d ErG ;f / ajcmucf e;f widk ;f jynf ,Oaf us;r_ ,,dk iG ;f / ysupf ;D / azmujfyerf v_ ud_ pf m; tem*wrf sK;d quof ptf wuG f tar[m jrerf mah 'gi;f ua'gi;f &@Ja&@SrmS wn=funpf mG &y&f i;f Armjynf or;D rsm;twuG f ,Oaf us;rt_ araG y; Armjynof m;rsm;twuG f cyG af 'gi;f ao;G taraG y; &Jabmfrsm;twGuf “vxl nk rD /S vxl }ku;D udk tm;u;dk +y;D wudk rf S atmiyf &JG r,”f qwdk hJ taraG y; ‘tarah &;S pum;’ethJ wl ajym=um;cwhJ ,?f &aJ bmpf ;dk 0i;f 153

&aJ bmzf ;dk oaH csmi;f nDykav;wkd@omru tarrh mS rsm;avpG om;awG or;D awG wavwS n;f ru wjynvf ;Hk u,dk pf m;v,S af wuG awmiaf v;v;Hk rmS wEpS wf cg pak 0;vm=uwm pptf m%m&iS pf epf qe@fusiaf &; titf m;jyyyJG gy?J toufudk;q,fausmfvmwmawmifrS &eof ul taruh dk ta=umu}fu;D a=umu=fu awmiaf v;v;Hk ar;G ae@yuJG dk zsuvf zdk suf c;dk a=umicf ;dk 0uS f toa&zsupf mawG }uvJ }dkuJ &eof l ao;G en;f or# taraoG;&JpG b0qn;f qm tarah owr;f pm[m ‘rw&m;ru_ dk tnrhH c/H acgi;f i@Hkrc/H awmvf eS /f weG ;f veS /f w@Hkjye’f qwdk me@J ‘+ird ;f csr;f w/hJ om,mw/hJ 0ajymw/hJ trsK;d om;w@dk ao;G pn;f whJ Armjynof p’f whJ tar&h @J jyncf sp0f g'? tar[m rEvW m&@J or;D aumi;f {&m0w&D @J or;D aumi;f tb;dk rid_ ;f &@J or;D aumi;f uxdk eG ;f ausmf z;dk oaH csmi;f w@dkutp Armjynof m;aumi;f &wem/ or;D aumi;f &wemw@dk&@J rcd iaf umi;f ? &JabmfawG&J@ usuof a& &e$ ;f jr 0i;f y tarwa,muf Armjynrf mS ay:aygucf hJ tpptf reS /f &iS of ecf /hJ vy_ &f mS ;c/hJ z;l yiG chf /hJ wzwd zf wd vf ucf hJ 154

u|eaf wmwf @dkacw/f u|eaf wmwf @dkrsKk ;d qu/f &aJ bmwf @dk u|eaf wmwf @dk {&m0w/D 'Ïk m0w/D ±;dk re@J jrp0f rS ;f rsm; tm;v;Hk twuG f *%k ,f pl &myg? armifvS0if;(jrif;+cH) 8/ 4/ 2008 155

156

tar vlxka':trmtwGuf *k%fjyKa&;zGJ@=uaom pmayaqmif;yg;rsm; 157

tb;dk tbmG ;awG r&adS wmwh hJ widk ;f jynf armif&pf {+yDv 3 &ufae@u owif;pmq&m/ pma&;q&m a=u;rHkOD;aomif; (atmiAf v) 82 EpS f tar&ud ejf ynf zavm&f 'D grmS u,G vf eG yf gw,?f aemuf 4 &utf wiG ;f rmS yJ pma&;q&mr}u;D / owi;f pmq&mr}u;D vxl k a':trm (93) EpS f jrerf mjyn/f rEaW v;rmS u,G vf eG yf gw,?f uAsmq&m}u;D O;D wirf ;dk (73) EpS /f 2007 Zeef 0g&D 23 rmS u,G vf eG +fy;D wahJ emuyf idk ;f usaemwf @dkrmS tm;u;dk tm;xm;jyKp&m jrerf mpme,Zf i;f avmu&@J aeaw/G vaw/G =u,wf m&mawG wpi;f +y;D wpi;f u,G f uek &f wthJ wuG f pwd xf cd udk &f ygw,?f tx;l ojzihf jrerf mjynrf mS w&m;r#w vwG vf yrf e_ @J treS wf &m;w@dk Ew_ f ywd cf aH e&csed /f omoem&@Jtvi;f a&mif trudk wf udk cf xH m;&csed rf mS tzEd ydS cf xH m;&whJ jynfolvlxktrsm;pk}uD; bufu olwkd@ukd,fpm; tarSmifcGif; tvif;aqmifwJh r;D trd &f iS af wG u,G uf ek =fu&wmtwuG f usaemwf @dk a=uu&JG ygw,?f q&marmifpGrf;&nfuvnf; oli,fcsif; q&mwifrkd; r&SdawmhwJhaemuf pmayrcd i}f u;D vxl ak ':trmtwuG f ar;G ae@uAsm x;D x;D csn;f a&;y@dk&z@dk 2008 rmS tm;wi;f p&m rvadk wmyh g? q&mr a':rmrmat;uawmh q&mO;D aomi;f t wuG f pwd xf cd udk af e&mu vxl ak ':trm u,G vf eG +fyD =um;awmh 'tD wmo}ueF f qwdk m jrerf mjynof al w&G @J rsu&f nrf ;dk awaG =umihf o=dum;ri;f awmif qi;f vmcsif ygrh vm; road wmbh ;l v@dk rwS cf suaf y;ygw,?f tpm;x;dk r&whJ q;kH ±;H_ r}_ u;D awvG @dk qvdk udk af wmh usaemwf @dkrmS tpm;x;dk p&mawG en;f aewohJ abm/ r&adS wmwh ohJ abmvm;v@dk aw;G r+dy;D 0r;f en;f &ygw,?f olwkd@wawGu ukd,fhtbkd;tbGm;awGav? olwkd@r&SdwJhaemufrSm ukd,fhtaz/ taraw/G u,dk nhf tD puf kd armiEf rS om;csi;f awG vuwf vJG @dk tm;u;kd tm;xm;jyKv@dk r+y;D ao;whJ vwG vf yaf &;wudk yf uJG dk quwf udk =fu&O;D rmS u;dk ? 158

vlxkOD;vSqHk;+yD;aemuf/ usaemfhtbkd;tbGm;awG r&SdawmhwJhaemufykdif; (usaemthf wuG )f usaemphf wd xf rJ mS q&mr}u;D vxl ak ':trmudk pmaye@Jpme,Zf i;f a&@Saqmif tbmG ;wO;D oz,G f O;D wixf m;cwhJ mjzpyf gw,?f usaem}fuKH }uKd uwf hJ tcg widk ;f rmS ajr;aweG @Jaw@Gwidk ;f tb;dk aw/G tbmG ;aweG @Jywof u+fy;D t+raJ jymygw,?f cifAsm;wkd@ tbkd;awG/ tbGm;awGeJ@ aexkdiftouf&SifcJh=u&wmawGtwGuf cif Asm;w@dk auseyaf ysm&f i$ zf ,G f trwS wf &aweG @J wiG uf se&f pwf ,rf [wk vf m;v@dk? usaemwf @dkrmS owl @dkudk igw@dk&@J b;dk bmG ;awyG vJ @dk owrf wS *f %k ,f &l ov/dk ol±kd@rSmvnf; olwdk@a&S@u “olwkd@&J@ tbkd;”qkdwmvnf; &SdcJhwmyJqdkwm awG@ &ygw,f? t'J qD &m}u;D aw/G q&mr}u;D awG owl @dkouwf r;f rmS owl @dktrsKd;om;a&;e@J pmay vy_ &f mS ;ro_ uwf r;f wav#murf mS pxH m;+y;D arm=funchf &hJ whJ “owl @dk&@Jpmaye@J trsKd ;om;a&;tb;dk ”widk ;f jynef @J vxl wk &yvf ;kH &@J “+ird ;f csr;f a&; tb;dk ”wO;D jzpwf hJ “ociuf ,dk af wmrf id_ ;f ”udk owl @dk xm0& O;D wivf @dk owl @dkb0ukd atmijfriaf tmif cswD uEf idk cf =hJuwmyvJ @dk usaemuf tm;uspwd ef @J *%k ,f rl wd ,?f ociaf tmiqf e;f usq;kH +y;D awmh widk ;f jyn&f @J tvi;f a&miuf ,G +fyvD @dk jynf oal wG cpH m;ae&csed rf mS pmaytEyk nm&iS af wuG q&m}u;D ociuf ,dk af wmrf id_ ;f &@J +ird ;f csr;f a&;vy_ &f mS ;ra_ emurf mS wom;wn;f &y=fu+y;D jynwf iG ;f pp&f ypf aJ &;/ widk ;f jynf +ird ;f csr;f a&;e@J tm%m&iS f pepuf sq;kH a&;twuG f wceJ uaf qmi&f uG cf =hJuw,?f q&m}u;D tb;dk ociuf ,dk af wmrf id_ ;f qwdk m oaD ygri;f ygawmrf wl mudk rsuf jrif }uKH aw@GcohJ /l wyg;u|eaf tmuuf jrerf mjynvf wG af jrmuvf mwmudk wzuf wvr;f u uavmixf r;f +y;D aqmi&f uG cf ohJ ql adk wmh jynwf iG ;f ppuf mv/ wygwD tm%m&iS vf uaf tmuuf jrerf mjyn}f u;D twuG f pwd af jzmicfh ohJ l r[wk yf g? igr aocif widk ;f jyn}fu;D +ird ;f csr;f wm jriof mG ;csiwf ,uf mG v@dk qcdk ohJ yl g? olwkd@&J@ tbkd;uG,fvGefawmh usef&pfcJhwJh jrefrmpmayynm&SifawG[m tb;dk &@J vr;f pOtf widk ;f qu&f y+fy;D +ird ;f csr;f a&;ta&;awmyf ukH dk qiEf cJ$ =hJu? onvf edk @J jrerf mjyn+fird ;f csr;f a&;c&;D vr;f ay:rmS q&mr}u;D vxl ak ':trm[m ciAf sm;w@dk us aemwf @dktwuG f tm;u;dk vr;f jy tbmG ;wO;D jzpvf mcwhJ m r[wk yf gvm;? onaf wmh ciAf sm;w@dk usaemwf @dkqrD mS a&@Suvr;f jywhJ r;D trd &f iS f tb;kd awG tbmG ;awG &adS ez@dk/ owl @dkudk ta&;ta=umi;f awG }uKH aw@Gwidk ;f rmS r0DS qJ n;f uyf z@dkqwkd m rvtkd yaf yz;l vm;ciAf sm? tb;dk tbmG ;awG vr;f raysmucf vhJ @kd pudk vf udk rf wwf wf vr;f azmucf s@JxiG f c=hJuv@dk usaemwf @dk cvwk rf xd q;l r+icd bhJ J armS iaf omvr;f rmS pr;f w0g; rjzpcf =hJub;l v@dk 159

qcdk siyf gw,?f ,cvk dk tcsed rf sKd ;rmS ociuf ,dk af wmrf id_ ;f om &cdS vhJ #if bmvyk af vrvJ v@dk pO;f pm;vudk wf me@J/ vxl ak ':trmw@dkwawG b,vf &dk ywf nvf udk af vrvvJ @dk pO;f pm;vudk wf me@J usaemwf @dk ceG tf m;awjGzpvf @dk vr;f reS uf dk &&J iphf mG w;kd z@dk toed @J owadW wG jzp=fu&wmyg? tcrk mS awmh usaemwf @dk tb;dk aw/G tbmG ;awG u,G cf +hJy?D u,G vf eG uf ek f +yjDzpyf gw,?f trwS wf &jzpwf mwctk aee@J vwG vf yaf &; &+y;D wahJ emuyf idk ;f jynwf iG ;f ppuf mv}u;D udk pwijfzwof e;f &wthJ cgrmS t'J wD ek ;f u usaemwf @dkwaw&G @J tb;dk aw/G tbmG ;awG a&;G cs,af v#muvf rS ;f c&hJ whJ vr;f a=umi;f uydk J peH rel m,pl &mtjzpf tck 'tD csed rf mS jyeaf jymi;f jriaf ,mi=funrhf yd gw,?f owl @dkwawG pptf m%m&iS /f wygwtD m%m&iS af tmuuf dk ';l raxmuf c=hJuygb;l ? b,vf edk n;f e@JrS atmuuf sKd @+y;D owl @dk&@J opmP / orm\"/d ovD e@Jynmudk bme@JrS a&mif;vnf; rpm;ch=J uygbl;? zufqpfawGe@J rnfokd@aomenf;e@JrS aygif; vnf;rpm;cJh=uygbl;? q&m}uD; ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;uJhokd@ jywfom;wJh pl;pkduf wn+fird rf e_ @J +ird ;f csr;f a&;e@J zEd ydS cf jHynof al wbG uuf &ycf =hJuw,?f Ew_ yf wd cf xH m;&whJ jynof vl xl &k @JtotH jzpf &ywf ncf =hJuwmudk aw@GEidk yf gw,?f xrd 0f uS rf &whJ oridk ;f [m awmvf eS af &;vid_ ;f ay:rmS wiuf se&f pcf whJ m tctk csed rf mS txitf &mS ; aw@GEidk f ygw,?f ,ae@tcsed rf mS vn;f yJ pptf m%m&iS af weG @J tvadk wm&f ad wuG rnof @dkyif ord ;f oiG ;f pn;f ±;kH ajrm‡ uyf ihf ao;G aqmiaf eapumrl use&f paf eqjJzpwf hJ usaemwf @dk&@J awmvf eS af om tb;dk tbmG ;rsm;u uvdk edk aD cw/f *syeaf cw/f jynwf iG ;f ppf acwqf ;dk to;D o;D u oicf e;f pmaweG @J usaemwf @dka&uS rm;rm;rwrf w&f y+fy;D owadW weG @J ZJG v@kHv 0&D ,d aweG @J peH rel mjyK &ywf njfy=u+yD jzpyf gw,?f usaemwf @dkwawtG wuG f owl @dkyc;Hk xuuf +ird ;f csr;f a&;r;D &LS ;weaf qmiuf dk xudk xf udk wf ewf eef @J vuqf iuhf r;f csDwuf=uzkd@y&J Sdygw,f? usaemuf awmh usaemthf aze@Jtarudk “taz”“tar”v@kd? usaemhf tb;dk e@JtbmG ;udk “tb;dk ”“tbmG ;”v@dk 0r;f ajrmu*f %k ,f pl mG tm;yg;w& tmvyk of }Hu;D e@J ac:cJh&vkd@ vljzpf&usdK;eyfvSygw,f? vlxk a':trmukdvnf; “tbGm;”vkd@ u,dk pf wd Ef vS ;kH 3 yg;v;kH e@J EpS Ef pS uf mum tm±jkHyKac:c/hJ ac:ciG &hf c/hJ tz;kd rjzwEf idk wf hJ ynm&udS dk qn;f uyyf al Zmf z;l ar#mcf &hJ v@dk owl @dkjywvhJ r;f udk &&J wJ i;f wi;f aemiwf rphJ mG av#muvf rS ;f csD wucf iG &hf cvhJ @dk vjlzp&f usKd ;eyvf /S auseytf m;&vyS gw,?f tb;kd tbmG ;r&adS wmwh whJ idk ;f jynrf mS jrijhfrw&f &J iahf om rcd i/f zci/f om; 160

olwkd@wawG ppftm%m&Sif/ wygwDtm%m&Sifatmufukd 'l; raxmuf cJh=uygbl;? b,fvkdenf;eJ@rS atmufusdK@+yD; olwkd@&J@ opPm/ orm\"d/ oDveJ@ynmukd bmeJ@rS a&mif;vnf; rpm;cJh=uygbl;? zufqpfawGeJ@ rnfokd@aomenf;eJ@rS aygif;vnf;rpm;cJh=uygbl;? q&m}uD; ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;uJhokd@ jywfom;wJh pl;pkduf wnf+idrfr_eJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ zdESdyfcHjynfolawGbufu &yfcJh=uw,f? E_wfydwfcH xm;&wJh jynfolvlxk&J@toHtjzpf &yfwnfcJh=uwmukd awG@Ekdifyg w,f? xdrf0Sufr&wJh orkdif;[m awmfvSefa&;v_dif;ay:rSm wifusef&pf cJhwm tcktcsdefrSm txift&Sm; awG@Ekdifygw,f? orD;awGeJ@ usaemfwkd@ wnfaqmufxlaxmif=u&rSm jzpfw,f? aemifvmr,fh tmZmenf ajr;jrprf sm; twuG f usaemwf @dkwawuG usaemwf @dka&@Su ajzmirhf waf om tb;dk tbmG ;rsm;&@J vr;f udk quaf v#mu/f quaf zmu=furmS jzpyf gw,?f tbkd;tbGm;awG r&SdawmhwJh wkdif;jynf? 'gayrJh 'kd@bkd;bGm;tarGppfrkd@ usaemwf @dk qucf sp&f r,hf urmB ra=uwhJ jrerf mjyn?f ? armi&f pf 7 &u{f +yD 2008 161

OD;acgif;um;r!¸wf vlxkarmif0 pma&;q&mr}u;D tarvxl ak ':trm u,G vf eG cf ge;D ae+yqD wdk m {+yD (7) &uf reucf i;f rmS om;or;D ajr;awG tm;v;kH oad e=uyg+y?D rEWav;jynfol@aq;±Hk}uD; ESvHk;a&m*g txl;ukXmerSm tarrm wuf a&mu+fy;D aq;uok rc_ ,H al ecwhJ m (8) &uaf jrmuaf e@yg? reuaf pmapmuwn;f u tarmazmuaf ecwhJ ,?f avudk yg;py[f +y;D ±LS oiG ;f ae&w,?f ajczsm;vuzf sm;awuG a&cJwkH;wr# at;pufaecJhyg+yD? tarhcE<mukd,feJ@ csdwfqufxm;wJh aoG;wkd;E_ef; awjGywhJ u&d ,d m armef wD m zeof m;jyirf mS rsO;f au;G awuG ypkH rH reS af wm?h yrkH eS vf id_ ;f wGef@awGjzpfvkduf/ 0J*,ufxovkd v_dif;}uD; v_dif;uav;awG uqkefpkdif;ovkd jzpvf udk ?f wcgw&rH mS awmh rsO;f ajzmiahf wG jzpvf jdk zp?f ao;G aygijf ywhJ ued ;f *%e;f awuG vn;f tajymi;f tvJ jrevf eG ;f vwS ,?f (70) jzpvf udk /f (58) jzpvf udk /f (101) jzpvf udk /f onk awG jzpaf evudk ?f {+yD (6) &uf nae (3; 00) em&aD usmuf wn;f u tarrm tarmazmuf vmwmyg? tarth ajctae r[ebf ;l q+dky;D / taroh m;or;D awG cwk iaf b;rmS 0idk ;f 0kdif;vnfae+yD? a'gufwm a':oef;&ifrm (pma&;q&m a'gufwmjrrOPL)/ ukd+idrf; csr;f (pma&;q&m nyD ak v;)/ rwi0f i;f w@dk &wdS ,?f om;}u;D updk ;dk 0i;f u ycJ ;l ±;dk rrmS usq;kH c+hJy;D / om;tvwf uzdk ;dk oaH csmi;f u ta0;ajrwae&mrmS yg? tar&@Jom;ruf u*dk su/f ac|;r rwiwf i0f i;f w@dkvn;f ab;rmS &wdS ,?f tar&@J om;&i;f csmawvG jdkzpf wJh pma&;q&m ausmf&ifjrifh/ ausmfoD[/ a'gufwmvif;xGËfwkd@vnf; ab;rSm 0e;f &vH @dk? n (9) em&aD vmurf mS tarrm tarmazmuwf m ouof momG ;+y;D &i$ f &i$ vf e;f ve;f jyejfzpwf ,?f wawmiaf wmh ausm+fyaD ygvh @dk tarth e;D rmS 0idk ;f +y;D apmihf aewohJ al wuG &iwf rre@J oujfyi;f csrwd ,?f tarrm&J@ ajr; rpkpkrm/ rjzLjym/ rvif;vif;rGef/ armifatmifbmav w@kduvn;f &yaf 0;ajrjcm;rmS ? pumF yal &muaf ewhJ rvi;f vi;f reG ef @J armiaf tmif bmavw@dku {+yD (7) &uf reuaf pmapm jyevf m=ur,?f &$if&$ifvef;vef;jzpfvmwJhtarrmu ol@&J@ yHkrSefjzpfwJh csdKjrwJhrsufESmeJ@ “tarcspwf hJ ajr;av;aweG @J aw@G&awmrh ,”f v@dkajym+y;D +yKH ;aew,?f 162

tarcspwf ahJ jr; rvi;f vi;f reG ef @J armiaf tmibf mavw@dk pumF yul &euf ek uf dk apmapma&muyf gw,?f &euf ek rf S rEaW v;udk av,mOef @J vudk yf gciG &hf z@dk/ wwH m;O;D avqyd uf rEaW v;uvdk mz@dk c&;D tqiqhf ihf ziEhf aJ$ ewmudk &iaf rmae&csed rf mS tarrm uvn;f aori;f udk &iqf idk af e&yg+y?D ajczsm;vuzf sm;awG at;puaf e+y;D / taruh dk =uyfrwfukoay;aewJh ESvHk;txl;ukq&m0ef}uD; a'gufwma':oef;oef;}udKif/ a'guwf mO;D ausmpf ;dk 0i;f e@J tpmtrd ef @J tvl r;f a=umi;f orm;awm}fu;D a'guwf m a':E,G ef wD @dku taruh dk rsujfcnrf jywf apmiahf &mS uaf y;ae=uw,?f tar touqf ;kH ±;H_ cge;D ae+yqD wdk m oad yr,hf b,of rl S ysm,mcwrf aeb;l ? q&m0eaf w&G @J aemurf mS om;or;D ajr;awtG m;v;kH wnwf n+f ird +f ird yf J &yaf e=u w,f? ausmof [D u tar&@J ajc/ vuaf wuG dk ojlyKaeustwidk ;f ajcqyk vf uef ,f qu+fy;D vyk af y;aew,?f a'guwf mvi;f xËG uf cwk iaf jc&i;f u&y+fy;D =unahf ew,?f or;D rwi0f i;f u tarOh ;D acgi;f udk o@lvuef @Jx+dy;D ueaf wmwh ,?f ausm&f ijfriuhf y&wd wf &m;awmaf wG ziG xhf m;whJ qvJ zf ek ;f tryf oD &;D udk tarnh mbuef m; te;D rmS xm;&i;f tarah cgi;f udk xed ;f uidk xf m;w,?f taru touuf dk cucf ucf cJ ±J LS &i;f y&wd wf &m;awmaf wuG dk tm±jkHyKae wyhJ ykH gy?J EvS ;kH cek Ef e_ ;f / ao;G cek Ef e_ ;f awjGywhJ puaf rmef wD mrmS *&yrf sO;f awuG ay:vudk f aysmuvf udk /f q&m0eaf wuG armef wD mu=dkun+hfy;D tm;r&wm rsuEf mS jyirf mS txi;f om;ay:aew,f? a'gufwmOD;ausmfpkd;0if;u tarrm&J@ vufnd‡K;rSm uvpfeJ@ ny‡ +f y;D quof ,G xf m;whJ 0g,m}uKd ;awuG dk jzKw+f y;D o@lvunf Kd‡ ;rmS uvpaf jymi;f ny‡ =funwhf ,?f *&yrf sO;f awuG vvS yS y jyejfzpof mG ;w,?f puuf c|w,f iG ;f wmrS r[wk bf ?J tarrm&@J vunf K‡;d rmS uvpaf wG jyenf y‡ af y;w,?f armef wD m zeof m; jyirf mS vid_ ;f awG abmibf iaf 0v@dk? reuf (8) em&cD rJG mS tou±f LS yukH yndk iof mvmw,?f reuf (8; 37)rmS tar v@lavmuudk peG @fcmG omG ;ygw,?f aori;f udk tarrm &iqf idk of mG ;yukH av;pm;p&myg? u,G vf eG of mG ;csed rf mS OD;acgif;vnfxGufoGm;wm/ ZufusdK;usoGm;wmvnf; r&Sdbl;? ckwifay:rSm cyf apmi;f apmi;f rxDS idk vf suf taetxm;/ wnwhf nrhf wrf wyf gy?J aori;f e@J &iqf idk f &ayr,hf tarOh ;D acgi;f r!w¸ cf bhJ ;l ? ? vlxkarmif0 163

jrrOLP ±yk yf vkH m$ '*ek wf m&m (u) usaemf orl udk jrrOLP tjzpf pwiof &d jdSci;f r[wk ?f oywd af rmS uf ausmif;ol rtrmtjzpfom pwifjrifzl;cJh&jcif; jzpfonf? 1936 ausmif;om; oywd wf iG f e,rf S usaemwf @dk yxrq;kH Eidk if vH ;kH qidk &f m nvD mcoH @dk wuaf &mupf Ouf orl udk pwijfrizf ;l on?f *sLAvaD [mwiG f usi;f yon?f ,i;f nvD mc}Hu;D rS yxrO;D q;kH aom ArmEidk if vH ;kH qidk &f m ausmi;f om;or*u~ dk arG;zGm;ay;vkdufonf? ,if;nDvmcHwGif tqdkwifoGif;aom tif;vsm;aqmifol rtrmudk aw@G&on?f pum;ajymaumi;f on[f k cpH m;vudk &f on?f x@dkaemuf usaemf &euf ek wf uoU vdk of @dk a&mu&f odS mG ;pOf ‘a'go’[al om 0wÎKwkduav;ukd wuUokdvfausmif;wkduf r*~Zif;wGifvm;rod zwfvkdufrdonf? a&;oul jrrOLP / *smre0f wKÎ / 0wKÎ a&;q&m [mr.d Fury 0wKÎ udk bmomjyexf m; aom 0wKÎ ? usaemf ‘a'go’ udk }uKd uof mG ;on?f x@dkaemuf jrrOLP 0wKÎ rsm;udk r zwrf ?d usaemyf J rzwrf od vm;/ jrrOLP yJ qurf a&;ovm; road wm?h xdk@aemuf ppfrjzpfrDumvu }uD;yGm;a&;pmtkyfwkdufrS ‘arm&pfaum vp’f . ‘trt_ ci;f rsm;’pmtyk f bmomjyeuf dk zw&f on?f x@dkaemuf pp+fy;D pwiG f ‘0gvpD pk um;’. ‘ouwf aH &mi’f 0wKÎbmomjyeuf dk zw&f on?f ,i;f ouwf aH &mif 0wKÎ trmS a&;oul ‘ociof e;f xeG ;f ’? oul vn;f pma&;aumi;f tz@JGtE@JG aumi;f ? 1950 'ZD ibf mvu rEaW v;o@dk a&muof mG ;on?f pma&;q&m rwd qf uf yjJGzpof n?f 0e}fu;D csKyof ciEf uk txujfrerf mjynf pma&;q&mEiS hf atmujfrerf m jynf pma&;q&m rwd qf uyf JG vyk af y;on?f xtdk cgu a':trmudk aw@G&on?f usaemuf touf 30 t&,G /f a':trmu usaemxhf uf 4 EpS cf e@f }u;D on?f 164

rwd qf uyf jJGzpof jzihf [{dk nchf yH oJG mG ;&/ on{f nchf yH oJG mG ;&ojzihf a':trmEiS hf aumi;f pmG yif pum;rajymjzp?f 1939 usaemf rEaW v; a&mu/f uAdk [ed ;f u a':trmqD ac:romG ;/ raw@G vudk ?f a&j$ynOf ;D bwixf oH @dk uAdk [ed ;f u ac:omG ;on?f a&j$ynOf ;D bwiEf iS thf wl O;D xiuf dk aw@G&on?f aemurf S O;D xiof nf a':trm. zcirf eS ;f o&d on?f a&j$ynf O;D bwiuf usaemwf @dk &rS ;f jynof mG ;rnqf Idk &rS ;f jynwf iG f a&udk tx;l *±pk udk f aomu&f ef rmS =um;aeon?f O;D bwirf mS ,ck &o 'g±udk wf m u0dk i;f az. zcif jzpaf =umi;f aemurf S o&d on?f aemuaf wmh rEaW v;a&muvf #if O;D vtS rd rf mS wn;f cdk on?f owi;f pmbuwf iG f a&muaf e+y?D xtdk cg a':trmonf vxl k a': trm jzpaf e+y?D (c) pmayb0qkdonfu ajym&tcufom;? tuJjzwf&cufonf? rdrdwkd@. y*k v~ ud b0EiS hf qupf yaf eon?f uvdk ES iS hf ta=umi;f ygaomtcg owi;f pmq&mr jzpof mG ;[ewf ol n?f uvdk ES iS hf usaemwf @dku ci=fuon?f ausmi;f om; b0uwn;f u odu|rf;onf? usaemfhxuf tawmfvnf; }uD;onf? ppfjzpfcgeD;u ukdvS wm0e,f xl wk af eaom }u;D ymG ;a&;r*Z~ i;f wudk of @dk 0wKÎ wadk v;wy'k af &; ay;cohJ n?f xtdk cgu usaemuf sKd uvf wof @dk a&muaf eon?f 0wKÎ a&;q&m armyf gqeG ;f . ‘reG ;f vudk ’f trn&f dS 0wKÎ wadk v;udk r;DS um a&; vudk of n?f ‘tv*S %k ’f [k trnwf yof n?f }u;D ymG ;a&;r*Z~ i;f rmS x0dk wKÎ ygvm on?f uvdk uS usaemzf w&f ef pmtyk rf sm;pmG y@dkvudk of n?f 1946 u usaemf wm&m xkwfa0aomtcg a':trmxHu pma&mufvmonf? usaemf. wm&mr*~Zif; twuG f u,dk pf m;v,S vf yk &f ef jzpof n?f o@dkaomf usaemuf vxl wk udk tf wuG f u,dk pf m;v,S f ray;jzpbf J tjcm;wudk of @dk ay;jzpof mG ;on?f usaemf tm;emaeon?f usaemuf vyk if e;f aumi;f pmG rvyk wf wIf t&ivf majymI ajymoul dk ay;vudk f [ewf ol n?f usaemuf rEaW v; ta&muef n;f on?f x@dka=umihf a':trmEiS hf txd tawG@enf;onf? rEWav;a&mufv#ifvnf; vlxkwkdufwGif ukdvSESifhom pum; ajymjzpof n?f uvdk ES iS phf um;aumi;f aepOf a':trmu 0iaf jymwwof n?f a':trm a&;aom ociuf ,dk af wmrf id_ ;f / jynof cl spaf om tEyk nmonf pmtyk rf sm;xuG vf #if usaemxhf H y@dkwwof n?f usaemzf w&f on?f a':trmu tpk taqmi;f aumi;f ? rEaW v;rS tEyk nm&iS f Zmwqf &mrsm;ta=umi;f apah pih i a&; onuf dk zw=funjhfzpof n?f usaemof nf Zmwof bif 0goemygojzihf zwjfzpof n?f 165

a':trmonf Zmwof biaf vmu *wD avmuEiS hf tu|r;f 0if em;vnof n?f ociuf ,dk af wmrf id_ ;f pmtyk qf vdk #if tx}l u;D ususeeavvh mum twKÎ yw` udW dk a&;on?f usaemuf &opmayudk a':trmxrH S ar#mvf iohf n?f jrrOLP . pmayta&;tom; tz@JGtE@JGudk oad eojzihf jrrOLP uohJ @dk 0wKÎ rsm; bmomjyeaf pcsif on?f o@dkaomf jyeof nuf dk raw@G&? jrrOLP u jyevf n&f iS of exf ajrmujfci;f r&?dS vxl ak ':trm[al om owi;f pmq&m/ twKÎ yw` adW &;q&m oabmrsKd ;uodk m aw@G ae&on?f pwd xf uJ oyd rf ausey?f (*) owi;f pmq&mEiS hf pma&;q&m (0g) &opma&;q&muawmh oyd rf w?l owi;f pmq&mqodk nuf awmh wu,jf zpyf suaf eonthf &mw@dkudk rwS wf r;f wif &onf? &opma&;q&muawmh wu,fhtjzpftysufukd tajcjyKI Zmwfvrf; Zmwuf uG wf @dkjzihf jc,of &on?f usaemuf jrrOLP jzpaf pvodk n?f orl . taw@Gt}uKH EiS qhf vdk #if orl jzwf oe;f cahJ om/ orl jzwof e;f aeaom oridk ;f taw@Gt}uKH EiS qhf vdk #i/f jrrOLP tz@JGtE@JG rsKd ;EiS qhf vdk #if 0wKÎ &nS f a&;z@JGEidk rf n[f k xixf m;cohJ n?f o@dkaomof wi;f pmq&m tce;f uvn;f o@ltce;f EiS ohf l &odS nuf dk usaemef m;vnof n?f ,cvk n;f r*Z~ i;f rsm;wGif ol.tawG@t}uHKukd tajccHum a0zeftujJ zwfaom pmrsm;ukdvnf; zwaf e&I jrrOLP udk raw@G&aomvf n;f vxl ak ':trmtjzpf aw@G&I wrsKd ;auseyf &onf? rEpS uf tr&y&l *Em< ±akH usmi;f wudk tf e;D awmiaf v;v;kH ausmi;f wudk f t omG ; rEaW v;bwl m±qkH i;f v#if a':trmth rd of @dk 0iof mG ;&on?f q&m}u;D ociuf ,dk f awmrf id_ ;f . qaD q;um;csyaf &@SwiG f usaemwf @dkudk {nchf oH n?f c%wjzKwaf wmh pum; ajymon?f rEaW v;u uAsmq&mEiS hf pma&;q&mrsm;vn;f ac:xm;I ppkH vkH ivf i?f jrrOLP ta=umi;f ajymjy&i;f jrrOLP emrnEf iS hf a&;aom 0wKÎrsm; pxk wk rf n[f k =um;&I 0r;f omrod n?f pum;ajym=u&i;f wm&memrnEf iS hf pyxf m;aom tqadk wmpf ma&; q&mta=umi;f a&muof mG ;on?f ‘red ;f uav;vm;/ a,musfm;av;vm; robd ;l ’ [k usaemuf ajymjyvudk &f m a':trmu +yKH ;I ‘&iS uf red ;f uav;jzpaf pcsiwf m vm;’ [k usaemuhf dk pvudk of n?f (C) jrrOLP 0wKÎ / bmomjyeæf paompmrsm;udk rzw&f aomvf n;f ,ae@ xuG f aeaom r*Z~ i;f rsm;wiG f a':trm. aqmi;f yg;rsm;udk zwaf e&on?f yxr rsKd;qu/f 166

'wk ,d rsKd ;qurf sm;udk jzwof e;f omG ;+y;D ww,d rsKd ;quuf dk jzwof e;f aeq?J ,ae@ acwaf y:tajctaeudk o.l cpH m;onthf widk ;f a&;om;xm;on?f pprf jzprf aD cwf EiS hf ,ae@acwuf dk Eid_ ;f ,OS If azmjf yxm;ojzihf towd ;dk &on?f toqd odk nrf mS Eid_ ;f ,OS cf surf sm;jziohf m reS uf eaf omtoud dk aw@G&on?f csKod n[f k t&omcvH #if omrexf uf rcsKd aom &ocpH m;csurf sm;om jzpf on?f omrexf ucf sKdv#if ,ctk csKdonf aygoh mG ;rn?f orl . t,tl qrsm;/ orl . cpH m;csurf sm;udk ,ae@ww,d rsKd ;qurf sm; yIdk zwof iohf n?f o@dkroS mv#if owl @dk. tjri/f owl @dk. vy_ &f mS ;r_ rnohf nahf e&m a&mu&f adS e+yuD dk yIdk oEd idk af oma=umihf jzpof n?f usaemuf trsKd ;om;ae@rsKd ;qucf si;f jzpIf orl . cpH m;csuuf dk zwcf siaf erd onf? 1936 ausmi;f om;oywd rf S pwiaf w@Gxcd &hJ aom oywd af rmS uaf usmi;f ol rtrmukd ,ae@aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;pep[f k ac:aeaom acwwf acwwf iG vf nf; p;l &xS ujfrupf mG / &i$ vf e;f pmG / a0zepf mG jzwof e;f aeonuf dk aw@Gjri&f ayon?f '*ek wf m&m 10 &uf/ azazmf0g&D/ 1995 pmay*sme,?f 167

vxl ak ':trm&@J trhH ce;f avmuwf hJ prG ;f aqmicf surf sm; vif;,kefarmifarmif ±kd;&mrysufwufa&mufol 'aD e@jrerf mEidk if wH 0e;f v;kH rmS &=dSuwhJ pmorm; uAsmorm;rsm;e@J *wD obif tEyk nm&iS rf sm;twuG f rxirf wS bf J x;l jcm;vwS hJ ‘trwS wf &ae@’wae@udk }uKHaw@G jzwof e;f vmc=hJuwm q,pf Ek pS wf crk u ausmvf eG vf mc=hJuyg+y?D t'J tD rwS wf &ae@ uawmh wjcm; r[wk yf gb;l ? u|eaf wmwf @dkwawG cspcf iaf v;pm; =unnf Kd tm;xm; ae=uwhJ rEaW v;u pma&;q&mr}u;D vxl ak ':trm&@J ar;G ae@ tcr;f tem;ygy?J 'aD r;G ae@txrd ;f trwS tf cr;f tem;udk EpS pf Of E0dk ibf m 29 &uaf e@widk ;f tr&y&l awmiaf v;v;kH q&mawmf uydk nm&@Jausmi;f rmS usi;f yc=hJuwm 12 }urd f &cdS yhJ g+y?D wdwdususajym&r,fqkd&if vlxka':trm&J@ arG;ae@tcrf;tem;ukd a':trm touf 70 jynwhf hJ 1985 Eidk 0f ibf m 29 &uaf e@u p+y;D usi;f yvmc=hJuwm veG cf whJ hJ 1997 cEk pS f E0dk if bm29 &uf vxl ak ':trm touf 82 jynwhf thJ xyd gy?J 'vD Edk pS pf Orf ysuf usi;f yvmc=hJuwhJ ar;G ae@tcr;f tem;e@J ywof u+fy;D tcgoivhf @dk tciG }hfuKHwek ;f u|eaf wmuhf ,dk uf |eaf wmf *%k ,f l ajym=um;&r,qf &dk if u|eaf wm[f m vxl ak ':trm&@J 70 jynahf r;G ae@up+y;D 82 EpS jfynhf ar;G ae@txd EpS pf O±f ;dk &mrysuf wuaf &mucf yhJ gw,?f 1988 ck ta&;tci;f umvr@dk ar;G ae@ tcr;f tem; rusi;f yEidk cf vhJ @dk t'J wD EpS f ysuuf uG cf yhJ gw,?f 'vD dk *%k ,f al jym=um;&wmuvn;f wjcm; a=umifh r[kwfygbl;? ESpfpOf tcrf;tem;ukdwufa&mufvm=uwJh y&dowf oHk; av;&m (wcgw&H y&od wf 500) avmuf &wdS thJ xuJ u|eaf wmwf @dk EpS pf Orf ysuf wufa&mufcJhwJh olawGukd vufcsdK;a&wGuf=unfhr,fqkd&if vufwzufawmif jynrhf ,f rxivf @dkygy?J +y;D awmh 'vD dk ±;dk &mrysuwf uaf &mucf whJ m[m vxl ak ':trm tay: u|eaf wm&f @J =unnf Kd av;pm;r_ twidk ;f twm b,af vmu}fu;D rm;w,qf dk wm ay:viG xf i&f mS ;apcsivf @dkygy?J 168

‘AsdK;’[pfzdwf=um;cJhaom tcrf;tem; vxl ak ':trm&@J ar;G ae@tcr;f tem;e@J ywof uvf @dk a&muzf ;l }uKH z;l oal wG a&m ra&mufzl;r}uHKzl;olawGtwGufyg xl;jcm;wJhtcsufuawmh 10 ESpfausmf usi;f yvmc=hJuwhJ 'tD cr;f tem;udk zwd pf me@J zwd =fum;cwhJ m[m yxr w}urd f EpS f }urd jfzp+fy;D usewf EhJ pS f usewf hJ tcsed af wrG mS wcgrS zwd pf me@J zwd =fum;c=hJuwm v;kH 0 r&cdS yhJ gb;l ? zwd pf mvn;f rvydk gb;l ? EpS pf Of E0dk ibf m 29 &u/f 'aD e@'&D u[f m a': trm&@J ar;G ae@qwdk m te,ef ,tf &y&f yuf pmayorm;rsm;e@J pmayjrwEf ;dk owl idk ;f o+dy;D jzpaf e=uygw,?f 'ga=umirhf @dkvn;f ar;G ae@ra&murf D wv avmu}fuK+dy;D tcsi;f csi;f vuwf @dk owad y; ta=umi;f =um;c=hJuygw,?f 'g[m tnm\"avh tnmx;kH pH twkdif; tvSLwckvkyfawmhr,fqkd&if oD;oef@zdwfpm±kduf+yD;rurf;awmhbJ ‘AsdK;’ [pvf udk ±f ekH @Jw&mG v;kH u o=d uwohJ abmygy?J 'ga=umifhrkd@vkd@ ‘AsdK;’[pf+yD; zdwfvkdufovkd tcsif;csif;vufwkd@+yD; owd ay;=u/ tazm&f mS =u/ tazmnf =d‡ue@J tcsed wf eaf wmh E0dk ibf m 29 &uf reucf i;f awmifav;vHk; ausmif;0if;twGif; rEWav;/ rHk&Gm/ rkd;ukwf/ rdwÎDvmeJ@ jrpfi,f/ ausmuqf n/f rau;G / awmiwf iG ;f e@J &euf ek tf ygt0if te,ef ,tf &y&f yuf pm ayorm;aw[G m tv#Kd v#Kd e@J a&muvf m=u+y;D awmiaf v;v;kH ausmi;f twiG ;f rmS y&od waf wG jynuhf sy+fy;D az;G az;G vy_ of mG ;cwhJ mygy?J ‘apwem’csrf;omol vlxka':trm 1985 ckESpfu yxrqHk;usif;ychwJ hJ 70 jynfharG;ae@rSm vlxka':trmu ‘u|erf rmS csr;f omwmqvdk @dk apwemyJ &ydS gw,’f v@dk ajymz;l ygw,?f 'pD um;av;[m u|eaf wmtf ygt0if vxl ak ':trm&@J pmzwyf &od wtf wuG f ton;f cudk af tmif }uKd uEf pS of ucf &hJ whJ pum;av; wceG ;f jzpcf yhJ gw,?f wu,fawmh t\"dy`m,fav;eufvSwJh 'Dpum;uav;[m pma&;q&m pmayorm;rsm;twuG f ao;G xuG af tmirf eS wf hJ pum;uav; wceG ;f ygy?J wu,hf wu,tf m;jzihf vxl ak ':trm a&;om;jyKpck ohJ r# aqmi;f yg;/ 0wKÎaweG @J bmomjyef pmaytppk [k m a':trm&@J apwemudk txitf &mS ; azmjfyaeygw,?f 'vD dk apw emtjynehf @J a&;om;jyKcvhJ @dkvm;robd ;l / EpS af ygi;f 50 ausmtf wiG ;f a':trm a&;om; jyKpck whJ hJ pmaytppk [k m awmiyf &kH mykH ‘t=hHouek Ef idk zf ,G ’f v@dk q&dk avmuaf tmif rsm;jym;vyS gw,?f b,af vmuaf wmirf sm;ovqJ adk wmh rwd vDÎ maumvyd f pm=unhf wudk uf q&m0i;f wihf pak qmi;f jyKpyk EkH ydS xf m;whJ “vxl ak ':trmb0e@J pmay&upf JG rsm;”qwdk hJ rwS wf r;f pmtyk rf mS azmjfyxm;csutf & 1995 ck (touf 80 jynthf x)d 169

vxl ak ':trm a&;om;jyKpck whJ hJ v;kH csi;f pmtyk /f e'd ge;f e@J trmS pm a&;cwhJ phJ mtyk /f owi;f pm*sme,f acgi;f }u;D / aqmi;f yg;/ yiuf ,dk af &;e@J bmomjyef 0wKÎ wadk wG tyg t0if pmrsKd ;pkH ppk ak ygi;f 874 c&k wdS ,vf @dk o&d ygw,?f q&m0i;f wihf }uKd;yr;f jyKpxk m;whJ t'J rD wS wf r;f pmtyk uf av;udk 1995 cEk pS f vxl ak ':trm&@J touf 80 jynhf ar;G ae@trwS wf & vuaf qmitf jzpf jze@fa0chJ ygw,?f 'pD mtyk uf av;xrJ mS pepwf us azmjfyxm;whJ vxl ak ':trm&@J pmrsKd ;pkH pmppk m&i;f udk aw@Gvudk &f awmh u|eaf wmrhf mS acgi;f em;ye;f aw}Gu;D +y;D rsuvf ;kH awG jyL;omG ;ryd gw,?f ‘a&;Eidk vf cS snvhf m;’v@dk Ew_ uf toxH uG of mG ;avmuaf tmif wtwhH =ojzpcf &hJ +y;D wcsed wf n;f rmS yJ a':trm&@J apweme@J prG ;f aqmicf suaf =umihf rvl u &&dS i;f p=JGunnf Kd av;pm;r[_ m EpS qf o;kH qavmuf w;dk omG ;cyhJ gw,?f 'pD mtyk af v;xuJ pmppk m&i;f u=dkun+hfy;D pmzwyf &od wjfzpwf hJ u|eaf wmf w@dkom wtwhH =o jzpof mG ;cwhJ m r[wk yf gb;l ? um,u&H iS f pma&;ol vxl ak ':trm u,dk wf idk f ‘rsm;vS yguvm;/ [wk af um [wk &f @Jvm;’v@kdawmif atmuaf rch &hJ w,?f wtkyfwavrS ypf&ufp&mr&Sdaompmtkyfrsm; u|eaf wm[f m vxl ak ':trme@J pp+fy;D acwf 'bD uyf idk ;f 1950 jynvhf eG Ef pS f (veG cf whJ hJ EpS af ygi;f 40) ce@fu vcl si;f pwif aw@GqckH irf icf &hJ ayr,hf vxl ak ':trmqwdk hJ uavmitf rnuf adk wmh pprf jzprf D wEpS af vmuf 1938-39 uwn;f u rwS rf wS f xixf if u|r;f 0iaf ecyhJ gw,?f pp}fu;D rwidk rf D t'J tD csed uf vxl ak ':trm&@J ‘jrerf m jynwf iG f ppaf q;cahJ om rc_ i;f rsm;’e@J ‘pErN mvm’0wKÎ [m u|eaf wmuhf dk bmom jyef pma&;q&mwa,mujfzpaf tmif yxrq;kH v@H_aqmcf whJ hJ pmtyk af wyG gy?J t'J D pmtyk uf zdk w+fy;D a':trm&@J owk e@J&o bmomjyef EpS rf sKd ;pv;kH u|r;f usiyf idk Ef idk rf u_ dk vcl si;f raw@G&ciuf wn;f u cs;D usL;av;pm;rcd whJ ,?f ppf+yD;acwf onfbufykdif;usawmh vlxka':trm&J@ ‘jynfolcspfaom tEyk nmonrf sm;’‘a&r$ e;f wiaf rmi’f pwphJ mtyk af w[G mvn;f u|eaf wmthf wuG f vuuf rcsEidk af tmif wprd phf rd hf zw+fy;D word ohf rd hf cpH m;&whJ pmtyk }fu;D awG jzpcf yhJ g w,f? t'J aD emuf vxl ok wi;f pmacwrf mS a&;om;jyKpk xwk af 0cwhJ hJ ‘q&dk ,S vf pf widk ;f jynrf sm;o@dk’‘t,dk e;f u;D w@dk’e@J ‘aieG @Jvuef u’f ‘b0csi;f rwol nhf w±wk jfyn’f pwhJ pmtyk af w[G mvn;f u|eaf wmthf wuG f Eidk if aH &;vr;f !e¸ pf mtyk rf sm; jzpcf yhJ g w,f? 'aD e&mrmS oak worD sm;twuG f “vxl ak ':trm&@J b0e@J pmay&upf rJG sm;” 170

pmtyk xf rJ mS aw@G&whJ vxl ak ':trm&@J uavmitf rncf rJG sm;udk rwS &f om;&atmif qiyhf mG ;r#a0vudk yf gw,?f t'J uD avmitf rncf aJG wuG awmh æ (1) civf 0i;f (2) ZrLŠ 'yD g atmixf eG ;f (3) zciaf tmiEf idk f (4) zdk;omatmif (5) jrrOLP (6) trm (7) trm (oywd af rmS uf ausmi;f o)l (8) tif;vsm;ausmif;aqmifolwOD; (9) vxl ak ':trm æ ponwf @dkjzpyf gw,?f txuaf zmjfyyg pmtyk pf mwr;f awtG jyif ar;G ae@usi;f ywthJ cgwidk ;f wEpS f wcgvuaf qmiaf y;cwhJ hJ ‘aq;vyd ef @Jvol m;’ ‘b0e@Jpmay&upf rJG sm;’ ‘urmB h t}u;D q;kH ausmuqf i;f wak wm’f pwhJ pmtyk uf av;awuG tp a':trm a&;cwhJ hJ pm tyk pf mayaw[G m trwS wf & ord ;f xm;&r,hf pmtyk af wyG gy?J tm;v;kH u+dkcKH +y;D pum;uek af jym&r,qf &dk if vxl ak ':trma&;cohJ r# pmtyk f aw[G m wtyk wf avr# yp&f upf &m r&ydS gb;l v@dk qcdk siyf gw,?f umv&nS =f um anmi;f vwS hJ EpS af ygi;f 50 ausmtf wiG ;f pmayoud mQ e@J pmaywezf ;dk }u;D rm;vwS hJ 'pD mtyk pf mayawuG kd a&;om;jyKpEk idk wf m[m aitG ojym csr;f omv@dkr[wk bf J apw emcsr;f omv@dk a&;Eidk cf whJ ,qf wdk m pO;f pm;p&m/ tjii;f ymG ;p&m r&ydS gb;l ? 'ga=umihf vlxka':trm apwemawG csrf;omonfxuf csrf;omygapvdk@ 'Daqmif;yg;eJ@ *%k jfyK qak wmi;f vudk yf gw,?f tHh=ozG,faumif;vSaom t\"du pGrf;aqmifcsuf &Snfvsm;=umanmif;vSwJh ESpfaygif; 50 ausmftwGif; 'Davmufta& twuG rf sm;jym;+y;D 'aD vmupf maywezf ;dk }u;D rm;vwS hJ pmtyk af wuG dk tqurf jywf a&;Eidk cf whJ hJ vxl ak ':trm&@J prG ;f aqmicf suwf cuk dk u|eaf wmf owjdyKryd gw,?f t'J tD csuuf awmh bmvqJ adk wmh a':trm[m 'vD pdk mtyk pf mayawuG kd a&;om;c&hJ mrmS at;at;aq;aq;e@J pwd cf sr;f omu,dk cf sr;f om a&;cwhJ m r[wk f ygb;l ? ciyf eG ;f onf O;D vS u,G vf eG of mG ;+y;D wahJ emuf EpS af ygi;f 15 EpS vf ;kH v;kH tx;D usebf 0e@J aec&hJ ygw,?f tirf wef cspcf i=fuief mc=hJu+y;D wa,muef @Jwa,muf wrsuEf mS w&mG xiaf e=u&mu aouuJG +JGy;D ccJG &hJ wmr@dk a':trm&@Jb0 b,f 171

avmuftxD; useqf evf wS ,qf wdk m ood m xi&f mS ;vyS gw,?f 'vD dk tx;D usebf 0e@JyJ w&m;r#wr_ ui;f rvhJ wS hJ avmu\"wH &m;&@J '%&f m '%fcsufawGa=umifh vlxka':trm[m vlr_a&;'kuQawGeJ@ aomu yifv,f a0aecyhJ gw,?f t'J =Dum;xuJ u,dk uhf ,dk uf ,dk f tm;wi;f +y;D pmaypmtyk af wuG dk wukyfukyfe@J ae@a&mnyg tqufrjywfa&;omEkdifchJwhJ vlxka':trm&@J pmay ovD e@J pmayorm\"[d m tirf wecf s;D usL;p&m aumi;f vyS gw,?f vrl a_ &;'uk eQ @J aomuawGyifv,fa0aewJh=um;uyJ pmtkyfpmayawGukd prf;a&pD;ovkd w oiG of iG pf ;D aeatmif tqurf jywaf &;om;Eidk cf whJ hJ a':trm&@J ZoJG w[dW mvn;f pjH yKxudk yf gw,?f u|eaf wmf tck touf 73 EpS f &ydS g+y?D vxl ak ':trmxuf 10 EpS if ,yf g w,?f 'gayrhJ pma&;vmcwhJ m EpS af ygi;f rsm;pmG =umvmawmh wcgw&H pma&;csipf wd f uek cf e;f ovjkdzpvf mryd gw,?f 'tD cgrsKd ;rsm touf 83 EpS tf xd uavmiuf kd vuf urcsbJ avmu\"Hukd }uHh}uHhcH+yD; pmtkyfpmayawG a&;om;jyKpkaewJh vlxka': trmukd pHxm;+yD; ukd,hfukd,fukd,f tm;ay;&if;eJ@ pma&;wJhtvkyfukd touf xuqf ;kH vyk of mG ;z@dk q;kH jzwcf yhJ gw,?f ? vi;f ,ek af rmiaf rmif 1995 ck (touf 80 jynhf tx)d pum;ukefajym&r,fqkd&if vlxk vxl ak ':trma&;om;jyKpck whJ hJ a':trma&;cJhor# pmtkyfawG[m w v;kH csi;f pmtyk /f e'd ge;f eJhtrmS pm tkyfwavr# ypf&ufp&m r&Sdygbl;vkd h qkd a&;cJhwJh pm tkyf/ owif;pm csifygw,f? umv&Snf-umanmif; vSwJh *sme,f acgi;f }u;D / aqmi;f yg;/ EpS af ygi;f 50 ausmtf wiG ;f pmay oud mQ eJ h yiuf ,dk af &;eJ h bmomjyef 0wÎK pmaywefzkd;}uD;rm;vSwJh 'Dpm tkyfpmay wadk wG tyg t0if pmrsKd ;pkH ppk k awGudk a&;om;jyKpkEkdifwm[m aiGtojym aygif; 874 ck&Sdw,fvkd h od& csrf;omvkd hr[kwfbJ apwemcsrf;omvkd h ygw,?f a&;Eidk cf whJ ,qf wdk m 172

rm;om;atmzh f bm;rm; vxl pk ed 0f i;f Ekd0ifbm (28) &uf awmifav;vHk;ausmif;wkduf tr&yl&? awmiof retf i;f apmi;f &dS xadk e&mav;xwJ iG f vy_ vf y_ &f &G G pnpf nf um; um; jzpaf eon?f trsKd ;om; trsKd ;or;D v}lu;D vvl wf vil ,f t&,G pf jkHzpof n?f jrerf mjynwf ewH vsm; ajrmubf uf jrp}fu;D em;rS awmibf uf +rwd /f wm;0,tf x/d r;dk acgiaf &&mS ;&y0f e;f a'orS rtyl i/f ajrmi;f jr/ jrp0f u|e;f ay:a'otx?d xodk tl m;v;kH udk xakd e&mo@dk xadk e@x&dk uf a&muvf map&ef zwd =fum;xm; wmr&Sd/ pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmfa=umfjima0wmr&Sd/ olwkd@tm;vHk; olwkd@apwem/ olwkd@ arwmW / owl @dkr'k wd me@J pak 0; a&mu&f adS e=uwmyg? olwkd@tm;vHk; bkef;}uD;ausmif;0kdif;xJ a&mufwmeJ@ touf 80 ausmf trsKd ;or;D }u;D wO;D qD t&iqf ;kH omG ;+y;D Armxh ;kH pH vutf yk cf srD ;dk &cdS ;dk vudk =fuw,?f +y;D awmh owl @dkyg;pyuf “tar tou&f mausmf &nS yf gap”w?hJ “tar” “tar” “tar” wa,muvf mvn;f tar æ aemuwf a,muvf mvn;f tar æ bmjzpvf @dk 'aD vmuaf wmif warwn;f arae=uwmv?J arr,fav? tJ'D yg;yg;vsm;vsm;eJ@ t+rJwrf; EGrf;vspGm +yHK;aewJh trsdK;orD;}uD;u vxl ak ':trm æ? t'J aD e@u vxl ak ':trm&@J ar;G ae@av æ? 173

zwd pf mra0 a=umjfimrur;f ayr,hf t'J aD e@ t'J &D uaf &muvf m&if val wG wzzJG JG a&muvf m=up+ryJ ?J tar tare@J warwn;f ar=u+ryJ J æ? bmjzpvf @dk 'vD dk warwn;f arae=uwmv?J touf 80 ausmrf @dkvm;? =oZmtm%mjyn0hf orl @dkvm;? wcrk S r[wk yf gb;l ? tou}fu;D widk ;f vn;f 'vD cdk sp=fu/ ±adk o=uwm r[wk f ygb;l ? =oZmtm%mqwdk mvn;f b,wf ek ;f b,tf cgurS r&±dS rHk u/ =oZmtm%m&dS owl idk ;f &@J t+iKd jiicf &H wbhJ uuf csn;f wouvf ;kH aec&hJ wmyg? jrefrmjynfrSm EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fu r[kwfbeJ @J 'DvkdwrsdK;om;vHk; vl}uD; vil ,rf a&;G / cspcf iaf v;pm;jci;f c&H wmqvdk @dk oridk ;f wav#muvf ;kH EpS af ,muof m &SdcJhzl;ygw,f? yxrwO;D u +ird ;f csr;f a&;zciqf &m}u;D ociuf ,dk af wmrf id_ ;f ? aemuwf O;D u tctk m;v;kH u tar tare@J ac:ae=uwhJ vxl ak ':trm? a': a':vxl ak ':trmudk bmjzpvf @dk 'vD dk val wG csp=fuwmvqJ wdk m avvh m=un&hf atmif æ ? a':a':vlxka':trm&J@b0[m jrefrmjynfolawG&J@ b0eJ@ t+rJwrf; wxywf n;f wom;wn;f usaewbhJ 0av æ? aumvyd af usmi;f obl 0rmS Avdk cf sKyaf tmiqf e;f w@dke@Jtwl oywd wf yOf ;D rmS ygcwhJ hJ ausmi;f ol æ ? wcsKd@ausmi;f om;acgi;f aqmivf yk of al wG oywd jfyevf eS +fy;D ausmi;f jyewf uf ayr,hf &mouyf ef oywd af rmS ucf +hJy;D baD tudk r,cl whJ ohJ ?l t'J aD umvyd af usmi;f obl 0+y;D awmh owi;f pmq&mb0? b,vf dk owi;f pmrsKd ;ukd vyk wf hJ owi;f pmq&mrvJ o&d atmif vxl ok wi;f pm&@J oridk ;f a=umi;f av; jyeaf jymyg&ap? owi;f pmqwdk m Eidk if wH ck wnaf qmuwf ahJ e&mrmS r&rdS jzpaf xmurf ay; xm;&whJ widk }fu;D av;v;kH xuJ wwidk jfzpwf ,?f tyk cf sKyaf &;r¾Kdi/f w&m;a&;r¾Kdi/f Oya'jyKa&;r¾Kd iqf wkd hJ widk }fu;D o;kH widk ef @Jtwl Eidk if 0H euf dk O;D yxhJ r;f &whJ pwwk rÎ ¾Kd if vnf;jzpfw,f? t'J wD idk }fu;D av;widk pf v;kH wnrhf wyf grS Eidk if wH Eidk if H wnwf chH idk +frEJ idk yf gw,?f widk wf v;kH v;kH ,idk ef @Jwme@J Eidk if [H mvn;f ,idk ef @JomG ;rmS yg? t'J tD csuuf dk r¾Kd i}fu;D av;&yrf mS yg0if ywof uaf e=uotl m;v;kH u,dk pf uD ,dk if S oabmayguf em;vn=fu/ u,dk ihf e;f u,dk whf mrmS wm0eaf us=uw,qf &dk if Eidk if [H m z@HG+zKd ;pnyf ivf m&wmyjJzpf 174

ygw,f? &wemy+kHrKd @wnf ri;f wek ;f ri;f w&m;}u;D [m ya'o&mZbf &k iwf yg; jzpaf y r,hf tajrmtf jrif tirf werf S }u;D rm;cwhJ hJ y*k Kd~v}fu;D wO;D jzpyf gw,?f “igraumi;f &if iguh adk &;/ igrh zd &k m;raumi;f &if rzd &k m;uadk &;/ igoh m;or;D raumi;f &if om;or;D uadk &;/ +rKd @0erf aumi;f &if +rKd @0euf adk &;/ ri;f w@dk owi;f pmY tjyprf &adS p&m? ee;f awmwf iG ;f o@dk owi;f pmwudk uf rnof rl qdk twm;tq;D r&dS 0ifapxGufap” 1875 ckESpfrSm rif;wkef;rif;w&m;}uD;&J@ trdef@awmfeJ@ ay:xGufvmwJh “&wemykH aejynaf wm”f owi;f pm trx_ r;f owi;f pmq&mrsm;udk red @f=um;cwhJ hJ tJ'Dpum;&yf[m urBmhowif;pmorkdif;rSmawmif r&SdcJhbl;wJh O'gef;wGifaer,fh pum;&yjf zpyf gw,?f t*vF eEf idk if rH mS owi;f pmay:O;D p 1680 cEk pS af vmuqf uD b&k itf a=umi;f / w&m; o}lu;D aw&G @Jta=umi;f owi;f awG a&;om;azmjfyrcd vhJ @dk emrnaf usmf pma&; q&m}u;D 'ief ,D ,'f zD ;dk +rKd @v,af cgi}fu;D rmS vnyf i;f udk xyd wf ;kH cw+fy;D '%cf wcf cH hJ &wthJ jzpef @J Eid_ ;f ,OS f =unvhf udk &f if ri;f wek ;f ri;f w&m;}u;D &@Jpum;[m urmB oh wi;f pmoridk ;f rmS awmif r&cdS zhJ ;l qcdk whJ m rveG bf ;l v@dk qEdk idk yf gw,?f vnyf i;f udk xyd wf ;kH cwwf ,qf wdk m vul rdk wwf w&f yvf suaf eap+y;D widk Ef pS f widk rf mS uy±f udk xf m;whJ ysOjfym;EpS cf sy=fum;rmS vnyf i;f e@J vuEf pS zf uuf dk tayguf azmuf ny‡ xf m;wm jzpyf gw,?f t'J vD dk ny‡ xf m;wek ;f rmS b&k ivhf uyf g;apawuG c&r;f csOof ;D e@Jaygu=fu/ =uuOf bOJ e@J aygu=fu/ rsuEf mS udk waH x;G e@Jax;G =u vyk =fu wmawGvnf; cH&ygao;w,f? ri;f wek ;f ri;f w&m;}u;D vdk wnrhf wwf thJ yk cf sKyaf &;r¾Kdirf sKd; &cdS ohJ vydk /J pwwk Î r¾Kd if orm;awbG uuf vn;f r,rd ;f r,idk f ausmupf mwidk }fu;D uohJ @dk ajzmirhf wrf eS f uewf hJ widk ;f usKd ; jynuf sKd ;aqmif owi;f pmq&m}u;D aw&G cdS =hJuygw,?f trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;/ e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ zufqpfqef@usifa&;eJ@ urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;&J@ rD;&SL;wefaqmif/ pwmvif+idrf;csrf;a&;qkeJ@ *k%f x;l aqmiyf g&*l a'guwf mb@JG& u|eaf wmwf @dk&@J aus;Z;l &iS f q&m}u;D ociuf ,dk af wmf r_dif;[mqkd&if æ “aeaomif;axmif ta&mifrnd‡K;ovkdy jynfaumif;atmif aqmirf u;kd &,vf @dk a&a$ 'gi;f awmiuf avmif wrsKd ;&,Ef iS hf awmi±f ;dk rmS q&m }uJ raygvh @dk æ ”qwdk hJ aºu;a=umof tH widk ;f acwtf quqf urf mS widk ;f usKd ; jynuf sKd ; onyf ;dk xr;f &uG cf whJ myg? t'J aD us;Z;l &iS qf &m}u;D udk jrerf mph mayoridk ;f tptD pOrf mS u¾o;D jcm;ziG chf &hJ whJ uAsmq&m}u;D wO;D tjzpof m rwS ,f vl @dkr&ygb;l ? 175

q&m}u;D [m jyZmwaf wG tajrmutf jrm;a&;cwhJ hJ jyZmwqf &m}u;D vn;f jzpyf gw,?f owi;f pmq&m}u;D vn;f jzpyf gw,?f 'gawxG uf y+dky;D ta&;t}u;D q;kH tcsufwcsufuawmh q&m}uD;[m xD;usdK;pnfayguf rif;ygaysmufcJh&wJhacwf/ e,cf s@Jqe@fusiaf &; trsKd ;om;vwG af jrmuaf &;acw/f zuqf pqf e@fusiwf ahJ wmvf eS f a&;acw/f zqyv tp;dk &vuxf uf trsKd ;om;pn;f v;kH n!D wG af &; jynwf iG ;f +ird ;f csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_acwfpwJh acwfawGtqufqufrSm touft&G,f }uD;vSyg yaumq+dky;D pyd yf wk ;D e@J &yd }fu;D crdk aebJ jynof al waG &@Su rm;rm; rm;rm;e@J O;D aqmif vr;f !e¸ f ay;cwhJ hJ Eidk if aH &;orm;}u;D wO;D jzpwf ,qf wdk thJ csuyf gy?J q&m}u;D [m o@l&@Jvupf aJG wmf “a&a$ 'gi;f awmif uavmiwf rsKd ;”e@Jvn;f widk ;f usKd ; jynuf sKd ;udk aqmicf yhJ gw,?f touf 70 ausmf t}dku;D trdk a&muaf ewhJ txvd n;f jyncf iG tf E@HSuodk mru Eidk if &H yjf cm;widk ;f jynrf sm;txd c&;D vnS vhf nf omG ;vm+y;D awmvh n;f urmB +h ird ;f csr;f a&; qwkd hJ v@labmivf @lavmu&@J tusKd ;udk xr;f aqmicf yhJ gao;w,?f trsKd;om;tusKd; urmB ol urmB om;w@dk&@JtusKd;udk q&m }u;D [m o@lyc;kH e@Jxr;f +y;D aqmi&f uG of mG ;cwhJ myg? q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;vkd owif;pmq&m}uD;rsdK;ukd =unfh+yD; owif;pmq&mqkdwm “jynf}uD;ycHk;”“jynf}uD;vuf±Hk;”jzpfw,fvdk@ owif; pmq&m}u;D O;D xeG ;f azu ajymcwhJ mv@dk xiyf gw,?f usi0hf wof vD +rcJ whJ hJ owi;f pmq&m/ wm0eaf uswohJ wi;f pmqwdk m jynf }u;D 0euf dk yc;kH e@Jxr;f rxr;f qwdk ahJ yweH @J widk ;f =unqhf ;kH jzw&f ygw,?f vxl ok wi;f pmudk pxwk wf hJ (19-4-46) ae@uae &yqf idk ;f omG ;c&hJ whJ (7- 7-67) ae@tx/d w&urf usef jyevf eS =fun+hfy;D awmh qcdk whJ ahJ yweH @J widk ;f =unrhf ,f q&dk if æ æ 1946-47-48 umvrsm; æ &euf ek +frKd@}u;D zuqf p*f syewf @dk vuaf tmu&f adS equJ mv/ rEaW v;udk r[m rwd wf yaf wG ord ;f +y;D +y;D csi;f O;D av;vuS q&m}u;D O;D ausm&f if (ygarmucQ sKyaf [mi;f - u,G vf eG )f e@J vuwf +JGy;D / jrerf mEidk if &H @J yxrq;kH zwyv (zqyv) qidk ;f bwk uf dk wicf yhJ gw,?f O;D av;v[S m aemirf mS o@ludk axmiof iG ;f tusO;f csxm;cwhJ hJ zqyv tz@JG}u;D udk pwiwf naf xmicf ohJ vl @dk qEdk idk yf gw,?f vxl ok wi;f pm[m zqyv e@Jtwl vwG vf yaf &;wudk yf 0JG if “jyn}fu;D vu±f ;kH ” tjzpf yg0icf ?hJ 1949 {+yvD 24 &uf æ zqyvtp;dk &u owi;f pmwudk uf dk 'idk ;f erudk jfzihf azmufccGJ h?J 1949 Ekd0ifbm 1 &uf æ owif;pm jyefvnfxkwfc?hJ 176

1953 rS 1956 cktxd æ vlxkOD;av;vStm; yk'fr (5) jzifh &efukef axmi}fu;D rmS csKyaf EmS ixf m;c?hJ 1956 ck arv (10) &ufrS atmufwkdbm (1) &uftxd æ vxl ok wi;f pm t,'f wD mcsKyf q&m}u;D a&O$ a'gi;f tm; y'k rf (5) jzihf zr;f q;D c&H ? 12-3-1959 æ owif;pm csdwfydwfcH&? 10-5-1960 æ owif;pm jyefxGuf? 7-7-1967 æ owi;f pm &ypf cJ &H ? pma&;otl ygt0if &euf ek wf udk cf EJG iS hf rEaW vrS wudk of m; (5) O;D xed ;f ord ;f ccH &hJ ? t'J gaw[G m “jyn}fu;D 0e”f udk xr;f y;dk &i;f vxl ok wi;f pm }uKHc&hJ whJ “opmP w&m;”e@J obm0w&m;awyG g? vxl ok wi;f pm[m “opmP w&m;”udk ei;f ajcwhJ t\"r0R g'reS of r#udk wo rwfwnf; qef@usifwkdufckduf+yD; tzdcH/ tESdrfcH/ aoG;tpkyfcH/ tjc,fvS,fcHawG buuf t+r&J ywf nwf hJ “jyn}fu;D EiS wf ”H wm0euf vdk n;f xr;f &uG cf yhJ gw,?f · *syezf uqf pwf @dk&@J t\"r0R g'udk jynof wl &yvf ;kH e@JwuG weG ;f veS f wudk f cudk cf ahJ yr,hf tar&ud euf o@l&@Jtoppf upf uf tEjkrLA;kH vuef uqf e;f udk tm&S wudk of m; *syevf rl sKd ; awtG ay:udk pr;f oyaf zmucf cJG whJ hJ &mZ0wrf }_u;D udk qe@fusif ±_wfcsygw,f? · u&dk ;D ,m;u|e;f q,G f ppyf }JG u;D jzpyf mG ;cwhJ thJ cgvn;f tar&ud ef e,cf s@J vuof paf wuG uvk or*t~ z@JGudk cwk ;kH vyk +fy;D 0iaf &mupf uG zf uf jc,vf ,S cf whJ mudk qe@fusicf yhJ gw,?f · tar&ud eof rwR uae'vD yk }fucH &H awmh Eidk if aH &;t& vyk }fuoH wjfzwf rr_ sKd ;udk ±w_ cf scyhJ gw,?f · tar&ud euf A,D uef r/f avme@J uarmŠ ';D ,m; o;kH Eidk if uH dk usL;ausmf wudk cf udk wf hJ urmB th }u;D rm;q;kH ra=unmaomppyf }JGu;D uvdk n;f jyi;f jyi;f xexf ef ±_wfcscJhygw,f? · tar&ud eef ,cf s@J&@J vuyf g;aptjzpf Eidk if uH dk EpS jfcr;f cyJG pcf whJ hJ i'dk iZf i;f / i'dk i;f Enk aD emi&f @J vyk &f yaf wuG dk qe@fusicf ahJ yr,hf owl @dknaD emiuf dk ptD idk af tu tm%mord ;f yyJG okH ¿mezf ewf ;D +y;D owjfzwyf pcf whJ hJ tar&ud eef ,cf s@Jorm;udk tjyi;f txe±f w_ cf s ue@fuuG cf yhJ gw,?f · e,cf s@Jt&i;f &iS pf ep}fu;D udk qe@fusiwf udk cf ukd cf whJ hJ qAdk ,D ujfynaf xmif p}ku;D buuf wav#muvf ;kH axmucf tH m;ay;cahJ yr,hf t'J qD Adk ,D uf u,dk wf idk uf e,cf s@Jvr;f pOuf vdk udk +fy;D “q&kd ,S ef ,cf s@J”b0udk u;l ajymi;f omG ;awmvh n;f jywjfywf 177

om;om; qe@fusiaf 0zecf yhJ gw,?f · bmwpwP m tm%m&iS &f @J e,cf s@Jvuaf 0ctH p;dk &udk awmvf eS yf ek uf e+fy;D usL;bm; Eidk if oH puf dk xal xmicf whJ hJ uwpf xf ±udk dk cs;D usL;axmucf cH ahJ yr,hf u,dk hf Eidk if uH dk qAdk ,D u&f @J vuaf 0cH ±yk af o;±yk tf jzpf ta&mucf cH whJ hJ uwpf xf ±udk adk wmh a0zeuf e@fuuG cf yhJ gw,?f · e,cf s@JtrsKd ;rsKd ;&@J vuaf tmuuf vwG vf yaf &;twuG f wudk yf 0JG icf =hJuwhJ tmz&ud wudk ef @J vuwf itf ar&ud wufdk uf e,cf s@Jqe@fusiaf &; wudk yf 0JG iaf wuG dk axmucf cH ahJ yr,hf vwG vf yaf &;&+y;D aemuf zEd ydS cf sKycf s,af &;0g'udk usiohf ;kH vm=u oal wuG adk wmh qe@fusif a0zecf yhJ gw,?f · +Awd od #e,cf s@Jorm;aw&G @J vuaf tmuuf vwG af jrmuaf &;twuG f &&J J awmuf wkdufy0JG ifchwJ hJ tpPa&;EkdifiHom;awGukd axmufcHchaJ yr,fh t'J D tpPa&; Eidk if oH m;awuG ,dk wf idk uf ygvupf widk ;f vrl sKd ;aw&G @J e,af jrudk t\"roR rd ;f ,l tEidk f usichf +hJy;D ygvupf widk ;f vrl sKd ;awuG dk Eidk if rH vhJ rl sKd ;awjGzpaf tmif vyk cf whJ mawuG adk wmh qe@fusicf yhJ gw,?f · e,cf s@Jqe@fusiaf &; wudk yf 0JG if tEd ,dN acgi;f aqmi}fu;D ae±;l udk axmucf cH hJ ayr,hf trd ef ;D csi;f Eidk if aH v;awjGzp=fuwhJ eaD yg/ qpuf i;f / bwl eef @J o[D Vdk Ef idk if wH @dktay: Avdk uf s vr$ ;f r;dk csiwf hJ ae±;l udk qe@fusiaf 0zecf yhJ gw,?f · tm&vS r$ ;f r;dk a&; &n&f ,G cf suef @J vuof puf vdk edk eD ,cf s@Jorm;u z@JGpn;f wnaf xmicf whJ hJ q;D w;dk / piwf ;dk pwthJ z@JGawrG mS wuºfuyg0icf +hJy;D jynwf iG ;f rmS vn;f t\"r0R g'udk usiohf ;kH cwhJ hJ rm&,S tf ,wG cf &H @J ygupwP eEf idk if uH dk ±w_ cf scahJ yr,hf uu&f fS r;D ,m;jynef ,uf dk tEd ,dN u ord ;f yudk pf ;dk r;dk xm;wuhJ pd rP mS awmh ygupwP eEf idk if bH uuf axmufcH&yfwnfcJhygw,f? · =um;aeEkdifiHwEkdifiHjzpfwJh avmEkdifiH&J@ rif;om;}uD; ok0Àzl;rm;ukd pDtkdifat&J@ vufoyfarG;ppfAkdvfwpku jzKwfcstm%modrf;cJhpOfu rif;om;}uD; bufu axmufcHtm;ay;cJhayr,fh tm%mjyef&wJhtcgusawmh rif;om;}uD;u o@l&@JnaD wmf ri;f om;}u;D ozk mE0k %&f @J youaf vmtz@JGudk jynwf iG ;f ppcf i;f +y;D wudk f cudk wf muadk wmh ue@fuuG ±f w_ cf scyhJ gw,?f t'J tD csuaf wuG pmrsuEf mS awuG ajymjyaewhJ vxl ok wi;f pm&@Joridk ;f yg? “aeaomi;f axmif ta&mirf nKd‡ ;ovydk jynaf umi;f atmif aqmirf u;dk &,fvkd@ a&$a'gif;awmifuavmifwrsdK;&,fESifh awmif±kd;rSm q&m}urJ ayghvkd@ æ” aºu;a=umcf whJ qhJ &m}u;D ociuf ,dk af wmrf id_ ;f &@J a&@Saqmivf r;f !e¸ rf tl widk ;f razmuf rjyef raorG znf ac|;e@Jao;G e@J a&;c=hJuwhJ oridk ;f yg? 178

t'J vD odk ridk ;f aumi;f cwhJ hJ vxl ok wi;f pmrsKd ;udk O;D p;D xwk af 0cwhJ hJ owi;f pmorm;yg? t'J oD wi;f pmorm;b0rmS b,vf rdk ek wf idk ;f awuG dk }u}hHuchH idk cf idk f &iqf idk Ef idk f cohJ vqJ wdk m wEidk if vH ;kH u o=duw,af v? t'J ga=umihf cvk dk “tar æ tar æ taræ ” jzpaf ewmyg? cspcf i=funnf Kdav;pm;rq_ wkd m vyk ,f vl @dk &wmrsKd;rS r[wk f wm? val w&G @J &ixf uJ tvvdk dk jzpvf m=uwmav æ ? t'J ga=umihf - vlwkdif;&J@ tar æ jrefrmjynfoltm;vHk;&J@ tar touf&mausmf&Snfygap æ ? ? vxl pk ed 0f i;f a':a':vlxka':trm&J hb0[m jrefrmjynfolawG&J h b0eJth _rwJ r;f wxywf n;f wom;wn;f usaewbhJ 0avæ? aum vyd f ausmi;f obl 0rmS Avdk cf sKyaf tmiqf e;f wdk h e hJ twl oywd wf yOf ;D rmS ygcwhJ hJ ausmi;f ol æ ? wcsdK hausmif;om;acgif;aqmifvkyfolawG oydwf jyevf eS _f y;D ausmi;f jyewf uaf yr,hf&mouyf ef oywd af rmS uf c_hJ y;D baD tudkr,cl whJ ohJ læ t'J aD umvyd af usmi;f obl 0_y;D awmhowi;f pmq&mb0? b,vf dkowi;f pmrsKd ;ukdvyk wf hJowi;f pmq&mrvJo&d atmifæ 179

1 vxl &k vJ ah xl ':k at'r:tm rm111111111111111111112222222222222222222233333333333333333333444444444444444444445555555555555555555566666666666666666666777777777777777777778888888888888888888899999999999999999999000000000000000000001111111111111111111122222222222222222222333333333333333333334444444444444444444455555555555555555555666666666666666666667777777777777777777788888888888888888888999999999999999999990000000000000000000011111111111111111111222222222222222222223333333333333333333344444444444444444444555555555555555555556666666666666666666677777777777777777777888888888888888888889999999999999999999900000000000000000000111111111111111111112222222222222222222211111111111111111111222222222222222222223333333333333333333344444444444444444444555555555555555555556666666666666666666677777777777777777777888888888888888888889999999999999999999900000000000000000000111111111111111111112222222222222222222233333333333333333333444444444444444444445555555555555555555566666666666666666666 armifomEkd; vxl ak ':trmqwdk m jrerf mEidk if rH mS ay:xeG ;f z;l or# trsKd ;or;D awxG rJ mS t}u;D rm;q;kH v@dkq&dk if veG &f musrmS r@dkv@kd rqcdk siaf wmif t}u;D rm;q;kH awxG rJ mS wO;D v@dkawmh q&kd vrd rhf ,?f o@lta=umi;f udk orl sm;awtG a=umi;f oal &;ovdk pmtyk }fu;D wtyk f jyKpak &;om;&rmS jzpwf ,?f wae@ a&;=uygvrd rhf ,?f 'aD e&mrmS awmh u|ef awmf aw@G}uKH c&hJ or#awxG uJ ten;f tusO;f yJ wijfyEidk rf ,?f a':a':[m ti'f yD i;f 'ihf a':pe;f w@dk/ a':ci=f unwf @dkvdk Eidk if aH &;orm; r [wk yf gb;l ? 'gayrhJ ygwED idk if aH &;v@dk wcsKd @u ac:=uwhJ Eidk if aH &;qwkd m v@lb0yvJ @dk cH ,l owrf wS wf hJ owi;f pmq&mr}u;D / pma&;q&mr}u;D jzpyf gw,?f o@lb0[m Eidk if H a&;e@J rui;f b;l ? o@loridk ;f [m Eidk if aH &;oridk ;f / o@lta&;tom; tm;v;kH [m o@l EkdifiHa&;cH,lcsufeJ@ jrpfzsm;cHxm;+yD; 'Dta&;tom;awGonfyifv#if ol@EkdifiHa&; vyk af qmicf surf sm;jzpwf ,?f 'tD a&;tom; 'vD yk af qmicf suaf waG =umiyhf J jynof l vxl uk o@ludk csp=fu/ jrwEf ;dk =u/ =unnf Kd =uovdk jynof ul dk u|ejfyKaeol rsm;u 'rD ed ;f r}u;D udk t+iKd ;}u;D }u;D e@J rek ;f =uw,?f widk ;f jynuf cdk spwf ,/f jynof vl xl uk cdk spwf ,qf wdk hJ oal wG jrerf mEidk if aH wmf }u;D rmS trsm;}u;D ayg@? 'gayrhJ yg;pyuf ajymwmouof urf [wk /f ta=umx/J ao;G om;xuJ udk prd +hfy;D widk ;f jynef @J vxl uk cdk spwf hJ jrerf mtrsKd ;or;D qvkd @dk uae@ ou&f dS 180

xi&f mS ;xrJ mS EpS Of ;D yJ u|eaf wmf aw@Gz;l w,?f wO;D u a':trm? vxl ak ': trm? vxl Ok ;D veS @J a':trmudk ‘ueG jfrLep’f awvG @dk wcsKd @u xi=fuw,?f xivf @dk vnf; zqyvtpkd;&u OD;vSukd axmifoGif;tusOf;cscJhwmayg@? twGif;od w a,mutf aee@Jajym&&if olwk@d[m v;kH 0 ueG jf rLeprf [wk fygb;l ? omrewf dik f;cspf jyncf spyf *k Kd~v}fu;D awyG J jzp=fuw,?f 'gayrhJ vwl idk ;f e@J wnahf tmiaf ygi;f um vwl idk ;f vvdk ukd cspcf iaf v;pm;=uwthJ wuG f owl @dktaygi;f toi;f rwd af qoG *[F rsm;xrJ mS acgi;f yjkHzwf t&i;f &iS }fu;D awyG gov/dk ueG jfrLepaf cgi;f aqmiaf wvG n;f ygw,?f aemif awmh om;EpS af ,mu[f m awmcudk eG jfrLepaf wG jzpof mG ;=uw,?f 'gayrhJ owl @dku awmh b,wf ek ;f urS ueG jfrLepf r[wk =fuygb;l ? wcak wmh &wdS maygah v? ueG jfrLeprf [wk of vdk ueG jfrLepf qe@fusiof l awG vn;f r[wk =fub;l ? ueG jfrLepaf &m/ q&dk ,S vf paf &m/ zqyva&m/ widk ;f jyncf sp=fuol csif; twlwl nDnD!Gwf!GwfeJ@ wkdif;jynftwGuf twlvufwGJ vkyfukdifaqmif &uG of mG ;=uapcsiwf ,qf wkd hJ apwemrsKd ;yJ O;D veS @J a':trmrmS &wdS ,?f q&m}u;D ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;&J@ pdwf&if;apwemeJ@ twlwlygyJ? q&m}udD;ukd bk&m;wql *wl v;kH vdk u;dk pm;,=kHunf qn;f uy=fuwhJ &mS r&S mS ; wyn&hf i;f yoD oal wuG ;dk ? u|eaf wm[f m wuoU vdk rf a&mucf iuf upd wP cek @J vxl ok wi;f pmwudk uf dk a&mu&f i;f O;D av;vS (vxl Ok ;D v)S e@J yxrq;kH aw@GqzkH ;l wmyg? wuoU vdk af &mu+fy;D ausmif;tm;wJhtcg rEWav;wuUokdvfuae vlxkwkdufqDvmawmhrS a':a': (vxl ak ':trm) udk pwiaf w@Gz;l wmjzpyf gw,?f 'gawmif vxl wk udk vf m&if O;D v-S a':trmxuf vxl *k sme,pf ucf e;f rmS owi;f o;kH aewwwf hJ to#if ^m%\\d & qD a&muaf ewwwf thJ wuG f aemif to#if ^m%\\d & vxl uG +fy;D (O;D ) qe;f xeG ;f jzpof mG ;wthJ cg o@ludk &n!f e¸ ;f ajymqpdk &m&wdS idk ;f O;D av;vuS ‘riqhf &mav/ rihf q&m’v@dk +yKH ;+y;D ajymav&h wdS ,?f u|efawmf[m tJ'Dwkef;u uAsmav;tp/ aqmif;yg;av;tp/ 0wÎKwkd av;tp vuwf nphf r;f aecsed f jzpaf vawmh t'J tD csed yf idk ;f u vxl *k sme,uf dk uidk af y; aewJh to#if^m%d\\&qD r=umc% a&mufaewmyJ jzpfygw,f? aemifawmh ausmi;f om;&aJ bmtf csKd @e@J u|eaf wm[f m *k EmW e&f yuf trd wf trd uf dk imS ;+y;D aexidk f =u&m u|eaf wmwf @dktrd ef @J vxl k owi;f pmwudk qf wdk m vr;f [bdk uxf yd ef @J 'bD uf xyd jf zpaf eavawmh tm;widk ;f a&muaf erad wmwh ,?f u|eaf wmwf @dku uav;cspf wwaf wmh O;D v-S a':trm&@J uav;aweG @Jvn;f omG ;aqm=huw,?f t'J wD ek ;f u u|efawmfu t*Fvdyfowif;pmwapmif&J@ owif;axmufvkyfaew,f? reuf reuqf &dk if u|eaf wmuf vxl ok wi;f pmwudk uf vuEf ydS pf uef @J owi;f awuG dk ±udk f 181

+y;D y@dkwmyg? u|eaf wmwf @dkwaw[G m toJ vdk vxl ok wi;f pmwudk uf dk 0ixf uG of mG ;vm aeayr,hf wcgz;l r# O;D veS @Ja&m a':trme@Jyg Eidk if aH &;/ ausmi;f om;ta&; aq;G aEG;jcif;/ ajymqkdjcif; r&dScJhpzl;? tjcm;vlr_ qufqHa&;pum;-pmaypum;awGyJ ajymcJh=uwmyg? 'gayrJh zqyvtpkd;&&J@ taxmufawmf}uD;awGuawmh vlxk OD;vSu ausmif;om;awGukd !¸ef=um;aew,f? aiGa=u; axmufyHhaew,fvkd@ xiuf ek =f uawmwh ,?f 'vD ekd @J 1953 atmuwf bdk mrmS wuoU vdk f ausmi;f wv ywd af &; wudk yf jJGzpaf wmh u|eaf wmwf @dk ausmi;f om;acgi;f aqmirf sm;e@Jtwl vxl k O;D vuS ydk g zr;f vudk yf gawmwh ,?f o@lvydk J txirf mS ; tzr;f c&H ol aemuwf O;D uawmh '@dkb&k if O;D b&i?f '@dkb&k if O;D b&ief @J wcsKd @udk yxr vw$ af y;w,?f wEpS cf =JGumwthJ cg u|ef awmfwkd@ ausmif;om;awGukd v$wfay;w,f? 'gayrJh OD;vSukdawmh v$wfray;bJ av;EpS xf d axmixf rJ mS quxf m;w,?f 'gawrG mS ;reS ;f aemiof vd mwthJ wuG f t'J D acwfu zqyvtpkd;&&J@ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; Akdvfcifarmifav;[m aemif ol&m xl; jyKwfvmwJhtcg vlxkOD;vSqDvm+yD; uefawmhoGm;ygw,f? (28-11-79) “O;D av;vn;f o@ludk qak wG t=um}u;D ay;ypvf udk of umG ”v@dk 'tD a=umi;f u|ef awmuhf dk jyeaf jym&i;f O;D av;u &,&f ,+fyKH;+yKH;ajymygw,?f (O;D Euk vn;f rmS ;a=umi;f 0ecf oH mG ;ygw,?f ) 1955 rmS u|eaf wmf axmixf uJ xuG vf mawmh wuoU vdk jfyeaf eciG hf r& ao;ygb;l ? u|eaf wmf vxl ok wi;f pmwudk rf mS nt,'f wD m 0ivf yk yf gw,?f ae@ t,'f wD mu O;D xeG ;f az (o&l / &rS ;f jyn)f ? oul owi;f pmtwiG ;f pmrsuEf mS awuG dk ae@ci;f rmS vyk of mG ;+y;D / rsuEf mS z;kH e@J ausm&,/f tv,pf mrsuEf mS EpS rf suEf mS &,uf dk u|efawmfhtwGuf xm;cJhygw,f? ta&;}uD;wJh pmrsufESmawGyg? wkdif;jynfrSm wae@wmtwiG ;f jzpyf sucf whJ hJ owi;f awxG uJ ta&;}u;D q;kH owi;f awuG dk aemuf usEkdifoavmuf aemufusatmifapmifh+yD; rsufESmzHk;rSm xnfh&wm jzpfygw,f? rEaW v;e@J txutf nm owi;f awuG adk wmh u,dk yf idk of wi;f axmuaf wuG a&;+y;D om;av;awG u|eaf wmphf m;yrJG mS vmy@dk=uw,?f wcsKd@ pm;yrJG mS xidk af &;w,?f &euf ek f owi;f uadk wmh w,vf zD ek ;f e@J ay;w,?f urmB oh wi;f twuG f &KGud wf m/ attuzf yf /D atyD/ &Sif[Gmowif;XmeawGu owif;v$mawG pmwkdufu a&mufaeayr,fh aemuqf ;kH owi;f uadk wmh bbD pD /D btD adk t/ armpf u/dk yuD i;f a&',D odk wi;f awuG ydk J tm;udk; &w,f? u|efawmfhatmufrSm vufaxmuf t,f'Dwm wOD;&Sdygw,f? 'gayrhJ u|eaf wmuhf dk t+rwJ r;f vma&muuf nl D oeG of iaf ewmuawmh a':a':ygy?J 182

toJ vdk twvl uwf JG vyk vf mvudk af wmrh S a':a':&@J pwd \"f mw/f a':a':&@J t,tl q/ a':a':&@J oabmxm;awuG dk y+dky;D oed m;vnvf m&wm jzpyf gw,?f yxrO;D q;kH ajymcsiwf muawmh a':a':[m tveG tf vyk vf yk of l jzpwf ,f qwdk mygy?J w,vf zD ek ;f e@Jowi;f ay;wm/ a&',D udk owi;f vmwmudk twadk umuf tajy;tvm$ ; vudk rf wS wf ,?f +y;D t'J gudk tacsmjyeaf &;w,?f wcsKd @owi;f awuG t&nS }fu;D / owi;f pm wrsuEf mS ausmwf m? toJ vdk owi;f udk apmi&hf i;f tm;whJ tcsed f red pyf idk ;f rmS aqmi;f yg;u a&;vudk af o;/ bmomjyepf &m&wdS m jyevf udk af o;? aemu+fy;D æ u|eaf wmwf @dk owi;f pmwudk uf 0waf uswe;f aus vyk =fuwmrsKd ; r [wk bf ;l ? n 9 em&aD usm&f if trd jfyezf @dk em&aD rm=hunwfh hJ t,'f wD mrsKd ;awG r[wk f =ub;l ? owi;f ta&;}u;D &if }u;D ovdk oe;f acgiof e;f ExJG d apmi+hfy;D owi;f ,l o wif;ay;=uwm? Oyrm tar&dueforRw a&G;aumufy/GJ qkdAD,uf acgif;aqmif uvk or*o~ mG ;jci;f / *seD AD mrmS aq;G aE;G =ujci;f qwdk mrsKd ;awrG mS aemuqf ;kH owi;f o&d wthJ xd (b,of El idk of mG ;w,/f b,wf ek ;f u a&muof mG ;w,/f bmawG aq;G aE;G =uw,)f apmi+hf y;D owi;f ay;=uwmyg? ae&mr&awmah vmuaf tmif tcsed f aemuuf sveG ;f &if pu&f yof wi;f q+dky;D twadk v; xnahf y;wm? t'J vD dk ttyd yf sucf H vyk &f whJ tcsed tf cgrsKd ;xd u|eaf wmwf @dk vil ,f t,'f wD mrsm;e@J tw&l wdS wwf m? owi;f pmwudk yf idk &f iS vf n;f [wk /f wm0ecf H t,'f wD mqvdk n;f [wk /f u,dk thf ar t&,G af vmuf red ;f r}u;D u toJ vdk rtyd rf ae vyk jfyaeawmh u|eaf wmwf @dk vil ,f awrG mS tacsmicf zdk @dkqwkd m pwd uf dk ru;l r=duawmbh ;l ? qkdAD,ufacgif;aqmifESpfOD;jzpfwJh c±ka&SmhzfeJ@ blv*geif tvnftywf vm=uawmh a':a':u u|eaf wmuhf ydk J owi;f vudk cf idk ;f ygw,?f u|eaf wm[f m reuf csr;f jrompnaf vqyd uf dk qudk af &muvf m=uwthJ csed uf p+y;D n ar+rKd @ (jyiOf ;D viG )f npmpm;yGJxd owif;,l&w,f? acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; rdef@cGef;ac|wmukd ygvmwJh ±&k Spum;jyefu t*vF dyvf jdk yefay;w,f? c±ak &Smhzqf kwd hJ y*k ~dKvfu &$wwf Gwwf wG f aemufawmufawmufqkdawmh c&D;oGm;&if; aemufajymif ajymwmawGus bm omjyeaf y;avh r&bdS ;l ? u|eaf wmuf awmh ±&k mS ;pum;av; rawmuwf acguf wwf xm;awmh t'J gav;awuG tp noe;f acgiaf usmrf S rEaW v; vxl ok wi;f pmwudk uf dk zek ;f e@JvrS ;f +y;D owi;f ay;w,?f wzuuf a':a':u vrS ;f +y;D a&;rwS wf ,?f reuuf s vxl ok wi;f pmrmS c±ak &mS zh /f bvl *geiof wi;f [m &euf ek of wi;f pm }u;D awxG uf uydk J +rKd i+frKd iqf idk qf idk f ppkH vkH ivf if ygvmawmwh ,?f widk ;f cspjfyncf spyf *k Kd~vyf yD D vxl ak ':trm[m jynof tl wuG f tEyk nm/ jynf otl wuG f pmay/ jynof tl wuG f owi;f pmqwdk mudk r0l g'tjzpf ppJG +JGr+JruJ idk pf oJG jlzpf 183

w,?f owi;f pmq&m usi0hf wqf wdk muvdk n;f wwd ud sus apmixhf ed ;f w,?f r'k rd ;f owi;f / uav;oil ,f tusiyhf suof wi;f / red ;f rom;w@dk tzEd ydS cf vH wl e;f pm;w@dk xcd udk ef pef mapr,hf owi;f w@dkq&dk if owi;f pmrmS v;kH 0rygap&b;l ? owi;f tomG ; tvmt& wzuof wjfzpaf eayr,hf tcsKd @tcsutf vuuf reS af ey&kH &if t'J oD wi;f udk csichf sed of ;kH oy+f y;D jyeaf &;w,?f e,of wi;f axmuaf wG y@dkwohJ wi;f aw/G Eidk if jHcm;owi;f awG tm;v;kH vvdk [dk m jyeaf &;&wmcsn;f ygy?J u|eaf wmwf @dkvn;f t'J tD &,G uf jynof @ltwuG f tEyk nm/ jynof @l t wuG f pmayqwdk mudk ,akH umi;f wek ;f yg? 'gayrhJ u|eaf wmwf @dk,ykH ukH ±&k uS r[d idk ;f vf ±vd_ adk [mzh f w@dkvrdk sKd;? Socialist a&@Su wyrf xm;whJ Realism jzpwf ,?f t,wk f wrm udpPrsdK;r[kwf&if rSefwmqkd&if a&;&rSmaygh qkdwhJ cH,lcsufaygh? a':a':u toJ vrdk [wk bf ;l ? reS Of ;D awmh jynof ul /dk tzEd ydS cf vH wl e;f pm;udk xcd udk ef pef map&if ra&;ygb;l ? a&mS iwf ,?f a':a':&@J'oD abmxm;c,H cl suuf dk owi;f pm ta&;tom;rmS omr[wk /f o@l&@J tjcm;pmayta&;tom;rsm;rmS yg aw@G&w,?f a&±$ ;dk / buav;/ atmiAf v/ z;dk ped /f ped uf w;Hk / a&r$ e;f wiaf rmif twKÎyw` adW w/G jynof cl spaf om tEyk nmonrf sm; pwmawuG =kdun?hf qidk &f m tEyk nmonf wcsKd@e@Jywof uvf @dk val wmaf wmrf sm;rsm; oxd m;=uwhJ tusiyhf suuf av;awG &wdS ,?f 'gawuG kd a':a':vn;f owd mygy?J odayr,fh a&Smifw,f? 'Dawmh 'DtEkynmonfawG[m pif;vHk;acsmawG/ cspfcif =unnf Kd av;pm;p&mawyG J jzpaf eygawmwh ,?f b,Zf mwqf &m}u;D [mjzihf t*F vdyfe,fcsJ@udk xkdif&Sdckd;wJhta=umif;/ b,foDcsif;a&;q&m[mjzifh ol@qDukd ukd,f um,vmquof rS ri;f or;D udk ocD si;f aumi;f aumi;f a&;ay;wwwf thJ a=umi;f / b,frif;orD;[mjzifh ppfajy;pOfu w±kwf}uD;wa,mufeJ@ aygif;oif;aewJh t a=umi;f pwmawuG dk æ a':a':ph mrsm;rmS raw@GEidk af yb;l ? a':a':[m tEyk nmonaf wuG dk owl @dkta=umi;f ra&;cif uaruB rmB wn;f u EpS Ef pS uf mum cspcf iaf v;pm;cohJ yl g? jynof al w&G @J b0ta=umi;f / Eidk if aH &; ta=umi;f a&;ciG hf r&awmwh thJ cgrmS rS tEyk nmta=umi;f / ,Oaf us;rt_ a=umi;f a':a':huavmif OD;vSnfhvmcJhwmjzpfw,f? t&ifwkef;u tEkynm,Ofaus;r_ ta=umi;f a':a':a&;r,qf &dk if aqmi;f yg;av;wapmi/f acgi;f }u;D av;wy'k af vmuf yJ jzpaf yvrd rhf ,?f cvk dk pmtyk xf xl }lu;D awG jzprf vmayb;l ? 'tD wuG f ,Oaf us;r_ tEyk nmbuuf =unrhf ,qf &dk if u=HurmR uydk J aus;Z;l wi&f O;D awmh rvvdk ?dk 1955 puwf ibf mvv,f wnae owi;f pmwudk uf dk tvyk 0f izf @dk u|ef awm0f icf ahJ wmh t,'f wD mph m;yaJG y:rmS \"mwyf rkH sKd ;pakH wG jze@f}uxJ m;wm aw@G&+y;D / 184

pm;ywJG zurf mS irkd wwf ('grrS [wk f ixdk m;v@dk) rsupf rd suEf mS nK‡d;i,Ef rG ;f vs aewhJ a':a':udk aw@G&w,?f u|eaf wmf bmrS rar;Eidk af o;bJ tajctaeudk tucJ wf aepOrf mS a':a':u ‘ri;f o+dy;D yvm;/ q&m+ird ;f q;kH &mS +y’D v@dk rcswd iuf J ajymjyyg awmhw,f? u|efawmfh&ifxJvnf; 'def;ceJ jzpfoGm;w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u a':a':&J@ y&ad '0[m widk ;f jynrf mS urmB rmS av;pm;&whJ acgi;f aqmi}fu;D wO;D u,G vf eG f omG ; v@dk cpH m;&whJ y&ad '0rsKd ;ygy?J uae@acwf te;D uyqf ;kH Oyrmudk jy&&if ovD &iS }fu;D r,af wmf x&ZD m/ a0vri;f or;D 'ikd ,f memw@dk u,G vf eG wf ohJ wi;f =um;&wthJ cg owl @dkudk =unnf Kd oal wG cpH m;&wmrsKd ;ygy?J 'aD emuyf J a':a':[m owi;f axmuaf ygi;f pukH a&;ay;xm;whJ owi;f aw/G tjcm;orl sm; ajymjy=uwhJ rwS cf suaf wuG dk ppk n;f +y;D +rKd@r+ird ;f tepd aP &mu&f ykH owi;f udk a&;ygawmwh ,?f a&;&i;f u|eaf wmof wd mav;awuG vdk n;f ar;jre;f wthJ wuG f ajymjy&ao;w,?f aemuaf e@ vxl ok wi;f pmrmS +rKd r+ird ;f u,G vf eG yf kH owi;f [m wcr;f wem; ygvmw,?f acgi;f }u;D yidk ;f uvn;f ‘jynof @ltqiwf eqf mwc/k jynof @l vnqf wJG u;kH jzpaf om q&m+ird ;f æ aºuav+ywD um;’v@dk a&;xm;av&@J? vlxkowif;pm&@J t,f'DwmcsKyfu a&$Oa'gif;yg? q&m}uD;[m owif; pmacgi;f }u;D udk ae@widk ;f a&;ygw,?f q&m}u;D &@J pum;v;kH a&;G cs,f o;kH Ee_ ;f yukH dk EpS +fcKduf olwkd@u vlxkowif;pmukd rvGwfwrf;zwf+yD; q&m}uD;&@Javukd vufzsm;cg=u w,?f 'gayrhJ t'J oD wl @dk vuzf sm;cgwahJ v[m wcgwav q&m}u;D a&O$ a'gi;f r a&;jzpwf ahJ e@rsm;rmS a':trm a&;xm;wmr# jzpwf ,f qwdk mudk t'J wD ek ;f u b,f orl S rocd =hJub;l ? a':a':[m toJ avmujfrerf mpmudk yidk Ef ifdk wf ,?f 'gayrhJ a':a':[m t'J wD ek ;f u jynwf iG ;f a&;xu/f jynyf a&;uydk J aZmucf s a&;cyhJ gw,?f urmB th zEd ydS cf H tusL;ausmcf jHynof al wbG uuf &ywf nuf m e,cf s@J orm;e@J usL;ausmaf &;orm;rsm;udk ziG chf swhJ a0zeaf &;pmawuG ykd J a&;w,?f bm omjyewf ,?f t'J wD ek ;f u Eidk if wH uma&;&mrmS e,cf s@Jqe@fusiwf hJ tjri&f odS wl idk ;f v}lu;D vil ,rf a&;G a':trmah qmi;f yg;awuG kd zw&f wmcsn;f ? wcsKd @rsm; pmvn;f rzwEf idk /f a&',D vdk n;f em;raxmitf m;awmh a':trmah qmi;f yg;e@JyJ urmB ah &;&mudk o&d em;vn&f oal wG jzpwf ,?f txuef m;rmS axmujfycwhJ thJ widk ;f vxl ak ':trm[m tEyk nmonaf wG udk cspaf yr,hf oal vvh mcsif a&;csiwf mu qi;f &oJ m;/ vuvf yk vf upf m; jynof l awyG g? 'jDynof al w&G @Jb0 'jDynof al w&G @J ±ek ;f uerf q_ wkd hJ Eidk if aH &;udk owi;f ,wl ijfy/ oHk;oyfa&;om; csifwmyg? jynfol@owif;pmq&m vkyfcsifwmyg? vkyfcGifhr&vkd@ owi;f pmvn;f tywd cf vH udk &f v@dk ,Oaf us;r_ tEyk nmbuf vnS ohf mG ;&wmyg? 185

'tD a=umi;f udk aemitf cg O;D av; (v)S vwG vf m+y;D aemu/f u|eaf wmuf txuf ArmEkdifiHpma&;q&mtoif; twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efeJ@ u|efawmfwkd@wawG pmay a[majymywJG @dk/ avvh ma&;c&;D w@dk twxl uG =fuwthJ cg yodk &d w,?f val weG @J aw@GwthJ cg O;D av;vvS n;f pum;ajymwmy/J armipf rG ;f &nvf n;f ar;wmy?J u|eaf wmvf n;f avvh mwmcsn;f ? 'gayrhJ a':a':ar;ykH avvh myukH wrsKd;? u|eaf wmwf @dke@J rwbl ;l ? pwd yf g0ipf m; pwd &f nS vf u&f nS ef @J owl @dkb0xJ 0iaf EmS um owl @dkcpH m;csuaf wuG dk r#,+ly;D ton;f xJ EvS ;kH xJ prd ,hf al eyakH y:w,?f a':a':ar; vkdufyHkuav;ukdu u±k%mtjynfh ygaew,f? ar;jref;pum;ajymcH&ol awm olawmifom;}uD;rSm owif;pmq&meJ@ tifwmAsL;aew,fvkd@ rxifrdapbJ w u,ahf qrG sKd ;&i;f csmwa,mu/f u,dk }fhu;D a':wa,muef @J w&i;f wE;DS pum;zv,S f aew,fvkd@om txifa&mufoGm;apw,f? pum;pyfrdvkd@ajym&&if 'Dae&mrSm a':a':h ajc&mudk ei;f Eidk zf @dk awmaf wmef ;D pywf m u|eaf wmwf @dk taygi;f toi;f xrJ mS wirf ;dk wa,muyf J jrirf wd ,?f yg&ryD g&uef @J owi;f pmq&m qurf vyk &f awmwh hJ a':trm[m ,Oaf us;r_ tEyk nmta=umi;f awG a&;w,?f aemuf c&;D omG ;aqmi;f yg;awG a&;w,?f 'aD wmh ‘&efolrsdK;ig;yg;&J@ '%fukd rvSry cHxm;&wmrkd@ +rdK@omqkd&w,f/ &GmomomyJ usefawmhwJh+rdK@awG/ arSmifckdpD;yGm;a&;&J@'%fukd vl;vSdrfhcHae&wJh a'oawG t a=umif;’udk,fawG@od&Sd cHpm;&jyefw,f? aemufawmh vlrsdK;p±kduf\"avhav;awG bufukd vSnfhum “vlr_a&;taqmufttHk ysufjym;+ydKqif;vmwmawG t a=umi;f ” pwd qf i;f &pJ mG e@J a&;vmjyeaf wmwh ,?f a':trm[m qdk&S,fvpfwa,muf/ uGefjrLepfwa,mufr[kwfayr,fh qkd&S,fvpfpepf[m om,mpkdajywJh vl@taqmufttHkukd zefqif;ay;Ekdifvdrfh r,vf @dkawmh ,=kHuncf ohJ l jzpwf ,?f tcak wmh urmB rmS q&dk ,S vf ppf epf +yKdusomG ;whJ tcgrSm a':a':vnf; t,ltqawG ajymif;vJoGm;&+yDeJ@ wlygw,f? “'gayrJh 'vD rl qewf hJ t&i;f &iS pf epuf adk wmh igoabm rusEidk af o;b;l ”v@dk a':a':u|eaf wmhf udk ajymz;l ygw,?f q&dk ,S vf ptf jriqf wdk m v@ltz@JGtpn;f udk vrl sKd ;vudk f z@JGpn;f xm;wmv@dk rjribf J vwl e;f pm;vudk f (tvyk of rm;e@J t&i;f &iS )f z@JGpn;f xm;wmv@dk jriwf thJ jrif jzpfygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfrSm trsdK;om;pdwfqkdwmr&SdbJ vlrsdK;pHkaoG;pnf;a&;pdwf Internationalism om&wdS ,?f q&dk ,S f vptf rncf +Hy;D u,dk vhf rl sKd ; }u;D p;dk a&;uodk m tm;oeG }f uKd ;yr;f ae&if e,cf s@Jvuof pf uvdk edk D vuof pf Neocolonialist omjzpf vrd rhf ,?f uae@acwrf mS a&;S a[mi;f +Awd od #/ jyiof p/f tar&ud ef e,cf s@J uvdk edk D 186

acwuf uek of mG ;+y?D 'uD vdk edk vD uof p&f @J tE&W m,yf J &adS wmwh ,?f 'tD jci;f t&mudk a':a':vnf; odjrifvmyHk&a=umif; uae@ol@pmawGrSm awG@Ekdifw,f? ol@&J@ aqmi;f yg;awuG dk ppk n;f xm;wmjzpwf hJ tarah &;S pum; (1997) “a&;o@ltrmS ”rmS u|efraqmif;yg;awGxJrSm EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;a&;wm tenf; tyg; ygw,f? tJ'g[m vlrsdK;a&; qef@usifwJh oabmr[kwfbJ ukd,fh,Of aus;r_udk qufvufxdef;odrf;=ua&;twGuf &nf&G,fxmom jzpfygw,f v@dk &iS ;f jyxm;wm aw@G&w,?f b,vf ydk J &iS ;f jyygap? u|eaf wmwf @dk widk ;f jynrf mS p;D yGm;a&;t&a&m/ ,Ofaus;r_ e,fy,frSma&m jc,fvS,fe,fcsJ@vmaewJh “ukdvkdeD vufopf”&J@ tEW&m,fukd a':a': &ifav;vmaea=umif; u|efawmfwkd@ cHpm;rd ygw,?f a':a':&J@ ‘rEWav;o&uf’ ta=umif; a&;xm;wJhpmxJrSm 'Dvkdzwf &w,f? o&ufoD; aps;}uD;&wJhta=umif;uawmh wjcm;ukefaps;E_ef;awG enf;wl aps;wufwmrsdK;tjyif/ rEWav;o&ufukd w±kwfjynfbuf 0,fwif aevkd@ odyfaps;}uD;vmwmyg? æ pwifwJh wjrefESpfu o&ufoD;onfawG odyfjrwf=uowJh? rESpfuawmh cGufcGufvef ±_H;=uowJh? ‘trsdK;orD;0wfpHk’ qkdwJh aqmif;yg;xJrSmawmh - 'gqkd&if w±kwfrav;awGeJ@ u|efawmfwkd@eJ@ bmuGJawmhrSmvJ tar &J@? olwkd@ vkdufr0wfao;yJeJ@rS u|efawmfwkd@qDrSm w±kwfrawG wae@wjcm; aygvm&wthJ xJ æ &,vf @dk o@ludk vwl a,muuf rausrcsr;f ajymjyaew[hJ erf sKd ; a&;xm;wm awG@vkduf&w,f? rEaW v;+rKd @o+lrKd @om;rsm;e@JwuG rEaW v;a&muvf mwhJ widk ;f cspjfyncf spf jref rmwkdif; &ifrat;=u&wJh udpP}uD;ukdawmh “ajraps;wkdufaps; aumif;vGef;vkd@” q+dky;D aqmi;f yg;vvdk dk 0wKÎ vvdk dk a&;om;wijfyxm;w,?f “tarwkd@ rEWav;rSm ajraps;tdrfaps;awG odyfaumif;vmw,f? vlrsdK;uGJawGukd a&mif;=u&if odyfykdufqHawG&w,fqkdwm =um;ae=urSm ayg@”v@dk pwivf udk uf m o@ltord wd af qvG irf ,m; wudk uf dk oed ;f 1500 e@J a&mi;f z@dk pum;ur;f vrS ;f vm&mu tb;dk }u;D tbmG ;}u;D pum;rsm;&/ txirf mS ;=u&yakH wuG dk [moaEmS +y;D a&;w,?f tbmG ;}u;D a'gyvG mawmh æ o@la,musfm;u æ “cifAsm;uvnf;Asm/ b,fhESma=umifh 'gavmufa'gyG ae&wmvJ? 0,fcsifwJhvlu cifAsm;xifovkd w±kwf}uD;r[kwfbJ 0 wkd@/ ukd;uef@wkd@ jzpfcsifvnf; jzpfaerSmyg? ArmxJuvnf; tJ'DavmufaiGukd 0,fEkdifoHk;Ekdif 187

wJhvlawG &Sdae+yDqkdwma&m cifAsm; od&J@vm;” “at;yg? b,foljzpfjzpf 0 ruvkd@ 0d jzpfjzpf ra&mif;bl;” virf ,m; wa,muwf ayguf ceG ;f }u;D ceG ;f i,f pum;rsm;=u+y;D uoud atmuf t=um}u;D jzpvf udk =fuw,?f aemuaf jyaysmuof mG ;w,?f pmudk tq;kH owf xm;ykH pma=umi;f av;uawmh æ 'gwkd@ajy/ 'gwkd@ajr/ 'g igwkd@jynf ygwJh? a':trm&J@ EkdifiHa&;b0ukd o;kH yidk ;f c+JGy;D owrf wS &f vrd rhf ,vf @dk u|eaf wmxf iwf ,?f yxryidk ;f u i,pf Of ausmi;f ol b0uae 1948 tx?d u,dk whf idk ;f jynuf dk u|evf yk tf yk pf ;dk aewhJ +Awd od #e,cf s@Judk qe@fusiwf udk yf 0JG iwf ahJ cw?f 'wk ,d yidk ;f u vwG vf yaf &; aemuaf cwaf wrG mS urmB rmS AkdvfusvmaewJh tar&duefe,fcsJ@ukd qef@usifwkdufyGJ0ifwJhacwf? wwd,ykdif; uawmh u,dk whf idk ;f jynrf mS a&m/ tm&rS mS a&m/ urmB rmS yg wae@wjcm; +crd ;f ajcmuf vmaewhJ uvdk edk vD uof puf dk tewf qk e@fusiwf ahJ cw?f 'oD ;kH yidk ;f v;kH rmS a':a':[m u,dk pf rG ;f &odS a&@G/ ^m%pf rG ;f &odS a&@G tm;xwk &f uG af qmiaf e&mrmS jzihf wm0eaf us ygayw,fvkd@ rSwfcsufcs&r,f? wu,fhwkdif;cspfjynfcspfyk*~dKvf yDoygayw,fvkd@ armuf eG ;f x&l vrd rhf ,?f a':a':u ol@,Ofaus;r_a&;&m aqmif;yg;awGukd pkpnf;xkwfa0wJh pmtkyfukd “a&$a'gif;awmif”vkd@ trnfwyfvkdufw,f? q&m}uD; ocif ukd,f awmfr_dif;&J@ “a&$a'gif;awmif uavmifwrsdK;&,feJ@ jynfaumif;atmif aqmifrukd;&,fvkd@”qkdwJh av;csdK;}uD; pmom;xJu pmvHk;ukd ,lvkdufwmygyJ? 'Dae&mrSm a&$a'gif;awmifqkdwJh pum;vHk;ukd pOf;pm; ppfaq;=unfhoifhw,f? ‘aiGa'gif;awmif’ r[kwfovkd ‘usD;uef;awmif’vnf; r[kwfbl;? ‘pmuav; awmi’f omr[wk af o;? ‘a&a$ 'gi;f awmi’f rS ‘a&a$ 'gi;f awmi’f ? a&p$ ief @Jvyk xf m;whJ a&a$ &mi0f i;f aewhJ a'gi;f awmitf &edS tf 0ge@J jynphf /kH tprG ;f xujf ruwf hJ uavmif wrsKd;jzpwf ,?f 'vD udk avmirf sKd;rvS n;f ‘jynaf umi;f atmiaf qmi’f Eidk af yvrd rhf ,?f cycf smcsm uavmirf sKd ;omjzihf b,af vmu}f u;D widk ;f jynuf cdk spaf eae/ widk ;f jynf aumif;atmif &GufaqmifEkdifvdrfhr,f r[kwfacsbl;? vlu awmfvnf;awmfrS/ aumi;f vaJ umi;f rS val wmvf al umi;f rS jynof vl xl tk wuG f tusKd ;jyKEidk yf gw,?f a':trmvdk owi;f pmq&mwO;D / pma&;q&mwO;D tz@dkawmh tEyk nmyg&r/D tEk ynmAZD / tEyk nm t&ntf ao;G ygy?J vxl ak ':trmom ovl ukd ,dk vf rdk sKd ; pma&;wwwf mrsKd ;q&dk if 'aD vmu}fu;D rm;whJ pma&;q&m jzprf vmEidk yf gb;l ? cak wmh o@l[mu *E0Î if jrerf mpum; (./ onf/ aom) eJ@ a&;pOfuvnf; q&m}uD;a&$Oa'gif;vm; xifrSwfrSm;&atmif 188

cHhxnfykdifEkdifw,f? “jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm;”rSmvkd ajyjypfacsmarG@ cr;f em;wiwhf ,wf ,?f aemuyf idk ;f acwaf y: Armpum;e@J a&;vmjyeaf wmvh n;f pxH m;&r,hf ta&;tom;jzpvf mjyewf ,?f jynof @lyg;pyzf sm;u titf m;&wdS hJ pum; v;kH awuG dk pum;ajym&pof rrf rd d puD ;kH omG ;Eidk wf ,?f t'J vD dk apweme@J tEyk nmudk a&mpyf orxm;Eidk vf @dkvn;f jynof al w&G @J pma&;q&mr}u;D jzpvf m&w,?f a':trmudk avvh m&if o@l&@Jpwd \"f mwef @J vyk &f yuf odk mru o@l&@Jbmom pum;/ o@l&@Jyg&ruD ydk g avvh m&vrd rhf ,?f armifomEkd; vxl ak ':trmqwdk m jrerf mEidk if rH mS ay:xeG ;f z;l or# trsKd ;or;D awxG rJ mS t}u;D rm;q;kH vdk h qdk &if veG &f musrmS rdk vh kd h rqcdk siaf wmif t}u;D rm; q;kH awxG rJ mS wO;D vdk ah wmh q&kd vrd rhf ,?f ol h ta-umi;f udk orl sm;awtG a-umi;f oal &;ovdk pmtyk }f u;D wtyk f jyKpak &;om;&rmS jzpwf ,?f 189

whdk rmS tar&adS o;w,f 11111111222222223333333344444444555555556666666677777777888888889999999900000000111111112222222233333333444444445555555566666666777777778888888899999999000000001111111122222222333333334444444455555555666666667777777788888888999999990000000011111111222222221111111122222222333333334444444455555555666666667777777788888888999999990000000011111111222222223333333344444444555555556666666677777777888888889999999900000000111111112222222233333333444444445555555566666666 armipf rG ;f &nf vlrSef&if vlwkdif;rSm vlom;&J@ tm;rmeftjynfh &Sdygw,f? ig[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ukd igpGrf;aqmif&mbufu tusdK;jyKaeao;wJh vlom; wa,mufqkdwJh tm;rmefukd aorS pGef@rSmyg? vlxka':trm (5-8-95) u|eaf wmrhf mS tartrsm;}u;D &ydS gw,?f ar;G tar/ au|;tar/ ar;G pm;tar/ pmaytar ponjhfzihf ‘tar’awG trsm;}u;D &ydS gw,?f 'aD e@ jrerf mEidk if pH mayorm; vvl wyf idk ;f v}l u;D vil ,f yidk ;f ua&m/ Zmwof bi/f ye;f csyD e;f yk tEyk nmonf yidk ;f uyg tarv@dk ±adk oav;pm;ore_ @J ac:ae=uwhJ trsKd ;or;D }u;D wO;D &adS ewm[m jrerf mEidk if tH z@dk *%k ,f pl &maumi;f vyS gw,?f t'J tD rsKd;or;D }u;D [m wjcm;r[wk yf J vlxka':trmjzpfw,fqkdwmukd txl;ajymp&mrvkdygbl;? tJ'Dtar[m u|ef awmwf @dk rEaW v;xuG f pma&;q&maw&G @J tarjzp+f y;D / u|eaf wm&f @J pmay tar jzpwf ,qf dk wmvn;f tx;l xwk af zmaf =unmaep&mvn;f rvydk gb;l ? ig@tar[m tm;v;kH &@J tarygvm;qwdk hJ to[d m pmayorm;tcsi;f csi;f cspcf irf _ yrdk wdk ;dk ymG ; apygw,f? EpS pf Oaf tmuwf bdk mvxJ a&mu+f yqD rdk jS zihf u|eaf wmf &euf ek +f rKd @v,uf dk omG ;v@dk pma&;q&maw/G ye;f csqD &maw/G owi;f pmq&maweG @J aw@G&if “q&m tarqh D omG ;O;D rvm;”v@kd u|eaf wmuhf dk ar;=uygw,?f rEaW v;om;e@J r&kH mG om; tp&wdS hJ tnmom;aweG @Jaw@G&iaf wmh “q&m tarqh D vmO;D rvm;”v@kd u|eaf wmhf udk ar;=uygw,?f 'vD dk ar;=uajym=uwhJ torH sm;udk =um;&&if tirf wef =unEf ;l tm;wufvSygw,f? “wkd@rSm tar&Sdao;w,f”'Dpum; 'DcHpm;r_[m tifrwef tm;&adS p+y;D / pwd \"f mwvf +kHcKH r_ &vdS yS gw,?f u|eaf wmrhf mS ar;G wthJ art&i;f vn;f &dS ao;w,?f pmaytarvn;f &adS o;w,af v? trrd ohJ m; r[wk ?f 190

tarudk cspjfrwtf m;u;dk wphJ wd qf wdk m csucf si;f jzprf vmb;l ? tart&i;f awmirf S i,pf Ouf uuJG mG ae+y;D rS jyeqf &kH &if tarv@kdac:z@dk rv,G bf ;l ? ,=kHunpf wd /f cspcf ijfrwEf ;dk pwd jfzpvf mrS tar&,vf @dk EpS Ef pS uf mum ac:vmEidk rf mS yg? u|eaf wmwf @dk wawvG n;f vxl ak ':trmudk tarv@kd ac:vm=uwm ±wk jfcn;f jzpvf mcwhJ m r [wk yf gb;l ? vxl ak ':trmu 1915 cEk pS rf mS ar;G zmG ;cwhJ mqadk wmh Avdk cf sKyaf tmiqf e;f e@J ouwf &l ,G wf yl g? Avdk cf sKyaf tmiqf e;f [m trsKd ;om;ausmi;f u ar;G xwk af y;vudk f wmjzpof vdk vxl ak ':trmuvdk n;f trsKd;om;ausmi;f u ar;G xwk cf whJ m jzpyf gw,?f EpS Of ;D v;kH [m q&m}u;D ociuf ,dk af wmrf id_ ;f &@J wyn&hf i;f csmawG jzp=fuv@dk q&mwl wynahf wvG n;f jzp=f uygw,?f uvdk edk aD cwf e,cf s@Jqe@fusiaf &; vwG vf yaf &;wudk yf rJG mS 1920/ 1936/ 1938 EpS f to;D o;D u wuoU vdk af umvyd f oywd }f u;D o;kH c[k m tveG tf a&;ygc=hJ uyg w,f? '*kefwm&m&J@ a&;om;csuft& vlxka':trmukd AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ twl Auo yxrq;kH nvD mc}Hu;D zewf ;D cohJ l rcd itf jzpf o&d dS cpH m;&ygw,?f 'wk ,d oywd +f y;D csed rf S u|eaf wmuhf dk ar;G cyhJ gw,?f 1936 oywd +f y;D v@dk 1956 cak &muwf hJ EpS af ygi;f 20 wwd =dumwthJ cg u|eaf wmf rEaW v;wuoU vdk uf dk a&muvf mcyhJ gw,?f oywd af rmS uaf usmi;f o/l owi;f pmq&m rtrm jzpaf eyg+y?D urmB ausmf owi;f pmq&mr}u;D wO;D tjzpef @J &ywf naf eayr,hf 1936 cEk pS f &aJ bm&f bJ uf oywd f armS uaf usmi;f ol rtek ;f (ausmi;f oal usmi;f om;rsm;u rrtek ;f v@dk ac:=uwohJ )l udk ta=umi;f jyK+y;D wuoU vdk ef @J tqurf jywbf J wuoU vdk ef ,af jrrmS jriaf w@G ae&ygw,?f O;D av;uvn;f wuoU vkd qf ;D ewd tf z@JG0iyf g? u|eaf wmwf @dkwawvG n;f wuUodkvf owif;axmufvkdjzpfae+yD; owif;ykd@&if;/ aqmif;yg; uAsmykd@&if; pm tkyf0,f&if;qkdovkd ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;e@J vlxkwkdufukd a&mufoGm;&mu vlxk Ze;D armiEf &HS @J w/l om;awjGzpvf mc=hJuygw,?f pmqadk wmaf e@ tcr;f tem;rmS O;D av;eJ@ a':a':wkd@ukd yifhzdwfuefawmh=uygw,f? OD;av;wkd@ a':a':wkd@eJ@ a[m ajymyaJG w/G pum;&nvf yk aJG wvG n;f vyk yf gw,?f wuoU vdk uf r*Z~ i;f awG pmapmif awG xwk &f ivf n;f pmral wmi;f ygw,?f wcgw&vH xl wk udk rf mS yJ r*Z~ i;f awG yEkH ydS f ygw,?f 'vD edk @J vxl ek @J wuoU vdk /f wuoU vdk ef @J vxl ak ':trmw@dk tqurf jywf &SdaecJhygw,f? u|eaf wm[f m awm&mG rmS }u;D jyi;f c&hJ ayr,hf &mG rmS u pm=unwhf udk f &ydS g w,?f u|eaf wmrhf bd O;D }u;D O;D av; tb;dk tbmG ;rsm;uvn;f pme,Zf i;f awG zwf =uygw,?f 'ga=umihf pp+fy;D pacwrf mS Armah cw/f &euf ek /f jrerf mth vi;f / [oH m0w/D 191

vxl pk whJ owi;f pmawuG dk tm;v;kH vdk zw±f &_ ygw,?f vxl wk udk uf vxl *k sme,f vxl ok wi;f pmawtG jyif “aAmvf *grS **gFo@dk”vdk pmtyk rf sKd ;awuG vdk n;f xwk af 0 avawmh awm&mG rmS &pdS Ouf wn;f u t'J gawuG dk zw±f c_ &hJ ygw,?f oywd af rmS uf ausmif;ol rtrmukd vlxkowif;pmq&mr}uD; a':trmtjzpfeJ@ vlxk*sme,f owi;f pmu wqihf oud |r;f &i;f E;DS vmc&hJ mu vul ,dk wf idk f aw@Gq&kH wthJ cg tveG f 0r;f ajrmuf *%k ,f yl gw,?f u|eaf wmwf @dk[m rEaW v;wuoU vdk rf mS uavmi&f iS ;f toi;f q+dky;D z@JGygw,?f u|efawmfwkd@wawG pma&;q&maygufpawGjzpfvmawmh vlxkowif;pmwkdufeJ@ qurf ±d rkH #ru q&mjrrsKd;viG /f q&ma&j$ynOf ;D bwi/f q&m=unjfrw@dke@Jyg quof ,G f rd+yD;/ txufjrefrmEkdifiH pma&;q&mtoif;ukd jyefvnftoufoGif;=uygw,f? toi;f tpn;f ta0;udk toi;f OuÏU vxl Ok ;D v&S &dS mrmS vyk af v&h ydS gw,?f 'ga=umihf u|eaf wmwf @dkwaw[G m vxl k a':trme@Jvn;f yrdk dk &i;f E;DS vmc&hJ ygw,?f tpu vxl wk udk f a&@Syidk ;f ce;f rus,xf rJ mS pmtyk qf idk &f ydS gw,?f aemuaf wmh r&adS wmbh ;l ? t'J aD &@Sce;f xJ ajrmubf uef &H rH mS tce;f awzG @JG xm;w,?f vxl tk ,'f D wmawjGzp=fuwhJ uadk e0i;f / uodk ed ;f [ef (armvf +rKd i)f / uodk pvf iG /f updk ed 0f i;f / uxdk eG ;f &Sdefwkd@ukd ra&S;raESmif;qkdovkd awG@qHkcJh&ygw,f? aemufawmh tJ'Da&S@cef;rSmyJ vxl ak ':trmudk aw@G&w,?f vxl Ok ;D vuS twiG ;f ce;f xrJ mS tvyk rf sm;aewwf ygw,?f vxl ak ':trmu “ri;f O;D av;u riuhf dk ar;p&m &wdS ,”f qrdk S u|eaf wmf O;D av;qoD mG ;ygw,?f a':a':u O;D av;&@J ‘yaD t’tjzpf wm0e,f al e&wmyg? tJ ovdk wm0ef r,&l ivf n;f {nrhf sm;veG ;f v@dk O;D av;tvyk vf yk &f rmS r[wk yf gb;l ? a':a':&@J armiif ,f undk nD D (a'guwf m ciaf rmiaf t;) e@J u|eaf wmwf @dku ausmif;aezufjzpfovkd a':a':&J@om;}uD;eJ@vnf; ausmif;aezuf jzpfygw,f? a':trmu ‘w@kdarmiEf rS pm;vudk =fuO;D p@dk’‘w@dkarmiEf rS omG ;vudk =fuO;D p@dk’pojzihf ajymav&h adS yr,hf u|eaf wmwf @dku ‘oywd af rmS uf ausmi;f ol rtek ;f ’udk rrtek ;f ac:ayr,hf ‘oywd af rmS uf ausmi;f ol rtrm’uadk wmh a':a':v@dkyJ ac:jzpyf gw,?f 1964 ckESpfup+yD; vlxkrSm u|efawmf[m pmtkyfa0zefcef;ukd wm0ef,lvmcJh& ygw,?f t'J tD cgrmS a':a':e@J tqutf o,G vf yk &f wm yrdk sm;ygw,?f pmtyk af 0zecf e;f twuG f 0,cf siwf phJ mtyk f 0,Ef idk yf gw,?f a0zeaf &;pmtyk f r[wk wf hJ t*vF yd pf mtyk af wuG dk 0,cf +hJy;D pmtyk zf ;dk udk +y;D rS awmi;f csiof avmuf awmi;f v@dk&ygw,?f ‘pmtyk af umi;f &if ig@om;awzG @dk 0,cf yhJ g? jyiof pvf dk uAsm pmtyk af w@G&ivf n;f ig@om;awzG wzf @dk 0,cf yhJ g’v@dk a':a':rmS wwyf gw,?f a':a':u u|eaf wmphf mral wuG dk b,af wmrh S rjyiyf gb;l ? wcgrS ry,zf ;l ygb;l ? wcgawmh pmay 192

aqmi;f yg;wcek @J ywof u+fy;D rajympz;l ajymwm&ydS gw,?f u|eaf wmpf pqf e@fusiaf &;/ +ird ;f csr;f a&;ta=umi;f udk a&;awmh “ppqf wdk m w&m;wphJ p/f rw&m;wphJ p&f ,vf @dk &wdS mudk owjdyKyg”v@dk ajymygw,?f “igw@dku rw&m;wphJ pf usL;ausmpf pvf [dk m rsKd ;udk qe@fusi&f rmS y?J 'gayrhJ cck pH p/f awmvf eS pf pvf dk w&m;wphJ puf adk wmh axmuf c&H rmS y’J v@dk aq;G aE;G ygw,?f u|eaf wmvf n;f t'J aD wmrh S ppqf odk r# qe@fusi=fuqwdk hJ t,tl qudk jyiqf icf yhJ gw,?f wcsed wf n;f wudk qf idk rf w_ cvk n;f &ydS gw,?f u|eaf wmuf ‘pepaf umi;f v@dk val umi;f xeG ;f um;’v@dk pum;v;kH ygwhJ uAsmwy'k af &;xm;ygw,?f ±&k uS trsKd ; or;D tmumo o&l aJ umi;f Aviwf eD m x&uuf Adk mudk *%k jfyKwhJ uAsmyg? 'gudk teeD @Jtjym uAsmpmtyk xf rJ mS xnzhf @dk uodk mE;dk udk bmomjyecf idk ;f awmh uodk mE;dk u “usKyuf t'J grsKd ; b,af wmrh S rjyebf ;l ”q+dky;D csexf m;cyhJ gw,?f vxl ak ':trme@J uodk mE;dk w@dk rajympz;l ajym=uwhJ oabmw&m;awuG dk ra&;S raEmS i;f =um;&awmh u|eaf wmthf z@dk urmB Eh idk if aH &; oabmxm;awrG mS qijfcirf pd &mawG &vmcyhJ gw,?f u|efawmf pmtkyfa0zefcsufawGa&;wJhtcg y,fwmvnf;r&Sd/ qkdif;xm; wmvn;f r&cdS yhJ gb;l ? O;D oed ;f azjri&hf @J 0wKÎ wadk wuG dk a0zeaf wmh yg&r,&hf urf mS / r ygvmbJ qidk ;f xm;v@dk u|eaf wmf vxl wk udk uf dk omG ;ygw,?f O;D av;u uodk ed ;f azudk ri;f a0zewf m cidk rf m&@Jvm;? aocsm&@Jvm;v@dk q;D ar;ygw,?f a':a':uvdk n;f vrS ;f ac:ygw,?f “ri;f armipf rG ;f &n&f @J pmudk zw+f y;D +yvD m;”v@dk ar;ygw,?f “oal &; wm b,fheJ@vJ/ ukdodef;azuawmh b,fenf;eJ@rqkd wkH@jyef a&;rSmyJ? 'ga=umifh ola&;wm aocsm&J@vm;vdk@ rif;ukd ac:ar;wmyg”vkd@ OD;av;u ajymygw,f? a':a':u “oal &;wm aumi;f ygw,?f cidk rf mygw,”f v@dk axmucf cH suaf y;ygw,?f “riuhf dk uodk ed ;f azu jyeaf &;&if ri;f u cidk cf idk rf mrm acsyEidk rf vm;”v@kd O;D av;u xyaf r;w,?f u|eaf wmf u “acsyEidk yf gw,”f v@kd jyeaf jzygw,?f a':a':uvkd n;f OD;av;u “aocsmygw,faemf”vkd@ xyfar;ygw,f? a':a':u xyfrHtwnf jyKygw,f? “ukdodef;azuawmh 'grsdK;b,fawmhrS +idrfaerSmr[kwfbl;”vkd@ a': trmuvnf; ajymygw,f? “'gayrJh a&;p&m&Sdwmawmh a&;oma&;uG” vkd@ tm;ay;ygw,?f vxl ok wi;f pmrmS u|eaf wmf a&;cwhJ hJ ouwf r;f wav#muf 'g avmufyJ pmrleJ@ ywfoufvkd@ aqG;aEG;&zl;ygw,f? ukd,fht,ltqeJ@ukd,fa&; p&m&wdS m quof ma&;ygv@dkvn;f pme@Ja&;+y;D tm;ay;ygw,?f a':a':e@J O;D av;[m pmayupd aP wrG mS toJ vdk t+rwJ r;f widk wf idk yf iyf ief @J vyk wf w=f uayr,hf t+rwJ r;f oabm wudk qf idk af ewmcsn;f yvJ @dkawmh rajymEidk f ygb;l ? u|eaf wmwf @dk ‘pum;ajymovdk pma&;=ur,’f qakd wmh tawmnf Ed‡ id_ ;f 193

widk yf i=fuygw,?f O;D av;u a&;&wm v,G wf ,?f zw&f wm v,G wf ,qf +dky;D u|ef awmwf @dke@J csucf si;f oabmwal yr,hf a':a':e@J ubdk *sr;f (wirf ;dk ) w@kdu oabm rwlbl;? q&m}uD;a&$jynfOD;bwifuvnf; oabmrwlygbl;? armifomEkd; pm wr;f wi+fy;D wahJ emuf rEaW v;wuoU vdk f ygarmucQ sKyOf ;D ausm&f if (&cidk f avx;D ausmf &i)f e@J oridk ;f ygarmuQ a'guwf moe;f xeG ;f w@dku vud_ vf ud_ vf vJS JS axmucf yH gw,?f ‘qiof mG ;&if vr;f jzpwf ,/f pwmviuf 'vD adk jymw,’f v@dk O;D ausm&f iuf vuof ;D vufarmif;wef;+yD;awmh axmufcHchyJ gw,f? a':a':e@J ukdb*srf; (wifrkd;) wkd@u y&od waf &@SrmS axmucf wH hJ vucf yk rf w;D bJ ae=uygw,?f a':a':[m aemuwf EpS f azazm0f g&vD 14 &uaf e@rmS u|eaf wmuhf dk ajymp&m &wdS ,qf +dky;D o@l±;kH ce;f rmS c%xidk cf idk ;f ygw,?f +y;D rS oyd aH` rmi0f &@J ta&;tom;[m v,G uf al ygyh g;+y;D oal &;wthJ a&;tom;awmh igvn;f a&;&ijfzprf mS yqJ wdk hJ ,=kHunf pwd 0f iaf pw,?f igvn;f a&;csipf wd af yguwf m oyd aH` rmi0f pm zwvf @dkyvJ @dk ajymyg w,?f cvk n;f “ig ri;f pum;ajymovdk a&;wm zwaf umi;f wme@J a&;csipf wd f ay: vmw,”f v@dkajym+y;D owi;f pmrmS urmB Eh idk if aH &; owi;f aqmi;f yg;awuG dk jrerf mpm ta&;tom;topfeJ@ pum;ajymovkd a&;om;ygawmhw,f? 'gu u|efawmfh trnf ygaev@kd rwS rf ad ewm jzpyf gw,?f a':a':u re;f qewf hJ pum;udk u|r;f usi+fy;D a'oo;kH / re;f o;kH / vyk if e;f o;kH pum;aweG @J ajymav&h wdS ma=umihf pum;ajymovdk pma&;wthJ cg y+dky;D u,dk yf idk pf um;[eaf y:viG wf m aw@G&ygw,?f a=u;rkH aiOG a'gi;f u ‘qirf }u;D cswD uvf myg+y’D qwdk phJ um;e@J }uKd qydk gw,?f ynm&dS wcsKd @u jrerf mpm ayg@oGm;r,fvkd@ajym+yD; uef@uGufolvnf; &Sdygw,f? ref;pmqkdawmfae@ukd wuf a&muvf mwhJ O;D &eaf tmiuf vn;f ue@fuuG yf gw,?f q&m yg&*ul awmh æ “vxl k a':trm. pmrsm;onf pmzwof tl m; qaJG qmif ac:iiof mG ;onjfzpIf pm. qJG aqmi&f mo@dk ygomG ;aom pmzwof ol nf pmudk pum;ajymEiS hf a&;aeovm;/ pm a&;aeovdk a&;aeovm;[ol nhf ta&;tom; ujJG ym;jcm;em;rq_ oD @dkyif tm±kH ra&muaf wmah y”? (yg&*/l 12-9-95/ 1995 E0dk ibf m pmay*sme,)f v@dk xijfrif csufay;ygw,f? O;D av;a&m a':a':a&m pmzwyf &od wf em;vnaf &;ukd t\"ud xm;orl sm; jzp=fuygw,?f pma&;&mrmS [wd [f ejfyvjdkci;f ynmprG ;f jyvjdkci;f tv#i;f r&ydS gb;l ? 'ga=umifh ESpfOD;vHk; ta&;tom;opfukd ajymif;vJa&;vkdufwm[m olwkd@ta&; tom;rmS y+dky;D u,dk yf idk [f ef ay:vmcwhJ ,vf @dk ,ql ygw,?f wu,af wmh a':a':rmS pum;v;kH to;kH x;l r_ Idomatic e@Jpum;ajym&pof raf umi;f r[_ m u,dk yf idk [f ejfzp+fy;D “bm[erf rS ygw[hJ e”f [m O;D av;&@J [eyf vJ @dk qcdk siyf gw,?f ±;dk *%k ±f ;dk [evf @kd qcdk siqf kd 194

Eidk yf gw,?f a':a':ajymav&h wdS mu O;D av;[m a':a':&@J q&mygywJ ?hJ wu,af wmh ta=umi;f t&mra&;G vxl =kum;u aumuuf miiuf m xwk Ef wk f a&;om;+y;D vxl k quD dk ‘'g[m ciAf sm;w@dk ta=umi;f y’J v@kd tv,G ef @J jyevf nwf ijfyae&mrmS O;D av; [m q&mwqjlzpyf gw,?f 'aD e@a':a':taee@J a&;ruek af tmif ºu,0f ae wm[m O;D av;&@J ueG cf suuf dk oxd m;v@dkjzpwf ,vf @dk qcdk siyf gw,?f 1997 ck atmuwf bdk mvxrJ mS yJ u|eaf wmf rEaW v;udk a&muof mG ;awmh a':a':u uadk usm&f ijfriuhf dk a&u$ ifkd ;f om;e@J ywof uwf hJ pmy'dk af wG &mS cidk ;f aewm aw@Gc&hJ ygw,?f toJ vdk &mS cidk ;f ae&i;f u “'@dkEpS af ,muf ige@J a&u$ idk ;f om;udk uvdk S ar;G xwk cf whJ m”v@kd u|eaf wmuhf dk vnS afh jymygw,?f treS yf gy?J O;D av;/ a':a':e@J a&u$ ikd ;f om;w@dk[m a&;wthJ a=umi;f t&me@J a&;[erf wal yr,hf ta=umi;f t&m rsm; ,yl akH y;yrkH mS awmh a':a':a&m a&u$ idk ;f om;a&m O;D av;e@J twwl yl J jzpyf gw,?f }u;D ymG ;a&;r*Z~ i;f uae vxl *k sme,/f vxl ok wi;f pmtxd a':a':e@J a&u$ idk ;f om;w@dk a&;vm=uwmaw[G m O;D av;a&;apcsiwf mcsn;f qwdk m owjdyK&if aw@GEidk f ygw,?f }u;D ymG ;a&;r*Z~ i;f rmS a':a':[m jrrOLP / civf 0i;f qwdk hJ uavmitf rnf EpS rf sKd;e@J a&;cyhJ gw,?f bmomjye0f wKÎwedk @J u,dk yf idk 0f wKÎ wadk wuG dk a&;cwhJ myg? veG cf hJ whJ 15 EpS /f EpS f 20 avmuuf t'J 0D wKÎ awG &oavmujfye&f mS ay;z@dk u|eaf wmuhf dk a':a':rmS v@dk wuoU vdk rf sm; A[pdk m=unwhf udk &f dS }u;D ymG ;a&;r*Z~ i;f awxG rJ mS u|ef awmf &mS ay;c+hJy;D yg+y?D vxl k }u;D ymG ;a&; pmtyk wf udk uf ±udk Ef ydS xf wk af 0r,vf @dk ppD Of aea=umi;f o&d ygw,?f “t'J gawuG jye±f udk zf @dk aumi;f rS aumi;f &@Jvm;umG ”v@dk a':a':u u|ef awmhf xijfricf suuf dk ar;z;l ygw,?f “aumi;f ygw,?f u|eaf wmf tm;v;kH zw=funhf vudk yf gw,”f v@dk jyeaf jzcyhJ gw,?f q&m'*kefwm&muawmh 1995 Ekd0ifbm pmay*sme,frSm “jrrOPL jyef vnxf ajrmujfci;f r&/dS vxl ak ':trm[al om owi;f pmq&m/ twKÎyw` adW &; q&m oabmrsKd ;uodk m aw@Gae&on?f pwd xf uJ rauseyvf @dk ”qcdk yhJ gw,?f “u|eaf wmuf jrrOLP jzpaf pvodk n?f orl . taw@Gt}uKH EiS qhf vdk #if orl jzwof e;f cahJ om/ orl jzwof e;f aeaom orikd ;f taw@Gt}uKH e@Jqvdk #if 0wKÎ &nS f a&;z@JG Eidk rf n[f k xixf m;cohJ n?f o@dkaomf owi;f pmtce;f uvn;f o@ltce;f EiS ohf l &odS nf udk u|eaf wmf em;vnof n?f ,cvk n;f r*Z~ i;f rsm;wiG f o@ltaw@Gt}uKH udk tajccH um a0zetf ujJzwaf om pmrsm;uvdk n;f zwaf e&I jrrOLP udk raw@G&aomvf n;f vxl ak ':trmtjzpf aw@G&I wrsKd ; ausey&f on?f '*ek wf m&m (2-10-95) 195

oywd af rmS uaf usmi;f ol rtrmu 0wKÎ a&;q&m jrrOLP jzprf vmbJ owi;f pmq &mr a':trm jzpfvmw,f? 'gukdyJ “wrsdK;auseyfae&onf”vkd@ q&mwm&m rSwfcsufcsygw,f? bmjzpfvkd@ 'Dvkdjzpf&wmvJ qkdawmh “pmayb0qkdonfu ajym&tcuof m;/ rrd wd @k.d y*k v~ ud b0EiS hf qupf yaf eon?f uvdk ES iS hf ta=umi;f yg aomtcg owi;f pmq&mr jzpof mG ;[ewf ol n”f v@dkyJ tajzxwk =funyhf gw,?f }uD;yGm;a&;OD;vSu tpyxrrSm oydwfarSmufausmif;oljrrOPLukd ol@0g oem&i;f jzpwf hJ bmomjyetf vyk rf mS 0wKÎwudk dk rjyecf idk ;f ygb;l ? owi;f pmq&m pwd f 0ipf m;whJ ae±;l u or;D ti'f ,D mudk axmiwf iG ;f ay;pmrsm;pmtyk f (t*vF yd f bm ome@J) uadk y;+y;D bmomjyef apygw,?f ‘'tD cgrmS 0wKÎwudk ae urmB Eh idk if aH &;buuf dk pwd 0f ipf m;r_ ajymi;f omG ;Eidk yf gw,?f t'J tD csed rf mS }u;D ymG ;a&;O;D vuS a&u$ ikd ;f om;udk a&b$ Adk }kHu;D oaH wG pak qmi;f cidk ;f vudk yf gw,?f oak woe \"mwcf vH n;f &+dSy;D ppuf idk ;f om;vn;f jzpwf hJ a&u$ ikd ;f om;tz@dk 'tD vyk [f m oiahf wmf ygw,?f }u;D ymG ;a&;ywd +fy;D vxl ok wi;f pm xwk af wmh 'gawuG dk vxl Ok ;D vuS quvf uf pak qmi;f ap+y;D ‘v,f uiG ;f xuJ vxl ak w;o’H qwdk hJ pmtyk uf av;tjzpf txujfrerf mEidk if pH ma&;q&m rsm;&@J vyk if e;f w&ytf aee@J azmxf wk vf udk yf gw,?f 'tD vyk rf mS ausmuqf nef ,uf aumupf udk af w;awuG dk u|eaf wmef @Jtwl uiG ;f qi;f pak qmi;f +y;D vxl ak ':trmvn;f yg0ifqifE$Jvkduf&ygw,f? wu,fawmh 'gawGtm;vHk;[m vlxkOD;vSu vrf; a=umi;f ziG ahf y;cwhJ mcsn;f yvJ @dk u|eaf wmwf @dk wprd phf rd hf owjdyKrvd mc&hJ ygw,?f OD;av;eJ@ a':a':eJ@ ESpfOD;=um;rSm txl;qef@usifaewJhjy\\emwck &SdcJh zl;ygw,f? wjcm;awmh r[kwfygbl;? OD;av;u a,mufsm;jzpfayr,fh aq;vdyf v;kH 0raomubf J a':a':u aq;vyd uf dk acgi;f widk uf r;D c;dk xuG af tmif i,pf Ouf wn;f u aomuvf mcwhJ uhJ pd yP gy?J a':a': aq;vyd jf zwpf tcgudk u|eaf wmf ord D vkdufw,f? “ukdvSvnf; axmifus/ OD;av;odef; (q&m}uD; a&GOa'gif;) vnf; axmifusawmh owif;pmvkyfief;awGa&m/ om;orD;ynma&;udpP/ tdrfaxmif xed ;f ord ;f a&;upd /P uvdk S vyk af eus vrl a_ &;upd aP wtG m;v;kH ig@qaD &muvf mawmh aq;vyd uf tvyk of yd &f y_ wf ,?f 'ge@J ig aq;vyd rf jzwf rjzpbf ;l q+dky;D wcgwn;f jzwcf svudk wf my?J pwd jfywzf @dkyvJ wdk ,”f v@dk a':a':u ajymygw,?f toJ vadk jym+y;D a':a':h0ef;usifrSm &SdwJh vli,fawGudkvnf; aq;vdyfjzwfzkd@ wkdufwGef;ygw,f? q&mwm&majymwJh a':a':htem;u 'kwd,rsdK;quftjyif wwd,rsdK;qufu vil ,af wyG g aq;vyd rf aomu=fuawmyh gb;l ? ubdk *sr;f (wirf ;dk ) wa,muyf J b,f vrdk S jzwcf idk ;f v@dkr&wmudk a':a': awmaf wmpf wd yf suyf gw,?f 'aD e@txd tjyi;f txef ue@fuuG qf yJ gy?J “uxdk eG ;f a0vn;f armibf *sr;f e@Jtwl vuzf u&f n0f idk ;f rmS 196

r;D c;dk awG xwk af e=uw,vf @dk armicf idk rf mu widk of mG ;a=umi;f / owl @dkudk }uKd ;pm;+y;D aq;vyd jfzwyf gv@dk igu rmS w,vf @dk ajymyg”v@dk u|eaf wmuhf dk rmS ygw,?f a':a': aq;vyd jfzwaf wmh tvyk pf m;yrJG mS pm;p&mawG wixf m;+y;D pm;yg w,?f y&k paf =um/f oajyo;D / q;D o;D / wni;f o;D jyKw/f reuf sn;f o;D rnS phf wmawG jzpyf g w,?f wcgawmh reuf sn;f o;D yvk i;f udk a':a':u u|eaf wmahf &@S x;dk ay;ygw,?f “'gu ee;f wiG ;f reuf sn;f awmof ;D / tcsKdo;D ”v@dk vn;f ajymygw,?f a':a':uawmh reuf sn;f o;D udk rpm;bJ reuf sn;f apah wuG dk urG ;f o;D 0g;ovkd tmomajy 0g;ae&mS ygw,?f t'J wD ek ;f O;D av; u|eaf wmwf @dkem;ukd vm&y+fy;D rsuEf mS rwi;f pz;l wi;f omG ; awmh u|eaf wmvf e@fomG ;ygw,?f +y;D rS bmrajymnmrajyme@J reuf sn;f o;D yvk i;f a&m/ reuf sn;f apah wyG g aumu,f ol mG ;ygawmwh ,?f a':a':rsuEf mS i,af v;e@J usef cJh&Smygw,f? a':a':pm;yGJrSm tm;rem yg;rem vmxkdifwJhtxJrSm a&$ref;wifarmif/ usm;bnrd ;f / armirf ;dk oel @J u|eaf wmaf rmipf rG ;f &nwf @dk yg0iyf gw,?f tvudk rf obd J trwS wf rehJ @J pum;a&m zaJG &majym&i;f pm;yaJG y:u &odS r#awuG dk pm;ygO;D qwdk idk ;f pm;omG ;wmuawmh u|eaf wmf wa,muwf n;f jzprf ,xf iyf gw,?f armirf ;dk ol ukdawmh “rif;u rifhtaz ocifbwkwf twkdif;yJ? reufqkd oltvkyfr&Sdwkdif; ig@pm;yvJG mxidk +fy;D oal jymcsiwf mawG t=um}u;D xidk af jym/ ovl n;f ajymv@dk tm;& a&m bmrajymnmrajyme@J xjyewf my”J v@dk c%c%ajymygw,?f 'ga=umihf a':a':h tvyk pf m;yrJG mS u|eaf wmwf @dkt&if ocibf wwk vf n;f aEmS i,hf uS cf whJ ,vf @kd o&d ygw,?f uodk mE;dk / uodk ed ;f Eidk /f ubkd *sr;f w@dku tz@JGvudk f vmav&h +dSy;D / =um=umxidk f avrh &Sd=uygbl;? u|efawmft=um}uD; xkdifaeav&h wdS mudk udbk *srf;u owad y; ygw,f? “vl}uD;ukd oGm;oGm;+yD; ta&mr0ifyge@J”whJ? “olwkd@udk tm;emyg”whJ? “aq;vyd rf }uKd uof rl @dk =um=umxidk cf iG &hf wmyg”v@dk jyeaf jym&ygw,?f u|eaf wmuf O;D av;udk tveG cf sp/f tveG cf iyf gw,?f a':a':uadk wmh tpu cypf rd ;f prd ;f ygy?J 'gayrhJ a':a':a&;whJ Eidk if jHcm;c&;D omG ;pmtyk f wtyk xf rJ mS a':a':u zdk;omatmif oDcsif;qdkw,fvkd@ zwf+yD;uwnf;u igwkd@eJ@ c&D;oGm;&ifvnf; oD csi;f qrdk mS yvJ @dk aw;G rod mG ;w,?f wudk wf udk qf idk qf idk yf J EmG ;x;dk }u;D uokd mG ;whJ pmay a[majymycJG &;D rmS uodk mE;dk e@J a':a':w@dkup+y;D ocD si;f qwkd me@J u|eaf wmwf @dk tm;v;kH 0idk ;f +y;D q&m+ird ;f e@J q&mwiohf cD si;f awG q=dkuygw,?f O;D av;uawmh a&m+y;D rqdk yg b;l ? a':a':u ocD si;f 0goemt;dk / y0JG goemt;dk yg? a':a':e@J ocD si;f awqG +dky;D uwn;f u a':a':e@J y+dky;D ajym&J q&dk jJzpof mG ;ygw,?f a':a':u rsuEf mS xm; wnyf gw,?f q&m}u;D a&O$ a'gi;f u vwdk m&&dS if 197

or;D vakd ewhJ a':a':qD rajymb;l ? a':a':e@J qupf y+fy;D rS awm&f whJ O;D vuS ydk aJ jym w,vf @dk =um;z;l ygw,?f a':a':u “tdk æ OaD v;oed ;f uv”J v@dk jii;f vudk &f if q&m }u;D quaf jymv@kd r&ygb;l ? aemuaf wmh =um;z;l wthJ widk ;f wu,vf n;f [wk yf g w,?f a':a':u q&m}u;D vxl ok wi;f pmrmS a&;aewhJ twKÎ yw` dW aqmi;f yg; awuG dk r}uKd u&f if tuek jfzwyf pyf gw,?f u|eaf wmwf @dkpmrul dk wcgrS rjzwzf ;l ayr,hf q&m }u;D a&O$ a'gi;f &@JpmawuG dk or;D wynwhf O;D taee@J jzwwf ,vf @dk =um;&awmh t=hHo &ygw,?f aemuaf wmh u|eaf wmwf @dk 'tD a=umi;f udk pum;pyrf =duygw,?f “O;D av; odef;u ightazeJ@ ywfouf+yD; igwkd@eJ@ i,fi,fuwnf;u twlaevm=uwm/ O;D {&m&@J om;u,G f igtuek f owd mayg@/ igr}uKd u&f if O;D av;oed ;f pmawmh igjzwf ypwf my”J v@dk &,&f ,af rmarm ajymjyz;l ygw,?f &euf ek f urm&wG /f tmw;D ,m; vr;f xyd &f dS +ird ;f om,mye;f +crH mS q=kHuwek ;f u ajymczhJ ;l wmyg? u|efawmfwkd@eJ@qkd&if a':a':aysmf&$if+yD; ÁajENysufoGm;avmufatmif wurf wwf csurf wwf &,zf ;l w,vf @dkajym&if wcsKd @u t=hHoygvrd rhf ,?f ubkd *sr;f (wifrkd;) ajymif;oGm;awmh wnaerSm txufjrefrmEkdifiHpma&;q&mtoif; tpn;f ta0;udk vxl wk udk rf mS vyk yf gw,?f ubdk *sr;f &euf ek f ajymi;f omG ;+y;D yxrO;D q;kH tpn;f ta0;qadk wmh tpn;f ta0;rpcif b*sr;f yjkH yirf sm;q+dk y;D uodk ed ;f Eidk ef @J u|efawmfu wvSnfhpDajym=uygw,f? ukdb*srf; awmu +rdK@ukdwufvmawmh aumfzDeJ@ vufzuf&nf cGJrodwJhta=umif;up+yD; &,fp&mawG ajym=uwmyg? a':a':u O;D av;ab;u quwf uD vk m;xidk af y:xidk af e&mu =ur;f ay:qi;f xidk +fy;D O;D av;&@J';l ay:rmS rsuEf mS armS u+fy;D &,wf m rem;wr;f ygy?J qyH iaf waG wmif ajyuek f ygw,?f tpn;f ta0;vn;f ysuvf @dk aemuaf e@a&@$&ygw,?f “ri;f w@dk aemuaf e@rmS armifb*srf; ta=umif;ajym&if '%fwyfr,f? tpnf;ta0;rSm qDcsufacgufqGJ au|;&r,”f v@dk O;D av;u rmS vudk yf gw,?f aemuaf e@naeus a':a':u tpn;f ta0;em;vmygw,?f ri;f w@dk armibf *sr;f ta=umi;f ajymO;D rmS vm;v@dk ar;vm ygw,f? u|efawmfwkd@u OD;av;'%fwyfrSm a=umufwmeJ@ rusefawmhygbl;vkd@ ajymawmh tpn;f ta0;em;urkd vmawmbh J tvyk f omG ;vyk yf gawmh w,?f a':a':a&;z;l ovydk J a':a':w@dk O;D av;w@dk[m ar;G ae@w@dk bmw@dk vyk wf mukd r}uKd uyf gb;l ? 'gayrhJ wcgawmh O;D av;e@Ja':a': tvyk pf m;yrJG mS pum;ajymaewek ;f u|eaf wmf a&muof mG ;ygw,?f O;D av;u “'aD e@igw@dkvuxf ywf m EpS of ;kH q,jfynhf wahJ e@u?G vmwvhJ l au|;rv@dkvyk af ewm/ tawmyf J ri;f uadk u|;&r,”f q+dky;D qcD suf acguqf JG 0,af u|;ygw,?f pm;yrJG mS EpS af ,murf suEf mS csi;f qidk f xidk af ewhJ \"mwyf kH av;uvdk n;f vuaf qmiaf y;vudk yf g w,?f (aemuaf wmh uodk ed ;f Eidk uf dk '\"D mwyf akH v; 198

xwk +fy;D ºum;r&d mu aysmuof mG ;yg+y?D ) a':a':u “ri;f O;D av;u opl m;csivf @dk xiG f wmygu,G ”f v@dk ajymygw,?f t'J wD ek ;f om;i,f bndk Kd ac: armi+fird ;f csr;f av;vn;f a&muvf mygw,?f om;or;D awxG rJ mS q,wf e;f EpS cf guswhJ om;q+dky;D a':a':u rauseyyf gb;l ? t'J wD ek ;f u pmay0goemygwhJ t&yd tf a,mivf n;f v;kH 0rjyao; ygb;l ? q&H nS ef @J vckH sncf sujfyKwef @J 0ivf mawmh a':a':u atmyf gw,?f “vckH snf ck jyi0f wpf r;f ? qyH if ck omG ; ny‡ pf r;f ”v@kd atmyf gw,?f O;D av;u“ 'vD adk umiuf rS rbd em;uyrf mS ? riohf m;}u;D awuG rbd em; b,rf mS uyvf @dkv?J om; vmO;D riuhf dk rek @fz;dk ay;&O;D r,”f v@dkq+dky;D vrS ;f zuxf m;ygw,?f a':a':u u|eaf wmwf @dkudk xm;c+hJy;D xGufoGm;ygw,f? wcgawmh u|eaf wmf a':a':pm;yrJG mS xidk af ewek ;f O;D av;0ivf mygw,?f O;D av;u a':a':udk “a[-h [pdk mtyk af &m ri;f wul adk y;&atmi”f v@dk ajymvudk f ygw,f? a':a':u “r+yD;ao;bl;”vkd@ jyefajymygw,f? OD;av;u “+yD;wmxJu ay;&atmiuf mG ”v@kd jyeaf jym ygw,?f 'aD wmrh S a':a': u “t'J g cuwf my?J ri;f O;D av;u pmtyk af wuG jzihf tuek rf csKy&f ao;b;l ? vuaf qmif ay;csiwf mu t&i”f v@dk ajymjyygw,?f 'aD wmh O;D av;u “ri;f ta':uu,G f aps;O;D rayguaf o;v@dkw/hJ OD;av;pmtkyfawGu rukefwmr&Sdygbl;? }uHKwkef; ay;vkduf=uatmifvkd@yg”vkd@ xyaf jymawmrh S a':a':u xwk f ay;ygw,?f O;D av;u vurf wS xf ;dk +y;D ay;ygw,?f “rihf O;D av;u o@loil ,cf si;f up+y;D r;D &xm;ay:rmS rwd af qjGzpwf hJ uav;awtG xd pmtyk af wG vuaf qmiaf y;wm/ t'J ge@J waxmi±f udk &f if ig;&mavmuuf ek af &m”v@dk &iS ;f jyygw,?f u|eaf wmuf awmh aps;O;D rayguaf o;ayr,hf tvudk rf obd J ,vl mchJ ygw,?f wcgawmh O;D av;e@J a':a': u|eaf wmthf rd uf dk a&muvf m+y;D “igw@dk rEaW v; awmiaf jcudk b&k m;z;l omG ;rv@dk riuhf av;awvG n;f vudk &f if ac:c”hJ v@kd ajymygw,?f u|efawmfwkd@ ukokdvfawmfem;u apwDwql (uaemifrif;om;}uD;&J@ t±kd;tkd; apwxD iyf gw,)f &ijfyirf mS b&k m;z;l =uygw,?f O;D av;u b&k m;z;l wm =umw,?f a':a':u O;D o;kH }urd cf s+y;D u|eaf wmwf @dke@J pum;ajymae=uygw,?f pmaya[m ajymyJG omG ;&ivf n;f wcgwav rod m;pyk g ac:cyhJ gv@dkajym+y;D c&;D omG ;&i;f a':a':u u|ef awmwf @dk rod m;puk dk \"mwyf ±kH udk af y;ygw,?f 'vD edk @J rEaW v;rmS ar;G whJ u|eaf wmhf om; EpS af ,muuf a':a':uh dk owl @dktbmG ;t&i;f vydk J xiaf ecyhJ gw,?f owl @dk arar}u;D a':trmudk 'aD e@xd owl @dka&mu&f mt&yuf quof ,G =fuygw,?f rEaW v; a&muf &if 0ifuefawmh=uygw,f? tbGm;t&if;u awmrSmqdkawmh awG@&cJ wmukd;? u|ef awmf &euf ek uf dk ajymi;f r,qf adk wmh a':a':u “riOhf ;D av;ajymovydk /J riwhf @dk 199

Ax;l uiG ;f rmS avuh sivhf mwhJ abmvh ;kH orm;aw[G m wae@usawmh atmiqf e;f uGif;ukd oGm;=uwmyJukd;”vkd@ajym+yD; “igwkd@teD;rSm b,folrS r&Sd=uawmhbl;? ri&hf euf ek f romG ;yge@J? &euf ek rf mS trd rf &/dS ,mr&/dS um;r&dS zek ;f r&bdS J ae&wm tveG f cuwf ,?f 'uk aQ &murf ,?f ri;f aecsi&f if igth az 0i;f xuJ trd wf v;kH ay;r,/f vm aeyg”vkd@ ac:ygw,f? (tvm;wlyJ yef;csDq&m}uD; OD;xGef;!Gef@uvnf; ol@+cHxJ trd af qmuaf eyg romG ;yge@Jv@dk wm;ygw,)f ? 'gayrhJ u|eaf wmuf rsupf ud e;f wap> ra=umuf qodk vdk ajymi;f cyhJ gw,?f u|eaf wmf trd af qmuwf ,qf adk wmh “riahf ivG kd &if ,yl g? ig acs;r,?f 'gayrhJ jyerf ay;Eidk &f ivf n;f ray;e@J”v@dk ajymygw,?f ck t'J D trd af qmuwf m q,Ef pS af vmu&f cdS yhJ g+y?D +y;D vn;f +y;D a&m zsu&f ygw,?f waJ y:u wudk af y:o@dk prD cH suxf J ygv@dkyg? tqiaf jym&@Jvm;v@dk t+raJ r; ygw,?f aiaG &;a=u; a&; use;f rma&; upd aP wrG pS v@dk t+reJ m;piG +hfy;D wwEf idk wf bhJ uuf unl zD @dk tqiof ihf &Sdygw,f? a':a':u u|eaf wmwf @dkudk unl zD @dk tqiof ihf &adS yr,hf u|eaf wmwf @dku a':a':uh dk runl ED idk wf mawG aw@G&awmh pwd rf aumi;f ygb;l ? om;or;D aweG @J ywf ouf+yD; pdwf'kuQ trsm;}uD;awG@&ygw,f? ti,fqHk;om;av;[m vrf;o&Jvkd aeayr,hf q&dk ,S vf ptf p;dk & vuxf urf mS t'J uD av;e@Jtwl a':a':e@J O;D av;w@dk rEaW v; tusO;f axmixf J a&muof mG ;ygao;w,?f owi;f pm a&',D xkd J rygv@dk vrl ovd ufdk yf gb;l ? wEpS af vmu=fumw,?f a':a':th aee@J axmixf rJ mS b0rsKd ;pukH tro_ ,f trsKd ;or;D aweG @J aw@Gc&hJ ayr,hf O;D av;vdk t'J tD aw@Gt}uKH awuG kd jyef a&;cGifh r}uHKao;ygbl;? axmifxJrSm \"rRp=um0wftoif; axmifchJw,fvkd@ a': a':ajymjyv@dk o&d ayr,hf “usewf mukd aiaG &miyf wd uf m;ay:rmS =unyhf g” qwkd m rsKd ;vydk J a':a': pma&;+y;D jyevf nwf ijfyciG hf &r,ahf e@udk ar#maf e&ygw,?f O;D av;axmiuf sawmh “z;dk oal wmf rsupf vd naf v qe&f av qodk vydk J axmifxJrSm =um=umae&av a&;p&mawG rukefEkdifvkd@ vGwfr,fh&uf a&muf vmwmawmif c%aeygOD;vkd@ wm;xm;csifao;w,f”vdk@&,fp&m ajymygw,f? a':a':axmiuf sawmh qe&f cahJ yr,hf tjyiyf grvmwmvm;? bmjzpwf mvJ u|ef awmwf @dkro?d a':a':&@J [xdk uJ ta=umi;f pmawuG dk u|eaf wmwf @dk zwcf iG hf r}uKH&cyhJ g? r,of vD &if rsupf vd naf wmh ac;G qcJG &H ovm; ro?d a':a': a&;&iaf wmh O;D av; vydk J ,el upf uqdk k &Eidk rf ,xf iyf gw,?f a&muzf ;l orl sm;ajymav&h wdS thJ widk ;f ajym&&if ‘[tdk x’J ayg@? [tdk xuJ o;kH O;D pv;kH jyexf uG vf m+y;D r=umvyS gb;l ? O;D av;vS u,G vf eG yf gw,?f aemuf r=um cif rEaW v;r;D }u;D avmiaf wmh a':a':w@dk yEkH ydS pf urf sm;vn;f awmaf wmrf sm;rsm; r;D xJ 200