၂၀ ရာစု၏ နာမည်ကျော်ပုဂ္ဂိုလ်ကြီးများ

20 &mpk.emrnfausmf yk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; Famous Leaders in The 20th Century

20 &mp.k emrnaf usmyf *k Kd~ v}f u;D rsm; Famous Leaders in The 20th Century (Burmese version) Drum Publication Group P.O Box 66 Kanchanaburi 71000 Thailand [email protected] www.drumpublications.org September, 2008 ISBN 978-974-362-328-8 II

rmwdum e'd ge;f IV rmwivf ol mui;f a*stm(&)f (Martin Luther King Jr.) 1 e,vf qirf i'f vJ m; (Nelson Mandela) 10 tvJ ED ¶kd pk bhJ (Eleanor Roosevelt) 15 a';Apbf iuf &l ,D ef (David Ben-Gurion) 19 rm*&upf i*f g (Margaret Higgin Sanger) 23 vu(f c)f 0,(f v)f pm (Lech Walesa) 28 z&eŒf uvi;f 'vD mE¶kd pk b(hJ Franklin Delano Roosevelt) 32 bv,wf rD mveD if (Vladimir Lenin) 38 otD 'kd ¶kd pk bhJ (Theodore Roosevelt) 46 rg*&uof ucf sm (Margaret Thatcher) 51 r[wrW *EDN (Mahatama Gandhi) 58 yyk &f [e;f ri;f }u;D *|eaf ygvf (II) (Pope John Paul II) 65 qm(&)f 0ipf wecf syaf cs;(v)f (Winston Churchill) 71 raD c;vaf *:bmacsm(h A)f (Mikhail Gorbachev) 75 t,mwvkd murdk eD D (Ayatollah Khomeini) 80 [ckd srD i;f (Ho Chi Minh) 84 armpf wD ;kH (Mao Zedong) 94 102 t';kd z[f pwf vm (Adolf Hitler) 112 a&mef ,(f v)f &*D if (Ronald Wilson Reagan wiuhf m;vol m; oŒkd r[wk f trnrf oad wmvf eS af &;orm; 119 (The Tank Man or Unknown Rebel) III

ed'gef; 1 901–2000 cEk pS jfzpaf om EpS qf ,&f mpEk pS tf wuG f x;l jcm;aompuf rv_ urf /_ aq;ynmt&jzpaf p/ vrl a_ &;/ Eikd if aH &;t,tl qEiS Ehf ikd if wH um ajymi;f vjJyKjyirf r_ sm;pmG ay:xeG ;f cohJ n?f vrl t_ oikd ;f t0e;f tz@JGtpn;f rsm; onf Ttcsed uf mvtawmtwiG ;f tajccuH saomajymi;f vrJ r_ sm;ukd }uKH aw@Gc&hJ on?f x@kdtwl urmB &h mZ0iwf iG vf n;f tq;kd ±mG ;q;kH urmB ppyf EJG pS yf /JG awmvf eS af &; rsm;pmG EiS Ehf ikd if aH &;jyKjyiaf jymi;f vrJ r_ sm;pmG jzpaf y:cohJ n?f oak woejyKrw_ csKd@ u TumvwiG f ppyf rJG sm;Yvol e;f 100 ausmaf oq;kH c+hJy;D 18 &mpEk pS Ef iS hf 19 &mpEk pS xf utf qaygi;f 6 qjrirhf m;a=umi;f aw@G&rn?f wpcf sed wf n;f rmS yiuf rmB w0rS ;f v;kH wiG f v@ltciG thf a&;vy_ ±f mS ;rE_ iS vhf wG vf yaf &;twuG vf y_ f ±mS ;r±_ vdS mcohJ n?f Tpmtyk xf wJ iG f EpS qf ,&f mptk wiG ;f aumi;f onbhf uuf jzpaf p/ q;kd onhf buuf jzpaf p tm%mvr$ ;f r;kd cahJ omy*k Kd~vf 20 O;D .ta=umi;f ukd az:xwk f a&;om;xm;ygon?f xikd ;f r*Z~ i;f . 20 &mptk wiG ;f =oZmvr$ ;f r;kd cahJ om y*k Kd~vf 100 O;D xrJ S 20 O;D uxkd wk af z:I a&;om;xm;jci;f jzpyf gon?f IV

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; ]]udk,fucg;rukef;ay;vQifb,folrSudk,fhausmay:rwufpD;Edkifygbl;/}} \"A man can't ride your back unless it's bent.\" ]]*smreDrSm[pfwvmvkyfcJhwmawG[mw&m;0ifwmcsnf;yJqdkwmowd&yg/}} \"Never forget that everything Hitler did in Germany was legal.\" ]]uREkfyfwdkUuudk,fh&efol&Jhpum;udkowdr&ayrJhudk,fhrdwfaqG&Jhwdwfqdwf rIudkowd&&r,f/}} \"We will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends.\" rmwifvlomuif; (1929-1968) rmwivf ol mui;f a*stm(&)f (Martin Luther King Jr.) onvf xl tk ciG thf a&;vy_ ±f mS ;r_ rsm;Y acgi;f aqmitf jzpyf g0icf +hJ y;D xi±f mS ;ausm=f um; aomtar&ud eEf ikd if oH m;wpOf ;D jzpcf ohJ n?f ool nZf eef 0g&vD 15 &u/f 1929 cEk pS wf iG f a*sm*f s,D mjynef ,±f tdS wvW ef wm+rKd@wiG zf mG ;jriof n?f o.l zciEf iS thf b;kd EpS Of ;D pv;kH onf EpS jfci;f c&p,f mef w&m;a[mq&mrsm;jzp+fy;D vxl tk ciG thf a&;vy_ ±f mS ;rr_ sm;Yvn;f wuºfuG pmG vy_ ±f mS ;yg0icf ohJ rl sm;jzpof n?f ,cief mrnrf mS rukd uf ,(f v)f jzp+fy;D aemuwf iG rf mwi[f Il ajymi;f vaJ c:qkd cohJ n?f oal r;G cgpwiG of .l tb;kd rmS twvW ewf m±dS {ab;e;D pgEpS jfci;f c&pf ,mebf &k m;ausmi;f wiG f oi;f tyk qf &mjzpcf ohJ n?f rmwitf ou2f EpS tf ±,G wf iG f rmwi.f zcirf oS i;f tyk qf &m&mx;l uqkd ucf &H ±+dSy;D EpS af ygi;f rsm;pmG tra_ wmxf r;f cohJ n?f -1-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; oil ,af v;rmwiof nf tom;ta&micf jJGcm;r±_ adS om tar&ud eaf wmif yikd ;f wiG }fu;D jyi;f vmc&hJ on?f ool ntf mz&ud e-f tar&ud ef (uyv` )D u av;rsm;wuaf omausmi;f wiG wf ucf &hJ on?f xtkd csed wf iG f vrl n;f uav; rsm;onf vjlzLuav;rsm;EiS ahf usmi;f twwl ucf iG rhf &cahJ y? rmwitf ouf 15 EpS tf ±,G wf iG f txuwf e;f ausmi;f atmijfricf +hJy;D aumvyd qf uwf ucf hJ on?f o.l zciEf iS thf b;kd ajc&muekd i;f I twvW ewf m±tdS a&;}u;D aom r;kd (&)f a[mu(f p)f aumvyd f (Morehouse college) wiG wf uaf &mucf +hJy;D 1948 cEk pS wf iG vf rl a_ &;qikd &f m (sociology) wiG 'f *D &&D ±cdS ohJ n?f x@kdaemuof ul ajrmuyf ikd ;f ±zdS eJ pD vm;Ae;D ,g(Pennsylvania) o@kdomG ;+y;D (Crozer Theological Seminary) Ybmoma&;ynm&yfavhvmoif=um;cJhonf? xdkausmif;Y ynmavvh moi=fum;aepOf tEd ,dN Eikd if .H bmoma&;acgi;f aqmijfzpaf om r[wrW *E.D< oi=fum;rr_ sm;ukd avvh mqn;f y;l cohJ n?f r[wrW *E.<D a&; om;csurf sm;xwJ iG f t=ur;f zurf u_ okd ;kH +y;D vrl a_ &;ajymi;f vrJ r_ sm;ukd rvyk f Eikd af =umi;f owad y;xm;on?f tx;l ojzihf *Ea<D jymcahJ ompum;jzpaf om “u|Eykf wf @kd.emusirf r_ sm;a=umihf ,i;f [email protected]&m;r#wrr_ ±jdSci;f rsm;ukd ojdrif vmaprnf” onfrmwif.ESvHk;om;udkxdcdkufapcJhonf? bmoma&; ausmi;f wiG f tom;ta&miuf jJGym;aomvrl sKd;prk sm;yg0i+fy;D vjlzLtrsm;pyk g 0iaf omrmwi.f tce;f wiG f ,i;f tm; ausmi;f om;acgi;f aqmitf jzpaf ±;G cs,wf iaf jrm‡ u=fuon?f 1951 cEk pS wf iG f bmoma&;qikd &f m'*D &uD &kd ±cdS +hJy;D aemuf abmph wewf uoU vkd of @kdajymi;f a±c›$ ohJ n?f 1995 cEk pS wf iG rf l abmph wewf uoU vkd Yf a'guwf mb@JGu&kd ±cdS ohJ n?f abmph wewf iG yf if ,i;f .=ui,f maz: jzpvf mrnhf cadk &wmpaumh (Coretta Scott) EiS ahf w@GqckH ohJ n?f orl onpf wd \"f gw=fu@Hcikd uf m prG ;f tm;EiS jhfynphf +kHy;D vl xtk ciG thf a&;rsm;tay: tveG *f ±pk ukd af omred ;f rjzpcf ahJ yon?f r=umrwD iG f yifrmwifESifhcdka&wmwdk@vufxyf+yD; om;ESpfa,muforD;ESpfa,mufpkpk aygi;f om;or;D av;a,muxf eG ;f um;cyhJ gon?f -2-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; cakd &wmpaumEh iS vhf uxf yxf rd ;f jrm‡ ;+y;D aemuf ui;f onf t,vf bf m;rm;/ armi*f rkd m&±D dS DexterAvenue EpS jfci;f c&p,f mebf &k m;ausmi;f Y oi;f tyk qf &mjzpcf ohJ n?f armi*f rkd m&oD nf tjcm;awmiyf ikd ;f a'o±+dSrKd@rsm;rmS uohJ @kdyif bw(f p)f um;rsm;ay:wiG f cjJGcm;rr_ sm;±cdS yhJ gon?f 'ZD ibf mv 1 &uaf e@ 1955 cEk pS wf iG jf zpaf y:cahJ omtjzptf ysuuf kd vxl tk ºkHurG q_ oD @kd *,u±f ukd af pchJ on?f xndk aewiG vf vl wyf ikd ;f t±,G pf ucf sKyof rm;±pkd myw(f c)f onf tvyk f ciG rf aS rmye;f pmG jzijhf yevf maoma=umibhf w(f p)f um;ay:±vdS jl zLa,musmf ; wpaf ,muuf akd e&may;&ejfii;f qckd ohJ n?f Ttrj_ziyhf if ±pkd myw(f c)f uzkd r;f q;D csKyaf EmS icf ohJ n?f ±pkd myw(f c)f uzkd r;f q;D csKyaf EmS i+fy;D onahf emuyf ikd ;f rmwivf ol mui;f EiS ohf .l taygi;f taz:rsm;onf bw(f p)f um;p;D &mwiG cf jJGcm;r±_ jdSci;f tay: qEjNyrr_ sm; vyk &f euf nl cD ohJ n?f bw(f p)f um;ay:wiG f c&;D onrf sm;a&mp;D ciG rhf &rcsi;f vjlzLrsm;tm; bw(f p)f um;rp;D b;l [jkii;f qe&f ef q;kH jzwcf ohJ n?f Tvy_ ±f mS ; ra_ =umihf ui;f uzkd r;f q;D vukd =fu+y;D o.l trd uf vkd n;f A;Hk azmu+fy;D r;D avmif apcohJ n?f armi*f rkd m&bD w(f p)f um;oywd af rmS uyf wJG iG f yg0icf ahJ omtjcm; vrl sm;onvf n;f apmuf m;rt_ rsKd;rsKd;EiS thf q;kH p&D irf r_ sm; cpH m;&aomvf n;f oywd af rmS uyf rJG mS quvf uvf y_ ±f mS ;qyJ ijf zpof n?f armi*f rkd m&wD iG ±f adS omvrl n;f 17˜000 a,muof nf tvyk uf akd jcvsiof mG ; Ijzpaf p o@kdr[wk f u,kd yf ikd uf m;p;D aomvrl n;f vrl sKd;ten;f prk jSzpaf p wpf cgwpf&Hum;}uHKac:oGm;wwfonf? Todk@jzifh armif*dkrm&Dbwf(pf)um; ukr`%Du0ifaiGrsm;xdcdkufIwpfa=umif;/ txufv$wfawmfw&m;±Hk;u armi*f rkd m&bD w(f p)f um;urk %` tD m;a&maEmS um;p;D jci;f ukd vucf &H etf wuG af =umihf 1956 cEk pS 'f ZD ibf mv20 &uaf e@wiG qf EjNyy+JGy;D q;kH omG ;cohJ n?f *&i;f pb±kd /kd ajrmuuf ,±f vkd ikd ;f em±dS vrl n;f ausmi;f om;ten;f pok nuf i;f -3-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; .oicf e;f pmrsm;uzkd w+fy;D owl @kdu,kd wf ikd vf y_ ±f mS ;rr_ sm;pvyk &f eqf ;kH jzwvf ukd f =uon?f ,i;f w@kdae&ywf iG f ±adS omuek wf ukd }fu;D xwJ iG f vrl n;f rsm;utkd pm; tpmra&mi;f csay;aom pm;aomuqf ikd wf pqf ikd xf YJ vrl n;f ausmi;f om; rsm;omG ;I0ixf ikd =fuon?f TuohJ @kdjzihf wppf wppf qikd xf YJ ±adS omcvkH wG f rsm;tm;v;kH xYJ vrl n;f ausmi;f om;rsm;0ixf idk =f uon?f To@kdvyk jf ci;f tm;jzihf ,i;f w@kdu,kd cf Em< yikd ;f qikd &f mYt±ukd tf EuS cf &H aomvf n;f ui;f . oeG of irf t_ &,i;f w@kdbmrjS yeIf rvyk af cs? r=umrwDS iG f Deep South wiG ±f dS aomausmi;f om;tm;v;kH TuohJ @kdvukd If vyk af qmi=fuon?f x@kda=umihf ajcmuvf twiG ;f awmiyf ikd ;f a'o±dS 26 +rKd@wiG ±f adS omvjlzLvrl n;f cjJGcm;quf qHaompm;aomufqdkifrsm; yaysmufoGm;awmhonf? TuJhodk@ausmif; om;rsm;ae&m,+ly;D xidk cf rkH sm;ay:0ixf ikd rf a_ =umijhfynof @lO,smO/f a&u;l ue/f jyZgw±f /kH b&k m;ausmi;f / pm=unwhf ukd /f jywukd Ef iS yhf ivf ,uf r;f ajcrsm;Y vn;f atmijf rirf &_ ±odS n?f ui;f onf Eikd if wH p0f rS ;f vnS vhf nIf w&m;a[myrJG sm;usi;f yum vrl sm;ukd jynof @ltciG thf a&;vy_ ±f mS ;rr_ sm;wiG f yg0ivf m&ewf ukd wf eG ;f E;_d aqmcf ohJ n?f t=ur;f rzuaf omen;f jzihf vjlzLvrl n;f cjJGcm;aomae&mrsm;Y0ixf idk jfci;f / armi*f rkd m&wD iG jfyKvyk cf ahJ om p;D ygG;a&;oywd af rmS ujfci;f rsm;jyKvyk &f ef wukd f wGef;cJhonf? ui;f uraJ y;jci;f rmS ta&;}u;D a=umi;f tpOtf +raJ jym=um;cohJ n?f oul t u,If tmz&ud e-f tar&ud erf sm;raJ y;ciG &hf ±cdS vhJ #if tar&ud e.f Eikd if aH &; avmuwiG tf a&;}u;D pmG jzihf wpwf ytf m;yg0iaf prnjfzpof n?f ,i;f w@kdt aejzihf vel n;f prk sm;jzpaf pumrl raJ y;ciG uhf akd umi;f aumi;f reG rf eG pf rD cH e@fcEJG ikd f v#if ,i;f w@kdonf Eikd if aH wmof rwR EiS jhfynef ,tf qiahf ±;G aumuyf rJG sm;wiG f ta±;G cs,cf EH ikd zf ,G ±f odS n?f -4-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; awmiyf ikd ;f wiG f Ku Klux Klan* uohJ @kdaomtz@JGrsm;uvrl n;f rsm;tm;rrJ ay;&ezf td m;ay;rr_ sm;jyKvyk cf ohJ n?f om\"utjzpqf &kd aomf 1960 cEk pS f rppP yjDynef ,wf iG f vOl ;D a& 42μ rmS vrl n;f rsm;jzpaf omvf n;f 2μomraJ y; &eef mrnwf iof iG ;f c=hJuon?f a'ocvH rl n;f prk sm;tay:Oya'EiS thf nwD &m;p&D ijf ci;f rjyKyJ ao'g%af y;jci;f rsm;jziahf =umuvf e@fapcohJ n?f trJ uf ax;(v)f qakd omtouf 14 EpS tf ±,G af usmi;f om;av;wpaf ,muuf vkd l jzLtrsKd;or;D wpaf ,mutf m;avc|eof aH y;rod jzihf w&m;Oya'EiS whf &m;pD &ijfci;f rjyKbaJ o'g%af y;jci;f c&H on?f wpcf sKd@url vrl rJ sm;urkd aJ y;&eef mrnf pm&i;f wiof iG ;f &ef wukd wf eG ;f rod jzihf tq;kH p&D ijf ci;f c=H u&on?f ui;f u rppP yjDynef ,wf iG f raJ y;&etf wuG f emrnpf m&i;f oiG ;f &ef wukd wf eG ;f csurf sm; vyk &f mwiG f unl cD ahJ omvf n;f w;kd wurf t_ veG yf iaf E;S au;G cyhJ gon?f 1960 cEk pS tf ar&ud eof rwR a±;G cs,&f etf wuG rf qJ ,G wf &m;a[myYJG *|ef tu(f z)f uae'D (John F.Kennedy) onf jynof @ltciG thf a&;tuOf ya't opvf yk &f etf wuG f a[m=um;cohJ n?f a±;G aumuyf tJG +y;D avvh maw@G±&dS onrf mS tmz&ud e-f tar&ud ef 70μ rmS *|etf u(f z)f uae'tD wuG rf xJ nchf hJ =uonf? jynof @ltciG thf a&;Oya'=ur;f ukd 1963 cEk pS uf eG *f &uwf iG wf ijfyc+hJy;D *|evf 11 &uaf e@wiG ±f yk jfriof =Hum;tptD pOwf iG f pum;ajym=um;cahJ omuae'uD Oya'=ur;f ukd atmuyf gtwikd ;f axmujfycohJ n?f “tar&ud e&f bhJ ,af 'o tpwd tf yikd ;f rmS rqkd ar;G zgG;wehJ *D ±;kd uav;i,rf sm;[m ae@wpaf e@wn;f e‹Jae &ma'owpfcktwGif;rSmarG;zGg;wJhvljzLuav;rsm;&Jh &mcdkifE_ef;wpf0uf * Ku Klux Klan auo;kH v;kH toi;f - tar&ud ejfynef *D ±;kd qe@fusiaf &;toi;f Tt oi;f ukd tar&ud euf awmiyf ikd ;f wiG f aw@G&+y;D vjlzLrsm;ursuEf mS z;kH rsm;EiS 0hf w±f jkHzLrsm; 0wqf iof n?f -5-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; avmufomwef;jrifhausmif;atmifjrif=ujcif;/ oHk;yHkwpfyHkrSmaumvdyf ausmi;f wucf iG ±fh jdSci;f / o;kH ywkH pyf ukH tvyk tf uikd Ef iS thf wwyf nm±odS rl sm; jzpvf mjci;f / EpS yf wkH pyf rkH mS tvyk vf urf jhJzpjfci;f / ,i;f [email protected] r;f rmS vjlzL rsm;xucf Ek pS Ef pS ef n;f jci;f EiS vhf jlzLrsm;.0iaf iwG p0f uof m&±odS n”f [Il jzpf onf? uae'wD iof iG ;f aomw&m;Oya'ukd ueG *f &urf tS otd rwS jfyK&ef }uKd;pm; ao;G aqmi&f etf wuG f ui;f EiS thf jcm;jynof @ltciG thf a&;acgi;f aqmiwf pcf sKd@ utvyk tf uikd Ef iS vhf wG vf yaf &;&±adS &;w@kdtwuG f 0g±iS wf eYf xiaf y:ausmf =um;aomcswD uyf wJG pcf uk kd O;D aqmiuf si;f ycyhJ gon?f 1963 cEk pS =fo*wk vf 28 &uaf e@Y0g±iS wf ewf iG f usi;f yaomtvyk tf uikd Ef iS vhf wG vf yaf &;twuG f cswD uyf YJG atmijfrirf t_ }u;D tus,&f ±cdS ohJ n?f cswD uvf maomvtl yk }fu;D uckd e@freS ;f =unrhf nqf vkd #if vOl ;D a& 250000 rS 400000 a,mutf x±d rdS nf jzpof n?f TcswD uaf [majym}u;D wiG f yiuf i;f u “I have a dream”qkd onahf emiwf iG xf iaf y:ausm=f um;vmonrhf ed @fceG ;f ukd a[majymcyhJ gon?f uae'.D jynof @ltciG thf a&;Oya'=ur;f ukd ueG *f &uwf iG af q;G aE;G ajymqakd e qrJ mS yif 1963 cEk pS Ef 0kd ibf mvwiG f tq;kH p&D ijfci;f c&H on?f TwiG of rwR topfjzpfvmolvif;'Gefbif;(cf)*|efpefuTwm0efudkqufvufxrf; aqmicf ahJ omvf n;f *|epf eof njfynof @ltciG thf a&;u¾rsm;Y emrnof yd rf aumi;f cahJ cs? *|epf euf ueG uf &uwf iG f twikd ;f twmwpcf tk x0d iaf &muf puG zf uEf ikd of nthf m%muokd ;kH I w&m;Oya'utkd wnjf yKEikd cf ohJ n?f 1964 cEk pS jfynof @ltciG thf a&;tuOf ya'Y trsm;jynof El iS qhf ikd af omae&m rsm;jzpof n±hf yk ±f iS ±f /kH pm;aomuqf ikd rf sm;EiS [hf wkd ,rf sm;Y tom;ta&micf JG jcm;jci;f rmS w&m;Oya'uckd sKd;azmuof n[f k jyXge;f cohJ n?f x@kdtwtl vyk ±f iS f rsm;uvkd n;f vtl m;v;kH tay:om wnl rD #tvyk vf yk cf iG ahf y;&rn[f k vn;f yg -6-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; ±odS n?f Eikd if aH wm&f eyf akH iEG iS thf vyk vf yk af qmiaf omvyk if e;f rsm;wiG f vwl pOf ;D wpaf ,mu.f tom;ta&/ vrl sKd; o@kdr[wk f Eikd if tH ay:tajccaH omcjJGcm;r_ rsm;tay: ouaf otaxmutf xm;±ydS gu x&kd eyf akH irG sm;ukd &yqf ikd ;f ypEf ikd f ygon?f aemuyf ikd ;f ui;f uz,'f &,rf aJ y;yikd cf iG thf ciG thf a&;Oya'xnohf iG ;f a&;t ay:tm±pkH ;l pukd cf ohJ n?f xtkd csed wf iG f jynef ,wf pcf pk wD iG f rnof njhfynef ,f oel ,of m;rsm;tciG thf a&;ay;Eikd of nf [al omue@fowcf suvf yk Ef ikd of nhf tciG thf a&;±odS n?f rsm;aomtm;jzihf awmiyf ikd ;f jynef ,rf sm;wiG f tar&d uevf rl n;f rsm;ukd raJ y;ciG rhf ay;acs? awmiyf ikd ;f a'o±EdS ikd if aH &;orm;rsm;u qe@fusi=fuaomvf n;f vw$ af wmtf rwtf rsm;puk (333rJ 48 r)J jzithf Eikd f &IraJ y;yikd cf iG thf uOf ya'jyXge;f a&;EiS qhf ;D ewd vf w$ af wmrf S (77 rJ 19r)J jzithf Eikd &f ±IdS rqJ EaN y;Eikd cf iG thf uOf ya'ujkdyXge;f Eikd cf ohJ n?f Tw&m;Oya'uEikd if H awmtf p;kd &u a'ocjHynef ,rf sm;uraJ y;&etf wuG ef mrnpf m&i;f wiof iG ;f ray;orl sm;ukd emrnpf m&i;f rsm;a&;rwS af y;on?f ui;f uTta&;}u;D aomw&m;Oya'EpS &f yuf jkdyXge;f Eikd &f ef }uKd;pm;+y;D aemuf qi;f &oJ m;rsm;uukd nl &D ef }uKd;pm;tm;xwk cf yhJ gon?f ui;f uvrl sKd;pEk iS phf ;D ygG;a&;tciG thf a&;rsm;rmS e;D pyrf ±_ +dSy;D t+r'J eG wf aJG eaoma=umihf ui;f uypnP ;f OpmP rsm;ukd vtl rsm;twuG jfze@fjzL;ay;&ef vtkd yaf =umi;f a[majymcohJ n?f ui;f utmz&ud e-f tar&ud erf sm;EiS qhf i;f &oJ m;vjlzLrsm;r&S aJ bm&f zJ urf sm; jzp+fy;D ,i;f w@kdtwwl uvG uwf vJG yk af qmiyf gu vrl t_ z@JGtpn;f uakd jymi;f vEJ ikd af =umi;f tm;ay;wukd wf eG ;f cyhJ gon?f ui;f utmvbf m;rm;±pdS vJ rf m wiG Tf o@kdred @fceG ;f ajym=um;cyhJ gon?f “veG cf whJ hJ 12 EpS wf ek ;f uw@kdaw[G mjyef vnfjyKjyifa&;v_yf±Sm;r_awGrSmyg0ifcJh+yD; ('gayrJhtck) wdk@awG[macwf topwf pcf ak &muvf m+y;D / 'aD cwtf opuf akd wmvf eS af &;acwvf @kdac:&r,”f rdrd.}uD;xGm;vmaom tajccHususwpfzufpGef;pdwfudk vSpf[jyocJhyg onf? -7-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; 1967 cEk pS {f +yvD 3 &uaf e@wiG f rmwivf ol mui;f a*stm(&)f rS tb,f a=umiAhf ,D uef rpf pyf uJG qkd e@fusi&f onthf a=umi;f rsm;ukd az: jyxm;ygon?f Tred @fceG ;f uakd jym+y;D onahf emuf =oZmvr$ ;f r;kd r±_ adS omy*k K~dvwf pcf sKd@u ui;f ukd 1968 cEk pS of rwR a±;G aumuyf wJG iG f ww,d ygwtD jzp0f iaf &muyf g0i&f ef wukd wf eG ;f E;d_ aqm=fuon?f ui;f uTt}uaH y;csuuf ykd ,cf scahJ omvf n;f AD ,uef rpf pyf tJG ay: qe@fusivf y_ ±f mS ;ru_ kd quvf uaf qmi±f uG cf ohJ n?f ui;f uA,D uef rpf pyf tJG ay: qe@fusiaf oma=umirhf ed @fceG ;f rsm;pwiaf jymcohJ jzihf tp;kd &u,i;f tay:rEpS of uvf rkd r_ sm;±cdS ohJ nuf akd w@G&rn?f rwvf 28 &uaf e@ 1968 cEk pS wf iG f ui;f utvyk of rm;tciG thf a&;twuG f unl &D erf i;f z(d p)f (Memphis) ±qdS EjNyyuJG kd u,kd wf ikd Of ;D aqmicf swD ucf ohJ n?f cswD uyf OJG ;D aqmiof rl sm;ucswD uof rl sm;ukd t=ur;f zurf v_ yk if e;f rsm;a±mS if usO&f etf red @fay;aomvf n;f vil ,wf ppf rk sm;rmS vr;f !e$ cf surf sm;uekd m;r axmiyf J +rKd@awmcf e;f ro@kdcswD u&f mvr;f wpaf v#mu±f qdS ikd rf sm;ukd zsuqf ;D ypf cohJ n?f touf 16 EpS tf ±,G of m±adS o;aomvm&zD i;f (Larry Payne)[l aomaumiuf av;wpaf ,muuf ykd vk yd uf v,k uof tl jzppf yG pf +JGy;D ypof wf cohJ n?f o@kdaomrf sujfriof uaf orsm;u vm&uD ykd vk yd f rsm;ypof wcf sed wf iG f ol.vufudkajr‡mufxm;onf[kajym=uonf? ui;f ucswD uyf wJG iG f xokd @kdt=ur;f zurf v_ yk &f yrf sm;jzp&f jci;f rmS tp;kd &.&epf v@H_aqmof rl sm;jzpof n[f k tcikd tf rm,=kHuncf ohJ n?f xnkd uui;f uo.l emrnaf usm=fum;q;kH red @fceG ;f jzpaf om “u|eaf wmwf @kdawmixf yd af y:a&mucf hJ w,”f [al omred @fceG ;f ukd red @f=um;cohJ n?f o@lred @fceG ;f ukd To@kdtq;kH owcf hJ on?f “'aD e@up+y;D bmawjGzpvf mrvqJ wkd mroyd gb;l ? 'gayrthJ a±r›S mS cuf cwJ ahJ e@&uaf w±G adS evrd rhf ,?f 'gayr'hJ tD &maw[G m u|eaf wmthf wuG bf mrrS jzpaf vmuaf wmyh gb;l ? bmjzpvf @kdvqJ akd wmh u|eaf wmaf wmixf yd uf akd &muf c+hJy;D ? awmiaf y:uvrS ;f =unvhf ukd wf thJ cg uwad y;xm;wehJ ,af jrukd aw@G& -8-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; w,?f 'eD ,af jrrmS ciAf sm;w@kde@Jtwrl a&muaf umi;f ra&muEf ikd bf ;l ? 'gayrhJ ciAf sm;w@kdtm;v;kH uokd ad pcsiwf mu w@kdawvG rl sKd;pwk pcf vk ;kH taee@J'uD wd ay;xm;wahJ jrukd a&murf mS rck sjzpwf ,qf wkd mukd oad pcsiyf gw,?f 'gah =umihf vuJ |eaf wmwf u,af ysmyf gw,f?” aemuwf paf e@rmS yuJ i;f u o&l [hJ wkd ,af vomaqmirf mS &yaf ewek ;f typf owcf cH &hJ w,?f oal oq;kH omG ;onahf emuqf uwf tJG jzp+frKd@ 125 +rKd@wiG qf l yal omi;f use;f rr_ sm;jzpaf y:vm+y;D val v;q,af jcmuaf ,mutf owcf cH &hJ on?f EpS vf t=umwiG *f srd ;f t,(f v)f a&; (James Earl Ray) qokd nhf oul kd ve'f e+frKd@wiG zf r;f q;D +y;D tar&ud eof @kdy@kdvukd of n?f xokd tl m;ui;f uvkd yk }fuH rt_ wuG af xmixf uJ ;kd q,uhf ;kd EpS cf svukd of n?f rmwivf ol mui;f towcf &H onthf ay: ppkH r;f axmuvf rS ;f rr_ sm;rsm;pmG jyK vyk cf +hJy;D tar&ud etf p;kd &EiS thf uzf bf tD ikd f (FBI) w@kdrS ,i;f vyk }furH ._ aemuf u,G wf iG ±f odS n[f k xijfricf su±f =dSuon?f tjcm;pwd 0f ipf m;p&mtcsuwf pf crk S *srd ;f uvkd e'f ewf iG of vJ eG pf ±mS Izr;f q;D cohJ rl mS tuzf bf tD ikd rf [wk bf J uae'gyvk yd rf sm;jzpof nuf odk ±d &dS on?f 1988 cEk pS wf iG f axmixf wJ iG tf usO;f cscaH e&aom*srd ;f ukd ±yk jfriof =Hum;aw@G qakH r;jre;f ce;f jyKvyk cf &hJ mwiG of ul FBI at;*sirhf sm;u o@luukd i;f tm;owf &e0f ecf cH ikd ;f +y;D tu,If 0erf cyH gu o.l zciEf iS nhf tD puf wkd paf ,muuf kd axmixf cJ srn[f +kcrd ;f ajcmucf ohJ nuf akd jymcohJ n?f *srd ;f uoul kdFBI uui;f tm;owjf zwrf t_ wuG tf uuG qf izf r;f cohJ n[f qk okd n?f 1983 cEk pS wf iG f tar&ud ejfynaf xmipf uk eG *f &uuf tar&ud e.f jynof @lt ciG thf a&;vy_ ±f mS ;ra_ cgi;f aqmirf sm;xrJ S wpaf ,mujfzpof nrhf mwivf ol m ui;f ukd *%k jfyKaomtm;jzihf Zeef 0g&vD ww,d ywwf evmF ae@ukd rmwivf l omuif;ae@[kowfrSwfcJhonf? -9-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; ]]uRefawmfwdkUwdkif;jynfrSmaxmifuscH&NyD;wJhaemufrSmor®wjzpfvmrSmjzpfw,f/}} “In my country we go to prison first and then become President.” ]]b0rSm*kPf,lp&mtaumif;qHk;[m wpfcgrSmrvJuswmr[kwfbl;/ 'gayrJhudk,fvJuswJhtcgwdkif;jyefxjcif;jzpfw,f/}} “The Greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.” ]]wpdwfwa'ovGwfvyfrIqdkwmr½Sdbl;/}} “There is no such thing as part freedom.” e,vf qirf i'f vJ m; (1918 - ) e,f vqirf i'f vJ m; (Nelson Mandela) onvf jl zLvrl n;f cjJGcm;a&;0g'±adS om awmitf mz&ud Eikd if uH kd vrl sKd;aygi;f p±kH adS om 'rD ukd a&pED ikd if tH jzpaf jymi;f v&J etf wuG f O;D aqmicf ohJ jlzpyf g on?f ool nf 27 EpS =fumaxmiof iG ;f tusO;f csccH &hJ +y;D aemuf o.l wikd ;f jynYf yxrO;D q;kH vrl oJ rwR jzpcf hJ onf? ±vdk vD mvmri'f vJ m;onf 1918 cEk pS Zf vl ikd vf 18 &uaf e@wiG f vrl n;f w@kd. ar;G &yaf jrjzpaf omx&epf uD (Transkei) wiG af r;G zmG ;cohJ n?f o.l zci[f ief &D rmS oibf el e;f rsKd;ee;f E,G f (Thembu Royal Family) .tav;pm;c&H aomt }uaH y;y*k Kd~vwf paf ,mujf zpof n?f o.l emrnjf zpaf om±vkd vD mvm.t \"yd g`,rf mS “'uk aQ y;o”l [tk \"yd g`,&f on?f x@kda=umihf o.l rvl we;f ausmi;f q&muo@lemrnuf kd e,vf qi[f ak jymi;f ac:cohJ n?f ri'f vJ m;.i,pf Obf 0wiG f +ird ;f csr;f pmG aexikd cf &hJ +y;D rsm;aomtm;jziEhf mG ; ausmi;f jci;f EiS thf rd tf vyk rf sm;uvkd yk &f on?f o@kdaomof .l zciuf ,G vf eG f -10-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; omG ;+y;D onahf emuf oibf rl sKd;;E,G tf wuG f u,kd pf m;tyk cf sKyaf &;wm0e,f &l aom =oZmvr$ ;f r;kd r±_ odS nahf qrG sKd;wpaf ,muEf iS ohf mG ;ae&on?f o@kdaomf vn;f azg(h w)f [(J &)f (Fort Have) omoemjyKaumvyd af usmi;f rxS uG of mG ; +y;D aemuf ausmi;f om;rsm;.vjlzLuvkd ekd tD yk cf sKyaf &;tay: qEjNyjci;f rsm; wiG yf g0icf ohJ nrf pS I rrd .d u,kd yf ikd vf wG af jrmuaf &;EiS thf rsKd;om;vw$ af jrmuf a&;twuG f v@H_aqmrf c_ &;D ±nS uf pkd wicf ohJ n?f ri'f vJ m;onf 1942 cEk pS wf iG f 00d gwm;(p)f &eJ wf uoU vkd f (University of Witwatersrand) wiG Of ya'bmomjziahf tmijf ricf ohJ n?f ool ntf mz&d uetf rsKd ;om;ueG uf &u–f African National Congress (ANC) .vyk if e;f rsm;wGifyg0ifv_yf±Sm;r_rsm;wdk;yGm;vmcJhonf? ANC onfvlrsdK;aygif;pHkrS awmitf mz&ud Eikd if oH @kd Eikd if aH &;t&ajymi;f vrJ r_ sm;±vdS matmif vy_ ±f mS ; aqmi±f uG af omtz@JGtpn;f jzpof n?f 1948 cEk pS wf iG f trsKd;om;ygwuD tm%m&±+dSy;D “vjlzLvrl n;f cjJGcm;a&;0g'” ay:vpuD kd pwitf aumitf xnaf z: jci;f o@kdr[wk f vrl sKd;a&;tay:rwl nf Io;D oe@fcjJGcm;jci;f rsm;ukd twi;f t=uyvf yk af qmicf ohJ n?f ANC url T vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'tay: qef@usifa&;v_yf±Sm;r_vkyfief;rsm;udk pwifvkyf aqmicf ohJ n?f 1952 cEk pS wf iG f ri'f vJ m;u ANC .vuaf xmuOf uXU wpf a,mujfzpcf ohJ n?f 1950 cEk pS f EpS uf ek yf ikd ;f wiG f tp;kd &.zEd ydS qf uqf rH r_ sm;jym; vmaoma=umihf ri'f vJ m;EiS ohf .l oil ,cf si;f tvkd AD mxrbf kd (Oliver Tam- -bo) EiS thf jcm;owl @kdu ANC uykd Ikd tajccuH saom ajymi;f vrJ r_ sm;buof @kd O;D wncf ohJ n?f 1956 cEk pS wf iG f ri'f vJ m;ukd wikd ;f jyntf ay:opmP azgurf j_zihf pyG pf cJG +hJy;D axmixf wJ iG f ig;EpS uf s+y;D aemuwf &m;aovw$ af y;cohJ n?f 1960 cEk pS rf wvf wiG f vjlzLvrl n;f cjJGcm;a&;0g'ukd qe@fusiaf omvrl n;f 69 a,mutf m; yvk yd rf sm;u ±yS zf bJ ;D vf (Sharpeville) wiG of wjfzwvf ukd f -11-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; on?f tp;kd &u wikd ;f jynwf iG ;f ta&;ay: tajctaexwk jfye+fy;D ANC uykd wd f q@kdcohJ n?f Ttcsuuf wkd @kHjyeof nthf aeEiS hf ANC u t=ur;f rzuaf &;ay: vpuD pkd eG @fy,If ri'f vJ m;u ANC twuG f “Umkhonto we Zizwe” o@kdr [wk f “The Spear of the Nation–wikd ;f jyn.f vwS ” [ak c:onvhf uef uf uikd wf yzf @JGuzkd @JGpn;f cohJ n?f x@kdaemuf o@luAkd vkd cf sKyrf LS ;}u;D tjzpcf e@ftyjfci;f c&H +y;D aemuf ppof iwf e;f wucf iG &hf &eEf iS hf ANC twuG tf axmutf yrhH sm; ±mS az&G etf wuG f Eikd if jHcm;wikd ;f jynrf sm;o@kdc&;D xuG cf ohJ n?f o@lEikd if oH @kdjyevf monthf csed wf iG tf zr;f c&H +y;D tusO;f axmixf J ig;EpS tf usO;f cstred @fay;ccH &hJ on?f 1963 cEk pS wf iG f ri'f vJ m;EiS thf jcm;aom ANC acgi;f aqmirf sm;tp;kd &ukd t=ur;f en;f jzixhf wk yf ,&f ef v#Kd@0uS tf }utH pnrf sm; a&;qcJG ohJ n?f aemiwf pEf pS rf mS yif ri'f vJ m;ukd wpof uwf puf |e;f us&etf red @fay;cohJ n?f x@kdtwuG f oul Ttred @ftwuG f rrd ud ,kd uf ckd ck uH mu,G f aome*d ;kH csKypf um;rmS atmuyf gtwikd ;f jzpof n?f “u|eaf wm&f bhJ 0ouwf mwpcf vk ;kH ukd tmz&ud evf rl sKd;aw&G vhJ y_ ±f mS ;ra_ wG xrJ S epjfrKyxf m;ygw,?f u|eaf wm[f m vr$ ;f r;kd csKyuf ikd wf vhJ jlzLawuG kd awmf veS wf ukd cf ukd of vkd vrl n;f tyk pf ;kd oal wuG vkd n;f awmvf eS wf ukd cf ukd rf mS jzpf w,?f u|eaf wm[f m 'rD ukd a&peD @Jval wtG m;v;kH o[mZmwjzpaf tmif ae xikd +fy;D tciG thf a&;om wnl rD #&±wdS hJ vwG vf ywf vhJ rl t_ z@JGtpn;f taw;G t ac:ypkH uH kd vckd siwf mjzpwf ,?f 'tD aw;G tac:ukd u|eaf wmuf z@HG+zKd;w;kd wuf vmatmivf yk cf siwf mjzpwf ,?f 'gayrvhJ tkd yvf m&if 'tD aw;G tac:e@JvJ u,kd thf ouaf y;+y;D paw;Eikd yf gw,?f ” o@luckd yd af xmi;f (Cape Town) ur;f ±;kd tjyibf uYf ±adS om a&mbh iuf |e;f rmS axmiof iG ;f tusO;f cs+y;D aemuqf ;kH jynrf xrJ mS ±wdS zhJ ;kd vpf r;kd tusO;f axmif xoJ @kdajymi;f a±@$cohJ n?f oal xmixf uJ saepOtf wiG ;f ool nEf ikd if wH umvl -12-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; jzLvrl n;f cjJGcm;ru_ kd qe@fusiof n[f tk rwS tf om;wcjk zpvf mon?f axmixf wJ iG f EpS af ygi;f EpS qf ,af usmuf sc+Hy;D aemuf ri'f vJ m;u wpcf sKd@aom ta&;}u;D onthf a&;upd rP sm;wiG f acgi;f aqmiuf q;kH jzwcf surf sm;ukd u,kd f wikd cf s&rn[f tk cikd tf rm,=kHunof nthf wuG f en;f vr;f topwf pcf uk okd ;kH &eqf ;kH jzwcf ohJ n?f To@kdjzihf 'uk cQ }HuKd;pm;rr_ sm;a=umihf urmB ay:wiG ef mrnf t}u;D q;kH t usO;f om;uOkd ;D aqmiIf orwR ±;kH wiG af w@GqakH q;G aE;G yuJG kd v#Kd@ 0uS pf mG usi;f ycohJ n?f xtkd ajctwiaf q;G aE;G ywJG iG f o@luvkd w$ af y;&eof mr u Eikd if xH ±J vdS jlzLvrl n;f cjJGcm;a&;pepuf kd 'rD ukd a&ppD epof @kdajymi;f v&J e}fuKd; pm;cohJ n?f 1990 cEk pS af zaz:0g&vD 2 &uaf e@wiG af wmitf mz&ud tp;kd &rS jynwf iG ;f jynyf ztd m;ay;rr_ sm;ukd w@kHjyejfci;f tm;jzihf ri'f vJ m;ukd vw$ af y; vukd +fy;D onwhf p+fyKdief uf ANC tay: ywd qf @kdru_ vkd J &ypf vJ ukd of n?f 1991 cEk pS wf iG rf i'f vJ m;u ANC .acgi;f aqmiwf pOf ;D jzpvf mon?f 1993 cEk pS wf iG f ri'f vJ m;ukd xtkd csed uf awmitf mz&ud .orwR jzpaf om FW De Klerk EiS whf zJG uIf Ebkd ,vf +f ird ;f csr;f a&;qul ckd s;D jri‡ chf ohJ n?f aemuf quwf EJG pS rf mS yif awmitf mz&ud onf ,i;f .yxrO;D q;kH vrl sKd;aygi;f pakH ±;G aumuyf uJG si;f y+y;D ri'f vJ m;uakd wmitf mz&ud .yxrO;D q;kH vrl n;f orwR tjzpaf ±;G cs,vf ukd of n?f 1998 cEk pS f *a&;pmrucf s(J v)f (Graca Machel)EiS hf ww,d t}urd vf uxf yvf ukd of n?f orl onuf ,G vf eG of mG ;+y;D jzpof nrhf kd Zrbf pof rwR .Ze;D onjfzpof n?f ri'f vJ m;EiS hf 1958 cEk pS wf iG f vuxf y+fy;D 1996 cEk pS wf iG uf mG ±iS ;f cohJ n'hf wk ,d Ze;D onjfzpaf om 0ief oD nf vjlzLvl rnf;cGJjcm;r_ qef@usifa&;v_yf±Sm;olwpfOD;tjzpf qufvufaqmif±GufcJh on?f 1997 cEk pS wf iG f o.l orwR ouwf r;f rmS vn;f uek qf ;kH omG ;cohJ n?f ri'f vJ m;onf tx;l ojzithf yd cf stf ikd Af –DG attikd 'f tD upf qf e@fusiaf &;vy_ f ±mS ;rE_ iS hf tjcm;vy_ ±f mS ;r_ rsm;wiG vf n;f wpwf ywf ptf m;quvf uIf unl D -13-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; yyhH ;kd cohJ n?f 2004 cEk pS wf iG f ri'f vJ m;rjSynof vl xl tk a±w›S iG f vy_ ±f mS ;rr_ sm;rS &yef m;awmrh njfzpaf =umi;f a=ujim+y;D wjzn;f jzn;f vpl ak ±w›S iG f o@luakd w@G&r_ enf;vmavonf? Zvl ikd vf 18 &uf 2007 cEk pS wf iG ef ,vf qirf i'f vJ m;/ *a&;pmrucf s(J v)f EiS hf 'upf reG wf ;l w;l w@kdonf urmB ay:±dS ou}fu;D ±,G tf rkd sm;tz@JGtpn;f ta0;ukd *sKd [e;f bwf (Johannesburg) wiG af c:,Il rrd wd @kd.twwyf nmEiS vhf wG f vyaf om acgi;f aqmiEf ikd rf w_ @kdutkd o;kH csI urmB }u;D .tcucf qJ ;kH jy\\em rsm;ukd unl aD jz±iS ;f &e&f n±f ,G cf ohJ n?f e,vf qi.f touf 89 EpS af jrmuf ar;G ae@wiG f e,vf qiuf o.l “The Elders”–ou}f u;D ±,G tf rkd sm;-[l aomtz@JGopuf dk wnaf xmivf udk af =umi;f a=ujimcohJ n?f “'tD z@JG[m owl @kd&thJ jriuf kd vwG vf ypf mG e@J&&J iphf mG xwk af z:ajymrmS jzp+f y;D vpl tk a±r›S mS yjJzpaf p/ aemuf u,G rf mS yjJzpaf p vtkd ywf thJ a&;,al qmi±f uG rf _ awuG kd jyKvyk rf mS jzpwf ,?f u|ewf @kdwawvG uwf +JGy;D a=umu±f @HGra_ weG @Jjynphf kH wahJ e&mawrG mS &&J iwhf phJ wd af w±G vdS matmi/f yËyd u±Q wdS ahJ e&mrmS oabmwl nrD a_ w±G vdS matmief @J pwd \"f gwuf swahJ e&mraS r#mvf ichf suaf w±G vdS matmif tm;ay;wukd wf eG ;f ay;rmS jzpyf gw,?f ” [Il ajym=um;cohJ n?f =o*wk vf 29 &uf 2007 cEk pS wf iG f e,vf qirf i'f vJ m;±yk wf uk kd ve'f e+frKd@±ydS g vrD epf uwJG iG pf ukd xf cl yhJ gon?f -14-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; ]][kwfw,f? wwfEdkifw,f vdkUajymEdkifzdkUtmPmr½SdwJhvlawGudk ]r[kwfbl;? rwwfEdkifbl;} vdkUajymcGifhray;ygeJU/}} “Never allow a person to tell you ‘no’ who doesn’t have the power to say yes.” ]]oifoabmrwlyJeJU oifhudkb,folrSudk,fhudkudk,ftxifao;atmifrvkygEdkifbl;/}} “No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.” ]]urÇmay:rSm rkef;wD;jcif;eJUtwif;tBuyfcdkif;apjcif;wdkU[m oD;oefU½SdaeNyD; tjcm;t&mawGay:rSm oufa&mufrIr½Sdbl;qdkwmrjzpfEdkifygbl;/}} “Hate and force cannot be in just a part of the world without having an effect on the rest of it.” tJvDEdk±kpbJh (1884–1962) tar&ud eof rwR z&e@fuvi;f ±pk b.hJ Ze;D EiS hf Eikd if H a&;vy_ ±f mS ;rr_ sm; vyk af qmicf ahJ om tvJ ED ±kd pk bhJ (Eleanor Roosevelt) onf jynof @ltciG thf a&;EiS hf trsKd ; or;D vy_ ±f mS ;rv_ yk if e;f rsm;wiG f a±q›S ;kH rOS ;D aqmiyf g0icf ohJ l wpOf ;D jzpof n?f tvJ ED ±kd pk bohJ nf 1884cEk pS af tmuwf bkd mv 11&uaf e@wiG f e,;l a,mupf D w;D +rKd@Y zmG ;jricf ohJ n?f orl .zcif {v,d u±f pk bhJ (Elliott Roosevelt) onf ,cif (1901–1909) wiG f orwR jzpcf zhJ ;l aom otD 'kd ±kd pk bhJ (Theodore Roosevelt) .ntD puf jkd zpof n?f tvJ ED tkd ou±f pS Ef pS tf ±,G wf iG f orl .rcd irf mS qqkH @kdemEiS ahf oq;kH omG ;c+hJy;D orl EiS thf jcm;tpuf Ekd iS ahf rmirf sm;ukd rcd ibf urf tS zmG ;jzpaf om rm&vD wvf kd a[m(v)f (Mary Ludlow Hall) EiS ohf mG ;aeapcohJ n?f tvJ ED tkd ouqf ,f EpS jfynohf nthf csed wf iG f orl .zcirf mS t&utf veG tf u|aH omuof nahf &m *ga=umihf aoq;kH omG ;cohJ n?f Ttcsed rf pS I orl onvf n;f rbd ruhJ av; -15-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; jzpvf mc&hJ on?f 1899 ckESpfaqmif;OD;&moDwGif olr.ta':wpfa,muf.tm;ay;r_jzifh tvJ ED ukd kd ''Allenwood Academy'' [ak c:aom red ;f uav;ausmi;f o@kd y@kd aqmicf ohJ n?f xakd usmi;f ±adS usmi;f tyk qf &mr}u;D rmS trsKd;or;D i,af v; rsm;tm; vwG vf ypf mG aw;G ac:ww&f ef jyKpyk sKd;axmiaf y;cohJ n?f tvJ ED ukd xakd usmi;f wiG f jyiof pbf momuxkd ;l c|epf mG avvh moi,f cl +hJy;D rrd ud ,kd uf ,kd kH =unjf ci;f rsm;vn;f w;kd ygG;vmcohJ n?f ausmi;f +y;D onthf cg tvJ ED ukd vrl a_ &;vyk if e;f rsm;wiG f yg0ivf y_ ±f mS ;cohJ n?f 1905 cEk pS wf iG f orl .0r;f ujJGzpof nzhf &e@fuvi;f '±D pk bhJ (Franklin D. Roo- -sevelt) EiS vhf uxf ycf ohJ n?f orl .ciyf eG ;f onuf ohJ @kdyif 'rD ukd a&p0D g'ukd ,=kHunof jlzp+fy;D Eikd if aH &;zuwf iG f pwd yf g0ipf m;cohJ n?f 1906 EiS hf 1916 ck EpS tf wiG ;f ±pk brhJ od m;prk uS av;ajcmuaf ,muxf eG ;f um;c+hJy;D wpaf ,muf rmS ral r;G cgpwiG af oq;kH omG ;cohJ n?f 1913 cEk pS wf iG f orwR 0'k ±0kd vD qf if (Woodrow Wilson) u z&e@fuvi;f '±D pk buhJ kd a&wy.f vuaf xmutf wiG ;f a&;rLS ;tjzpf ce@ftycf ohJ n?f ±pk bohJ nf yxrurmB pptf wiG ;f xwkd m0euf akd qmi±f uG cf ohJ n?f tvJ ED ukd ppyf tJG wiG ;f =uuaf jcetD z@JGY wm0exf r;f aqmicf +hJy;D yxrurmB pptf +y;D wiG f \"Western Front\" a'orsm;Y vnS vhf ncf ohJ n?f 1921 cEk pS af E&G mowD iG f z&e@fuvi;f '±D pk brhJ S t}u;D tus,af eraumi;f jzpcf hJ on?f aemiwf iG f ocl pH m;&aoma&m*grmS yvkd ,D akd &m*gjzpaf =umi;f pr;f oyf aw@G±cdS ohJ n?f o‹cl Em< u,kd wf puf ,kd vf ;kH e;D yg; ta=umaoomG ;+y;D o.l ajc axmurf sm;ukd to;kH jyKIr&awmah cs? oel mruse;f jzpof nwhf paf v#muf v;kH wiG f tvJ ED ukd o@lukd jyKpak pmiahf ±mS ucf +hJy;D tm;titf oprf sm;jyevf n&f ±dS vm+y;D Eikd if aH &;avmuxjJye0f iEf ikd &f ef unl aD y;cohJ n?f -16-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; tvJ ED ukd Eikd if aH &;wiG f wuºfupG mG vy_ ±f mS ;yg0i+fy;D trsKd;or;D rxJ nohf rl sm;. toi;f (League of Women’s Voters), trsKd ;om;0,,f pl m;o;kH orl sm;t oi;f EiS hf trsKd;or;D tvyk of rm;or*t~ z@JG0itf jzpf tvyk vf yk cf ohJ n?f x@kdt wl tmz&ud etf ar&ud evf rl n;f ynmwwrf sm;EiS hf ta&mitf ao;G ±odS rl sm; w;kd wuaf &;twuG f trsKd ;om;tpn;f t±;kH (NAACP) taxaG xtG wiG ;f a&;rLS ;w@kdEiS &hf i;f E;DS u|r;f 0icf ohJ n?f TuohJ @kd&i;f E;DS u|r;f 0irf a_ =umihf tvJ ED kd onf tmz&ud etf ar&ud ewf @kd. jynof @ltciG thf a&;vy_ ±f mS ;rr_ sm;Y pwd yf g 0ipf m;vmchoJ n?f orl .ciyf eG ;f on.f Eikd if aH &;rqJ ,G yf rJG sm;wiG f wpwf ywf ptf m;yg0iaf qmif ±GufcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh olr.cifyGef;onfz&ef‹uvif;'D±kpbJhrSm e,l; a,mu+frKd@awm0f ef (1929) tjzpf jzpaf pEiS hf tar&ud eof rwR tjzpf (1932 cEk pS )f wiG f ta±;G cs,cf cH &hJ on?f tar&ud eof rikd ;f a=umi;f wpaf v#muwf iG f tvJ ED okd nEf ikd if aH &;wiG f yg0ivf y_ ±f mS ;aom yxrq;kH orwR uawmtf jzpf wipf m;c&H on?f orl .ciyf eG ;f ontf wuG f jzp&f yrf eS rf sm;pak qmi;f ±mS azaG y; &etf wuG f c&;D rsm;pmG xuG cf &hJ on?f tvJ ED ukd vid bf uqf ikd &f mEiS vhf rl sKd;a&; &m w@kdYwe;f wnl rD #r±_ adS p&ef aq;G aE;G a[majymcohJ n?f 1935 cEk pS wf iG tf vJ ED ukd orwR z&e@fuvi;f '±D pk bthJ m; Oya'EiS thf nwD &m;p&D ijfci;f rjyKbJ ao'g%af y;jci;f ukd qe@fusiof nOhf ya'=ur;f ukd ueG *f &uf wiG ;f o@kdwiof iG ;f &ef awmi;f qckd ohJ n?f (Oya'EiS thf nD w&m;p&D ijfci;f rjyKbJ ao'g%af y;jci;f rmS vwl pOf ;D wpaf ,muuf kd w&m;r0ipf mG pwG pf IJG tq;kH pD &ijfci;f jzp+fy;D ,ciwf iG vf jlzLrsm;uvrl n;f rsm;ukd Ten;f jziohf wjfzwaf v±h dS on?f ) rnof @kdqakd pumr±l pk buhJ TOya'=ur;f ukd axmucf aH =umif;t rsm;a±w›S iG f xwk af z:ajym=um;jci;f r±cdS ahJ y? tb,ahf =umiqhf akd omf TOya' =ur;f onf rrd wd @kd.tusO;f om;rsm;ukd Oya'EiS thf nD w&m;p&D ijfci;f rjyKbJ owjfzwcf iG ahf y;onahf xmirf LS ;rsm;ukd ta&;,El idk of n?f x@kda=umiohf ul -17-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; TuohJ @kdvyk vf #if awmiyf ikd ;f ±odS @lurkd aJ y;aomvjlzLrsm;u o@luckd iG rhf vw$ f Eikd yf J aemurf aJ ±;G yrJG sm;wiG of @lurkd aJ y;awmrh mS r[wk bf J a±;G aumuyf wJG iG ±f ;H_ erd vhf rd rhf n[f k qiaf jcay;cohJ n?f 1945 cEk pS {f +yvD wiG f z&e@fuvi;f '±D pk buhJ ,G vf eG +fy;D onahf emuf tvJ ED ukd Eikd if aH &;vy_ ±f mS ;rw_ iG f quIf yg0ivf y_ ±f mS ;cohJ n?f 1946 cEk pS wf iG f tar&ud ef orRw[if&Dtuf(pf)=xL;rif; (Harry S.Truman) utJvDEdk±kpbJhtm; uvk or*t~ axaG xnG vD mc.H u,kd pf m;v,S tf jzpf a±;G cs,wf iaf jrm‡ ucf hJ on?f uvk or*v~ @ltciG thf a&;xwk jfyeaf =ujimcsupf mwr;f wiG f orl ut a&;ygpmG 0iaf &muyf g0icf ohJ n?f ±pk buhJ uvk or*v~ @ltciG thf a&;aumrf ±iS f . yxrO;D q;kH OuXU tjzpf yg0icf ohJ n?f 1948 cEk pS pf uwf ibf mv 28 &uf ae@naeyikd ;f wiG f ±pk buhJ a=ujimpmwr;f ukd u,kd pf m;jyK+y;D xakd =ujimpmwr;f ukd “The international Magna Carta of all mankind”- vtl m;v;kH twuG f tajcc'H rD ukd a&pjDzp+fy;D xpkd mwr;f wiG yf g0iaf omt&mrsm;ukd vukd ef maqmif ±uG &f rn-f [wk ipf m;cohJ n?f uvk or*t~ axaG xnG vD mcuH xwk jfyeaf =u jimcsuuf kd 1948 cEk pS 'f ZD ibf mv 10 &uaf e@wiG f vucf uH siohf ;kH cohJ n?f 1953 cEk pS f Dwight D. Eisenhower orwR jzpvf monthf cg ±pk buhJ orl . uvk or*&~ mx;l rS Ew_ xf uG cf ohJ n?f tvJ ED tkd ou±f iS pf Owf iG f rrd .d u,kd af &; &mZ0irf sm;uakd &;om;c+hJ y;D “My Story (1937),” “This I Remember (1949)” EiS hf “On My Own (1958)” w@kdtygt0if jzpof n?f tvJ ED ±kd pk bhJ onf 1962 cEk pS Ef 0kd ibf mv 6 &uaf e@wiG uf ,G vf eG of mG ;cohJ n?f i,pf Ouf tvJ ED ±kd pk bohJ nf rrd ud ,kd uf ±kd ;kd ±;kd om;om;EiS hf vvkd m;awmiwhf r±_ dS aomowl pOf ;D omjzpaf omvf n;f }u;D vmonthf cg tjriuf s,vf m+y;D rrd d aw@Gonchf |w,f iG ;f csurf sm;ukd wm0e,f ul m trsm;twuG of uaf wmihf ouof m±rdS E_ iS ahf r#mvf ichf surf sm;ay;cahJ om owl pOf ;D tjzpf &mpEk pS f 20 wiG f totd rwS jfyKc&H ol jzpvf mon?f -18-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; ]]uRrf;usifolwpfa,mufurNyD;Edkif? rvkyfEdkifbl;[kajymvQif tjcm;uRrf;usifoludkcdkif;yg/}} “If an expert says it can’t be done, get another expert.” ]]&J&ifhjcif;qdkonfrSm aMumuf½GHUoifhonfht&mudk rnfodkUaMumuf½GHU&rnfESifh raMumuf½GHUoifhonfht&m udkrnfodkUraMumuf½GHU&rnfudk oifjyaomtodynmjzpfonf/}} “Courage is the knowledge of how to fear what ought to be feared and how not to fear what ought not to be feared.” ]]tpD a&;vEf ikd if rH wS u,vhf uaf wUG ususjzpEf ikd zf Ukd twuG tf MhHo zG,f&mwdkUudk,HkMunf&rSmjzpfw,f/}} “In Israel, in order to be a realist you must believe in miracles.” a';Apfbiful&D,ef (1886-1974) a';Apbf iuf &l ,D ef (David Ben–Gurion) onf*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;.uH=urRmudk wnf aqmufay;aom EdkifiHopfwpfEdkifiHESifh ta±S›tv,f yikd ;f Eikd if rH sm;ukd wnaf xmiaf y;cohJ wl pOf ;D jzpof n?f a';Apbf iuf &l ,D eof nf yvkd eEf ikd if H (±±k tS iyf g,mwiG tf ygt0i)f zvkH (Plon- -sk) +rKdŒY 1886 cEk pS wf iG f zgG;jriof n?f ool nof m;pOrf sKd;quf 6 quf ajrmujf zpof n?f owl @kd.rod m;prk mS Zikd ,f mepd ef (Zionism) uekd uef pJ mG ,kH =unaf omrod m;pjkzpof n?f o.l zcirf mS a±a›S ewpOf ;D jzpof nof mru [D b±;l bmomoi=fum;ay;aom q&mwpaf ,muvf jJzp+fy;D acwrf ZDS ikd ,f med pe-f ''Hibbat Zion''(Zikd ,f muckd spaf omorl sm;)tz@JGukd wnaf xmicf ohJ vl n;f jzpof n?f biuf &l ,D ef o@kdr[wk f [bD ±;l bmomr0icf iuf a';Ap*f &i;f (David Green) [ak c:qckd ahJ omorl mS acwrf aDS om *sL;bmom0iwf @kd.ynm -19-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; a&;uokd i=fum;&+y;D bmoma&;EiS thf wl tjcm;aombmom&yrf sm;ukd wIJG oif=um;cJh&onf? biuf &l ,D e.f acgi;f aqmitf &ntf csi;f / Eikd if aH &;taw;G tac:EiS thf jriwf @kd rmS i,if ,uf av;uwn;f uyif xiaf y:ausm=fum;vmcohJ n?f o.l t ouf 14 EpS tf ±,G wf iG f vil ,uf av;rsm;upkd pk n;f I tZD m (Ezra) [ak c: aom [bD ±;l bmompum;uokd majymqrkd nhf orl sm;tz@JGukd wnaf xmicf hJ on?f touf 17 EpS tf ±,G wf iG f Poaleizion (Zikd ,f mtvyk of rm;rsm;) tz@JGxwJ iG yf g0icf ohJ n?f TygwoD nf yxrq;kH aomq±kd ,S vf pZf ikd ,f mepEf ikd f iaH &;tz@JG tajcctH z@JGtpn;f wpcf jkzpof n?f TygwoD nf Zikd ,f mepd ef*. vrl a_ &;EiS Ehf ikd if aH &;wnaf qmuyf rkH sm;ukd q,pf Ek pS af ygi;f rsm;pmG tyk pf ;kd vr$ ;f r;kd c+hJy;D rsm;aomtm;jzihf biuf ±l ,D e.f tyk cf sKyrf a_ tmuwf iG jfzpof n?f 1906 cEk pS wf iG f ygvupf wikd ;f o@kdajymi;f a±c›$ +hJy;D *sL;pukd yf sKd;a&;vyk if e;f rsm;. vad rmR +fcYH tvyk of rm;tjzijhfzpaf p/ 0ikd of akd vmS iof nahf e&mrsm;wiG jfzpaf p tvyk vf yk cf ohJ n?f Tpukd yf sKd;a&;+cuH kd Zikd ,f mepwf @kdu t&ivf yk af qmicf hJ jci;f jzpof n?f aemuyf ikd ;f YumvvD (Galilee) wiG tf apmithf jzpf tvyk vf yk f coJh nf? biof naf v;EpS vf ;kH v;kH o.l v,,f majrrsm;Y tvyk vf yk af eaomvf n;f tvyk of rm;tciG thf a&;a&;&mrsm;Y pwd 0f ipf m;r±_ +dSy;D Poaleizion ygwAD [tdk z@JG0ijfzpvf mon?f 1910 cEk pS wf iG f o@luykd gw.D owi;f pmxwk vf yk af om*s±k pviYf t,'f wD mtjzpf a±;G cs,wf iaf jrm‡ ujfci;f c&H +y;D oal &;om;aompm * Zikd ,f mep0f g'oD nf *sL;vrl sKd;rsm;. ,ciyf gvupf wikd ;f wiG f *sL;Eikd if jHyevf nxf al xmif a&;EiS ahf cwrf aDS omtpD aP &;vEf ikd if aH xmuyf ahH &;wiG f quvf uyf g0i&f ef vyk af qmif on*hf sL;vrl sKd ;rsm;.Eikd if aH &;vy_ ±f mS ;rj_ zpof n?f -20-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; rsm;wiG “f a';Apbf iuf &l ,D e”f qokd nuhf avmief mrnwf ycf ohJ n?f ([bD ±;l bmomjzi“hf jcaoahF ygupf ”[k t\"yd g`,&f on?f ) 1912 cEk pS wf iG f w&l uED ikd if oH @kdomG ;I tpD webf ;l (v)f wuoU vkd Yf Oya' ynmuokd i,f +ly;D owi;f axmutf jzpf tvyk vf yk cf ohJ n?f 1915 cEk pS wf iG f a';Apbf iuf &l ,D euf kd atmwf rkd e.f vuaf tmuwf iG f Eikd if aH &;vy_ ±f mS ;rr_ sm; jyKvyk jfci;f a=umihf ygvupf wikd ;f rjSynEf iS 'f g%af y;jci;f ccH &hJ on?f jynEf iS 'f g%af y;jci;f c&H +y;D aemuf e,;l a,mu+frKd@wiG f tajccsaexikd cf +hJy;D azg vmre0f (d p)f (Paula Munweis) EiS ahf w@GqckH +hJy;D 1917 cEk pS wf iG f r*vF maqmicf hJ on?f owl @kdwiG of m;or;D o;kH a,muf xeG ;f um;cohJ n?f ool nf 1918 cEk pS wf iG +fAwd od #wyrf awm.f wy&f i;f 38 ±*dS sL;vrl sKd;tz@JG0irf sm;.wy&f i;f wiG f wm0exf r;f aqmi&f on?f yxrurmB pp+fy;D onahf emuf ygvupf wikd ;f Eikd if uH kd atmwf rkd etf iyf g,m±dS +Awd od #tiyf g,mu ord ;f yukd Ef ikd +fy;D aemuof l EiS ohf @lrod m;prk sm;u ygvupf wikd ;f Eikd if oH @kdjyevf mcohJ n?f 1921 cEk pS wf iG f a';Apbf iuf &l ,D eof nf (Jewish Labour Party) *sL;vrl sKd ; rsm;.avbmygwwD iG f taxaG xtG wiG ;f a&;rLS ;EiS hf 1930 cEk pS wf iG f q±kd ,S f vprf uyf ikd yf gwD (Socialist Mapai Party) .acgi;f aqmijf zpcf ohJ n?f ig;EpS f aemuyf ikd ;f wiG f *sL;vrl sKd;rsm;at*sipf D (Jewish Agency) wiG f obmywjdzpf vmcJhonf? +Awd od #w@kdryS gvupf widk ;f Eikd if oH rd ;f yukd jfci;f ukd ±yk of rd ;f +y;D aemuf 1948 cEk pS af r v 14 &uaf e@wiG *f sL;vrl sKd;w@kd. wikd ;f jynjfzpaf omtpD a&;(v)f Eikd if aH y:xeG ;f cohJ n?f xtkd csed wf iG f a';Apbf iuf &l ,D euf tpD a&;(v)f Eikd if .H yxrO;D q;kH aom0e}fu;D csKyjfzpvf mcohJ n?f o.l 0e}fu;D csKyof uwf r;f EpS cf pk v;kH (1948 –1953 cEk pS Ef iS hf 1955–1963 cEk pS )f w@kdwiG f purf q_ ikd &f mEiS phf ukd yf sKd;a&;jyef -21-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; vnjfyKjyiaf &;v@H_aqmrf r_ sm;a=umihf p;D ygG;a&;z@HG+zKd;w;kd wurf r_ sm;±vdS mcohJ n?f x@kdtwl Oa&myr'S uk oQ ntf rsm;tjym; tpD a&;(v)f Eikd if oH @kd tajccs&ef tm;ay;tm;ajrm‡ ucf ahJ omay:vptD wuG f =um;0iaf pph yaf jymqrkd r_ sm; jyK vyk fchoJ nf? a';Apbf iuf &l ,D eof nf 1963 cEk pS wf iG f t+ird ;f pm;,cl ohJ n?f o@kdaomf aemuEf pS Ef pS tf =umwiG f Eikd if aH &;avmuxoJ @kd Mapai Party acgi;f aqmi.f twukd tf ctH jzpf jyevf n0f iaf &mucf ohJ n?f biof nf 1974 cEk pS wf iG uf ,G f vGefcohJ nf? -22-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; ]]trsdK;orD;awGrSm olrdcifwpfa,mufjzpfcsifovm;? 'grSr[kwfoluav;b,fESpf a,mufvdkcsifovJqdkwmudka½G;cs,fEdkifzdkU tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhawG½Sd&r,f/}} “Woman must have her freedom, the fundamental freedom of choosing whether or not she will be a mother and how many children she will have.” rm*&ufpif*g (1884-1966) rm*&upf i*f g (Margaret Higgin Sanger) onfoaE<wm;qD;a&;twGuf v_yf±Sm; aqmi±f uG rf r_ sm;rmS trsKd;or;D vwG af jrmuaf &;vy_ ±f mS ;r_ rsm;ukd tpysKd;v@H_aqmaf pon?f tar&ud eEf ikd if oH rl m* &upf i*f g. oyd qH` ikd &f moaEw< m;q;D jci;f / rod m;ppk rD H ued ;f a±;qjJGci;f EiS vhf Ol ;D a&w;kd wurf t_ ay: xed ;f csKyjfci;f w@kdwiG f a±a›S qmivf r;f jyvy_ ±f mS ;rv_ yk cf ohJ jzihf urmB wpf vm$ ; xi±f mS ;ausm=f um;cohJ n?f rm*&upf i*f gonf 1884 cEk pS /f puwf ibf mv 14 &uaf e@Yacgei;f (Corning)/ e,;l a,muòfr‹dwiG f zmG ;jricf ohJ n?f orl .zcirf mS aysmaf ysmaf eww+fy;D bm oma&;wiG tf ,tkH =unrf ±adS om (Free Thinker) wpaf ,mujf zpof n?f oŒkd aomof rl .rcd iuf tveG bf momw&m;uikd ;f ±i_d ;f +y;D uav; 11 a,muf ±cdS ohJ n?f orl ru,G vf eG rf DS umvwpaf v#murf mS wbD aD &m*guckd pH m;&+y;D wD byD ;kd aw[G m orl &thJ qyk ef @Jt±;kd awuG kd jyi;f xepf mG wukd cf ukd &f i;f aemuqf ;kH wiG f orl uTa&m*gjziyhf if u,G vf eG cf &hJ on?f rm*&u.f zciEf idk if aH &;±_ axmirhf sm;jzpaf om trsKd;or;D rsm;raJ y;yikd cf iG /hf tceG tf aumurf sm;ujkdyef -23-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; vnaf umi;f reG vf matmijfyKvyk jfci;f w@kdu orl tay:vr$ ;f r;kd rr_ sm;±cdS ohJ n?f TuohJ @kdtjri±f a_ xmirhf sm;a=umihf orl .rod m;ptk ay:trd ef ;D csi;f rsm;u acgi;f rmorl sm;[xk ijf ri=f uon?f rm*&uof nf a'otxuwf e;f ausmi;f wiG af tmijf ricf +hJ y;D aemuf e,;l a,mu+f rKd @[wqf if (Hudson) ±cdS vmA&uf (Claverack) aumvyd wf iG f atmijfricf ohJ n?f x@kdaemurf m*&uuf e,;l *smpwD iG f q&mrtjzpwf 0ef xrf;aqmif+yD;aemufwGif olr.aovkarsmyg;rdcifudkjyefI=unfh±_apmifh a±mS ucf ohJ n?f 1896 cEk pS wf iG f orl .rcd iaf oq;kH omG ;cohJ n?f xtkd csed wf iG f rm*&urf mS o@lrcd itf wuG pf wd rf aumi;f jzp&f +y;D rrd ud ,kd wf ikd rf cd itf ay: aumi;f reG pf mG rjyKpck &hJ jci;f EiS hf vrl t_ oikd ;f t0e;f rsm;. aq;ynmt&vspvf sL ±LS rr_ sm;tay: pwd rf auseyjfzp+fy;D tveG yf iyf al q;G 0r;f en;f cyhJ gon?f rsm;r =umrrDS m*&uof nf 0u_d zf vrd ;f (White Plains) e,;l a,mu+f rKd @o@kdomG ;+y;D oel mjyKoiwf e;f wucf ohJ n?f x@kdaemuof rl u e,;l a,mu+frKd@o@kdomG ;I e,;l a,[email protected] ikd ;f ta±@Szuaf 'o±dS qi;f &oJ m;rsm;&yuf uG wf iG f omG ;I wm0exf r;f aqmicf ohJ n?f 1902 cEk pS wf iG f 0vD spH i*f gEiS vhf uxf ycf hJ on?f aemuwf pEf pS f rm*&uuf ,kd wf ikd tf qyk af &m*g±adS omvf n;f owl @kd.y xrO;D q;kH om;O;D uav;ukd ar;G zgG;cohJ n?f aemuwf iG f om;wpaf ,muEf iS ohf r;D av;wpaf ,muaf r;G zgG;c+hJy;D or;D av;rmS uav;b0Yyif u,G vf eG of mG ;±mS onf? qi;f &oJ m;&yuf uG Yf rcd irf sm;onf rm*&upf i*f gxoH @kdvmI u,kd 0f erf ±&dS ef rnof @kda±mS i±f mS ;&rnohf wi;f tcsutf vurf sm;ukd toem;caH r;jre;f jci;f rsm; }uKHaw@G&cyhJ gon?f Ttaw@Gt}uKHrsm; jzwof e;f vmc&hJ aoma=umihf rm*&urf wS jzn;f jzn;f vrl a_ &;jyKjyiaf jymi;f vrJ v_ vkd m;ol jzpvf mcohJ n?f x@kdaemurf m*&uuf q±kd ,S vf pyf gwxD oJ @kd0icf ohJ n?f q±kd ,S vf pyf gwoD nf tp;kd &rtS m;v;kH ukd tyk cf sKyEf ikd cf iG ±hf +dSy;D ,i;f w@kdryS pnP ;f rsm;ukd jyevf naf 0iaS y; -24-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; rnfponfhEdkifiHa&;t,ltq±SdonfhygwDjzpfonf? rm*&ufonfjyKjyif ajymi;f vaJ &;twuG f cswD uyf rJG sm;pwiwf uaf &mu+f y;D oaEw< m;q;D a&; en;f vr;f tm;v;kH ukd pwizf w±f a_ wmoh n?f orl u rod m;ptk a&twuG f rsm;veG ;f jci;f onf qi;f &EJ rG ;f yg;rE_ iS hf }uKHaw@G&onthf ajcctH csujfzpof n[f k ,=kHunof n?f 1913 cEk pS wf iG f ‘Woman Rebel’ “awmvf eS of tl rsKd ;or;D ” [al omowi;f pmukd wpvf v#iwf p}furd xf wk af 0cohJ n?f xokd wi;f pmwiG f trsKd;or;D rsm;ukd rrd wd @kd.rod m;pOk ;D a&ukd ue@fowwf wvf m&eEf iS hf “oaE< wm;q;D a&;(Birth Control)”qokd nphf um;v;kH ukd yxrq;kH o;kH cohJ jlzpof n?f xpkd mtyk af jcmutf yk af jrmuuf kd yEkH ydS xf wk af 0+y;D onthf csed wf iG f rm*&uuf kd zr;f q;D um npnf r;f onphf mayrsm;ukd xwk ,f jl ze@fcsoD n[f wk &m;pqJG ckd hJ on?f orl uvn;f Oa&mybuof @kdxuG af jy;vw$ af jrmu+fy;D oaEw< m;q;D a&;ta=umi;f quvf uaf vvh mcohJ n?f x‹kdtwal q;ce;f rsm;ukd vnS hf vnf=unfh±_I aq;bufqdkif&mokawoejyKolrsm;ESifhvnf;aqG;aEG;cJh onf? pi*f gu 1916 cEk pS wf iG f tar&ud eEf ikd if oH @kdjyevf mcohJ n?f TwiG of rl tay: w&m;pqJG ckd surf sm; ouwf r;f uek qf ;kH omG ;c+hJy;D jzpof n?f xtkd csed rf pS I Eikd if wH 0rS ;f v;kH a[majyma&;vyk if e;f rsm;ukd pwivf yk af qmicf ohJ n?f e,;l a,muf +rKd@wiG f orl EiS thf aygi;f tygwpcf sKd@u tar&ud eEf ikd if .H yxrO;D q;kH oaEw< m; q;D a&;aq;ce;f ukd qi;f &oJ m;rsm;±&dS mae&mwiG zf iG vhf pS cf +hJy;D oaEw< m;q;D a&; EiS yhf wof uof nyhf pnP ;f rsm;EiS hf owi;f tcsutf vurf sm;uakd 0iaS y;on?f x‹kda=umihf Eikd if aH wmOf ya'csKd;azmurf j_zithf zr;f c&H +y;D orl .ntD prf EiS thf wl axmiwf pvf tcsc&H on?f 1917 cEk pS wf iG f t±edS jfrirhf m;vmap+y;D / a[m ajymyrJG sm;EiS hf e,;l a,mu+frKd@±rdS rd td m;axmucf oH rl sm;xrH S tutl n&D eyf kH aiaG wmi;f cjH ci;f rsm;ukd vyk af qmicf ohJ n?f x@kdtwl Birth Control Review upkd wixf wk af 0jze@fcscD +hJy;D ,i;f rmS orl . 23 EpS tf wiG ;f vy_ ±f mS ;rt_ wuG f aºu;G a=umof jHzpcf ohJ n?f e,;l a,muwf &m;±;kH . oaEw< m;q;D a&;vyk if e;f -25-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; rsm;tay: av#mch srr_ sm;ðyvyk rf a_ =umihf orl .wukd ±f ukd vf y_ ±f mS ;rr_ sm;u&kd yf qikd ;f +y;D oiahf wmaf omjynef ,Ef iS zhf ,'f &,Of ya'rsm;xwJ iG f xnohf iG ;f Eikd f &eófu;d pm;cohJ n?f rm*&upf i*f gu t+rwJ r;f e,;l a,mutf m%myikd rf sm;EiS hf jy\\emjzpaf omjfim;vn;f orl uquvf u+fy;D vxl rk sm;a±w›S iG af [majymyJG rsm;jyKvyk +fy;D Oa&myoaEw< m;q;D jci;f qikd &f moak woetz@JGEiS vhf n;f t qutf o,G tf +rwJ r;f ±cdS ohJ n?f 1922 cEk pS wf iG *f syeof @dk c&;D xuG cf ohJ n?f ,if;c&D;pOfrSm tm±Sc&D;pOfxGufjcif;rsm;xJrS yxrqHk;t}udrfjzpfonf? aemuwf pEf pS tf =umwiG f rm*&uEf iS ohf rl .oil ,cf si;f rsm;rS aq;buqf ikd f &moak woevyk if e;f tz@JGukd aq;buqf ikd &f morikd ;f a=umi;f rsm;EiS hf oaE< wm;q;D a&;qikd &f mowi;f tcsutf vurf sm;ta=umi;f ppk n;f &etf wuG f e,;l a,mu+frKd@awm/f csuD m*Ekd iS ahf tvED KdGi;f w@kdY ziG vhf pS cf ohJ n?f 1930 cEk pS f wiG f tar&ud eEf ikd if wH 0rS ;f v;kH Yaq;ce;f aygi;f 55 cuk zkd iG vhf pS Ef ikd cf ohJ n?f xkd tcsed wf iG pf i*f gu o.l vu±f adS ,musfm;EiS uhf mG ±iS ;f +y;D a*sEtkd mtyd (f cs)f pv;D (J. Noah H. Slee) EiS vhf uxf ycf ohJ n?f 1927 cEk pS wf iG rf m*&upf i*f gu qpG Zf vD eEf ikd if /H *seAD m+rKd@wiG uf si;f yrnhf yxr O;D q;kH urmB vh Ol ;D a&tpn;f ta0; (World Population Conference) jzpf ajrmuaf &;twuG f unl jDyiqf iaf y;+y;D xtkd pn;f ta0;Ypum;ajymcohJ jzihf orl .trnrf mS urmB w0rS ;f v;kH wiG af usm=fum;vmcohJ n?f rm*&uEf iS thf aygi;f tygrsm;uquvf uIf jynef ,Ef iS zhf ,'f &,Of ya'rsm;x±J dS oaEw< m; qD;a&;qdkif&mudpPESifhjynfoloufomacsmifcsda&;qdkif&m tpDtpOfrsm;Y oaEw< m;q;D a&;qikd &f m owi;f tcsutf vurf sm;jze@fa0&etf wuG f }uKd; pm;+y;D ajymqakd q;G aE;G cohJ n?f 1940 cEk pS wf iG f tar&ud eof aEw< m;q;D a&; vy_ ±f mS ;rt_ z@JGrS aq;ce;f rsm;ziG vhf pS +fy;D aq;buqf ikd &f mu|r;f usiof rl sm;. vucf rH u_ kd &,Il aemuqf ;kH wjzn;f jzn;f vxl .k vucf rH u_ &kd ±vdS mon?f tar&ud etf rsm;ptk wuG f rm*&upf i*f grmS oaEw< m;q;D a&;vy_ ±f mS ;r[_ k -26-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; ord wS xf m;=uon?f 1939–45 cEk pS 'f wk ,d urmB pptf wiG ;f Oa&mywyrf sm; EiS thf ar&ud erf *S smre/D twD v/D *syewf @kdEiS yhf Ëyd ujQzpaf eonthf csed wf iG f orl .emrnaf usm=f um;rr_ mS wjzn;f jzn;f }u;D xmG ;vmcohJ n?f pi*f grtS ar&d ueuf ppyf rJG sm;wiG yf g0ijfci;f tay: twukd tf cjHzpcf ohJ n?f (pi*f guppyf rJG sm; onf Eikd if vH Ol ;D a&rsm;tqrwewf ;kd ymG ;vma&;&v'jfzpof n[f k cikd rf mpmG ,=kHunof n?f ) 1946 cEk pS wf iG f Eikd if wH umrbd prD uH ed ;f z,'f a&;±iS ;f (Intern- -ational Planned Parenthood Federation) uukd nl xD al xmicf ohJ n?f T vy_ ±f mS ;ro_ nf orl twuG tf }u;D q;kH EiS ahf emuqf ;kH vy_ ±f mS ;rj_zpcf ohJ n?f orl .aemuqf ;kH touwf mtEpS Ef pS qf ,tf wiG ;f orl .EvS ;kH tm;en;f yiyf e;f armye;f aomvf n;f quvf u+fy;D c&;D xuG wf &m;a[majymyrJG sm;EiS whf ŒHk jyef a=ujimcsurf sm; jyKvyk cf ohJ n?f orl onf 1966 cEk pS /f puwf ibf mv 6 &uaf e@wiG f wwqf ef (Tucson) t&ZD ;kd em; (Arizona) wiG uf ,G vf eG of mG ;chJ onf? -27-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; ]]uRefawmfuysif;w,f/ 'gayrJhysif;wJhvlawGubD;awG? pufbD;awGwDxGifwm r[kwfvm;/ bmjzpfvdkUvJqdkawmholwdkUuvrf;ravQmufcsifvdkU 'grSr[kwf ypnö f;awGro,fcsifvdkUaygh/}} “I’m lazy. But it’s the lazy people who invented the wheel and the bicycle because they didn’t like walking or carrying things” ]]pdwfysufrI? cg;oD;rIawGeJUtultnDrJhrIawGeJUvTrf;rdk;rIawGeJUêuHawGU&aer,f qdk&ifbmudkrQwnfaxmifEdkifrSmr[kwfbl;/}} “It is hardly possible to build anything if frustration, bitterness and a mood of helplessness prevail” ]]uRefawmfhtjrifeJUajym&&iftaumif;bufuajymif;vJrIawG½SdvmatmiftwGuftajc cHuswJhtcsufuawmhvlom;awGtay:0efaqmifrIay;jcif;jzpfw,fvdkUxifygw,f/}} “The Thing that lies at the foundation of positive change, the way I see it, is service to a fellow human being” vuf(cf)0,f(v)f pm (1943- ) vuf(c)f 0,(f v)f pm (Lech Walesa) onf yvkd eEf ikd if oH m;jzp+f y;D ,i;f onEf ikd if H a&;orm;EiS hf ,ciuf tvyk of rm;or*E~ iS hf v@ltciG thf a&;twuG vf y_ ±f mS ;owl pOf ;D jzpcf ohJ n?f ,i;f onf Solid- -arity (Solidarnosc) [al omqAkd ,D uEf ikd if .H yxrO;D q;kH vwG vf yaf om tvyk of rm;or*j~zpcf ohJ n?f vu(f c)f onf 1983 ckESpfwGif Edkb,f(vf)+idrf;csrf;a&;qk&±Sd+yD; 1990rS 1995 ckESpftxd ydkvefEdkifiH. orRwtjzpf wm0exf r;f aqmicf ohJ n?f vu(f c)f onf qi;f &oJ m;v,of rm;wpOf ;D .om;jzp+fy;D 1943 cEk pS pf uwf if bmv 29 &uaf e@wiG f yvkd eEf ikd if ±H ydS ykd 0kd wkd iG zf mG ;jricf ohJ n?f touaf r;G 0r;f a=umi;f ausmi;f wpcf Yk atmijfri+fy;D aemuf um;0yaf ±mS wh pcf Yk 1961 rS -28-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; 1965 cEk pS tf xtd vyk vf yk cf ohJ n?f oul ppwf yxf wJ iG f 2 EpS =fumtrx_ r;f chJ +y;D wy=f uy&f mx;l tx&d ±cdS ohJ n?f 1967 cEk pS wf iG f (Gdansk) oabmF usi;f wiG f v#ypf ptf vyk of rm;tjzpwf m0exf r;f aqmicf ohJ n?f 1969 cEk pS wf iG f 'Ewk muakd vmh (Danuta Golos) EiS vhf uxf y+f y;D uav;±pS af ,muxf eG ;f um;cJhonf? vu(f c)f onf tvyk of rm;or*w~ iG f wuºfupG mG vy_ ±f mS ;yg0i+fy;D 1970 cEk pS f purf t_ a&;tci;f wiG f oabmF usi;f vyk of m;rsm; qEjNyyaJG umrf w.D obm ywtd jzpyf g0iaf qmi±f uG cf ohJ n?f tp;kd &utpm; taomuaf ps;Ee_ ;f rsm;jri‡ hf wif+yD;onfhaemuf abmvfwpfurf;±dk;wef;a'owpfav#mufwGif qlyl aomi;f use;f rr_ sm;jzpaf y:vmon?f xtkd csed wf iG f Gdansk ±tdS vyk of rm;t =um;wiG xf i±f mS ;aomacgi;f aqmiwf pOf ;D jzpcf ohJ n?f Gdansk EiS }hfu;D rm;aom veD iof abmF usi;f rsm;onf tp;kd &uqkd e@fusiqf EjNy&mwiG f O;D wncf sutf jzptf o;kH csjci;f c&H on?f vu(f c)f 0,(f v)f pmu jyevf njfyKjyiaf jymi;f vaJ &; uakd xmucf aH omvf n;f xjkdyKjyiaf jymi;f vaJ &;vyk &f etf wuG f to;kH jyKaom en;f peprf sm;tay: xed ;f csKyjfci;f rsm;jyKvyk &f rn[f k wukd wf eG ;f ajymqokd n?f rSwfom;p&maumif;aom tjzpftysufwpfckY qENjyaeaomvltkyf 20˜000 ausmuf tkd e;D ±dS tusO;f axmiuf rkd wukd cf ukd &f ef vtl yk }f u;D uqkd JG aqmiaf jymqEkd ikd cf ohJ n?f 1976 cEk pS wf iG f 0,(f v)f pm.tvyk of rm;or*v~ y_ ±f mS ;ra_ =umihf tvyk f xwk yf ,jfci;f ukd c&H on?f x@kda=umiEhf pS tf en;f i,tf wiG ;f ,m,tD vyk f rsm;uvkd yk uf ikd cf &hJ on?f oul quvf uIf ueG jfrLeprf [wk af omtvyk of rm;or*u~ kd wnaf xmi&f mwiG yf g0icf ohJ n?f 1980 cEk pS wf iG f o.l oil ,cf si;f rsm;EiS thf wl Solidarnosc (Solidarity) uxkd al xmicf ohJ n?f tz@JGtpn;f xl axmi+fy;D r=umrwDS iG f tz@JG0if 10 oe;f ausm±f vdS mc+hJy;D 0,vf pf mrmS ,i;f . +yKd ibf uuf i;f aomacgi;f aqmijf zpcf ohJ n?f -29-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; 1980 cEk pS =fo*wk vf wiG of ul Gdansk oabmF usi;f qEjNyyuJG kd O;D aqmicf +hJy;D xqkd EyN }JGu;D u Eikd if wH 0rS ;f ±qdS EjNyyrJG sm;ujkdzpaf y:vmap+y;D o@luakd cgi;f aqmif tjzptf rsm;urwS ,f =luon?f t\"ud awmi;f qckd surf sm;rmS tvyk of rm; rsm;. tciG thf a&;jzpof n?f tp;kd &tm%myikd rf sm;u 0,vf pf mtm;tnchH H t±;H_ ay;&eEf iS ahf pph yof abmwnl rD &_ ±&dS ef wukd wf eG ;f E;_d aqmcf ohJ n?f 1980 cEk pS =fo*wk vf 31 &uaf e@wiG f Gdansk pmcsKyYf vurf wS af &;x;kd &eEf iS xhf pkd m csKywf iG f tvyk of rm;rsm;twuG f qEjNyciG thf ciG thf a&;EiS rhf rd wd @kd.vwG vf yf aomtz@JGrsm;z@JGpn;f ciG ahf y;cohJ n?f o.l vy_ ±f mS ;ru_ kd uuof vpbf &k m;ausmi;f rsm;u axmucf tH m;ay;c+hJy;D 1981 cEk pS Zf eef 0g&vD wiG f 0,(f v)f pmukd yyk &f [e;f ri;f }u;D *|eaf yg(v)f uAuf wuD ewf iG f o@luvkd ud_ vf pSJ mG }uKdqckd ohJ n?f 0,(f v)f pmonvf n;f uuof vpbf momonf o@ltwuG tf itf m;rsm;EiS hf pwd \"f gwwf uºfurG r_ sm;jzpvf m apon[f k qckd ohJ n?f 1980–1981 cEk pS tf wiG ;f 0,(f v)f pmonf twD v/D *sye/f q'DG i/f jyiof pEf iS qhf pG Zf veEf ikd if rH sm;o@kd Eikd if wH umtvyk of rm;tz@JGt pnf;.{nfhonftjzpf a&muf±SdcJhonf? 1981 ckESpfpufwifbmvwGif Gdansk Yusi;f yaomyxrO;D q;kH trsKd;om; Solidarity ueG *f &uwf iG f obm ywtd jzpf a±;G cs,wf iaf jrm‡ ujfci;f c&H on?f wikd ;f jynwf iG &f ±adS om wc%wmvwG vf yrf r_ sm;rmS 1981 cEk pS 'f ZD ibf mv wGif ukefqHk;oGm;cJhonf? xdktcsdefwGifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;*s±kpDvuD; (General Jaruzelski) rqS Akd ,D uwf yrf sm; 0iaf &muwf ukd cf ukd rf a_ =umu±f @HGaoma=umihf ppOf ya'uckd srwS cf +hJy;D Solidarity uvkd n;f &yqf ikd ;f cohJ n?f x@kdtwl acgi;f aqmirf sm;uvkd n;f zr;f q;D +y;D 0,(f v)f pmuvkd n;f aus;vuaf wm±mG ±dS trd f wptf rd wf iG f tus,cf sKycf sxm;jci;f uckd &H avon?f 1982 cEk pS Ef 0kd ibf mvwiG f 0,(f v)f pmuvkd w$ af y;+y;D Gdansk oabmF usi;f -30-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; wiG tf vyk vf yk cf iG ahf y;on?f 1983 cEk pS wf iG f ppOf ya'u±kd yk of rd ;f cahJ omvf n;f vwl pOf ;D p.D vwG vf yrf t_ ay: wi;f =uyrf r_ sm;±adS eao;on?f xEkd pS uf ek yf ikd ;f wiG 0f ,(f v)f pmuyvkd eEf ikd if .H t=ur;f rzuaf wmvf eS af &;twuG Ef bkd ,(f v)f +ird ;f csr;f a&;qck s;D jri‡ jhfci;f c&H on?f yvkd ewf iG ±f dS jyevf njfyKjyiaf jymi;f vaJ &;vyk of rl sm; tutl n&D ±jdSci;f rmS ukd bmacsmh(yf)uqdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif tm%m&±SdcJhaoma=umifhjzpf on?f 1986 cEk pS wf iG f ubkd macsm(h y)f u ta±O›S a&my±EdS ikd if rH sm;. trd wf iG ;f a&;Eikd if aH &;wiG f 0iaf &mupf uG zf urf v_ yk af wmrh nrf [wk af =umi;f twtd vi;f a=ujimcohJ n?f TwiG f Wojciech Jaruzelski u0,(f v)f pmEiS thf wtl vyk of rm;or*v~ y_ ±f mS ;rr_ sm;EiS hf aw@GqakH q;G aE;G &ef ztd m;ay;jci;f c&H on?f &v'tf jziyhf gvrD eaf ±;G aumuyf &JG ±cdS +hJy;D / ueG jfrLeprf [wk af omtp;kd &u tm %m&±cdS ohJ n?f x@kdaemuf 1989 cEk pS wf iG f Solidarnosc uw&m;0itf z@JGt pn;f jzpvf mon?f 1990 cEk pS 'f ZD ibf mvwiG 0f ,(f v)f pmu yvkd eof rwR Eikd if wH iG f orwR tjzpf a±;G cs,wf iaf jrm‡ ujfci;f c&H on?f orwR taejziahf tmijfrirf r_ &±ydS J o@luakd 0 zeof rl sm;u wikd ;f jynuf tkd m%m±iS pf eH ptf yk cf sKyaf &;ypkH jHzpvf matmif tyk f csKyof nf [ak 0ze=fuon?f o.l tjyKtrrl mS yrkH eS rf [wk yf J ppwf yEf iS vhf +kHcKH a&;rsm;EiS &hf i;f E;DS pmG tqutf o,G ±f odS nthf ay: a0zejfci;f c&H on?f 1995 cEk pS Ef 0kd ibf mvraJ ±;G ywJG iG f 0,(f v)f pmukd ,ciuf eG jfrLepjfzpaf om tvuf ZEmN ;umG e,D pl u;D (Aleksander Kwasniewski) rtS Eikd &f ±cdS ohJ n?f -31-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; ]]aMumufjcif;xufaMumufp&maumif;wmbmrSr½Sdbl;/}} \"There is nothing to fear but fear itself.\" ]]ighrSm½SdwJh&efolawGudkMunfhNyD;ighudkqHk;jzwfyg/}} \"I ask you to judge me by the enemies I have made.\" ]]a½Sq› ufoGm;zdkUvrf;trsm;BuD;½Sdw,f/ 'gayrJhudk,fhae&mrSm&yfwnfzdkUenf;vrf;wpfckxJyJ½Sdw,f/}} \"There are many ways of going forward, but only one way of standing still.\" z&ef@uvif;'DvmEdk±kpbJh (1882–1945) z&eŒf uvi;f 'vD mE¶kd pk bhJ (Franklin Delano Roos- -evelt) ontf ar&ud e.f 32 a,muaf jrmuf orwjWzp+fy;D 1933 uae 1945 txtd yk cf sKycf ohJ n?f ool nof uwf r;f 4 EpS wf ikd tf a¶;G ccH ahJ om yxrO;D q;kH orwR jzp+fy;D wikd ;f jynuf kd 'wk ,d urmB ppEf iS hf p;D ygG;a&;uyf qukd of n=hfum;rmS yif a¶a›S qmitf yk cf sKycf ohJ n?f z&e@fuvi;f 'vD mE±kd pk bohJ nf otD 'kd ±kd pk bEhJ iS ahf qrG sKd ;om;csi;f awmpf y+f y;D 1882 cEk pS Zf eef 0g&vD 30 &uaf e@wiG f [ukd (f ')f yw/f e,;l a,muwf iG zf mG ;jrif cohJ n?f ±pk brhJ od m;prk mS csr;f omaomrod m;pjkzpof nthf wuG f trd wf iG qf &mac:+yD;pmoifcJhonf? touf 14 ESpfa&mufonfhtcgrSom a*:wef ausmi;f (Gorton School) wiG f ausmi;f quwf ucf ohJ n?f z&e@fuvi;f onf pmawmaf omausmi;f om;wpaf ,mujfzp+fy;D [m;Awwf uoU vkd Ef iS uhf vkd bJ D ,gOya'ausmi;f wiG wf uaf &muaf tmijfricf +hJy;D 1970 cEk pS wf iG ef ,;l a,muf +rKd @w&m;±;kH Ytvyk 0f icf ohJ n?f 1905 wiG zf &e@fuvi;f u o.l 0r;f uEJG rS tvJ ED ±kd pk bEhJ iS vhf uxf ycf ohJ n?f -32-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; orl .zci{f v,d u±f pk bhJ (Elliott Roosevelt) rmS 1901–1909 cEk pS Yf tar &ud eof rwR jzpcf ahJ om otD 'kd ±kd pk bEhJ iS nhf tD puf akd wmof n?f orl .ciyf eG ;f uhJ o@kdyitf vJ ED okd nf 'rD ukd &uwf paf ,mujfzp+fy;D Eikd if aH &;wiG wf u,phf wd 0f if pm;cohJ jl zpof n?f 1910 cEk pS wf iG ±f pk bohJ nf e,;l a,muqf ;D ewd tf rwtf jzpf a±;G cs,cf &H +y;D aemuf e,;l a,muEf ikd if aH &;avmuwiG xf i±f mS ;ausm=fum;vmcohJ n?f ±pk b.hJ t&ntf csi;f rsm;ukd tar&ud eof rwR 0;l '±0kd vD qf if (Woodrow Wil- -son) uaw@G±+dSy;D 1913 cEk pS wf iG ,f i;f uakd &wy.f vuaf xmutf wiG ;f a&; rLS ;tjzpcf e@fxm;cohJ n?f ±pk buhJ x&kd mx;l ukd ajcmuEf pS wf m=umatmixf r;f aqmifcJhonf? 0;l '±0kd vD qf iEf iS thf jcm;'rD ukd &uwf paf cgi;f aqmirf sm;u cucf aJ omtcsed f umvtwiG ;f Y ±pk b.hJ tm;oeG cf eG pf ukd af qmi±f uG rf w_ @kdu=kdunIhf oabm wusjzpcf ohJ n?f 1917 cEk pS Yf tar&ud ejfynaf xmipf rk S yxrurmB pptf wGif;odk@0ifa&mufonfhtcsdefY ±kpbJhrSwdkif;jynftwGif; a&wyfqdkif&m ypnP ;f rsm;xwk vf yk af ompu±f rkH sm;EiS ohf abmF usi;f rsm;ukd aqmuvf yk Ef ikd cf hJ on?f pptf wiG ;f oul ajrmuyf ivf ,wf iG ±f adS omppyf tJG wuG f en;f AsL[m rsm;a&;q&JG mwiG uf nl cD +hJy;D xpkd rD uH ed ;f uyi*f smrewf @kd. U-boat en;f AsL[m utkd itf m;avsmeh n;f apcohJ n?f 1921 cEk pS af E&G mowD iG f ±pk bthJ veG yf ief mruse;f jzpcf ohJ n?f aemuqf ;kH w jzn;f jzn;f wiG yf if yvkd ,D akd &m*gcpH m;&on[f k pr;f oyaf w@G±odS n?f xtkd csed f wiG of ol nwf puf ,kd vf ;kH avjzwcf &H e;D yg;jzp+fy;D aemiwf iG of ‹lajcaxmuuf kd rnof nthf cgr# aumi;f aumi;f reG rf eG tf o;kH jyKEikd jf ci;f r±adS wmah cs? o@lukd aumi;f aumi;f reG rf eG of ±d adS om q;D ewd tf rwzf &e@fppzf ,uf i;f (Frances Perkins) u±pk b.hJ a&m*grsm;u o.l trtl usiuhf akd jymi;f vaJ p+y;D yIkd aumi;f vmaomvwl paf ,mujfzpaf pcohJ n[f qk okd n?f z&e@fppzf ,uf i;f -33-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; u “±pk b[hJ m aeraumi;f wthJ csed wf iG ;f rS 0Od mOaf &;&myikd ;f qikd &f majymi;f vrJ _ w@kdu±kd ±cdS whJ ,?f u|eaf wmof wxd m;rwd mu oEl pS af ygi;f rsm;pmG emruse;f jzpf wthJ csed uf p+y;D aemuyf ikd ;f rmS [wkd ek ;f uo@lrmS wpcf gwav±wdS wwf hJ ten;f i,tf ay: p;D quqf wH thJ usiuhf aysmuof mG ;w,?f o@lrmS aE;G ax;G wphJ wd Ef S vHk;eJ@ ESdrfhcswwfwJhpdwfxm;±Sdvm+yD; eufeJaomtawG;tac:awG±Sdvm w,?f oul ,kd wf ikd 'f uk qQ i;f &rJ a_ wuG kd em;vnvf mw,”f [rk wS cf sucf schJ on?f ±pk buhJ vuwf eG ;f vnS ;f xwJ iG f xikd af e&aomvf n;f 1928 cEk pS wf iG f Eikd if aH &;avmuo@kd wpzf ejfyevf n0f iaf &mucf ohJ n?f aemuwf pEf pS wf iG yf if ±pk buhJ ekd ,;l a,mu+frKd@0etf jzpf a±;G cs,wf iaf jrm‡ ujfci;f ccH &hJ on?f oul +rKd@0etf jzpwf m 0exf r;f aqmiaf epOtf wiG ;f tar&ud .p;D ygG;a&;jy\\emukd rnof @kdajz±iS ;f &ef tajccuH sustjri±f adS omorl sm;EiS hf aw@G±cdS ohJ n?f xokd wl @kd .vr$ ;f r;kd ra_ =umihf ±pk bohJ nf tar&ud .w;kd wurf t_ ±qdS ;kH Eikd if aH &;orm; rsm;xwJ iG wf paf ,mutf ygt0ijf zpof n?f 1929 cEk pS af tmuwf bkd mvjzpyf mG ;cahJ om “Wall Street Crash” ontf ar &ud .orikd ;f a=umi;f wpaf v#muwf iG f tq;kd ±mG ;q;kH pwd cf pH m;p&mjzpvf mchJ on?f tar&ud eof rwR [m;bw[f ;l A,f (Herbert Hoover) u awmiof l v,of rm;rsm;twuG f Eikd if uH ,qf ,af &;taxmutf yahH y;&mwiG f aE;S au;G jci;f EiS +hfrKd@ay:±tdS vyk vf urf rhJ sm;ukd tutl naD y;&ejfii;f qjkdci;f rsm;jyK vyk cf ohJ n?f [;l A,uf z,'f &,tf vyk vf urf thJ vyk of rm;rsm;ukd jzpaf y: vmaprnthf qwkd iof iG ;f xm;onOhf ya'ukd AwD tkd m%mjziyhf ,f csvukd +fy;D jynof @ltvyk of rm;prD uH ed ;f wnaf xmiaf &;uqkd e@fusicf ohJ n?f e,;l a,mu+frKd@awm0f ewf paf ,mutf aeEiS hf ±pk bohJ nf tvyk vf urf rhJ sm; tm; unl ED ikd &f etf m;oeG cf eG pf ukd }fuKd;pm;cohJ n?f x@kdtwl e,;l a,mujfynf e,tf a&;ay:u,qf ,af &;aumrf wuD wkd naf xmi+fy;D tvyk vf urf rhJ sm; EiS thf outf ±,G }f u;D orl sm;ukd pwiuf nl ED ikd cf ohJ n?f -34-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; ±pk buhJ e,;l a,mu+f rKd @0etf jzpf atmijf ripf mG wm0exf r;f aqmicf ohJ jzifh 1932 cEk pS 'f rD ukd &uwf pof rwR a±;G yYJG a±;G cs,pf &macgi;f aqmitf jzpf ood m xi±f mS ;pmG ay:viG vf mon?f ±pk brhJ pS ;D ygG;a&;jy\\emtay: rnof @kdajz±iS ;f & rnthf ay: ood mxi±f mS ;pmG raz: jyEikd af omvf n;f o.l &yD wbf vpuf e&f ef oludktvG,fwulatmifEdkifcJhonf? ±pk bohJ rwR jzpjfzpcf si;f rmS yif wikd ;f jynwf iG jfzpyf gG;aeaom b%vf yk if e;f t±y_ f tax;G jy\\emEiS }hfuKHaw@G&avon?f p;D ygG;a&;jy\\emrsm; pwivf monhf tcsed rf pS I wikd ;f jyn±f bdS %if g;ywkH pyf ukH kd ywd cf sypvf ukd of n?f aemuqf uwf JG taejzihf vrl sm;.b0touwf mtwuG f pxk m;aomaiG 15μ aysmuqf ;kH c&hJ avon?f 1933 cEk pS Ef pS Of ;D yikd ;f wiG f tar&ud ewf @kdu,i;f [email protected]%vf yk f ie;f tay:,=kHunrf e_ n;f vm+y;D rrd wd @kd.airG sm;uxkd wk ,f +ly;D onahf emutf rd f wiG jfyexf m;=uavon?f ±pk bohJ rwR jzp+fy;D aemuwf p&f uwf iG yf if b%f tm;v;kH ukd ywd cf ikd ;f avon?f x@kdaemuuf eG *f &utf pn;f ta0;ac:I aemif aiaG =u;jy\\emay:vmv#if aipG ok rl sm;rrd wd @kd.aiaG =u;rsm;ukd rq;kH ±;_H ap&ef tmrcaH y;onhf w&m;Oya'uwkd iof iG ;f &eaf wmi;f qakd von?f 1933 cEk pS rf wvf 9 &uaf e@wiG f ±pk buhJ tx;l ueG *f &uwf pcf uk kd ac:,cl hJ on?f oul tz@JG0irf sm;ukd tvyk vf urf jhJy\\emuakd jz±iS ;f &ef en;f vr;f wpf ckrSm “tpdk;&udk,fwdkiftvkyfac:,lcef@xm;&ef” jzpfonf[kajymonf? aemuof ;kH vtwiG ;f ±pk buhJ tvyk vf urf jhJ y\\emajz±iS ;f &ef ta&;}u;D onfh Oya'rl=urf;rsm;wifoGif;+yD; uGefu&ufrStwnfjyKay;cJhonf? tx;l ueG uf &utf pn;f ta0;u&kd uwf &m[ak c:q+kdy;D ±pk b.hJ vtkd ycf suf rsm;uxkd wk af z:cohJ n?f tp;kd &u tvyk of rm;rsm;pmG ukd tvyk cf e@fac:,cl ohJ n?f ±pk buhJ tvyk f vurf jhJy\\emuekd n;f yg;vmatmif }uKd;pm;Iajz±iS ;f aepOf wcsed wf n;f rmS yitf vyk rf vyk Ef ikd af omorl sm;twuG f tcutf cuJ akd vsmh en;f vmatmif -35-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; }uKd;pm;on?f ±pk buhJ tutl nwD u,vf tkd yof rl sm;ukd tp;kd & axmuyf hH a=u;aiGay;&eftwGuf z,f'&,fta&;ay:u,fq,fa&;tkyfcsKyfr_tzGJ@ (Federal Emergency Relief Administration) uwkd naf xmicf ohJ n?f 1935 cEk pS =fo*wk vf wiG f vrl v_ +kHcKHrt_ uOf ya'ukd twnjfyKcohJ n?f TtuOf y a'onf toutf ±,G }fu;D yipf iEf iS zhf ,'f &,Ef iS jhfynef ,wf @kd.tvyk vf uf rthJ ay: u,qf ,af &;taxmutf yahH y;jci;f w@kdjzpof n?f NAACP uz&e@fuvi;f ±pk buhJ kd 1932 cEk pS wf iG f a±;G cs,vf ukd jfci;f tm;jzihf Oya'EiS whf &m;p&D ijfci;f r±bdS J ao'g%af y;jci;f u+kdy;D q;kH Eikd vf rd rhf n[f k ar#mvf ihf xm;ygon?f tmz&ud etf ar&ud eof m;rsm;ukd Oya'EiS thf nwD &m;p&D if jci;f r±bdS J &ypf aJ &;vy_ ±f mS ;otl mz&ud etf ar&ud eof m;EpS af ,muuf ±pk bhJ tEikd &f ±adS tmiuf nl aD y;cohJ n?f o.l Ze;D tvJ ED ±kd pk bohJ nf w&m;Oya'EiS hf tnpD &D ijfci;f r±ydS aJ o'g%af y;jci;f qe@fusiaf &;vyk if e;f rsm;ukd tcsed =fumjrihf pmG vyk uf ikd cf ohJ n?f rsm;r=umrwD iG f w&m;Oya'EiS thf nD p&D ijfci;f r±ydS aJ o 'g%af y;jci;f ukd qe@fusiof nOhf ya'r=lur;f uakd &;qcJG ohJ n?f TOya'xwJ iG f w&m;Oya'abmiaf y:wiG f tvyk vf yk af omwm0e±f ydS *k Kd~vrf sm;u w&m;r0if ao'g%af y;jci;f ujkdzpaf y:aomtcsed wf iG f rrd wd m0e0f w&W m;twikd ;f rvyk f aomorl sm;uwkd &m;Oya't&p&D ijfci;f jyKvyk &f eyf g0iof n?f 1935 cEk pS wf iG ±f k pbthJ m;TOya'=ur;f ukd axmucf &H epf n;f ±;kH jci;f c&H on?f rnof @kdqakd pum r±l pk buhJ xOkd ya'r=lur;f twuG of ul unl vD #if awmiyf ikd ;f ±vdS jlzLvrl qJ EN ay;orl sm;u o@luckd iG rfh vw$ f raJ y;awmrh nrf [wk af =umijhfzpof n?f veG cf ahJ om 1936 cEk pS of rwR a±;G aumuyf wJG iG f ±pk buhJ Eikd if aH wm.f aiaG =u; pm&i;f ukd uwad y;xm;onthf wikd ;f rxm;Eikd If taEmS ithf ,uS af y;jci;f c&H on?f wcsKd@uvn;f ±pk buhJ ukd eG jfrLeptf jzihf pyG pf aJG jymqckd ohJ n?f o@kdaomf vn;f prD uH ed ;f topf (New Deal) uwu,vf }l uKd urf sm;I &yD wbf vpf uetf rwuf kd v,G uf pl mG tEikd &f ±cdS ohJ n?f -36-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; ±pk buhJ ww,d t}urd tf a±;G crH n[f ak =ujimc+hJy;D aemuf trsm;u o‹lukd tm%mrsm;veG ;f on[f pk wG pf rJG r_ sm; rsm;oxurf sm;vmon?f x@kda=umihf ±pk buhJ tar&ud eof rwR ouwf r;f EpS cf uk okd m,&l rn[f k a&;om;cahJ om Oya'uykd xrO;D q;kH csKd;azmuIf ww,d t}urd tf a±;G cs,cf cH +hJy;D 1940 cEk pS f wiG tf Eikd &f ±cdS ohJ n?f 'wk ,d urmB pptf wiG ;f tar&ud e.f =um;ae0g'rwS qirhf [mrwd rf sm;ukd rsuEf mS omay;c+hJy;D aemuqf ;kH *syewf @kdu yvk qJ yd uf r;f u0kd iwf ukd cf +hJy;D onhf aemuf tar&ud w@kduppyf xJG uJ 0kd icf ohJ n?f 1944 cEk pS wf iG f pwwk tÎ }urd f orwR tjzpaf ±;G cs,jfci;f ccH &hJ on?f z&e@fuvi;f 'vD mE±kd pk bohJ nf 1945 cEk pS af rv & &uaf e@Y *smrewD @kdvuef ucf sjci;f rwikd rf oD ;kH ywwf iG f u,G vf eG f oGm;cJhonf? oluG,fvGefoGm;+yD;aemuf ±kpbJh.ZeD;onftJvDEdk±kpbJhESifhol.om;ESpf a,mujfzpaf om *srd ;f (p)f ±pk bEhJ iS hf z&e@fuvi;f ±pk bahJ *stm&wf @kdrmS Eikd if aH &; avmuwiG qf uvf uvf y_ ±f mS ;cohJ n?f -37-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; ]]vGwfvyfjcif;qdkwmwu,fhudktzdk;wefw,f/ tzdk;wefvGef; vdkUcGJwrf;eJUay;&rSmjzpfw,f/}} “It is true that liberty is precious – so precious that it must be rationed” ]]aoewfwpfvuf½SdwJhol[m aoewfwpfvufrSr½SdwJh vlta,muf 100 udkxdef;csKyfEdkifw,f/}} “One man with a gun can control 100 without one.” ]]vdrfnmrIawGudkcPcPoHk;r,fqdk&ifaemufrSmtrSefw&m;jzpfvmEdkifw,f/}} “A lie told often enough becomes the truth.” bv,fwDrmvDeif (1870–1924) bv,wf rD mveD if (Vladimir Lenin) onEf ikd f iaH &;acgi;f aqmiwf pOf ;D EiS hf 20 &mp.k awmf veS af &;taw;G tac:±adS omojlzp+fy;D ±±k mS ;Eikd if EH iS ohf m ru wurmB v;kH tay: euef aJ omxad &murf r_ sm;±cdS hJ on?f veD iof nf 1917 cEk pS wf iG af bm±f ADS pf (Bolshe- -vik) u±±k ES ikd if .H tm%mord ;f cphJ Ouf ppD O!f e$ =fum;chJ owl pOf ;D jzpof n?f x@kdtwl veD iof nf qAkd ,D uEf ikd if H udk wnfaxmifolESifhyxrOD;qHk;aom acgif;aqmif vn;f jzpof n?f o.l rm;ppf (Marxist) otD &kd tD ay: u;kd um;csurf sm;u(kd veD i0f g'(Leninism)[tk rsm;u o±d ydS gon?f veD iof nf 1870 cEk pS {f +yvD 10 &uaf e@wiG f pp=fbpf (Simbrisk) +rKd@±±k mS ;Eikd if H YzmG ;jricf ohJ n?f o.l zcirf mS ausmi;f ppaf q;a&;jzp+fy;D ueG qf maA;wptf jrif ±odS wl pOf ;D jzpof n?f x@kdtwol ol nf ±±k mS ;atmoa'gbh &k m;ausmi;f (Orth- -odox Church) .bmoma&;uikd ;f ±i_d ;f aom toi;f om;wpOf ;D jzpof n?f o.l rcd irf mS ajryikd ±f iS qf &m0e}fu;D wpOf ;D . or;D jzpof n?f veD i.f rod m;prk mS -38-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; ujym;trsdK;jzp+fy;D o.l rsKd;qurf sm;rmS ±±k uS m;vrf pf (Kalmyk)/ *sL;/ *smref EiS phf 'DG ivf rl sKd;EiS thf jcm;vrl sKd;rsm;vn;f yg0iaf umi;f yg0iEf ikd of n?f tpuf tkd vuZf EmN ; (Alexander) .awmvf eS rf E_ ikd if aH &;tjriuf veD itf ay: eu±f i_d ;f pGmoufa&mufr_±Sd+yD; tvufZENm;uyif vDeiftm;cg;vfrwf(pf) (Karl Marx) taw;G tac:EiS rhf wd qf uaf y;cohJ n?f veD iof nf ausmi;f wiG tf veG xf ujfruaf om ausmi;f om;jzpof n?f Tt csuaf =umivhf n;f oil ,cf si;f rsm;EiS hf ui;f umG &on?f veD iof nf o@lq&m/ q&mrrsm;. ueG qf maA;wptf jritf ay: txiaf o;puqf yk af omvf n;f ausmi;f pmwiG rf al wmyf gon?f ool npf mzw0f goemyg+y;D *;kd t(hJ o)f (Goethe) EiS hf Turgenev [email protected]&;tom;u o@lb0wpof uvf ;kH tay: xad &murf _ rsm;±cdS ohJ n?f veD iif ,pf Ouf 'uk qQ i;f &rJ }_u;D }u;D 2 cuk akd usmjfzwcf &hJ +y;D ,i;f w@kda=umiohf l awmaf wmpf wd xf cd ukd cf &hJ on?f 1886 cEk pS wf iG vf eD i.f zcirf mS (Cerebral Hemorrhage) a&m*gEiS ahf oq;kH omG ;+y;D o@ltouf 17 EpS jf ynahf om 1887 cEk pS af rvwiG f o.l tpuf }kdu;D tvuZf EmN ;rmS Zmb&k itf vuZf EmN ;o;kH a,muwf paf ,mu.f toutf E &W m,uf tkd E &W m,jf yKaprnhf t=ur;f zuof rm;A;kH crJG w_ iG yf g0iof jzihf tzr;f c&H +y;D }uKd;qcJG sccH &hJ on?f tvuZf EmN ; ukd zr;f rod nthf csed wf iG f o.l tprf }u;D teef mu yg±adS eojzithf eef mukd um Zef (Kazan) ruS vD rkd wD m 40 ausm±f odS nahf us;±mG qoD @kd e,Ef iS 'f g%af y;c&H onf? Todk@jzifhvDeifonf aoqHk;oGm;aomawmfvSefa&;orm;wpf a,mu.f nwD paf ,mujfzpof nthf wuG f o@ltwuG wf cH g;rsm;pmG ywd qf @kdchJ on?f xtkd csed rf pS I veD iuf bmoma&;,=kHunrf E_ iS hf Eikd if aH &;pepwf @kdupkd eG @f cGmvkdufonf? aemuqf ;kH wiG f umZewf uoU vkd rf S veD iuf vkd ucf +Hy;D Oya'ynmoi=fum; -39-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; ciG ahf y;cohJ n?f wuoU vkd wf iG f ynmoi=fum;aepOyf if veD iuf Eikd if aH &;vy_ f ±mS ;rw_ iG yf g0icf ohJ n?f ausmi;f wu+fy;D o;kH vtwiG ;f rmS yif o@luqkd EjNyyrJG sm; wiG yf g0irf j_zihf a'o&pJ ce;f o@kd tzr;f cjHci;f ccH &hJ on?f &tJ m%m±wdS paf ,muf uo@lukd “vil ,&f ,–f awmvf eS af &;vyk +f y;D 'eD &H aH wuG mxm;wahJ e&mrmS vmae&wmbmv@kd awmvf eS af &;vyk cf si&f wmv?J ” veD iuf u,kd uhf ,kd uf kd ,=kHunrf t_ jynjhfzihf “'eD &H uH ',rd ;f ',ikd ef @J/ eeJ aJ v;weG ;f vukd ,f i+fyKdomG ; rmS ” [Il ajymcohJ n?f &v'tf aejzihf o@lukd wuoU vkd rf aS rmi;f xwk vf ukd +fy;D ynma&;avmuwiG f 0idk ;f y,jfci;f c&H avon?f ausmi;f Yxwk yf ,vf ukd jfci;f c&H +y;D aemuf ped @fywD mbwof @kdomG ;+y;D tjyiaf usmi;f wucf ohJ n?f 1891 cEk pS f wiG f Oya'pmar;yaJG tmijfri+fy;D ausmi;f om;O;D a& 124 a,mu±f odS nthf euof ul yxrq&k ±cdS ohJ n?f veD iuf prrf &mwiG Of ya'jzihf touaf r;G 0r;f a=umi;f ðycohJ n?f 1893 cEk pS wf iG f ped @fywD mbwof @kdajymi;f a±@$+y;D Oya'tvyk xf r;f aqmicf hJ on?f xtkd csed rf mS yif rm;ppf (Marxist) ajratmuaf wmvf eS af &;vyk if e;f rsm; tpysKd;ay;cohJ n?f o.l tz@JGukd tz@JGi,af jcmuzf @JGtjzpf cxJG wk vf ukd of n?f qvkd okd nrf mS pu±f tkH vyk rf sm;.tajctaersm;ukd ±mS azpG pkH r;f jci;f / pm&i;f Z,m;rsm;aumu,f jlci;f EiS hf vuuf r;f pmwr;f rsm;a&;xm;jci;f ponwf @kdukd vyk =fuon?f Ttz@JGuav;rsm;cIJG tvyk vf yk of nthf csed rf mS wiG yf if o.l ZeD;onfem'uf'gc&yfpum,m (Nadezhda Krupskaya) ESifhawG@±Sd+yD; 1898 cEk pS wf iG of wl @kdEpS af ,muvf uxf ycf =hJuon?f 1895 cEk pS wf iG f qpG Zf mveEf ikd if oH @kdxuG of mG ;+y;D oEl iS thf aw;G tac:wnl D onqf ±kd ,S 'f rD ukd &uwf @kdEiS ahf w@G&eof mG ;c+hJy;D a*sm*f szD vucf aemh (Georgi Pl- -ekhanov) EiS ahf w@GqpkH um;ajymc=hJuon?f owl @kdonf ±±k mS ;jyntf wiG ;f ajymi;f vaJ &;vyk &f mwiG f rnof @kdrnyf vkH yk rf njf zihf jii;f cakH q;G aE;G =uon?f zvucf aemuh tv,tf vwwf e;f tqihf vpbf &,vf wl e;f pm;rsm;ukd -40-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; xnohf iG ;f v+kdy;D veD iuf rl qi;f &oJ m;tvyk of rm;vwl e;f pm;rsm;uokd m xnohf iG ;f vokd n?f To@kdtjii;f tcjkHzprf w_ @kda=umihf aemuqf ;kH wjzn;f jzn;f q±kd ,S 'f rD ukd &uwf pyf gwoD nf ri±f ADS pf (Mensheviks) EiS ahf bm±f ADS pf (Bolsh- -eviks) [Il tz@JGEpS zf @JGuoJG mG ;on?f veD i±f ±k mS ;o@kdjyevf monthf cg oEl iS thf wl w&m;r0ivf uuf r;f pm±uG rf sm; ,vl m+y;D awmvf eS af &;owi;f pmwpaf pmipf wixf wk af 0&ef aqmi±f uG cf hJ on?f xokd wi;f pmxwk af 0aomnrmS yif oEl iS thf jcm;acgi;f aqmirf sm;t zr;f q;D c&H on?f axmixf wJ iG pf pk ak ygi;f 15 vtcsc&H on?f x@kdaemuof @lukd qudk af b;&;D ,m;o@kd jynEf iS 'f g%af y;vukd +fy;D xakd e&mYyif oEl iS chf &ypf um ,mw@kdvuxf ycf ohJ n?f jynEf iS 'f g%af y;ccH &hJ aomtcsed +fy;D q;kH omG ;+y;D aemuf owl @kdonf qpG Zf mveEf ikd if oH @kd xuG of mG ;+y;D aemuqf ;kH wiG tf pcP g&m (Iskra) qokd nohf wi;f pmuxkd wk af 0Eikd cf ohJ n?f tpcP g&m.t\"yd g`,rf mS t*vF yd vf kd (Spark–r;D ygG;jzpof n?f Ttrnuf kd uAsmwpyf 'k xf ±J pdS my'kd rf S &±cdS ohJ n?f xukd Asmpm y'kd rf mS “The spark will kindle a flame–r;D ygG;aw[G m r;D awmuf awjGzpvf matmiEf ;_d qaG y;wthJ &mjzpwf ,”f [Il yi?f qpG Zf mvewf iG af e pOtf wiG ;f q±kd ,S 'f rD ukd &uwf pyf gwuD kd tm%m±vdS matmif vyk af qmiEf ikd cf hJ on?f otl aejzihf acgi;f rm+y;D apph yaf =uat;wwwf hJ tjrirf ±jdSci;f a=umiyhf g wuD ukd oJG mG ;aponthf \"ud tcsuwf pcf jk zpof n?f 1905 cEk pS wf iG f jzpyf gG;cahJ om ped @fywD mbwtf pvk ukd tf +yKHvukd of wjfzwrf _ a=umihf veD iuf kd t=ur;f zuvf yk if e;f rsm;pwivf yk af qmi&f ef wukd wf eG ;f ay; ouohJ @kdjzpof n?f tpvk ukd tf +yKHvukd of wjfzwrf r_ mS Father Georgi Gapon O;D aqmiaf om +ird ;f csr;f pmG qEjNyaeaomtz@JGukd Cossacks w@kdrS ypcf wjfci;f rS pwicf yhJ gon?f Tjzp&f yaf =umihf ±±k mS ;wiG qf EjNyyrJG sm;pmG jzpaf y:vmcohJ n?f veD iof nf ±±k oS @kdEpS Ef pS =fumjyevf maecahJ omvf n;f oul wjdyKxm;cahJ om qEjNyy/JG o@kdr[wk f vxl ak wmvf eS af &;y}JGu;D jzprf vmcahJ cs? tb,ahf =umiqhf kd -41-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; aomf Zmw@kduvxl }ku;D ukd tciG thf a&;wpcf sKd@ay;+y;D auseyEf pS of rd ahf pchJ on?f 1906 cEk pS wf iG vf eD iuf kd ±±k mS ;q±kd ,S 'f rD ukd &uwf ptf vyk of rm;ygwD (Russian Social Democratic Labor Party [RSDLP]) .tra_ qmiaf umrf wtD z@JG0itf jzpf a±;G cs,cf &H aomvf n;f ta±;G c&H onrf pS I 1917 cEk pS tf xd rsm;aomtm;jzihf Oa&mywpcf iG Yf jynEf iS 'f g%af y;jci;f c&H on?f ool nf cucf cJ g;o;D aomb0ukd jzwof e;f &aomvf n;f Eikd if aH &;pmayw@kdukd quf vuaf &;om;Eikd cf ohJ n?f yxrurmB pppf wijfzpaf y:onthf csed wf iG f veD iuf =op}w;D ,mrmS yi±f adS e ao;on?f 1914 cEk pS =fo*wk vf wiG f ±±k aS xmuvf rS ;f a&;tjzpf tzr;f c&H +y;D axmixf wJ iG tf usO;f csc&H on?f o@kdaomf axmixf wJ iG cf %=umomtzr;f c&H +y;D qpG Zf mveof @kdajymi;f omG ;&ef tciG ahf y;vukd of n?f bmeD(Berne) Y usi;f yaom tpn;f ta0;wpcf xk YJ rrd .d ppyf EJG iS yhf wof uaf omtjrirf sm; uakd z: jyciG &hf cohJ n?f oul yËyd uuQ kd e,cf s@J 0g'[ak c:q+kdy;D ppuf akd xmucf H aomq±kd ,S vf prf sm;tm; qi;f &oJ m;tvyk of rm;vwl e;f pm;rsm;ukd azguf jyeaf omorl sm;[pk yG pf cJG ohJ n?f Oa&my±qdS ±kd ,S vf prf sm; ppyf uJG akd xmucf =Huonuf kd veD itf aeEiS xhf wd vf e@f t=hHocohJ n?f xtkd csed rf pS I veD iuf tm;oeG cf eG pf ukd f “e,cf s@Jppyf rJG sm;ujkdynf o@lppyf ”JG rsm;tjzpof @kdajymi;f v&J ef v@_Haqm0f g'jze@frr_ sm;jyKvyk cf ohJ n?f vD eiuf r[mrwd wf yof m;rsm;u ,i;f w@kd.±ikd zf ,rf sm;ukd ppAf vkd }fu;D rsm;qD jyevf nS +hfy;D q±kd ,S vf paf wmvf eS af &;vyk if e;f rsm;vyk af qmi&f etf wuG f 0g' jze@fcsaD &;vyk if e;f rsm;vyk af qmicf ohJ n?f 1915 cEk pS pf uwf ibf mvwiG f euD vkd y(f p)f II u a±@Swe;f wiG wf ukd cf ukd af e aom ±±k wS yrf awmwf iG f =oZmvr$ ;f r;kd r±_ odS n[f ,k ql xm;on?f x@kda=umihf ppbf uqf ikd &f mq;kH ±;H_ rr_ sm;jzpaf y:vm+y;D 1917 cEk pS wf iG f o@ltp;kd &ukd axmuf -42-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; crH r_ sm; usqi;f omG ;cohJ n?f wikd ;f jyn.f ppaf &;pp&f mtay:wiG f y&,d m,rf ºu,G 0f jci;f EiS jhfzwpf m;v'pf m;vyk rf w_ @kda=umihf ±±k mS ;wyrf awmtf wuG f acwf raDS omppyf uJG wkd ukd &f ef vtkd yaf omvuef uyf pnP ;f rsm; axmuyf IhH r&awmh acs? 1917 cEk pS wf iG f ppof m;aygi;f 1˜300˜000 ausmwf ukd yf wJG iG uf sq;kH omG ; +y;D 4˜200˜000 xcd ukd 'f g%&f m&um 2˜417˜000 a,mutf zr;f ccH &hJ on?f Tppyf }JGu;D onvf n;f ±±k mS ;p;D ygG;a&;twuG f q;kd usKd;ouaf &murf _ jzpaf y:ap cohJ n?f tpm;tpmavsmeh n;f vm+y;D aps;Ee_ ;f vn;f tqrwe}fu;D rm;vm on?f 1917 cEk pS Zf eef 0g&vD wiG f zuwf ukd &uYf uek af ps;Ee_ ;f rmS ajcmuqf wdk;vmcJhonf? 1917 cEk pS wf iG f ±±k mS ;Eikd if YH awmvf eS af &;EpS cf pk wicf ohJ n?f rwvf wiG f ped @fyD wmbwwf iG ±f adS om pw;D vyk of m;rsm;u oywd af rmS u=fuon?f wjzn;f jzn;f TqEjNyyrJG mS }u;D rm;vm+y;D val xmiaf ygi;f rsm;pmG w@kdonf vr;f rrsm; ay:wiG wf e;f pqD EjNyae=uon?f TwiG f Zmb&k i.f tm%mq;kH ±;H_ c+hJy;D t vuZf EmN ;u&D ipf u;D O;D aqmiaf om 'rl mtz@JGu tm%mord ;f ,cl ohJ n?f veD iuf *smrewf @kdEiS hf oabmwnl rD w_ pcf jkyKvyk cf ohJ n?f tu,If *smrewf @kd u o@ltm; ±±k mS ;o@kdtE &W m,uf i;f ab;±iS ;f pmG y@kdaqmiaf y;Eikd vf #if oul tm %mord ;f ,+ly;D ±±k mS ;wyuf kd ppyf tJG wiG ;f r±S yk of rd ;f ay;rn[f Il yi?f u&D ipf u;D uwikd ;f jynwf iG f tcutf crJ sm;}uKHaw@G&+y;D ±±k mS ;wyrf awmrf S t±;_H EiS &hf if qikd &f aomvf n;f ±±k mS ;wyuf jkdyeIf ±yk of rd ;f &epf wd rf u;l ay? atmuwf bkd mv wiG f veD iuf wikd ;f jyntf m%mukd ao;G purf usavmuaf tmiyf if ord ;f ,l Eikd cf ohJ n?f bv,wf rD mveD itf ouf 47 cEk pS tf ±,G wf iG uf eG jf rLepyf gwD (Society of People’s Commissars)[email protected];f aqmijfzpvf m+y;D wpcf sed wf n;f rmS yif wikd ;f jyn.f orwR jzpvf mon?f -43-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; tp;kd &topjfzpaf om ueG jfrLepyf gw.D tcutf crJ mS en;f yg;voS nrf [wk f acs? *smreED iS jhfzpyf gG;aeaomppyf rJG sm;vn;f ±wk wf &u+fy;D q;kH omG ;on?f (ol .aºu;G a=umof rH mS ‘aygirf ek @fay;ygppyf rJG [wk yf g’ [Il jzpcf ohJ n)f ? ±±k mS ;w@kdrS owl @kd.aygirf ek @fjci;f jzpaf om ,ul &ed ;f ukd *smrerD sm;vuof @kdq;kH ±;_H omG ;vukd f &aomvf n;f rsm;r=umr*D smreuD ppyf wJG iG qf ;kH ±;_H omG ;aomtcg owl @kdr,S l u&ed ;f ukd jyevf n&f ±cdS ohJ n?f v,,f majr rsm;uckd ,JG rl #a0+y;D wcsKd@utkd rsm; yikd af jrtjzpxf m;cohJ n?f tp;kd &u pu±f rkH ikd ;f vyk if e;f rsm;EiS bhf %rf sm;ukd Eikd if H awmyf ikd of rd ;f yukd vf ukd of n?f x±kd ±k mS ;atgoh a'ghb&k m;ausmi;f ukd zsuof rd ;f chJ onf? veD itf wuG f twukd tf cyH gw±D cdS +hJy;D 1918 cEk pS wf iG rf i±f ADS wd f (tjzL) abmvf ±ADS pf (te)D w@kdt=um; jynwf iG ;f pprf sm;jzpcf ohJ n?f tjzLrsm;ukd +Awd ed Ef iS thf ar&ud ewf @kdu unl cD ahJ omvf n;f aemuwf iG tf jzLrsm; ppyf wJG iG tf a&;erd chf hJ &onf? 1919 EiS hf 1921 cEk pS rf sm;wiG f iwrf wG af cgi;f yg;rE_ iS whf ukd zf KdGwaf &m*grsm; ±±k mS ; jynwf pjfynvf ;kH Yjzpaf y:c+hJy;D vl 27 oe;f ausmrf #ukd touqf ;kH ±;H_ apcohJ n?f Tjy\\emrsm;uakd jz±iS ;f &etf wuG f veD iuf p;D ygG;a&; vyk if e;f pOtf opwf ck csay;cohJ n?f Tvyk if e;f pOuf kd ysupf ;D ±y_ af x;G ae+y;D ±±k mS ;jyn}fu;D .aoq;kH ae +y;D jzpaf omp;D ygG;a&;pepuf kd jyeIf tou±f iS vf map&ef t&i;f ±iS pf eptf aw;G tac:rsm;jzpaf y:vmawmoh n?f v,of rm;rsm; v[mjyiaf ps;wiG f aps; a&mi;f ciG &hf ±jdSci;f EiS thf vyk of rm;imS ;&r;f Eikd cf iG rhf sm;&±vdS mon?f v,,f majr w;kd cs@Jvyk uf ikd af om v,of rm;rsm;ukd uvk wf (a±;S ±±k jSyn±f vdS ,of rm; }u;D rsm;) [ok ±d =dSuon?f tvyk of rm;ta,muf 20 xuef n;f aompu±f kH rsm;ukd jynof yl ikd tf jzprf ES w_ yf ,+fy;D ,citf vyk ±f iS rf sm;vuxf oJ @kd jyeaf y;chJ on?f o@kdaomvf n;f o.l vyk &f y&f v'rf sm;ukd oal umi;f aumi;f raw@G±cdS H pm;&awmah y? 1918 cEk pS =fo*wk vf 30 &uaf e@wiG f q±kd ,S vf paf wmvf eS of l -44-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; rsm;.tz@JG0ijfzpaf om '&kd mupvf euf o@luakd oewEf iS yhf p+fy;D aemuf o@l use;f rma&;vn;f qwk ,f wk vf mavon?f o.l cEm< u,kd xf oJ @kd usnqf EH pS f awmi0hf icf +hJy;D cpJG wd xf wk &f etf wuG f tE &W m,±f vdS eG ;f ojzirhf xwk cf &hJ acs? 1922 cek pS af rvwiG f veD iaf vjzwcf &H +y;D aemuwf pEf pS rf jynrhf DS xyIf av jzwcf &H on?f otl ourf aoq;kH rD aemuqf ;kH EpS Ef pS tf wiG ;f wikd ;f jyn.f veG f u|pH mG jzpaf y:aeaom jzp&f ywf pcf sKd@ukd }uKd;pm;jyKjyicf ohJ n?f o.l tjrirf mS t&i;f ±iS Ef ikd if rH sm;EiS thf wl ,OS wf aJG exikd &f ef avvh mjci;f w@kdvtkd y+f y;D xd a&murf r_ ±adS omAsLwukd a&ppD epuf vkd n;f &ypf &J etf wuG jfzpof n?f x@kdtwl o.l ae&mukd pwmviuf r[wk yf J xa&mpf u;D utkd m%m&±adS pvokd n?f o@kdaomf orl atmijfricf ahJ y? pwmviof ntf veG yf ijfzwxf ;kd Om%af umi;f +y;D veD iuf ohJ @kdvtl wuG yf iwf u,yf itf ui;f yg;vn0f oJ jlzpcf ohJ n?f 1923 cEk pS wf iG f veD iuf kd avaemuwf pcf gxyjfzwIf oul ,kd wf pjfcr;f aoomG ;+y;D pum;rajymEikd af wmah y? x@kdaemuf orl nof nthf cgr# jyeaf eraumi;f awmh yJ 1924 cEk pS Zf eef 0g&vD 21 &uaf e@wiG f O;D aEmS uaf o;G a=umjywaf &m*gjzihf uG,fveG of Gm;cJoh nf? -45-

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; ]]pum;udkcsdKompGmajymNyD;wkwfBuD;BuD;wpfacsmif;udkifxm;yg/}} \"Speak softly and carry a big stick.\" ]]r½dkufyJeJUa½SmifEdkif&ifvHk;0r½dkufygESifh? 'gayrJh½dkuf&ifb,fawmhrS jznf;nif;pGmr½dkufygESifh/}} \"Don’t hit at all if it is honorably possible to avoid hitting, but never hit soft.\" oDtdk'dk±kpbJh (1858–1919) oDt'kd ±kd pk bhJ (Theodore Roosevelt) ontf ar&ud ejfynaf xmipf .k 26 a,muaf jrmuf orwR jzp+fy;D ool n}fu@Hcikd +fy;D vyk if e;f wiG tf m;oeG cf eG f pukd tf vyk vf yk af qmiaf om acgi;f aqmiwf pOf ;D jzp+fy;D t ar&ud eEf ikd if uH Ekd ikd if jHcm;a&;&mupd rP sm;Y yg0iaf qmi±f uG f rr_ sm;rsm;jym;vmapcyhJ gon?f otD 'kd ±kd pk bohJ nf 1858 cEk pS af tmuwf bkd mv 27 &uaf e@Y e,;l a,mu+frKd@ wGifzGm;jrifonf? olonfcsrf;omºuG,f0aompD;yGg;a&;orm;wpfOD;. pwwk oˆ m;jzp+fy;D o.l i,ef mrnrf mS “xu'f ”D jzpof n?f oul xekd mrnuf kd v;kH 0r}uKduaf y? o@lwiG yf e;f em&i=fuyaf &m*g EiS thf veG yf irf supf rd e_ af oma&m *g±odS n?f x@kda=umiohf .l zciof nof @ltm; tEikd rf ctH ±;H_ ray;yJ rrd .d a&m*g rsm;uwkd eG ;f veS Ef ikd &f eTf o@kdtm;ay;cyhJ gon?f “om;rmS Om%Af v±adS yrhJ um ,Avr±bdS ;l ? 'ga=umiuhf m,Av±adS tmif vyk ,f &l r,?f ” o.l zcirf oS @l om;uukd nl &D etf wuG f tm;upm;±ukH kd owl @kd.trd wf iG yf iwf naf xmiaf y; cohJ n?f To@kdEiS xhf u'f rD S wjzn;f jzn;f rrd .d cEm< u,kd uf se;f rmoepf rG ;f vm atmif tm;upm;vukd pf m;vmc&hJ maemiwf iG f “u|±J ikd ;f wpaf umivf ukd se;f rmoepf rG ;f vmon”f [Ek i_d ;f ,OS &f vmatmif use;f rmoepf rG ;f vmygon?f touif ,±f ,G pf Ouf otD 'kd okd nof .l rod m;pEk iS thf wOl a&mywpcf iG vf ;kH c -46-