ကွန်မြူနစ်ပါတီကြေညာစာတမ်း

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ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f tvyk of rm;vwl e;f pm; tusK;d twuG f vwG vf ypf mG uek of ,G af &;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm; tusKd;twGuf umuG,fr_ taumuftcGefrsm;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm; tusKd;twGuf tusOf;axmifðyjyifa&;47 / T onfwdk@um; \"e&Sifqdk&S,fvpf0g'. aemufqHk;pum;ESifh wckwnf;aom av;eufonfh t\"dy`m,fzGifhcsufjzpf.? \"e&Sifonf \"e&Sifjzpf&onfrSm tvkyform;vlwef;pm; tusLd; twGufjzpfonf[laom pmydk'fjzifh \"e&Sifqdk&S,fvpf0g'udk ed*Hk;csKyfvdkuf ayownf;? 3? a0zeaf &; pwd uf ;l ,Oqf &kd ,S vf p0f g'EiS hf ueG jf rLep0f g' }uD;rm;aom acwfopfawmfvSefa&;wdkif;wGif abmbufzfESifh tjcm;pma&;q&mrsm;. a&;om;csurf sm;uohJ @kdaom ypnP ;f rvhJ wl e;f pm;. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk azmfxkwfonfh pmayrsm;tm; Tae&mwGif u|ef awmfwdk@ rudk;um;awmhyg? ya'o&mZvf @ltz@JGtpn;f ukd òzcsvukd If wavmuv;kH vy_ vf y_ f &G&GjzpfaecsdefwGif xdkpOfu ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. rzGH@òz;ao;aom tajc taea=umivhf n;f aumi;f / usa&mutf qhH qJ J \"e&iS af cwuf mv wcwk n;f uomv#if xwk vf yk af y;Eikd af om/ xwk vf yk &f evf akd o;aom/ ypnP ;f rvhJ wl e;f pm;vwG af jrmuaf &;twuG f p;D ymG ;a&; ta=umi;f tcsurf sm; r&adS o;aom a=umifhvnf;aumif; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;u rdrd&nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf yxrt}udrf wdkuf±kdufóu;yrf;r_rsm;onf rvGJra&SmifombJ qHk;±_H;oGm; cJh&onf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. Ttapmydkif;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh wGJvsuf ygvmaom awmfvSefa&;pmayonf rvGJraoGazmufjyefaom vuQ %maqmifayonf? ‚pmayu tus,ftjyef@ csKyfwnf;a&;0g'ESifh vlr_wef;wla&;yHk=urf;udk oGwfoGif;ay;onf? pdef@-qdkifrGef/ zdk;&D;,m;/ tdk0ifESifh tjcm;olrsm;. qdk&S,fvpfESifh uGefjrLepfpepfrsm;[lI avsmfuefpGm rSnfhac:xm;onfh pepfrsm;onf 99

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f txuwf iG f azmjf ycohJ nhf ypnP ;f rvhJ wl e;f pm;EiS hf \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;t=um; wukd yf JG rz@HGòz;ao;aom tapmyikd ;f umvu ay:xuG vf mcohJ n?f (tce;f 1/ \"e&Sifrsm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;wGif =unfhyg?) Tpepfrsm;udk pwifawG@&Sdolrsm;onf trSefyif vlwef;pm; &efbufjzpfr_ESifhwuG v$rf;rdk;aeaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf; o¿meftwGif;&Sd òyusaeaom tpdwftydkif;rsm;. ðyrlv_yf&Sm;r_udk awG@jrif=uonf? odk@ aomf Eke,fao;aom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf rnfonfhordkif;qdkif&m pGrf;aqmifr_/ odk@r[kwf rnfonfh trSDtcdkuif;aom EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rS r&Sdaomvlwef;pm; jzpfonf[k olwdk@jrif=uonf? vlwef;pm;&efbufjzpfr_ wdk;yGm;jcif;onf pufr_vkyfief;wdk;yGm;r_ ESifhtwl vdkufygvmonfhtwdkif; rsufarSmufpD;yGm;a&; tajctaewGif ypnP ;f rvhJ wl e;f pm; vwG af jrmuaf &;twuG f ±yk 0f wKˆta=umi;f tcsurf sm;ukd owl @kdraw@G&EdS ikd af o;ay? x@kda=umihf owl @kdonf Tta=umi;f tcsurf sm;ukd zefwD;vmEdkifp&m&Sdonfh opfvGifaom vlr_a&;0dZ…mynm/ opfvGifaom vlr_a&;w&m;rsm;udk vdkufvH&SmazG =uawmhonf? ordkif;qdkif&m ðyr_v_yf&Sm;r_udk wOD;csif;wDxGifaom ðyr_v_yf&Sm; rj_ zivhf n;f aumi;f / orikd ;f uzewf ;D aom vwG af jrmuaf &;ta=umi;f tcsuf rsm;udk pdwful;,Of ta=umif;tcsufrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ wpwp tm;jzifh tvkdtavsmufjzpfay:vmaom ypPnf;rJhrsm;. vlwef;pm;tzGJ@ tpnf;ae&mwGif TwDxGifolrsm;u txl;}uHqxm;aom vlr_tpnf; t±kH;wckjzifhvnf;aumif; tpm;xdk;&efjzpfonf? olwdk@ tjrift&qdkygrl tem*wfordkif;onf olwdk@. vlr_a&;pDrHudef;rsm;udk 0g'jzef@csd&efESifh vufawG@vkyfaqmif&efom jzpfayonf? olwdk@. pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJ&mwGif t\"dutm;jzifh 'kuQtcH pm;&q;kH aom vwl e;f pm;jzpof nhf tvyk of rm;vwl e;f pm;. tusK;d p;D ymG ; udk *±kðy=uonf? olwdk@ tjrift& ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf 'kuQtcHpm; &qHk;aom vlwef;pm;w&yfr#om jzpf .? vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ rzGH@òz;aom tajctaeESifhwuG olwdk@. 100

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f udk,fydkifywf0ef;usifrsm;u Todk@aom qdk&S,fvpfrsm;tm; olwdk@udk,f olwdk@ vlwef;pm;&efbufjzpfr_ tm;vHk;. txufwGif uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; &yfwnfvsuf&Sdonf[k ,lqaponf? olwdk@onf taumif;qHk;aom tajctaewGif a&muf&Sdaeolrsm; tygt0if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;0ifwdkif;. tajctaeudkyif aumif;atmifðyjyifvkd=uonf? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@onf vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;jcif;r&SdbJ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;udk arwWm&yfcHavh &Sd=uonf? xdkr#ru tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;udk OD;pm;ay;+yD; arwWm&yfcH av&h =dS uon?f owl @kd. pepuf kd em;vnof nEf iS whf òyief uf taumi;f q;kH jzpEf ikd af om v@ltz@JGtpn;f tajctaewiG f taumi;f q;kH jzpEf ikd of nhf prD H udef;rsm; jzpfonfudk vltrsm;u em;rvnfbJ &SdEdkifygrnfavm? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@onf EdkifiHa&;ðyr_v_yf&Sm;r_rSefor# txl;ojzifh awmvf eS af &; ðyrv_ y_ &f mS ;rr_ eS of r#ukd y,cf s=uon?f owl @kd. &nrf eS ;f csuf udk +idrf;csrf;aomenf;vrf;jzifh &&Sdvdk=u.? rkcsqHk;±_H;&rnfjzpfaom vuf awG@prf;oyfr_uav;rsm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ pHjyvkyfjyjcif;tm;jzifhvnf; aumif; vlr_a&;bmomw&m;opfudk vrf;zGifhay;&ef óu;pm;=uonf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; tvGefrzGH@òz;ao;aom tajctaeESifh rdrd tqifhae&mtay: pdwful;,Of,lqaepOfwGif vl@tzGJ@tpnf; taxGaxG jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf OD;pGmawmifhwcsufESifh vdkufavsmonfh To@kdaom tem*wf v@ltz@JGtpn;f . pwd uf ;l ,Oyf ukH m;csyuf kd a&;jc,cf hJ =uayonf? odk@apumrl Tqdk&S,fvpfESifh uGefjrLepfta&;tom;rsm;wGif a0zefonfh tpdwftydkif;vnf; yg&Sdayonf? ‚wdk@onf wnf&Sdaeaom v@ltz@JGtpn;f . rrl eS of r#ukd x;kd EuS wf ukd cf ukd =fuon?f x@kda=umihf Tta&; tom;rsm;wGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tod^m%fyGifhvif;a&;twGuf tzdk;xdkufwefqHk;aom tcsuftvufrsm;jzifh jynfhv#Haeonf? òr@ESifh awmt=um;jcm;em;r_48 rdom;pkpepf/ yk*~vdu wOD;csif;rsm;twGuf purf v_ yk if e;f rsm; vyk uf ikd jf ci;f EiS hf tcpm;tvyk pf epwf @kdukd zsuof rd ;f ypaf &;/ vlr_oifhjrwfr_udk a=unma&;/ EdkifiHawmfvkyfief; aqmifwmrsm;udk 101

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f xkwfvkyfa&;pDrHcef@cGJr_ oufouftjzpf ajymif;vJypfa&;/ TvufawG@ aqmif&Guf&ef wifjycsuf49 tm;vHk;onf xdktcsdefu ay:xGufvmcgp jzpaf om vwl e;f pm;&ebf ujfzprf _ u,G af ysmuaf &;uokd mv#if !e¸ jf yon?f ,if;vlwef;pm; &efbufjzpfr_rsm;udk olwdk@. pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;wGif tapmq;kH aom/ rjywof m;aom/ rwud saom o¿merf sm;jziohf m tod trSwfðyxm;onf? xdk@a=umifhTwifjycsufrsm;onf pdwful;,Ofouf ouf vu%Q mom aqmiaf yon?f a0zeaf &; pwd uf ;l ,Oqf &kd ,S vf p0f g'EiS hf ueG jfrLep0f g'. t\"yd m` ,of nf orikd ;f jzpaf y:w;kd ymG ;rE_ iS hf zvD mjzpaf eon?f acwof pvf wl e;f pm;wukd yf JG jzpaf y: wdk;yGm;vmum wdusaom o¿mefaqmifvmonfESifhtr# vlwef;pm; wukd yf rJG S ui;f umG aom vwl e;f pm;wukd yf uJG kd x;kd EuS af om Tpwd uf ;l ,Of &ywf ncf suof nf ‚. vuaf w@Gt\"yd m` ,Ef iS hf oabmw&m;cikd vf rkH _ tm; vHk; qHk;yg;oGm;awmhonf? xdk@a=umifh Tpepfrsm;udk pwifolrsm;onf bufaygif;rsm;pGmwGif awmfvSefa&;qefapumrl olwdk@. wynfhwyef; rsm;onf tpOft+rJyif azmufjyefaom *dk%f;*%rsm; zGJ@avh&Sd=uonf? olwdk@onf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. wdk;wufaeaom ordkif;jzpfxGef;r_udk qef@usifbufðyum rdrdwdk@q&mrsm;. rlvtjrifrsm;udk taoqkyfudkif xm;=uonf? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@onf vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJudk qkwfqdkif; oGm;atmif/ vlwef;pm;&efbufjzpfr_udk ajy+idrf;oGm;atmif tpOwf pukd f óu;pm;=uonf? olwdk@onf vufawG@prf;oyfr_rSwqifh rdrdwdk@. pdwful; ,Ofvl@tzGJ@tpnf; xlaxmifa&;/ oD;jcm; “zmvefpwm&dpf” rsm;/ “jynfwGif;udkvdkeDrsm;” wnfaxmifa&;/ a*s±kpvif òr@awmfopfuav; “ti,pf m;tuD m&,D m”· wnaf xmiaf &;ukd tdyfrurf uf ae=uqjJzp.f ? · zmvepf wm&pd ?f csm;vf z;dk &;D ,m;.prD uH ed ;f wiG yf g&adS omq&dk ,S vf pf uvkd ekd rD sm;jzpf on?f tuD m&,D mrmS umbuuf o.l pwd uf ;l ,Of a'oukd ay;xm;aomemrnjfzpof n/f aemuyf ikd ;f Y o.l tar&ud euf eG jfrLepf uvkd ekd uD kd Temrnaf y;cohJ n?f (1888 cEk pS f t*vF yd bf mom yEkH ydS jf ci;f twuG f ted *f ,f .rwS cf su)f jynwf iG ;f uvkd ekd rD sm;rmS t0kd if u o.l pjHyueG jfrLeptf z@JGrsm;ukd ac:a0:jci;f 102

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f Todk@ avxJwGif wdkuftdrfrsm;aqmufa&;twGuf \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;. EvS ;kH om;EiS hf aitG wd uf kd rvrJG a&mS iof m toem;cvH m&ay.? owl @kdonf txuwf iG f azmjfyxm;onhf azmujfyeaf om orm;±;kd usq&kd ,S vf p0f g'rD sm; tjzpof @kd wjzn;f jzn;f av#mus omG ;awmoh n?f ‚w@kdEiS hf rwol nrf mS um; ydkrdkpepfwusynm&Sdqefr_ESifh rdrdwdk@. vlr_a&;0dZ…mynm. wefcdk;t&Sdef t0gtay: t,lonf;r_ESifh pGJvrf;}uD;pGm ,Hk=unfr_omjzpf.? x@kda=umiyhf ivf #if owl @kdonf tvyk of rm;vwl e;f pm;. Eikd if aH &; vy_ &f mS ;rr_ eS of r#ukd cg;cg;o;D o;D qe@fusiaf e=ujci;f jzpof n?f xokd @kdaom vy_ &f mS ;rr_ mS bmomw&m;optf ay: rsuuf e;f vkd r,=kH unrf _ &rdS oS mv#if jzpfEdkifonf[k olwdk@u ,lq=uonf? t*Fvefjynf&Sd tdk0if0g'Drsm;onf csm;wpfpfv_yf&Sm;r_50 udk qef@usifum jyifopfjynf&Sd zdk;&D;,m;0g'Drsm;onf ðyjyifa&;0g'Drsm;·· udk qe@f usi=f uon?f jzpfonf? zmvefpwm&dpfrSm zdk&D;,m; pDrHxm;onfh jynfol@eef;awmfrsm;. trnjfzpof n?f tuD m&,D mrmS umbuof ±yk af zmxf m;aom ueG jfrLeptf aqmuf ttrkH sm;&odS nhf pwd uf ;l ,Of qe;f us,af om e,af jrtrnf jzpof n?f (1890 cEk pS f *smrebf mom yEkH ydS jf ci;f twuG f ted *f ,.f rwS cf su)f ·· 1843 cEk pS rf S 1850 cEk pS tf xd y&J pòf r@wiG f xwk af 0cahJ om &DazmfrD owi;f pm. buaf wmof m;rsm;ukd qvkd okd n?f (t,'f wD m) 103

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f tcef; (4) wnf&Sdaeaom qef@usifbufygwD toD;oD;tay: uGefjrLepfrsm;. oabmxm; t*Fvefjynf&Sd csm;wpfpf0g'Drsm;ESifh ajrmuftar&duwdkuf&Sd ajr ,mðyjyifa&;orm;rsm;uJhodk@aom wnf&Sdaeaom tvkyform; vlwef; pm;ygwrD sm;51EiS hf ueG jf rLepwf @kd. quqf aH &;rsm;ukd tce;f (2) wiG f &iS ;f jy cJh+yD;jzpfonf? ueG jf rLeprf sm;onf avmavmq,f &n&f ,G cf su&f &adS &;EiS hf tvyk f orm;vlwef;pm;. vwfwavm tusKd;pD;yGm; taumiftxnfazmfa&; twuG f wukd yf 0JG i=f uon?f o@kdaomf rsuaf rmS uvf y_ &f mS ;rw_ iG f owl @kdonf xvkd y_ &f mS ;r._ tem*wuf vkd n;f u,kd pf m;ðyum *±pk ukd =f uon?f jyiof pf jynfwGif orm;±dk;usESifh &,f'Du,f \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk qef@usif&mY uGefjrLepfrsm;onf qdk&S,fvpf 'Drdku&ufrsm;· ESifh yl;aygif;=uonf? · ‚ygwuD kd ygvrD evf w$ af wmwf iG f v'D ±;l ±vkd i/f pmaya&;&mwiG f v0l bD ve@f/ ae@pOof wi;f pm e,yf ,wf iG f &aD zmrf wD @kdu u,kd pf m;ðyon?f q&kd ,S vf p'f rD ukd a&pD emrnEf iS whf uG ‚ukd wxD iG of rl sm;qokd nrf mS 'rD ukd &uwf pf o@kdr[wk f &yD wyf vpf uiyf gwxD rJ S ten;f EiS thf rsm; q&kd ,S vf pf tao;G ta&miyf g&adS om tpwd tf yikd ;f wckudk qdkvdkonf? (1888 ckESpf t*Fvdyfbmom yHkESdyfjcif;twGuf tdef*,f. rwS cf su?f ) jyiof pjfynwf iG f xtkd csed uf q&kd ,S vf p'f rD ukd &uwf pyf gw[D k rrd bd mom ac:wiG af om ygwuD kd Eikd if aH &;b0wiG f v'D ±;l ±vdk iuf u,kd pf m;ðyon?f pmaya&;&mwiG f v0l bD ve@fu u,kd pf m;ðyon?f To@kdtm;jzihf ,ae@ *smreqf &kd ,S 'f rD ukd a&pED iS hf r;kd EiS hf ajr}u;D yrm umG jcm;v.S ? (1890 cEk pS f *smrebf mom yEkH ydS jf ci;f twuG f ted *f ,.f rwS cf su)f 104

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f o@kdapumrl awmvf eS af &;}u;D rS tpOtf vm qi;f ouvf maom pmy'kd rf sm;/ pdwful;,Of r_rsm;ESifhywfoufI a0zef&ef tcGifhta&;udk rpGef@v$wfay? qGpfZmvefjynfwGif olwdk@onf &,f'Du,frsm;udk axmufcH =uon?f ‚ygwwD iG f jyiof pyf pkH H 'rD udk a&pqD &kd ,S vf prf sm;u wpwd wf yikd ;f / &,'f uD ,f \"e&iS rf sm;u wpwd wf yikd ;f &ebf ujf zpaf eaom tyikd ;f rsm; yg0if aeonfudk rsufjcnf rjywfay? yvkd ejf ynwf iG f ajr,mawmvf eS af &;ukd trsK;d om; vwG af jrmuaf &; twuG f t\"ud ta=umi;f tcsutf jzpf awmi;f qakd om 1846 cEk pS f u&m aumòr@yek uf exf ºuru_ kd v@H_aqmcf ahJ om ygwtD m; ueG jfrLeprf sm;u axmuf cH=uonf? *smr%DjynfwGif \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;u awmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif; twikd ;f ðyrol nEf iS thf r# ueG jf rLepyf gwoD nf ‚w@kdEiS thf wwl uG ouOf ;D qyH ikd bf &k i/f ya'o &mZaf jr,myikd qf ikd rf E_ iS hf \"e&iS af ygupf vwl e;f pm;· w@kdukd qef@usifwdkufyGJ0if=uonf? o@kdaomf \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;EiS hf ypnP ;f rvhJ wl e;f pm;t=um; &ebf uf twukd tf cjHzprf E_ iS hf ywof uIf jzpEf ikd of nhf &iS ;f vi;f jywof m;aomtodudk tvkyform; vlwef;pm;twGif;odk@ oGwfoGif;ay;&ef uGefjrLepfrsm;onf c%mwmr#yif r&yef m;cahJ y? To@kdtm;jzihf \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;p;kd r;kd ru_ rvGJ raoaG qmi=f uO;f vmrnhf vrl a_ &;EiS hf Eikd if aH &;ta=umi;f tcsurf sm;ukd ‚ tm; qef@usifonfhvufeuftjzpf *smreftvkyform;rsm;u csufcsif; to;kH csEikd af p&ejf zp.f ? *smr%jD ynwf iG f azmujf yeaf om vwl e;f pm;rsm;ukd òzcs+yD;onfhaemuf \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;tm; qef@usifonfh wdkufyGJudk csufcsif;pwifEdkifa&; jzpfay.? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf t\"dutm;jzifh *smr%Djynfudk tm±Hkpdkuf=u · *smrebf momr&l i;f wiG f uved ;f bm*s,&f qD akd om pum;v;kH jzpof n?f rmuh pf Ef iS hf ted *f ,wf @kdonf òr@ae\"e&iS af ygupf vwl e;f pm;. azmujf yeaf om tpwd f tyikd ;f rsm;ukd azmjf y&mwiG f Tpum;v;kH ukd to;kH ðyon?f (t,'f wD m) 105

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ‚wdkif;jynfonf Oa&my,Ofaus;r_. ydkrdka&S@wef;a&mufaom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;atmufwGif 17 &mpk t*F vefjynfESifh 18 &mpk jyifopfjynf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;wdk@xuf ydkrdkjzpfay: wdk;yGm;vmonfh ypPnf;rhJvlwef;pm;jzifh qifE$J&rnfh \"e&SifawmfvSefa&; tóuumvodk@ a&muf&Sdaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdk@jyif *smr%Djynf \"e&SifawmfvSefa&;onf csufcsif;vdkufygvmrnfh ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;. a&S@awmfajy; jzpfaoma=umifhwnf;? twckd sKyvf ukd yf grl ueG jf rLeprf sm;onf wn&f adS eaom vrl a_ &;EiS hf EdkifiHa&;pepfudk OD;wnfqef@usifonfh awmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rSefor#udk ae&mwdkif;Y axmufcH=uayonf? xdktcsdefu v_yf&Sm;r_. jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_tqifh rnfodk@yif&Sdap v_yf&Sm;r_ tm;vHk;wGif uGefjrLepfrsm;onf ydkifqdkifr_jy\\emudk xdyfwef; jy\\emtjzpf a&S@wef;wifxm;ayonf? e*d ;kH csKytf m;jzihf ueG jf rLeprf sm;onf wikd ;f jyntf m;v;kH &dS 'rD ukd a&pD ygwDrsm;ESifh nD!Gwfa&;/ oabmwlnDcsuf&,la&;udk ae&mwumY óu; yrf;=u.? ueG jf rLeprf sm;onf rrd wd @kd.tjriEf iS hf &n&f ,G cf surf sm;ukd z;kH u,G f xrd 0f uS xf m;&ef rek ;f w;D &&HG mS =uon?f wn&f adS eaom vrl a_ &;tajc tae52 tm;vHk;udk t=urf;zufaomenf;jzifh òzcszsufqD;ypfEdkifrSom rdrdwdk@. &nfrSef;csufudk &&SdEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ajAmiftwdtvif; a=unmonf? ueG jfrLepaf wmvf eS af &;ukd tyk pf ;kd aomvwl e;f pm;rsm;u xwd fve@f+y;D a=umuf 'l;wkefae=uygap/ ypPnf;rJhrsm;twGufum; olwdk@udk wkyfaESmifxm;aom aESmifóu;rsm;rSty qHk;±_H;p&m[lIr&Sd? olwdk@pdk;ydkif&rnfum; wurBmvHk; yiwf n;f ? ? wdkif;jynftm;vHk;&Sd tvkyform;rsm; aoG;pnf;=uavmh!53 106

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f aemuqf uwf JG bmomjyetf z@JG. rwS cf suf TpmtkyfrSm 1949 ckESpf EdkifiHjcm;bmom xkwfa0a&;Xme armfpudkrS xkwfa0cJhaom t*Fvdyfbmomjyefpmrludk tajccHxm;um topfwzef bmomjyefxm;jcif; jzpfonf? ‚pmrlrSm 1888 ckESpfwGif q,fjrL&,frdk;. bmomjyefqdkcsufudk z&uf'&pf- tdef*,fudk,fwdkif wnf;jzwfxm;aom t*Fvdyfbmom pmrljzpf.? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dk0g'jzef@csda&;Xme bmomjyeftzGJ@ onf bmomjyepf mrul kd wn;f jzw&f mwiG f *smrebf mompmr&l i;f rS wukd f ±dkufbmomjyefxm;onfh ±k&Sm;bmomyHkESdyfjcif; (rmhufpf/ tdef*,f usrf;aygif;pHk/ 'kwd,yHkESdyfjcif;/ twGJ 4/ armfpudk 1955 ckESpf) ESifh w±wk bf momyEkH ydS jf ci;f (rmuh pf /f ted *f ,f vuaf &;G piuf sr;f twGJ 1/ yuD i;f 1975 ckESpf) wdk@udk taxmuftultjzpf udk;um;!‡dE_dif;cJhygonf? TpmtkyfwGif azmfjyxm;aom pmrsufESmatmufajc&Sd t,f'D wm. rwS cf surf sm;rmS 1949 cEk pS xf wk f t*vF yd bf momjyepf mtyk f t,'f D wm. rSwfcsufrsm;jzpfonf? pmtkyfaemufqufwGJwGif azmfjyxm;onfh *smrefbmom pmrl&if; ESifhrwlaom pum;vHk;rsm;ESifh pmydk'frsm;/ ordkif; qikd &f m tcsutf vurf sm;EiS hf trntf !e¸ ;f rsm;rmS bmomjyetf z@GJrS a&; om;xm;csufrsm; jzpfonf? “uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf;onf 0dZ…menf;us uGefjrLepf 107

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f 0g'. }u;D rm;aomvyk if e;f pOf pmwr;f jzpaf y.? AD tikd f veD iuf ‘Tpmtyk f i,of nf usr;f aygi;f pwkH cvk ;kH wr# wezf ;kd &adS yon?f ,Oaf us;aomurmB &dS pnf;±Hk;r_&Sdonfh wdkufyGJ 0ifypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; w&yfvHk;onf ,ae@wdkif ‚.pdwf\"mwfay:wGif &Sifoef v_yf&Sm;aeayonf’ [k a&;om;cJhonf? “um;vfrmhufpfESifh z&uf'&pftdef*,fwdk@u uGefjrLepftzGJ@csKyf. vyk if e;f pOtf jzpf ueG jf rLepyf gwaD =unmpmwr;f ukd a&;om;c=hJu+y;D 1848 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif pmrsufESm 23 rsufESmyg&Sdaom pmtkyfi,ftjzpf t*Fvefjynf vef'efòr@wGif yHkESdyfxkwfa0vdkufonf? 1848 ckESpf rwvf rS Zvl ikd vf twiG ;f *smretf rsK;d om; Eikd if aH &;cvkd oH_ rl sm;. Eikd if aH &;aºu;a=umf oHjzpfaom *smref- vef'ef owif;pmwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjycJh.? ‚ESpf rSmyif pmrsufESm 30 yg&Sdaom pmtkyfi,ftjzpf xyfrHxkwfa0cJhonf? yxrt}udrfxkwfa0&mwGif yg&Sdaeonfh yHkESdyfpmvHk; trSm;tcsKd@ESifh pm tjzwftawmufrsm;udk jyifqifcJhonf? ‚pmrludk aemifwGif rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fwdk@. oabmwlcGihfðycsufjzifh xkwfa0rnfh yHkESdyfjcif;rsm;twGuf tajccHtjzpfxm;&Sdonf? 1848 ckESpfwGif a=unmpmwrf;udk Oa&my bmomrsm; (jyiof p/f yvkd e/f twD v/D 'wcf s/f zvr;f rpEf iS hf q'DG ibf mom) jzifh bmomjyeqf =kd uon?f 1848 cEk pS f yEkH ydS jf ci;f rsm;wiG f a=unmpmwrf; a&;om;o.l trnrf sm;ukd azmjfyrxm;ay? owl @kd.trnuf kd 1850 cEk pS wf iG f yxrq;kH azmjf ycohJ nrf mS t*vF ejf ynf csm;wppf vf y_ &f mS ;r._ aºu;a=umof H &u&f yD wyf vpuf if *sme,wf iG f yg&odS nhf t*vF yd bf momjyewf iG f jzpof n?f ed'gef;udk ‚*sme,f. t,f'Dwm a*smh- *sLvD,ef[mae u a&;om; cJhonf? “1872 cEk pS wf iG f rmuh pf Ef iS hf ted *f ,wf @kdu ten;f i,jf yiqf iuf m olwdk@ ESpfOD;a&;om;xm;aom ed'gef;rsm;ESifhtwl a=unmpmwrf;udk *smrefbmomjzifh topfwzef yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhayonf? ‚onf 1883 cEk pS rf S 1890 cEk pS tf xd xwk f a0cahJ om *smrebf mom yEkH ydS jf ci;f rsm;twikd ;f uGefjrLepfa=unmpmwrf;[l aom acgif;pOfjzifh ay:xGufvmcJh.? “1883 cEk pS f um;vf rmuh pf f u,G vf eG +f y;D onahf emuf ted *f ,.f 108

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f ppfaq;wnf;jzwfr_jzifh t}udrfrsm;pGm xkwfa0cJhonf? 1888 ckESpfwGif q,fjrL&,frdk; bmomjyefaom t*Fvdyfbmom yHkESdyfjcif;udk tdef*,fu ppaf q;um e'd ge;f EiS hf rwS cf surf sm; a&;om;cohJ n?f 1890 cEk pS wf iG f ted *f ,.f ed'gef;topfjzifh *smrefbmomyHkESdyfjcif; xGufay:vmcJhonf? aemufqHk; yEkH ydS jf ci;f wiG vf n;f ted *f ,uf rwS cf sutf csK@da&;om;on?f 1885 cEk pS wf iG f qdk&S,fvpf *sme,fY rmhufpf.orD;jzpfol avmf&m- vmzwfu bmomjyeaf om jyiof pbf momjzihf a=unmpmwr;f ukd yEkH ydS xf wk af 0c&hJ m ‚bmomjyefudk tdef*,fu ppfaq;cJh.? tdef*,fonf 1892 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhaom ydkvefbmomyHkESdyfjcif;ESifh 1893 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhaom twD vbD mom yEkH ydS jfci;f rsm;twuG f e'd ge;f rsm; a&;om;xm;cahJ yon”f ? (rmuh pf /f ted *f ,f usr;f aygi;f p/kH 'wk ,d yEkH ydS jfci;f / tw-JG 4/ armpf u/kd 1955 cEk pS /f ±&k mS ;bm om pmrsufESm 573) ,ckxkwfa0aom “uGefjrLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;” Armbm omjyewf iG f bmompum;csi;f ujJGym;jcm;em;r/_ veG cf ahJ om EpS af ygi;f 100 ausmfu ordkif;a=umif;tajctaersm;tay: em;vnfcsuf rjynfhpHkr_ w@kda=umihf tcutf crJ sm; &adS eygon?f x@kda=umihf pmzwof l &aJ bmrf sm;u a0zefcsufESifh xifjrifcsufrsm; ay;=uapvdkayonf? 109

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f &Sif;vif;csuf 1? &uf&Dywfyvpfuif (teDa&mif orRw*dk%f;om;) onf csm; wpfpf v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifolrsm;. tywfpOf*sme,f jzpfonf? ‚*sme,fudk a*smh [mae u 1850 cEk pS f/ ZeG vf rS E0kd ibf mv txd yEkH ydS xf wk af 0cohJ n?f 1850 cEk pS /f E0kd ibf mvxwk f *sme,f trSwf 21 rS 24 wGif uGefjrLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf; yxr qHk;aom t*Fvdyfbmomjyefqdkcsufudk *smr%DjynfuGefjrL epfygwD. a=unmpmwrf; [laom trnfjzifhxkwfa0cJh.? (EmS - 18) 2? qdk&S,fvpf*sme,fonf tifwmae&Sife,f jyifopfXmepdwf. aºu;a=umof H tywpf O*f sme,f jzpof n?f e,;l a,muòf r@Y 1871 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvrS 1873 ckESpf/ arvtxd jyifopf bmomjzihf xwk af 0cohJ n?f ‚*sme,of nf tiwf mae&iS ef ,.f ajrmutf ar&ud wukd f zu'f a&;&iS ;f twiG ;f &dS \"e&iS Ef iS hf \"e&iS f aygupf tpwd tf yikd ;f rsm;ukd axmucf cH .hJ ? 1872 cEk pS /f puwf if bmv [dwf*fòr@wGif usif;yaom uGef*&ufaemufydkif;wGif tif wmae&Sife,fESifh tquftoG,f jzwfcJhonf? uGefjrLepf ygwDa=unmpmwrf;udk ‚*sme,fwGif 1872 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D vEiS hf azazm0f g&vD wiG f yEHk ydS xf wk af 0cohJ n?f (EmS - 18) 110

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f 3 ? uvkd akd um (acgif;avmif;) ±k&Sm; jynfa[mif;wGif tvkyform; vlwef;pm; wyfOD;ygwD ray:aygufrDtcsdefu 'Drdkua&pDawmf veS af &;orm;rsm;. aºu;a=umof H owi;f pm. trnjf zpof n?f 1857 cEk pS /f Zvl ikd vf rpS +y;D ve'f eòf r@EiS *hf seD AD mòr@rsm;wiG f xwk af 0 um ±k&Sm;jynfxJodk@ jzef@csdcJhonf? xif&Sm;aom acwfa[mif; ±&k mS ;pma&;q&m [mZiof nf ‚owi;f pmxwk af 0aom ‘vwG f vyof nhf ±&k mS ;pmyEkH ydS wf ukd ’f ukd pwif wnaf xmif owl O;D jzpcf hJ on?f (EmS - 21) 4 ? *wcf s;D em;onf ,cqk Akd ,D u,f el ,D H veD i*f &uòfr@ (acwaf [mi;f yxD ±*dk &uòfr@) taemuaf wmibf u&f dS t&yaf 'otrnf jzp.f ? 1881 cEk pS /f rwvf 13 &uf ae@wiG f 'wk ,d ajrmuf tvuZf i;f 'g; Zmb&k if vyk }f uoH wjf zwcf &H +y;D aemuf ww,d ajrmuf tvuZf i;f 'g; Zmb&k irf mS vyk }f uH owjf zwcf &H rnuf kd a=umuf &GH@ojzifh ykef;atmif;aeaomae&mudk &nf!¸ef;jcif;jzpfonf? (EmS - 22) 5? atmhAf&SDem;onf vlxkudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfaom aus;vuftzGJ@ tpn;f [k t\"yd m` ,&f .? a&;S O;D btkH z@GJ v@ltz@JGtpn;f . tapm yikd ;f umv tqirhf sm;wiG f &odS nhf v,of rm; ajr,m bykH ikd qf ikd rf _ pepfjzpfonf? Tpepfonf rwlaomo¿mef trsKd;rsKd;jzifh ±k&Sm;jynfa[mif;tygt0if tcsKd@wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif ESpfq,f&m pkESpftxd &SdcJoh n?f (EmS - 23) 6? uvkd ;kH òr@ ueG jfrLeptf rp_ paf q;jci;f (1852 cEk pS f/ atmuwf bkd mv 4 &ufae@rS Edk0ifbmv 12 &ufae@xd) rSm y&yf&Sm;tpdk;&u vyk }fuzH ewf ;D cahJ om tr_wckjzpfonf? ‚tpdk;&onf rmhufpf/ tdef*,fwdk@u acgif;aqmifum uGefjrLepfygwD a=unm pm 111

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f wrf; ukd rrd vd yk if e;f pOf tjzpxf m;&adS om ypnP ;f rhJ vwl e;f pm;. yxr EdkifiHwumhuGefjrLepf tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonfh uGefjrLepf toi;f csKyf (1847- 52) tz@JG0if 11 a,muuf kd zr;f q;D cohJ n?f owl @kdtm; ‘Eikd if aH wmf opmP azmurf ’_ [al om pcGJ sujf zihf w&m; ciG wf if ppaf q;cohJ n?f twtk a,mif pm&uG f pmwr;f ouaf o rsm;jzifh w&m;±Hk;u uGefjrLepftoif;csKyf tzGJ@0if 7 OD;udk 3 EpS rf S 6 EpS tf xd axmi'f %af y;c.hJ ? rmuh pf Ef iS hf ted *f ,wf @kdonf T tr_ppfaq;jcif;ESifh y&yf&Sm;ykvdyfrsm;u EdkifiHwumh tvkyf orm;v_yf&Sm;r_udk qef@usifaom aumufuspfr_rsm;udk tukef tpizf iG chf swukd cf ukd cf ohJ n?f (EmS - 27) 7? 1887 cEk pS f/ qrG qf ;D òr@wGif usi;f yaom tvyk of rm;or*~ ueG f *&uYf OuÏU jzpof l 'AvsL AAD if ajym=um;cahJ om red @fceG ;f ukd u;kd um; xm;jci;f jzpof n?f AAD i.f red @fceG ;f ukd 1887 cEk pS /f puwf ibf mv 17 &uaf e@xwk f ueG rf eG ;f 0;D vf *sme,wf iG f xnhf oiG ;f azmjfycohJ n?f (EmS - 29) 8? 0;l '[f m;vEf iS hf uvmzviof nf e,l;a,mufòr@wGif 1870 ckESpf rS 1876 ckESpftxd \"e&Sifvlwef;pm; trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&; awmif;qdkolrsm;u xkwfa0aom tar&duef*sme,f trnfjzpf on?f 1871 cEk pS /f 'ZD ibf mv 30 &uaf e@xwk f ‚*sme,wf iG f uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf;udk jzwfawmufI azmfjycJhonf? (EmS - 29) 9? uGef*&ufydkvef rSm 1814- 1815 ckESpf AD,memuGef*&uf q;kH jzwcf surf sm;t& yvkd ebf &k iEhf ikd if [H al om w&m;0itf rnjf zihf ±&k mS ;jynaf [mi;f o@kd ay;xm;&aom ydkvefjynf. wpdwfwydkif; jzpfonf? (EmS - 44) 112

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f 10? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “ydkvefudkcsKyfxdef;aom umuG,fr_ taumucf eG pf epf usiohf ;kH &ef awmi;f qvkd ukd jf ci;f ” [k yg&odS n?f (EmS - 45) 11? tv,facwfqdkonfrSm a&S;acwf/ tv,facwf/ acwfopfwdk@ teuf wckudkqdkvdkayonf? tv,facwfonf c&pfouU&mZf 1000 ckESpfrS 1400 ckESpftwGif; umvydkif;jzpf.? acwfopf qdkonfrSm acwfumvydkif;jcm;r_. t\"dy`m,fudk qdkvdkjcif;jzpf+yD; 14 &mpak emuyf ikd ;f Oa&mywukd wf iG f ya'o&mZvf ,uf |epf epuf kd weG ;f veS af om awmvf eS af &;rsm;EiS thf wl t&i;f &iS pf ;D ymG ;a&;pepf ay:xGef;vmaomumvrS ,ae@xd umvydkif;wckvHk;udk qdkvdk on?f (EmS - 53) 12? ya'o&mZf pufr_vkyfief;qdkonfrSm zGH@òz;aomt&if;&Sifpepf pufr_vkyfief; r[kwf/ vufr_trsm;ydkif;ESifh pufud&d,m wpdwf wyikd ;f yg0iaf om xwk vf yk af &;ukd qvkd okd n?f (EmS - 54) 13? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “qufqHa&;rsm;” [k yg&Sdonf? aemufydkif; pmrsufESmrsm;wGifvnf; Ttwdkif;awG@&Sd&onf? (EmS - 62) 1 4 ? *smrebf mom pmr&l i;f wiG f “trsK;d or;D rsm;EiS hf uav;rsm;” [k yg&Sdonf? (EmS - 64) 15? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “aiGacs;pm;oluav;rsm;” [k yg&odS n?f (EmS - 65) 16? *smrefbmompmrl&if;wGif“tvkyform;rsm;onf \"e&Sifxkwf 113

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f vkyfa&; ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udkomru xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,m rsm;udkvnf; xdk;ESufwdkufcdkuf=uonf” [k yg&Sdonf? (EmS - 65) 17? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “tvkyform;or*~rsm;” [laom pum;vHk; ryg&Sday? (ESm- 67) 18? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “twdtvif;ykefuefr_rsm;” [k yg&odS n?f (EmS - 67) 19? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “olwdk@udk,fydkifynma&;” [k yg&Sd onf? (ESm- 68) 20? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “rsm;jym;vSaom ynma&; tpdwf tyikd ;f rsm;” [k yg&odS n?f (EmS - 68) 21? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “tv,ftvwftv$m” [k yg&odS n?f (EmS - 69) 22? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif“avvGifhaeaom ypPnf;rJhrsm;” [yk g&odS n?f (EmS - 69) 23? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “udk,fydkiftod&Sdaom” [laom pum;vHk; ryg&Sday? (ESm- 70) 24? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “wOD;csif;yk*~dKvfrsm;vufwGif OpPm\"epkyHkaejcif;/ t&if;tESD; jzpfwnfvmjcif;ESifh wdk;yGm; vm jci;f ” [k yg&odS n?f (EmS - 72) 114

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f 25? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “xl;jcm;aom” [k yg&Sdonf? (EmS - 73) 26? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “ypPnf;rJhygwDrsm;” [k yg&Sdonf? (EmS - 73) 27? jyifopfawmfvSefa&; qdkonfrSm 1789 ckESpf 1794 ckESpftxd jzpfyGm;aom jyifopf \"e&SifawmfvSefa&;udk qdkvdkonf? ‚ awmvf eS af &;onf ya'o&mZof uOf ;D qyH ikd pf epuf kd acsre_ ;f ypuf m jyiof pjf ynwf iG f t&i;f &iS pf epf w;kd ymG ;a&;twuG f vr;f ziG ahf y;c.hJ ? odk@aomf jyifopf\"e&Sif}uD;rsm;onf awmfvSefa&;. toD;tyGifh rsm;udk tydkifpD;+yD; tm%m odrf;,l vdkuf=uonf? (EmS - 74) 28? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “wOD;uwOD;udk aoG;pkyfr_ tay: wiG ”f [k yg&odS n?f (EmS - 74) 29? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “ypPnf;rJhrsm;. tvkyf” yg xyfrH jznfhpGuf azmfjyxm;onf? (EmS - 75) 30? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “tv,ftvwfvlwef;pm;” qakd om pum;v;kH ryg&adS y? (EmS - 78) 3 1 ? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “ynma&;” [k yg&Sdonf? (EmS - 79) 32? *smrebf mom pmr&l i;f wiG f “yikd qf ikd rf q_ uqf aH &;” [k yg&odS n?f (EmS - 79) 115

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f 33? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “tvkyform;rsm;wGif tzwdkif; jynrf &”dS [k yg&odS n?f (EmS - 82) 3 4 ? *smrebf mom pmr&l i;f wiG f “trsK;d om;. acgi;f aqmivf wl e;f pm;” qdkaom pum;vHk;tpm; “trsKd;om;qdkif&m vlwef;pm;” [k yg&odS n?f (EmS - 82) 35? *smrebf mom pmr&l i;f wiG f “tb\"d rmR ” pum;v;kH tjyif “Eikd if aH &;” [al om pum; v;kH yg&odS n?f (EmS - 83) 36? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “vlr_a&;tm%ma[mif;udk quf vufwdkufcdkuf&ef vdktyfvmayonf” [laom pmydk'f ryg&Sday? Tae&mwGif vlr_a&;rSm vl@tzGJ@tpnf; [kvnf; t\"dy`m,f &ayonf? (ESm- 85) 37? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “ajr,mydkifqdkifr_udk tydkifpD;jcif;ESifh ajrqcD rsm;ukd Eikd if aH wmf to;kH p&wd of @kdtyEf jHS ci;f ” [k yg&odS n?f (EmS - 85) 38? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “wjynfvHk;wGif vlOD;a&ydkrdkr#wpGm jzef@cGJjcif;tm;jzifh” [laom pmydk'fryg&Sday? (EmS - 86) 39? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “uav;oli,ftm;vHk;udk vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;u ynmoif=um;a&;ESifh tcrJhynmoif=um;r_” [k yg&odS n?f (EmS - 86) 40? *smrebf mom pmr&l i;f wiG f “±yk 0f wKˆ xwk vf yk af &;” [k yg&odS n?f (EmS - 86) 4 1 ? *smrebf mompmr&l i;f wiG “f t=ur;f zurf ”_ [k yg&odS n?f (EmS - 86) 116

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f 42? jyifopfvuf*sDwrpf (w&m;0if) 0g'Drsm;onf 1792 ckESpfwGif òzcscvH ukd &f aom ajr&iS }fu;D rsm;EiS hf txuwf e;f pm; bek ;f }u;D rsm;. tusK;d p;D ymG ;ukd u,kd pf m;ðyonhf abmbf eG f ri;f quuf kd axmucf =H u orl sm; jzp=f uon?f 1830 cEk pS wf iG f ‚ ri;f quuf kd 'wk ,d t}urd f weG ;f veS +f y;D onahf emuwf iG f owl @kdonf ygwzD @JG pn;f c.hJ ? b¾m&iS f ri;f nrD i;f om;EiS hf \"e&iS }f u;D vwl e;f pm;ukd a'guwf ikd tf jzpf xm;&dS aom atmfvD,Gefrif;qufudk qef@usif&mwGif ‚0g'D wpdwf wyikd ;f onf vrl a_ &;jy\\emrsm;wiG f r=umc%vrd vf nf 0g'jze@f =uon?f owl @kdonf \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;ao;G pyk rf r_ S vyk of m; rsm;ukd umuG,folrsm; jzpfav[ef aqmif=uonf? (EmS - 89) 4 3 ? ,e;f t*vF ef (Eyk sKad omt*vF ejfyn)f onf t*vF ejfynf w&kd yD gwD (,ck uGefqmaA;wpfygwD) ESifh ywfoufaom EdkifiHa&;orm;/ pmayorm; tyk pf jk zp+f y;D 1840 cEk pS f tapmyikd ;f wiG f z@JGpn;f cohJ n?f \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;. p;D ymG ;a&;/ Eikd if aH &;titf m; }u;D xmG ;vmrw_ @kd tay: ajr,m ri;f nrD i;f om;rsm;. rausrcsr;f jzprf u_ kd ‚w@kdu xif[yfjy=uonf? ‚tpkonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tay: =oZm&Sd&efESifh \"e&Sifqef@usifa&;wdkufywGJ Gif tvkyform;vlwef; pm;udk toHk;cs&eftwGuf vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;aom enf;rsm;udk usifhoHk;=uonf? (EmS - 89) 4 4 ? *smrebf mom pmr&l i;f wiG f “purf v_ yk if e;f wn;f [al om opyf irf S aºuusvmaom” [lonhfpmydk'f ryg&Sday? (EmS -90) 45? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif ‚pma=umif;ESifhqufvsuf “ppfrSef aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh ywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ vlom;wdk@. tESpfom&udk taumiftxnfazmfa&;ESifh ywfoufIvnf; aumif; t\"dy`m,fr&Sdaom awG;awmr_rsm;tjzpf rv$JraoG ay: 117

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f vm& awmhonf” [laom pma=umif;yg&Sdonf? 1872 ckESpf/ 1883 EiS hf 1890 cEk pS f yEkH ydS jf ci;f rsm;wiG f Tpma=umi;f ukd “vol m; wdk@. tESpfom&udk taumiftxnfazmfa&;ESifh ywfoufI t\"dy`m,fr&Sdaom awG;awmr_rsm;tjzpf rvGJraoG ay:vm& awmhonf” [k a&;om;xm;onf? (ESm- 93) 46? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “tcpm;tvkyf” [k yg&Sdonf? (EmS - 98) 47? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “ðyjyifa&;” [laom pum;vHk; ryg&adS y? (EmS - 99) 48? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “awmESifh ò[email protected]@usifbufjzpfr_” [k yg&odS n?f (EmS - 101) 49? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “tem*wf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh ywfoufaom olwdk@. tðyoabm wifjycsufrsm;” [k yg&Sd on?f (EmS - 102) 50? csm;wpfpfv_yf&Sm;r_ (t*Fvdyfpum;vHk; csmwmrSvmonf? tyk cf sKyaf &;tm%myikd rf sm;u pmjzihf a&;om;um ay;tyvf ukd of nhf tcGifhta&;rsm;[k t\"dy`m,f&onf? 1837 ckESpfrS 1847 ckESpftwGif;wGif Oya'ðyjyif&ef awmif;qdkaom v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0iof rl sm;. awmi;f qckd sujf zpof nhf “jynof @lcsmwm” pum;v;kH rS qi;f ouvf mon?f Tvy_ &f mS ;rw_ iG f yg0iof rl sm;ukd csm;wppf f [kvnf;aumif;/ ‚0g'udk csm;wpfpf0g'[kvnf;aumif; ac: a0:on)f rmS Eikd if wH umh tvyk f orm;vy_ &f mS ;ro_ rikd ;f wiG f yxr q;kH t}urd f ypnP ;f rvhJ wl e;f pm;. vxl vk u%Q m aqmiaf om 118

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f awmfvSefonfh EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfonf? ‚v_yf&Sm;r_onf 1830 ckESpf tv,fydkif;ESifh 1840 ckESpf tukefumvtwGif; t*FvefjynfwGif jzpfay:cJhonf? tvkyform;rsm;. qdk;0g;vS aom pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeESifh 1832 ckESpf ygvDrefpepf ðyjyif a&;tay: rauseyrf _ (‚ygvrD ef ðyjyiaf &;onf \"e&iS f vwl e;f pm;udkom tcGihfta&; ydkrdkay;cJhonf) a=umifh jzpf vmonf? csm; wpfpfv_yf&Sm;r_. yxr uGef*&ufudk 1839 ckESpf azazmf 0g&DvwGif ðyvkyfcJh.? rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fwdk@onf csm;wpfpf v_yf&Sm;r_. vuf0J*dk%f; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk 'Drdkua&pD awmif; qdkcsufrsm;ESifh qdk&S,fvpf0g'ta&; wdkufyGJudk aygif;pyfay;&ef !¸efjycJhayonf? csm;wpfpfv_yf&Sm;r_onf t*Fvefjynf vl@tzGJ@ tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_tay: tawmftwef *,uf±kdufr_udk jzpfaponf? tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;onf rwwfomojzifh trsKd; orD;ESifh vli,frsm;. tvkyfcsdefudk 10 em&Dodk@ av#mhcsonfh Oya'ukd 1847 cEk pS wf iG f jyÏme;f ay;c&hJ on?f Tpmtyk f pmrsuf EmS 78 yxrty'kd wf iG f ‚tcsuuf kd azmjf yxm;on?f (EmS - 103) 51? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “vlwef;pm;” qdkaom pum;vHk; rygbJ “tvkyform;ygwDrsm;” [k a&;om;xm;onf? (EmS - 104) 52? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “wnf&Sdaeaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf; pepwf cvk ;kH ” [k yg&odS n?f (EmS - 106) 53? *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “wdkif;jynftm;vHk;&Sd ypPnf;rJhrsm; ao;G pn;f =uavmh!” [k yg&odS n?f (EmS - 106) 119

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f trnft!¸ef; umbuf (tuwf ed ef D umbu/f 1788- 1856) jyiof pf pwd uf ;l *&Gef ,OfuGefjrKepf0g'D wOD;jzpfonf? “tDum&D,mc&D;pOf” trn&f dS pmtyk uf kd a&;om;chJ ojlzpof n?f (EmS - 31) (um;vf-oD,dk'dk *&Gef/ 1817- 1887) *smref\"e&Sif aygufp pma&;q&mjzpfonf? 1840 ckESpf tv,fydkif; wiG f “pprf eS af om” q&kd ,S vf p0f g'ukd t\"ud u,kd pf m;ðy ol wO;D jzpof n?f (EmS - 97) pdef@-qkdifrGef ([ief &uD avm'h f ped @f- qikd rf eG /f 1760- 1825) jyiof pf jynf pwd uf ;l ,Of q&kd ,S vf p0f g'ukd a&@Saqmiof l wO;D jzpf on?f rmuh pf 0f g' ray:aygurf D umvY ‚onf \"e&iS f tb\"d rmR / \"e&iS vf rl a_ &;EiS hf t&i;f &iS f pepuf kd a0zeuf m urBmwGif t&if;&Sifqdk&S,fvpfpepf xlaxmifa&;udk tyd rf u˜f rucf ohJ n?f ‚onf t&i;f &iS pf ep.f tEpS of m &udkem;rvnf/ qdk&S,fvpf0g' vrf;a=umif;udkvnf; rawG@jrifcJhay? (EmS - 99) qpfpfrGef'D (*sif- csm;vf qdkifrGef'D 'D qpfpfrGef'D/ 1773- 1842) qGpfZmvefjynfrS abm*aA'ynm&Sif wOD;jzpfonf? \"e&iS af ygupf tjrijf zihf t&i;f &iS pf epuf kd a0zecf ohJ l jzpf onf? (ESm- 92) Zql;vpfcsf (bJ&mtDAefaemhzfem; Zql;vpfcsf/ 1849- 1919) 120

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f ±k&Sm;jynfwGif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; wyfOD;ygwD r&Sdao; rDumvY ay:aygufvmaom ea&mh'fepf (jynfol@) vy_ &f mS ;rw_ iG f xi&f mS ;aom trsK;d or;D wO;D jzp.f ? 1883 ckESpf qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;wGif rmhufpf0g' avhvmjyef@yGm;a&; “tvkyform; vGwfajrmufa&;” trn&f adS om ygwtD puk kd wnaf xmi&f mY yg0iaf qmif &uG cf ohJ n?f rmuh pf Ef iS hf ted *f ,wf @kdu orl xoH @kd oabm w&m;a&;&m jy\\emESifh ywfoufaom pmrsm;a&;ydk@cJh onf? ‚onf tdef*,fa&;om;aom pdwful;,OfESifh 0Zd m… en;f us q&kd ,S vf p0f g'ukd ±&k mS ;bmom jyeqf kd cohJ n?f 1900 cEk pS f ygwrD vS #K@d0uS xf wk af 0aom oabmw&m;a&; owi;f pm “tpuf &m;” (r;D ymG ;) EiS hf “Zm;&m;” (t±k%fO;D ) w@kd. t,'f wD mtz@JG0if wO;D jzpcf ohJ n?f ±&k mS ;jynqf &kd ,S f 'Drdku&ufwpf tvkyform;ygwD 'kwd,uGef*&ufwGif veD iaf cgi;f aqmiaf om aAm&f ADS pEf iS hf veD i0f g'. qe@fusif bufjzpfaom rif&SDApf[lI oabmw&m;a&;&m uGJvGJ &mY Zql;vpfcsfonf rif&SDApftpk. acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfonf? yxr urBmppfyGJ umvY qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g' (\"e&iS tf rsK;d om;a&;0g') buwf iG f &ywf ncf uhJ m r[m atmuwf bkd m q&kd ,S vf paf wmvf eS af &;ukd raxmucf oH l jzpof mG ;on?f (EmS - 29) 'g0if (csm;vf a&mbwf 'g0i/f 1809- 1882) Z0D aA'qikd &f m aygufyGm;r_ESifh wdk;yGm;r_o¿mefrsm;udk pwifawG@&Sdol t*Fvdyf\"e&Sifvlwef;pm; 0dZ…mynm&Sif}uD; jzpfonf? ‚u ou&f odS w0W gEiS hf opyf irf sm;onf tqurf jywf jzpfay: wdk;yGm;ajymif;vJaea=umif;/ o¿mefopfrsm; 121

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f jzpaf y:aea=umi;f / vrl sm;onf v0l rH S wpwp ajymi;f vJ oufqif;vma=umif;rsm;udk racsyEdkifaom taxmuf txm;rsm;jzifh &Sif;vif; jyocJhonf? urBmavmuESifh vol m;rsm;ukd rnof nehf wbf &k m;urS rzeqf i;f a=umi;f azmfjyum bmoma&;oif=um;csuf tm;vHk;udk acsycJh .? o@kdaomf 'g0iof nf rrd .d 0Zd m… ynmukd obm0e,f y,fwGifom uef@owfxm;&Sd+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfay: wdk;yGm;vmr_udk tjynfht0&Sif;vif;rjyEdkifcJhay? rmhufpf/ ted *f ,wf @kdonf 'g0i.f oabmw&m;ukd tEk yËad vm r ordkif;±kyf0g'tjrifjzifh jynfhpHkatmif jzpfay: wdk;yGm; vukd of n?f (EmS - 32) 'efaw (t,fvD*,f&D 'efaw/ 1265- 1321) tDwvDvlrsKd; uAsmq&mESifh tDwvDpmay. u¾opfudk pwifzGifh vpS vf ukd of l jzpof n?f v,f u|ef pepuf ek qf ;kH awmrh nhf acwfumvY ajymifajrmufaom ta&;tom;jzifh uAsm&Snf}uD;rsm;udk oDukH;a&;om;cJhonf? 'efaw. uAsmrsm;onf urBmh pmayordkif;wGif *EW0ifpmayrsm; jzpfvmcJhonf? (EmS - 49) yvufuaemhzf (*&D*dk &DAvefwDEdk;Apf yvufuaemhzf/ 1856- 1918) ±&k mS ;jynwf iG f rmuh pf 0f g'ukd pwijfze@fjzL;o/l 0g'jze@fcsod El iS hf ±kyf0g'tbd\"rRmynm&Sif wOD;jzpfonf? 1903 ckESpf ±&k mS ;jynf q&kd ,S 'f rD ukd &uwf pf tvyk of rm;ygw.D 'wk ,d uGef*&uf +yD;onfhaemufrSpI vDeif0g'ESifh qef@usif bufjzpfaom rif&SDApftacsmif0g'udk &yfwnfol jzpf oGm;onf? (EmS - 29) 122

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f ya&muf'Gef; (yD&m *sKd;Zuf ya&muf'Gef;/ 1809- 1865) jynfopf pma&;q&m odrfzsif;aomabm*aA'/ vlr_a&;ynm &SifESifh \"e&Sifaygufp oabmw&m;a&;q&m wOD;jzpf on?f rmuh pf 0f g'EiS hf qe@fusibf uf ri;f r0hJ g'ukd pwiwf D xiG of l wO;D jzpof n?f (EmS - 97) zkd;&D;,m; (csm;vf z;kd &;D ,m;/ 1772- 1837) jyiof pjf ynf pwd uf ;l ,Oqf &kd ,S vf p0f g'ukd a&@Saqmiof l wO;D jzpof n?f ‚onf t=ur;f zuaf wmvf eS af &;ukd qef@usifum rdrd. tawG; tac:rsm;udk +idrf;csrf;pGm 0g'jzef@csdjcif;jzifh tem*wfqdk &S,fvpf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk pnf;±Hk;Edkifonf[k pdwful; ,Of ,ql on?f (EmS - 99) rkd; (q,fjrL&,f rdk;/ 1830- 1912) rmhufpfa&;om;aom t&if;usrf;ESifh uGefjrL epfygwDa=unmpmwrf;udk t*F vdyfbmomodk@ bmomjyefqdkcJhol jzpfonf? rmhufpf/ ted *f ,wf @kd. rwd af qwG O;D jzpof n?f (EmS - 34 ) vmaq; (zm'eD ef vmaq;/ 1825- 1864) *smre\"f e&iS af ygupf qdk&S,fvpf0g'DESifh EdkifiHwumhtvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_ twGif;&Sd vuf,mtacsmif0g' wrsKd;jzpfaom “vm aq;0g'” ukd wxD iG cf ohJ jlzp.f ? ‚onf *smr%jDynvf ;kH qdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJ@. OuUÏjzpfcJhonf? ‚onf tvyk of rm; vwl e;f pm; vy_ &f mS ;ru_ kd +ird ;f csr;f aom ygvD ref vGwfawmfYom uef@owfxm;&Sdonf? Oya'wGif; pnf;±Hk;a&;/ jynfvHk;u|wf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcGifh/ tvkyform; xkwfvkyfa&;tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;aomvrf; a=umi;f jzihf axmuyf ahH =u; airG sm;ay;aom Eikd if H awmf 123

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f wnfaxmifa&;/ Todk@tm;jzifh “vGwfvyfaom jynfoltm;vHk;. EdkifiHawmf” [laom vl@tzGJ@tpnf; opf jzpfEdkifonf[k vmaq; 0g'Drsm;u ,lq=uonf? ‚w@kdu v,of rm; vwl e;f pm;ukd azmuf jyeof rl sm;[k oabmxm;on?f vmaq;. Eikd if aH &;EiS hf oabmw&m; a&;&m trSm;rsm;udk rmhufpf. *okd mvyk if e;f pOf a0zef csuf ESifh vDeif. Eikd if aH wmEf iS hf awmvf eS af &; usr;f rsm;wiG f acsywukd cf ukd xf m;on?f (EmS - 28 ) 0ufwvif; (0Dvf[rf 0ufwvif;/ 1808- 1871) *smrefvuf r_ynmonf jzpfonf? *smrefpdwful;,Of wef;wla&; 0g'jzpfaom uGefjrLepf0g'. ay:vGifxif&Sm;qHk;aom u,kd pf m;v,S jf zpof n?f ‚onf z;kd &;D ,m; (txuwf iG f azmfjy+yD;) .=oZmt&Sdefoufa&mufr_udk cHcJh&onf? ( EmS - 31) [mZif (tvuZf i;f 'g; tAD eEf ;kd Apf [mZi/f 1812- 1870) acwf a[mif; ±k&Sm;jynfwGif xif&Sm;aom 'Drdkua&pDawmf vSefa&;orm;/ ±kyf0g'tbd\"rRmq&m/ pma&;q&mESifh owif;pmq&mjzpfonf? wdk;wufaom t,ltqrsm; udk pGJudkifum Zmbk&ifpepfudk qef@usifojzifh tzrf;cH e,fESifcHcJh&onf? ±k&Sm; jynfwGif ±kyf0g'usrf;rsm;udk a&;om;ðypkcJhonf? ±k&Sm;jynf 'Drdkua&pD awmfvSefa&; orm;rsm;. aºu;a=umfoHjzpfaom uvkd akd um (acgif; avmi;f ) owif;pmudkyHkESdyfonfh pmyHkEdSyfwdkufudk jynfy wGif wnfaxmifcJhol wOD;jzpfonf? [mZifonf 'Drdk ua&pD0g'rS cGJcGmum vpfb&,f0g'bufodk@ ,drf;,dkif oGm;cJh&mrS 1860 ckESpfrsm;wGif awmfvSefaom 'Drdk 124

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f ua&pD0g'twGuf &yfwnf oljzpfvma=umif; vDeif. [mZiftm;owd&jcif; aqmif;yg;wGif a&;om;xm; on?f (EmS - 29) tkd0if (a&mbwf tdk0if/ 1771- 1858) pdwful;,Of qdk&S,f vp0f g'ukd a&@Saqmiof l t*vF ejf ynf paumwh vejf ynf e,rf S purf v_ yk if e;f &iS }f u;D wO;D jzpof n?f ‚yikd f pu±f Hk wGif tvkyfcsdefav#mhcsay;jcif;/ uav;rsm;twGuf ausmi;f rsm; ziG ahf y;jci;f / uav;xed ;f Xme ziG vhf pS af y;jci;f rsm; ðycohJ n?f x@kdjyif Ttaw@G tñurH S pwd uf ;l ,Of ueG f jrLeppf epf ypkH uH kd a&;om;ðypck .hJ ? ‚u v@ltz@JG tpn;f . qif;&J'kuQrsm;onf t&if;&Sifpepfa=umifh[k rjrifbJ vlrsm;. rodem;rvnfr_a=umifh jzpfonfqdkum vl@ tzGJ@tpnf;. yËdyuQrsm;udk todynmjzef@jzL;ay;jcif; tm;jzihf u,G af ysmuof mG ;rn[f k ,ql c.hJ ? t=ur;f zuf awmvf eS af &;ukd r,=kH unof El iS hf tvyk of rm;vwl e;f pm; . orikd ;f qikd &f mtce;f ukd em;rvnof l jzpof n?f ‚. oabmw&m;rsm;onf pdef@-qdkifrGef/ zdk;&D;,m;wdk@uJh odk@yif 0dZ…menf;usqdk&S,fvpf0g'/ uGefjrLepf0g' ray: aygufrDumv. ordkif;qdkif&mjzpfpOfwGif yg0ifcJhay.? (EmS - 99) 125

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f 1973 ckESpf rwfv 5 &ufae@wGif pwif bm omjyefI 1976 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif wnf;jzwfonf? 1977 ckESpf pufwifbmv 20 &uf ae@wGif 'kwd,t}udrf pwif yHkESdyfum 'DZifbmvwGif yHkESdyf+yD;pD;onf? 2008 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 1 &ufae@wGif uGefjrLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf; ESpf 160 ajrmuf txdrf;trSwftjzpf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kd 0g'jzef@csda&;XmerS wwd,t}udrf ykHESdyfxkwfa0onf? 126