ကွန်မြူနစ်ပါတီကြေညာစာတမ်း

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f 1893 ckESpf tDwvDbmom yHkESdyfjcif;ed'gef; tDwvD pmzwfy&dowfodk@ uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf;udk yHkESdyfxkwfa0vdkufjcif;onf 1848 cEk pS f rwvf 18 &uf rvD eòfr@EiS hf bmviòfr@ awmvf eS af &;ae@&uEf iS hf wukd qf ikd af eon[f k q&kd ayvrd rhf n?f ,i;f w@kdonf tv,Af [wkd iG &f adS om wdkif;jynfESpfjynf. vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;rsm; jzpf=u.? wjynfonf Oa&mywdkuf. tv,fA[dkwGif wnf&Sd+yD;/ wjynfonf ajrxJyifv,f. tv,Af [wkd iG f wn&f odS n?f awmvf eS af &;rwikd rf uD xwkd ikd ;f jynEf pS jf ynf onf tuuJG tJG jym;jym;jzprf E_ iS hf jynwf iG ;f r+ird rf oujf zprf w_ @kda=umihf csnehf @J omG ;on?f To@kdjzihf jynyf p;kd r;kd ra_ tmuf usa&mucf ohJ n?f twD vjD ynf onf =op}w;D ,m;b&k i.f vuaf tmucf H jzpaf ecsed wf iG f *smr%D jynof nf xdkr#wdkuf±dkufr[kwfaomfjim;vnf; ±k&Sm;jynfh&Sif Zmbk&if. xrf;ydk; atmuof @kd tvm;wyl if usa&mucf ohJ n?f 1848 cEk pS f rwvf 18 &u.f tusK;d qurf sm;a=umihf twD vjDynEf iS hf *smr%jDynwf @kdonf T*%k of ud mQ rhJ r_rS vGwfuif;oGm;cJh=uonf? tu,fI 1848 ckESpfrS 1871 ckESpftxd TtrsK;d om;}u;D EpS &f yof nf jyevf nzf @GJpn;f +y;D aemuf rrd bd mom &ywf nf onqf vkd #if um;vrf muh pf f ajymqakd vh &odS nthf wikd ;f 1848 cEk pS f awmf vSefa&;udk ESdrfeif;cJhaomolrsm; udk,fwdkifyif ‚wdk@wGif qENr&Sdapumrl TawmfvSefa&;. aowrf;pmtwdkif; aqmif&Gufolrsm; jzpfvm=u aoma=umifh yifwnf;? TawmfvSefa&;onf ae&mwdkif;Y tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tvkyfjzpfonf? vrf;qHkvrf;cG cHuwkwfrsm; aqmufvkyfolESifh rdrd. touaf o;G ukd ay;cohJ rl mS tvyk of rm;vwl e;f pm;yijf zp.f ? y&J pf tvyk f 47

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f orm;rsm;omv#if tp;kd &ukd òzcs&i;f \"e&iS tf yk pf ;kd ru_ vkd n;f òzcs&ef tveG f wdus&Sif;vif;aom &nf&G,fcsuf&SdcJhonf? odk@aomf rdrdvlwef;pm;ESifh \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;t=um; ra&mS ivf EJ$ ikd of nhf &ebf ujfzprf _ wn&f adS eonuf kd od&Sdaomfvnf; wdkif;jynf. pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_onfvnf;aumif;/ jyifopftvkyform;xk. tod^m%fjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_onfvnf;aumif; vlr_jyefvnf ysKd;axmifa&; jzpfEdkifaponfhtqifhxd ra&muf&Sdao;ay? xdk@a=umifh t&if;ppfvdkufv#if awmfvSefa&;. atmifoD;atmifyGifhrsm;udk t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm;u qGwfcl;oGm;a=umif; awG@&ayrnf? tDwvD/ *smr%DESifh =op}wD;,m;paom tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif tvkyform;rsm; onf puwnf;u \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk tm%m&ap&ef vkyfay;jcif; r#omjzpf.? odk@aomf rnfonfhwdkif;jynfwGifrqdk trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&; r&bdS J \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm; tyk pf ;kd ro_ nf rjzpEf ikd af y? x@kda=umihf 1848 cEk pS f awmfvSefa&;onf tDwvD/ *smr%DESifh [efa*&Dwdk@xHodk@ ,cifu r&SdcJh ao;aom trsKd;om; pnf;vHk;r_ESifh trSDtcdkuif;r_wdk@udk wqufwnf; ,laqmifvm&awmhonf? ,ck ydkvefjynf. tvSnfhvnf; a&mufvm av+yD? odkf@jzifh 1848 ckESpf awmfvSefa&;onf qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; r[kwfonfhwdkifatmif ,if;u qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf jyifqif vrf;cif; ay;vdkufonf? vGefcJhaom 45 ESpfwmumvtwGif; \"e&Sif tkyfpdk;r_onf wdkif;jynftm;vHk;wGif t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;udk wGef;tm; ay;vdkufojzifh rsm;jym;aom/ pkpnf;xm;aom/ tiftm;}uD;rm;aom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;udk ae&mwumwGif zefwD;ay;vdkufay+yD? odk@jzifh a=u nmpmwrf;. to;kH tEe_ ;f twikd ;f q&kd aomf \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;onf rrd ud kd ajrjrK‡ yof +*Kõ [rf nohf rl sm;tm; ar;G xwk af y;vukd of n?f trsK;d om;wikd ;f tm; trSDtcdkuif;a&;ESifh aoG;pnf;a&;udk jyefvnfysKd;axmifray;bJ ypPnf;rJh vwl e;f pm;. Eikd if H wumah ygi;f pn;f a&; &&EdS ikd vf rd rhf nf r[wk af y? o@kdr[wk f TtrsKd;om;rsm;. wnl aD om &nrf eS ;f csurf sm;qoD @kd a&;S ±o_ nhf +ird ;f csr;f aom/ to&d adS om y;l aygi;f aqmi&f uG rf o_ nvf n;f rjzpEf ikd af y? 1848 cEk pS f 48

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f rwikd rf uD wn&f cdS ahJ om Eikd if aH &; ta=umi;f tcsurf sm;atmuwf iG f twD v/D [efa*&D/ *smref/ ydkvefESifh ±k&Sm;tvkyform;rsm;. EdkifiHwumhyl;wGJ vkyfaqmifr_ &SdEdkifygrnfavmqdkonfudk awG;=unfh=uprf;yg? o@kdjzihf 1848 cEk pS wf iG f wukd cf ukd cf ahJ om ppyf rJG sm;onf tcsn;f E;DS wukd cf ukd cf =hJ uonf r[wk af y? xakd wmvf eS af &; acwuf mvEiS hf u|eaf wmf w@kdt=um; umG vrS ;f cahJ om 45 EpS wf mumvonf tcsn;f E;DS uek vf eG of mG ; cohJ nrf [wk af y? awmvf eS af &; to;D tyiG rhf sm;um; &irhf nS ahf eay+y?D a=unm pmwrf; pmrl&if;u EdkifiHwumhawmfvSefa&;twGuf tusKd;ðycJhonfESifh tvm;wyl if T twD vbD mom jyeqf ckd suof nvf n;f twD vD ypnP ;f rhJ vwl e;f pm; atmiyf tJG wuG f twwd ef rd wd af umi;f jzpaf &;onf u|eaf wmf . qEyN iwf n;f ? a=unmpmwrf;onf twdwfu t&if;&Sifpepfyg0ifcJhaom awmfvSefonfhtcef;udk w&m;enf;vrf;uspGm tjynfht0 todtrSwfðy xm;on?f twD vD jynof nf yxrq;kH t&i;f &iS wf ikd ;f jynf jzpof n?f ya' o&mZtf v,af cw.f Zmwof rd ;f ce;f EiS hf acwof ptf &i;f &iS f acwuf mv. zGifhvSpfcef;udk tv,facwf. aemufqHk;uAsmq&mESifh acwfopf. yxrqHk;uAsmq&mjzpfaom tDwvDvlrsKd; 'efawqdkonfh y*k Kd~ v}f u;D jzihf rSwfwdkifxljyvdkufonf? 1300 ckESpfuJhodk@yif ,ae@wGif opfvGifaom ordkif;acwfumvodk@ csOf;eif;0ifa&mufvmav+yD? tDwvDjynfonf u|efawmfwdk@tm; 'efawuJhodk@aom yk*~dKvfopfwa,mufudk arG;xkwf ay;rnfavm? Tyk*~dKvfonf TopfvGifaom ypPnf;rJhacwfumv ar;G zmG ;vmonhf tcsdefem&Dudk rSwfwdkifxljyvdrfhrnfavm? z&pf'&pf tdef*,f 1893 cEk pS f azazm0f g&vD 1 &u/f ve'f eòf r@? 49

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f um;vfrmhufpf/ z&uf'&pf tdef*,f uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf; *smrefbmom pmrl&if; (Armbmomjyef) 1847cEk pS f 'ZD ibf mvEiS hf 1848 cEk pS f azazm0f g&vD Y 1848 cEk pS f Zeef 0g&vD twiG ;f ve'f eòf r@wiG f yxrt}urd f pmtyk f a&;om;on?f i,tf jzpf yEHk ydS xf wk af 0cohJ n?f 50

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f wap>}uD;waumifonf Oa&mywdkufwGif vSnfhvnfoGm;vmae ayon?f Twap}> u;D um; ueG jf rLep0f g'yijf zp.f ? yyk &f [e;f ri;f }u;D EiS hf Zm b&k i/f ruwf mepcf sEf iS hf *aD Zm/h jyiof p&f ,'f uD ,rf sm;EiS hf *smreyf vk yd f ovl #Kd rsm;[laom a[mif;EGrf;onfh Oa&mywdkuf&Sd tiftm;pktm;vHk;onf T wap>}uD;tm; armif;xkwfypfa&;twGuf olawmfpifr[mrdwfudk zGJ@pnf; vdkuf=uav+yD? tm%m&aeaom qef@usifbufrsm;u uGefjrLepf[k ±_wfcsjcif; rcH&aom twdkuftcHðyaeonfh ygwD[lI tb,frSm&SdtHhenf;? ydkrdk a&S@ wef;a&mufaom twdkuftcHygwDrsm;ESifhwuG ‚wdk@. azmufjyefaom &efbufrsm;udk uGefjrLepf0g'[k jyefvnfwHqdyfuyf pGyfpGJjcif;rðyonfh twdkuftcHygwD[lI tb,frSm &SdtHhenf;? Tjzpf&yfrS ed*Hk;ESpf&yfudk &&Sdvdkufayonf? 1? Oa&mywukd f titf m;ptk m;v;kH u ueG jf rLep0f g'ukd titf m;pk w&yftjzpf todtrSwfðy+yD;cJhay+yD? 2? ueG jf rLeprf sm;u rrd wd @kd.tjrirf sm;/ rrd wd @kd. &nrf eS ;f csurf sm; ESifh rdrdwdk@. }uH&G,fcsufrsm;udk wurBmvHk;a&S@arSmufwGif twdtvif; azmxf wk uf m rrd yd gw.D a=unmpmwr;f jzihf ueG jf rLep0f g'wap}> u;D qakd om ,Hkwrf;pum;udk qef@usif&ef tcsdefusa&mufvmay+yD? T&n&f ,G cf sujf zihf rwal omvrl sK;d to;D o;D rS ueG jf rLeprf sm;onf ve'f eòf r@wiG pf ak 0;=u+y;D atmuyf ga=unmpmwr;f ukd a&;qcJG ahJ y.? ‚ukd t*vF yd bf mom/ jyiof pbf mom/ *smrebf mom/ twD vbD mom/ zvr;f rpfbmom/ 'def;rwfbmomrsm;jzifh yHkESdyfxkwfa0&ef jzpfayonf? 51

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f tcef; (1) \"e&Sifrsm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;· ,ae@xuwf ikd f wn&f adS eaom v@ltz@GJtpn;f tm;v;kH . orikd ;f ·· onf vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJrsm;. ordkif;yif jzpfayonf? vwG vf yof El iS hf aus;u|e/f ri;f nrD i;f om;EiS hf vol mrerf sm;/ t&iS f · \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;qokd nrf mS vrl x_ wk vf yk af &; y&ad bm*rsm;ukd yikd qf ikd +fy;D tcpm;tvyk of rm;rsm;tm; cikd ;f pm;ol acwof ptf &i;f &iS f vwl e;f pm;jzpof n?f ypnP ;f rvhJ wl e;f pm;qokd nrf mS rrd ud ,kd yf ikd xf wk vf yk af &; y&ad bm*r&adS oma=umihf tou&f iS f aexikd &f ef rrd wd @kd.vyk tf m;ukd rvrJG aoaG &mi;f pm;&aom acwof pf tvyk of rm; vwl e;f pm; jzpof n?f (1888 cEk pS f t*vF yd bf mom yEkH ydS jfci;f t wuG f ted *f ,.f rwS cf su)f ·· qvkd okd nrf mS rwS wf r;f wixf m;aom orikd ;f tm;v;kH jzp.f ? 1847 cEk pS f wiG f v@ltz@JGtpn;f . orikd ;f rwikd rf uD mv/ rwS wf r;f wixf m;aom orikd ;f rwikd rf uD wn&f adS eonhf vrl t_ z@JGtpn;f ta=umi;f ukd v;kH 0rood avmuf jzpcf ahJ yon?f x@kdaemuf [uaf omqif qokd ul ±&k mS ;jynwf iG f ajr,mbykH ikd qf ikd rf u_ kd aw@G&cdS ohJ n?f arm&m;qokd ul usLawmeprf sK;d E,G f tm;v;kH .orikd ;f onf ajr,mbykH ikd qf ikd rf [_ ol nhf vrl a_ &;twk jf rpf tay:rS pwicf ahJ =umi;f EiS whf uG aus;vuaf jr,m bykH ikd qf ikd rf u_ kd tEd ,Nd jynrf S tikd ,f mvejfyntf xd ae&mwumwiG f a&;S O;D v@ltz@JGtpn;f o¿mef tjzpf aw@G&EdS ikd af =umi;f / o@krd [wk f wn&f cdS =huJ z;l a=umi;f ukd ouaf ojyvukd af yon?f rsK;d ±;kd . pprf eS af omobm0/ rsK;d ±;kd EiS hf rsK;d ±;kdwtl yk pf wk @kd. quqf aH &;ukd armf*ef qdkol. 52

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f ocifESifh v,fu|ef/ vufr_ynmonf· ESifh usyef;tvkyform;/ wcGef; wn;f EiS qhf &kd v#if zEd ydS of El iS hf zEd ydS cf rH sm;onf wO;D EiS whf O;D tpOtf +rJ qe@f usifbuf jzpfae=uum ykef;uG,fIwrsKd;/ twdtvif;jzifhwzHk tquf rjywfwdkufcdkufcJh=uonf? TwdkufyGJwdkif;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;udk awmfvSefaom jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif; odk@r[kwf wdkufcdkufaeaom vwl e;f pm;rsm;yg wygwn;f q;kH ±;H_ ysupf ;D jci;f w@kdjzihf tq;kH owaf v&h odS n?f ordkif;. tapmydkif;acwfumvrsm;wGif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk rwl aom vl@tv$mrsm;tjzpf ±_yfaxG;aom ae&mcsxm;r_w&yftjzpfvnf; aumi;f / rwal om vrl a_ &;tqihf avcS g;xprf sm;tjzpvf n;f aumi;f ae&m wdkif;wGif u|efawmfwdk@ awG@&avh&Sdonf? a&S;acwf a&mròr@wGif rif;nD rif;om;rsm;/ r–;rwfrsm;/ vlomrefrsm;/ aus;u|efrsm;&Sd=u+yD; tv,f acwf11 wGifrl ya'o&mZft&Sifocifrsm;/ òr@pm;e,fpm;rsm;/ vufr_ynm onrf sm; usyef;tvyk of rm;rsm;/ vurf t_ vyk of irf sm;EiS hf v,uf |erf sm; [Il &=dSuayon?f Tvwl e;f pm; tm;v;kH e;D e;D wiG f vuaf tmucf tH qirhf sm; xyrf IH &adS eon?f ya'o&mZf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. a=uðyef;ysufpD;r_rS aygufzGm;vm aom acwof p\"f e&iS f v@ltz@GJtpn;f onf vwl e;f pm;&ebf ujf zprf r_ sm;ukd xi&f mS ;aom aw@G&rdS j_zihf Ta&;S O;D ueG jfrLepf v@ltz@JGtpn;f . twiG ;f yikd ;f z@JGpn;f yukH kd pxH m;avmuaf om o¿mejfzihf &iS ;f vi;f jyocohJ n?f Ta&;S O;D btkH z@JGrsm; òyurJG E_ iS thf wl v@ltz@JGtpn;f onf tyikd ;f yikd ;f pwif ujJGym;omG ;um aemuqf ;kH Y &ebf uvf wl e;f pm; rsm; jzpuf ek =fu.? u|efawmfonf TòyuoJG mG ;aom jzppf Ouf kd rod m;p/k y*k v~ ud yikd qf ikd frE_ iS hf Eikd if aH wmwf @k.d rvl tp pmtyk /f 1886 cEk pS /f pww*f w/f 'wk ,d yEkH ydS jfci;f wiG f jyevf npf ;l pr;f &ef óu;pm;cohJ n?f (1888 cEk pS f t*vF yd f bmom yEkH ydS jf ci;f twuG f ted *f ,.f rwS cf su)f · vufr_ynmonfqdkonfrSm tcGifhta&;tjynfht0&Sdaom vufr_ tz@JG0ijf zpof n?f vyk if e;f acgi;f aqmiof l jzpaf omvf n;f vurf t_ z@JGudk OD;pD;olr [wk af y? (1888 cEk pS f t*vF yd bf mom yEkH ydS jf ci;f twuG f ted *f ,.f rwS cf su)f 53

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f rzsuof rd ;f cahJ y? ,i;f onf vwl e;f pm;toprf sm;/ zEd ydS rf t_ a=umi;f tcsuf topfrsm;/ wdkufyGJo¿mefopfrsm;jzifh ta[mif;rsm;ae&mwGif tpm; xdk;jcif;r#om jzpfonf? odk@apumrl u|efawmfwdk@. acwfumvjzpfaom \"e&Sifvlwef; pm;. acwfumvonf Todk@xl;jcm;aom vuQ%m&Sdayonf? ,if;rSm vlwef;pm;&efbuf jzpfr_rsm;udk tvG,fwulodjrifEdkifaponf? vl@tzGJ@ tpn;f w&yvf ;kH onf }u;D rm;aom &ebf u*f %kd ;f }u;D EpS *f %kd ;f tjzpvf n;f aumif;/ \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;wnf;[laom wOD;ESifh wO;D xyd wf ukd &f iqf ikd af eonhf }u;D rm;aom vwl e;f pm; EpS &f ytf jzpvf n;f aumif; ydkIydkI uGJjym;oGm;=uawmh.? tv,facwf v,fu|efrsm;rS tapmqHk;òr@rsm;. vGwfvyfaom òr@om;rsm; ay:xuG vf mon?f Tòr@om;rsm;rS \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;. ueO;D tpdwftydkif;rsm; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmcJh=uonf? tar&duwdkufudk &SmazGawG@&Sdjcif;ESifh tmz&duwdkuftm; auG@ ywfonfh yifv,fvrf;c&D;udk &SmazGawG@&Sdjcif;wdk@onf xGef;opfp \"e&iS f vlwef;pm;twGuf pm;usufopfzGifhvSpfay;vdkufonf? ta&S@tdEdN,ESifh w±kwfjynfaps;uGufrsm;/ tar&duwdkuftm; udkvdkeDtjzpfoGwfoGif;r_/ udkvdkeDrsm;ESifh ukefoG,fr_/ zvS,fa&;enf;vrf;ESifh ukefpnfta&twGuf a,bk,swdk;rsm;vmr_wdk@u ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;/ yifv,fc&D;oGm;vm a&;EiS hf purf v_ yk if e;f w@kdukd rñupH z;l weG ;f tm;ay;vukd of n?f To@kd tm;jzihf òyusysufpD;aeaom ya'o&mZfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rS awmfvSefaom tpdwftydkif;tm; vsifjrefpGm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;apvdkufonf? tjyifvl 0ifcGifhr&onfh vufr_vkyfief;tzGJ@rsm;u pufr_xkwf vyk af &;ukd vu0f g;}u;D tyk xf m;aom ya'o&mZpf urf v_ yk if e;f 12 pepof nf aps;uGufopfrsm;. }uD;xGm;vmaom awmif;qdkr_rsm;udk ,cktcg quf vurf jznphf rG ;f Eikd af wmah y? ya'o&mZpf urf v_ yk if e;f ae&mwiG f purf v_ uf r_ vkyfcif;pepfu tpm;xdk;0ifa&mufvmonf? vufr_ynmonfrsm; onf purf v_ urf x_ wk vf yk af &;vyk af eaom tv,tf vwf vwl e;f pm;. 54

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f z,xf wk jf ci;f cvH ukd &f on?f pak ygi;f xm;aom vurf t_ z@JG trsK;d rsK;d t=um;&dS tvkyfcGJa0r_onf tvkyfcef;wckpD&Sd tvkyfcGJa0r_a&S@arSmufwGif uG,f aysmufoGm;awmh.? aps;uGufrsm; qufvufwdk;yGm;vmaepOfwGif awmif;qdkcsufrsm; uvnf; jrifhwufvmaeonf? pufr_vufr_vkyfcif;uyifv#if jznfhwif; EdkifpGrf;r&Sdawmhay? xdktcg a&aEG;aiG@ESifh pufud&d,mwdk@u pufr_xkwf vkyfa&;udk awmfvSefajymif;vJapvdkufonf? pufr_vufr_ vkyfcif;ae&m wiG f t}u;D pm; acwrf pD urf v_ yk if e;f u ae&m ,vl ukd of n?f purf v_ urf _ vkyfief;&Sif tv,ftvwf vlwef;pm;ae&mwGif pufr_wyfrawmfwck v;Hk ukd acgi;f aqmiof /l purf v_ yk if e;f oe;f ºu,of al X;}u;D rsm; jzp=f uaom acwfopf\"e&Sifvlwef;pm;u ae&m,lvdkufay+yD? acwrf pD urf v_ yk if e;f }u;D u urmB ah ps;uuG uf kd wnaf xmivf ukd .f ? ,if;odk@ wnfaxmifEdkif&ef tar&duwdkufudk awG@&Sdjcif;u vrf;cif;ay; vdkuf.? Taps;uGufu ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;/ yifv,fc&D;oGm;vma&; ESifh ukef;vrf;qufoG,fa&;wdk@udk }uD;rm;pGm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmaponf? Twdk;wufr_u pufr_vkyfief;wdk;csJ@a&;tay: wzefwkH@jyefvdkuf.? pufr_ vyk if e;f / u;l oe;f a&mi;f 0,af &;/ yivf ,cf &;D omG ;vma&;EiS hf r;D &xm;vr;f rsm; cs@JxiG vf monhf tcsK;d tpm;twikd ;f \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;vn;f }u;D xmG ; vmonf? \"e&Sifwdk@. t&if;tESD;vnf; wdk;yGm;vmum tv,facwfu ºuif;usefaecJhonfh vlwef;pm;rSefor#udk aemufuG,fodk@ z,fxkwfypf vdkufonf? xdk@a=umifh acwfopf\"e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk,fYyifv#if &Snfvsm; aom jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ jzpfpOf. &v'fjzpfa=umif; xkwfvkyfa&;enf;emESifh zv,S rf _ en;f emw@kdwiG f awmvf eS af &;wowD we;f }u;D . &v'jf zpaf =umi;f udk u|efawmfwdk@ awG@jrif&ayonf? \"e&Sifvlwef;pm; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ ajcvSrf;wdkif;wGif ‚ESifhavsmf nDaom Tvlwef;pm;. EdkifiHa&;wufvSrf;r_ vdkufygvmcJhonf? ya' o&mZ}f u;D p;kd r_ atmuwf iG f ‚onf tzEd ydS cf vH wl e;f pm;jzpcf .hJ ? tv,f 55

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f acwbf tkH z@JG·wiG f vuef uwf yqf ixf m;aom u,kd yf ikd tf yk cf sKyaf &; tpn;f t±Hk; jzpfcJhonf? ,if;rSwzef tcsKd@ae&mwGif trSDtcdkuif;aom òr@jy orRwEdkifiH (tDwvDESifh *smr%DjynfrSmuJhodk@) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ tcsKd@ ae&mwiG rf l b&k iEhf ikd if uH kd tceG qf uof &aom “ww,d tvm$ ” (jyiof pf jynrf mS uohJ @kd) tjzpvf n;f aumi;f z@JGpn;f c=hJ uon?f xakd emuf purf v_ urf _ vyk cf i;f umvwiG f ‚onf ya'o&mZwf yikd ;f Eikd if H o@kdr[wk f ouOf ;D qyH ikd f bk&ifhEdkifiHtwGuf r–;rsKd;rwfEG,ftv$mudk &ifqdkifqef@usifaom tiftm; jzpfcJhonf? ‚onf a,bk,sbk&ifhEdkifiH}uD;rsm;. tajccHtkwfjrpfvnf; jzpcf ohJ n?f aemuqf ;kH wiG f acwof ppf urf v_ yk if e;f }u;D EiS hf urmB ah ps;uuG uf kd wnfaxmifvdkufonfh tcsdefrSpI \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf acwfopfudk,f pm;vS,fpepf EdkifiHawmfY EdkifiHa&;pdk;rdk;r_udk wOD;wnf;ydkif odrf;,lvdkuf onf? acwfopfEdkifiHawmftm%monf \"e&Sifvlwef; pm;w&yfvHk;. wnl aD omta&;upd rP sm;ukd prD cH e@fcaGJ om aumrf wwD crk #om jzpaf yon?f orikd ;f t& \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;onf tveG af wmvf eS af om tce;f rS yg0if ujycJhay.? · ya'o&mZaf jr&iS rf sm;EiS hf ocirf sm;xrH S a'ou,kd yf ikd tf yk cf sKyaf &;EiS hf “ww,d tvm$ ” . Eikd if aH &;tciG thf a&; r&&rdS uD wn;f uyif jyiof pjfynrf S xeG ;f oppf òr@rsm;onf “btkH z@J”G trnuf kd,cl =hJuon?f a,b,k sajym&aomf t*vF ejfynuf kd \"e&iS f vwl e;f pm; p;D ymG ;a&;jzpaf y:w;kdymG ;r._ pwH ikd ;f jyn/f jyiof pjfynf ukd \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm; Eikd if aH &; jzpaf y:w;kd ymG ;r._ pwH ikd ;f jyntf jzpxf m;on?f (1888 cEk pS f t*vF yd bf mom yEkH ydS jf ci;f twuG f ted *f ,.f rwS cf su)f TtrnfrSm ya'o&mZfajr&Sifrsm;xHrS olwdk@. udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;udk 0,f,l+yD;onfhaemuf odk@r[kwf vk,l+y;D onahf emuf twD vjDynEf iS hf jyiof pjfynwf @kd&òdSr@om;rsm;u ‚w@kd. òr@jybtkH z@JGtpn;f rsm;ukd ac:a0:=uonthf rnjfzpof n?f (1890 cEk pS f *smrebf momyEkH ydS jfci;f twuG f ted *f ,.f rwS cf su)f 56

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f tay:pD;&aeaom ae&mwdkif;wGif \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf ya' o&mZfqefaom/ tz}uD;pdk;aom/ aus;vufqefaom/ qufqHa&; tm; v;kH ukd tq;kH owyf pvf ukd of n?f “obm0t&iS of cirf sm;” u wyk af EmS if xm;onhf ya'o&mZf taEmS itf z@GJ trsK;d rsK;d ukd t=uief mui;f rphJ mG jzwf awmufypfvdkufonf? ajAmifusaom udk,fusKd;&Smr_/ !‡mwmaxmuf xm;jcif;r&Sdaom “vufiif;aiGay;acsr_” wdk@rSwyg; vlvlcsif;qufqHa&; wGif rnfonfht&mudkrS rxm;&Sdawmhay? bmoma&;xufoefr_/ vlpGrf; aumi;f pwd wf uºf ur/_ evAed ;f w;kH pwd uf ;l ,Orf _ [al om jrijhf rwof nhf pwd f t[kefwdk@onf udk,fusKd;wGufcsufr_wnf;[laom a&at;xJwGif epf ðryof mG ;awm.h ? vyl *k Kd~ v.f *%k of ud mQ ukd zv,S af &;wezf ;kd tjzpf ajymi;f vyJ pvf ukd of n?f ra&rwuG f Eikd of n/hf zsuof rd ;f Ir&Eikd of n/hf ciG ðhf ycsujf zihf &&Sdxm;onfh vGwfvyfr_rsm;ae&mwGif wckwnf;aom/ pOf;vJaom vGwfvyfr_ (0g) vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_jzifh tpm;xdk;vdkufonf? wcGef; wnf;qdk&aomf bmoma&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vSnfhpm;r_ rsufESmzHk;pGyfxm;aom aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,fr_ae&mwGif ajAmifusaom/ t&SufrJhaom/ wdkuf±dkufjzpf aom/ &upf uaf om ao;G pkyrf j_zihf \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;u tpm;x;kd vukd of n?f ,cxk uwf ikd f oud mQ &odS n[f k ,ql cahJ om/ jrirhf m;pmG wezf ;kd xm; aom tvyk rf eS of r#. *%k tf &edS tf 0grsm;ukd \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;u y,zf suf vdkufay+yD? q&m0ef/ a&S@ae/ bkef;}uD;/ uAsmq&m/ 0dZ…mynm&Sifwdk@udk \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;. tcpm;vkyfom;rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJypfvdkufonf? \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;onf rod m;p.k pwd uf ;l ,Orf suEf mS z;kH ukd z,&f mS ; ypfvdkufum rdom;pkqufqHa&;udk tojymqufqHa&;oufouftjzpf av#mhcsypfvdkufonf? azmufjyefa&;*dk%f;rsm;u vGefpGm tr$ef;wifxm;onfh tv,f acwfu &ufpufaom tpGrf;jyr_rsm;udk ysif;&dzG,f&m taumif;qHk;aom t&mrsm;tjzpf \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;u jznfhpGufzGifhcscJhonf? vlom;. ðyr_ vy_ &f mS ;ro_ nf tb,rf # prG ;f aqmiEf ikd of nuf kd \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;u O;D pmG jyocJhonf? \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf tD*spfjynfu yd&rpfocsKõif;}uD;rsm;/ 57

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f a&mracwfa&oG,fwHav#muf}uD;rsm;/ *dk;opfbk&m;ausmif;rsm;xuf om vGefxl;uJvSonfh tHh=ozG,f&mrsm;udk pGrf;aqmifcJh.? twdwfumv vrl sK;d tvukd f ajymi;f a&@$r}_u;D rsm;/ u±;l qwd f bmoma&;ppyf rJG sm;tm;v;kH EiS hf vHk;0rwlaom c&D;a0;xGufcGmjcif;rsm;udkvnf; pGrf;aqmifcJhonf? \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mudk tqufrjywf awmvf eS f ajymi;f vrJ /_ ‚aemuf xwk vf yk af &;quqf rH w_ @kdukd tqurf jywf awmvf eS f ajymi;f vrJ r_ vyk bf J rwnwf EhH ikd af y? To@kdjzihf v@ltz@JGtpn;f . qufqHa&;wckvHk;udkvnf; awmfvSefajymif;vJypfvdkufonf? qef@usif butf m;jzihf xwk vf yk af &;en;f ema[mi;f rsm;ukd rajymi;f rvbJ J xed ;f ord ;f xm;a&;rSm tapmydkif;pufr_ vlwef;pm;tm;vHk; wnf&Sda&;twGuf a&S; OD;pGm&Sd&rnfh ta=umif;tcsufjzpfonf? xkwfvkyfa&; t+rJrjywfajymif; vJjcif;/ vlr_qufqHa&;tm;vHk; tqufrjywf r+idrfroufjzpfjcif;/ xm0pOrf a&&mjci;f EiS hf vy_ &f mS ;jci;f w@kdonf tjcm;acwuf mv tm;v;kH EiS hf \"e&Sifacwfumvwdk@ rwlonfhtcsufyifwnf;? cdkif+rJaeaom/ t±dk;pGJae aom qufqHa&;tm;vHk;/ ‚ESifhwygwnf;jzpfonfh a&S;usaom =unf !dkav;pm;zG,f&m tpGJtvrf;rsm;/ tjrifrsm;onf zsufodrf;jcif; cvH ukd f &av+y?D topaf y:xuG vf mor# tm;v;kH onf tjrprf w,G rf rD mS yif acwf ukefoGm;awmh.? tpdkiftcJtm;vHk;onf avxJwGif a=uysufoGm;um reG jfrwaf om t&mtm;v;kH onvf n;f ,wk nf uhH ek =fuav+y?D tq;kH wiG uf m; vwl @kdonf rrd wd @kd. wu,bhf 0tajctae/ rrd wd @kdt=um;&dS tjyetf veS f qufqHa&;rsm;udk wnf+idrfpGmjzifh rvGJraoG &ifqdkifvm&awmhonf? rdrdtxGufypPnf;rsm;twGuf aps;uGufudk tqufrjywfwdk;cs@J&ef vdktyfaoma=umifh \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf urBmhtESH@ ajy;v$m;ae&onf? \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf rnfonfhae&mYrqdk tdk;tdrfxlaxmif=u&rnf/ rnfonfhae&mYrqdk tajcpkduf=u&rnf/ rnfonfhae&mESifhrqdk quf oG,f=u&rnfjzpf.? \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;onf urmB ah ps;uuG uf kd ziG vhf pS vf ukd jf ci;f jzihf wikd ;f jynfwdkif;&Sd xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh oHk;pGJa&;udk urBmhvuQ%m aqmifaponf? 58

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rmhufpf/ tdef*,f cg;cg;o;D o;D rek ;f w;D onhf v±l ikd ;f rsm;ukd tusyuf ikd uf m vuef ucf s apon?f trsK;d om;tm;v;kH u,G af ysmurf omG ;&ef t&i;f &iS xf wk vf wk af &; en;f em ukd vucf &H rn[f k \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;u tusyuf ikd vf ukd of n?f trsK;d om; rsm;twiG ;f o@kd owl @kd.,Oaf us;rq_ okd nuf kd twi;f t\"rR owG of iG ;f vukd f onf? qdkvdkonfrSm ‚wdk@ udk,fwdkifudk \"e&Sifjzpfvmaponf? wcGef; wnf;ajym&v#if \"e&SifyHkpHtwdkif; urBmwckudk zefwD;vdkufjcif;yifwnf;? \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf aus;vufrsm;udk òr@rsm;.pdk;rdk;r_atmuf wGif xm;&Sdonf? òr@}uD;jy}uD;rsm;pGmudk wnfaxmifcJhonf? aus;vuf vOl ;D a&EiS hf Eid_ ;f pmv#if òr@aevOl ;D a&ukd tveG tf ri;f yrkd wkd ;kd ymG ;vmapum vlOD;a&tawmfrsm;rsm;udkvnf; xdkif;r_dif;aom aus;vufb0rS u,fwif vukd of n?f aus;vuuf òr@tay: rcDS vkd mapouohJ @kdyif ±ikd ;f pikd ;f aom wikd ;f jynEf iS hf wpwd wf yikd ;f ±ikd ;f pikd ;f aom wikd ;f jynwf @kdu ,Oaf us;aom wikd ;f jynf tay: rSDcdkvmaponf? v,form;wdkif;jynfrsm;u \"e&Sifwdkif;jynfrsm; tay:o@kdvnf;aumif;/ ta&@Swikd ;f u taemuwf ikd ;f tay:o@kdvnf;aumif; rSDcdkvmaponf? \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf jyef@usJvsuf&SdaomvlOD;a&/ xkwfvkyfa&; y&ad bm*EiS hf yikd qf ikd rf w_ @kdukd yIkd yIkd zsuof rd ;f aeayon?f ‚uvOl ;D a&ukd ¹ywfodyfvmaponf? xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*udk pkpnf;vmaponf? OpPm \"ersm;ukd vtl en;f p.k vuxf wJ iG f pyk akH &mu&f vdS mapon?f To@kd ðyvyk f rE_ iS thf wl rvrJG aoG vukd yf g vmonrf mS Eikd if aH &;t& A[ckd sKyuf ikd rf j_ zp.f ? wo;D wjcm;jzp=f uaom tusK;d p;D ymG ;/ Oya'/ tp;kd &/ taumutf ceG pf epf rsm; &Sd=uonfh trSDtcdkuif;aom odk@r[kwf avsmh&pJ GmqufoG,fr_om&Sd onfh jynfe,frsm;onf wckwnf;aomtpdk;&/ wckwnf;aomOya' pnf;rsOf;/ wckwnf;aomtrsKd;om;. vlwef;pm;tusKd;/ wckwnf;aom e,fedrdwf/ wckwnf;aomtaumuftcGefwdk@&Sdonfh wckwnf;aom wdkif;jynftjzpf aygif;pnf;vmawmhonf? ESpfaygif;w&meD;yg; \"e&Sifvlwef;pm; pdk;rdk;pOfumvtwGif;wGif ukefvGefcJhaom rsKd;quftm;vHk;u zefwD;cJhor#. pkpkaygif;xufyif yrkd kd 60

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rmhufpf/ tdef*,f rGJjymusr_onf vlOD;a&ESifh \"eOpPmxufyif ydkrdkvsifjrefpGm jzpfay:wdk;yGm; vmonf? Tonfu \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk tkyfpdk; xm;ol vwl e;f pm;tjzpf quvf uwf n&f &dS eEf iS hf rrd vd wl e;f pm; wn&f rdS _ ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;tay: xdef;csKyfxm;aom w&m;tjzpf tusyuf ikd &f ef roiahf wmaf =umi;f ukd &iS ;f vi;f pmG azmjf yvukd f onf? \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf tkyfpdk;ae&ef roifhawmfawmhay? tb,f a=umifhqdkaomf ol.aus;u|efudk aus;u|efa&csdeft& wnf&Sdr_udkyifv#if tmrccH suf ray;Eikd af oma=umijhfzp.f ? tb,af =umiqhf akd omf aus;u|e.f tau|;tar;G ukd c&H rnthf pm; aus;u|euf ykd if \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;u au|;ar;G ae&aomtajco@kd qukd af &muf romG ;atmivf n;f rwwEf ikd af oma=umihf jzpfonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf T\"e&Sifvlwef;pm; tkyfpdk;r_atmufwGif quvf urf aeEikd af wmah y? wen;f qakd omf \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm; wn&f rdS o_ nf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh qufvufroifhawmfawmhay? \"e&Sifvlwef;pm; wnf&Sdr_ESifh pdk;rdk;r_. t&if;cHta=umif;rSm t&if;tESD; jzpfwnfvmjcif;ESifh wdk;yGm;vmjcif;24 wdk@jzpfonf? t&if; tESD; wnf&Sdjcif;. ta=umi;f tcsurf mS tcpm;tvyk jf zpof n?f tcpm; tvkyfonf tvkyform; tcsif;csif;òyifqdkifr_tay:wGif vHk;0wnf aeay.? acwfopfpufr_vkyfief; a&S@odk@wufvSrf;vmr_udk &nf&G,fcsuf r&SdbJ ,laqmifvmolrSm \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;jzpf.? ‚wufvSrf;r_onf òyifqdkifr_a=umifh oD;jcm;uif;uGmaeaom vkyfom;rsm;.ae&mwGif tpn;f t±;kH rsm; z@JGpn;f jci;f a=umihf &&vdS monhf vyk of m;rsm;. awmvf eS f aomaygif;pnf;r_jzifh tpm;xdk;vdkufonf? xdk@a=umifh acwfopfpufr_ vkyfief; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmr_u \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;. txGufypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyf&m tydkifpD;&m t&i;f tjrpuf kd csK;d zsuyf pvf ukd of n?f x@kda=umihf \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf OD;pGmtm;jzifh rdrd.ocsKõif;tm; wl;olrsm;udk xkwfvkyfvdkuf.? \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;. usqHk;r_ESifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. atmifyGJonf xyfwlxyfr# ra&Smifv$JEdkifawmhay? 72

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f tcef; (2) ypPnf;rhrJ sm;ESifh uGefjrLepfrsm;yeG fjrLepfrsm; ueG jf rLeprf sm;onf ypnP ;f rvhJ wl e;f pm;w&yvf ;kH tay: rnof @kd o abmxm; ygoenf;? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf tjcm;tvkyform; vlwef;pm;ygwDrsm;udk qef@usifum zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh oD;jcm;ygwDw&yf r[kwfay? owl @kdwiG f ypnP ;f rvhJ wl e;f pm;w&yvf ;kH . tusK;d p;D ymG ;EiS hf o;D jcm; jzpfaom/ uif;uGmaom rnfonfhtusKd;pD;yGm;r# r&Sday? olwdk@onf ypPnf;rJhv_yf&Sm;r_udkyHkazmf&ef/ yHkoGif;&ef rnfonfh udk,fydkif*dk%f;*%qefaom25 rlrsm;udkr# rwifjy=uay? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf tjcm;aomtvkyform; vlwef;pm;ygwD rsm;26 ESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;onfrSm atmufygtcsufrsm;wGifom jzpfonf? 1? wikd ;f jyntf o;D o;D &dS ypnP ;f rvhJ wl e;f pm;. wikd ;f jyntf vudk f wukd yf rJG sm; wGif uGefjrLepfrsm;onf vlrsKd;a&;ESifh uif;&Sif;aom ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm; w&yvf ;kH . wnl aD omtusL;d p;D ymG ;rsm;ukd !e¸ jfy a&@Swe;f wiaf y;on?f 2? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u jzwfausmf&rnfh \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk qe@fusiaf om wdkufyGJjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ tqifhtoD;oD;wGif uGefjrLepfrsm; onf vy_ &f mS ;rw_ cvk ;kH . tusK;d p;D ymG ;ukd ae&mwikd ;f wiG f tpOof jzihf u,kd f pm;ðyayonf? xdk@a=umifh uGefjrLepfrsm;onf wzufwGif vufawG@t& wdkif; jynwf ikd ;f . tvyk of rm;vwl e;f pm; ygwrD sm;xwJ iG f a&@Swe;f ta&muqf ;kH / tjywfom;qHk; tydkif;jzpf+yD; ‚u tjcm;ygwDtm;vHk;udk a&S@odk@ wGef; wifay;onf? tjcm;wzufwGif oabmw&m;t& ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_ csDwuf&mvrf;a=umif;/ ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh tqHk;owf a,b,k s tusK;d ouaf &murf r_ sm;ukd &iS ;f vi;f pmG em;vn&f mwiG f ypnP ;f rJhxk}uD;xuf uGefjrLepfrsm;onf omvGefr_&Sdonf? 73

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ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f t\"dy`m,fr&Sd ajyma[maer_rsm;onf ydkIpufqkyfp&m aumif;vmawmh on?f o@kdaomf ciAf sm;w@kdueG jf rLeprf sm;u Ze;D onrf sm;ukd bykH pnP ;f vyk f vdk=uonf[k \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;u xdwfvef@w=um; oHòyif atmfvdkuf=uonf? \"e&Sifonf rdrd.ZeD;onfudk xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,m oufouf tjzpf =unhf jriof n?f xwk vf yk af &;u&d ,d mqvkd #if twwl uG to;kH ðy&ef jzpfonf[k \"e&Sifwdk@u em;vnfxm;=uonf? xdk@a=umifh \"rRwmyif trsKd;orD;rsm;onfvnf; bHkypPnf; jzpfoGm;=uvdrfhrnf[laom ed*Hk;csKyf csurf wS yg; tjcm;r&SdEdkifay? trsK;d or;D rsm;. tqiahf e&mukd xwk vf yk af &;u&d ,d m ouof uf tjzpf xm;&Sdjcif;tm; zsufodrf;ypf&efqdkonfh wu,fh&nf&G,fcsufudk \"e&Sifonf pOf;pm;rd=uvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs? treS tf m;jziqhf vkd #if Ze;D onrf sm;ukd bykH pnP ;f vyk rf t_ m; ueG jf rL epfrsm;u ajAmifw&m;0if xlaxmifvdrfhrnf[kqdkum u|efawmfwdk@. \"e&iS rf sm;u [eaf qmif a'goxuG af eonxf uf &,pf &maumi;f onrf mS r&Sd awmhay? uGefjrLepfrsm;u ZeD;onfrsm;udk bHkypPnf;vkyfp&mrvdkay? T upd oP nf a&;S ya0o%uD yif &cdS +hJ yD jzpof n?f u|efawmfw@kd. \"e&iS rf sm;onf owl @kdvuaf tmurf S ypnP ;f rrhJ sm;. Ze;D onrf sm;/ or;D rsm;EiS yhf if rwi;f wrd =fuao;ay? w&m;0if jynwhf eqf mawG &adS eonuf rkd qxkd m;EiS /hf wO;D .Ze;D onuf kd wO;D u usL;veG &f onuf ykd if tvGeftrif; om,mae=uayonf? \"e&Sif vufxyfxdrf;jrm;a&;pepfonf pifppftm;jzifh ZeD;onf rsm;udk bHkvkyfypfjcif;yifwnf;? uGefjrLepfrsm;taejzifh tvGefqHk;pGyfpGJjcif; cH&p&m&SdonfrSm vdrfnmzHk;uG,f+yD; ZeD;onfudk bHkypPnf;vkyfxm;onfh ae&mwGif w&m;0iftwdtvif;vkyfjcif;jzifh uGefjrLepfrsm;u tpm;xdk; vdk=uonf [lIjzpf.? trSeftm;jzifhqdkv#if vuf&Sdxkwfvkyfa&;pepfudk zsufodrf;vdkufonfESifhtr# TpepfrS ay:xGufvmaom w&m;0ifESifh 81

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f w&m;r0if jynfhwefqmpepf ESpfckpvHk;tusKH;0ifonfh ZeD;onfrsm;udk bHkvkyfr_yg ygoGm;&rnfrSm ol@tvdkvdk&Sif;aeayonf? xdk@jyif uGefjrLepfrsm;onf wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsKd;udk zsufodrf;ypf vdk=uolrsm;jzpfonf[k ±_wfcs=ujyefonf? tvkyform;rsm;wGif wdkif;jyn3f 3 r&Sd? olwdk@Y r&Sdaomt&mudk olwdk@xHrS u|efawmfwdk@ r,lEdkifay? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf OD;pGmyxr EdkifiHa&;tkyfpdk;r_udk &,lrnfjzpfay&m trsKd;om;. acgif;aqmi3f 4 vlwef; pm;tjzpof @kd jri‡ whf i&f rn?f \"e&iS rf sm;ajym=uonhf t\"yd m` ,tf & r[wk f apumrl rdrdudk,fYu trsKd;om;jzpfonfhtavsmuf trsKd;om;w&yf tjzpfzGJ@wnf&rnf jzpfayonf? \"e&Sifvlwef;pm; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmr_a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ vGwf vyfpGm ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ urBmhaps;uGuf a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ xkwfvkyfa&;enf;emESifhwuG ‚ESifhavsmfnDaom b0ta=umif;tcsufrsm; wlnDvmaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ trsKd;om; jcm;em;csurf sm;EiS hf jynof rl sm;tcsi;f csi;f &ebf ujf zprf r_ sm;onf ae@pOEf iS hf tr# ydkIydkI uG,faysmufoGm;aeonf? ypnP ;f rvhJ wl e;f pm; p;kd r;kd ro_ nf To@kdaom u,G af ysmuof mG ;ru_ kd ydkrdkvsifjrefapvdrfhrnf? tenf;qHk;ajym&aomf ,Ofaus;aom xdyfwef; wikd ;f jynrf sm;. pak ygi;f vy_ &f mS ;ro_ nf ypnP ;f rvhJ wl e;f pm; vwG af jrmuaf &; twGuf a&S;OD;ta=umif;tcsufrsm;teuf wckjzpfonf? vlwOD;u wOD;tay: aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,fr_ tqHk;owfoGm;onf ESifhtr# trsKd;om;w&yfu tjcm;trsKd;om;tay: aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,fr_ onfvnf; tqHk;owfoGm;vdrfhrnf? trsKd;om;twGif;&Sd vlwef;pm; &efbufjzpfr_ uG,faysmufoGm;onfESifhtwl trsKd;om;w&yfu wjcm; trsK;d om;w&ytf ay: &evf rkd ek ;f w;D r_ onvf n;f tq;kH owof mG ;vrd rhf n?f bmoma&;/ tbd\"rRma&;ESifh a,bk,stm;jzifh t,ltq&yf wnfcsufrSaeI uGefjrLepf0g'tay: pGJcsufwifr_rsm;rSmrl av;av;euf euf ppfaq;=unfh±_&efyif rvdkay? 82

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f vl. tawG;tac:/ tjrif/ t,ltqrsm;/ wcGef;wnf;ESifh ajym&v#if vl.todonf ol.±kyfb0wnf&Sdr_ ta=umif;tcsufrsm;/ ol.vlr_qufqHa&;rsm;ESifh ol.vlr_a&;b0twGif;&Sd ajymif;vJr_wdkif; ESifhtwl ajymif;vJoGm;onfudk eufeufeJeJpOf;pm;&ef vdkygao;oavm? todynmxkwfvkyfr_onf ±kyf0wˆKxkwfvkyfa&; ajymif;vJonfh tcsKd;tpm;twdkif;vdkufI ‚.vuQ%m ajymif;vJoGm;onf qdkonf xuf tawG;tac:ordkif;u rnfonfudkrsm; oufaojyygao;oenf;? acwuf mvwikd ;f . p;kd r;kd aeaom taw;G tac:onf xakd cwuf mv&dS tyk pf ;kd olvlwef;pm;. tawG;tac:r#om tpOfjzpfcJhonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;udk awmfvSefypfaom tawG;tac:rsm; ta=umif;udk ajym&mwGif tawG;tac:opf. tpdwftydkif;rsm;onf v@ltz@JGtpn;f a[mi;f twiG ;f wiG f z@JGwncf ohJ n[f al om tcsuuf kd vn;f aumif;/ b0wnf&Sdr_ta=umif;tcsufa[mif;rsm;udk zsufodrf;vdkuf onfESifhwygwnf; tawG;tac:a[mif;rsm;. òyuGJr_onf vdkufygvm onf[laom tcsufudkvnf;aumif; azmfjy=ujcif;r#om jzpfonf? a&S;acwfurBm a=uðyef;vkqJqJwGif a&S;acwfbmoma&;rsm;udk c&pf,mefbmomu tEdkif,lvdkufonf? 18 &mpkESpfwGif qifjcifjcif; tawG;tac:. xdk;ESufr_a=umifh c&pf,mefbmom usqHk;oGm;aomtcg wGif ya'o&mZfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf xdkpOfu awmfvSefaom \"e&Sifvl wef;pm;ESifh taotvJwdkufyGJqifcJhonf? bmoma&;vGwfvyfr_ESifh vwG vf ypf mG ,=kH unrf q_ ikd &f m taw;G tac:w@kdonf to^d m%ef ,yf ,Yf vGwfvyfpGmòyifqdkifr_. pdk;rdk;r_udk azmfjyjcif;omv#if jzpfayonf? “bmoma&;/ udk,fusifhw&m;/ tbd\"rRm35 ESifh w&m; Oya' qdkif&m tawG;tac:wdk@onf ordkif;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_wav#mufwGif ðyjyiaf jymi;f vcJ ohJ nrf mS ooH ,&pdS &mrvakd wmah y? o@kdaomf bmoma&;/ udk,fusifhw&m;/ tbd\"rRm/ EdkifiHa&;0dZ…mynmESifh w&m;Oya'wdk@onf To@kdtqurf jywf ajymi;f vrJ t_ wiG ;f Y tpOof jzihf wnwf vhH mcohJ n”f [lI ajym=uayvdrfhrnf? 83

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f “xdk@tjyif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tqifhtm;vHk;wGif wlnDaom vGwfvyfa&;/ w&m;r#wr_ponfh xm0&trSefw&m;rsm; &Sd=uao;onf? o@kdaomf ueG jfrLep0f g'onf xm0&treS wf &m;rsm;/ bmoma&;EiS hf u,kd uf sihf w&m;tm;vHk;udk tkwfjrpfopfay:wGif wnfaqmufrnfhtpm; zsuf ord ;f ypof n?f x@kda=umihf ueG jf rLep0f g'onf twwd uf mv orikd ;f qikd &f m taw@GtñutH m;v;kH EiS hf qe@fusiðfyral eon”f [Il ajym=uayvrd rhf n?f TpGyfpGJcsufonf rnfonftajcxd qdkufa&mufoGm;ygoenf;? vGefcJhaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ordkif;tm;vHk;onf rwlaomacwfumvwGif rwlaom o¿mefaqmifonfh vlwef;pm;&efbufjzpfr_rsm;jzifh jzpfay: wdk;yGm;cJh.? o@kdaomf ‚w@kdonrf nof @kdaom o¿meaf qmiaf pumrl veG cf hJ aom acwrf sm;tm;v;kH wiG f wnl cD suwf c&k odS n?f ‚um; v@ltz@JGtpn;f tpdwftydkif;wcku tjcm;tpdwftydkif;wckudk aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,fjcif; jzpf.? odk@jzpfI vGefcJhaomacwfrsm;&Sd vlr_a&;todonf azmfjycsuf rnof @kdyif ujJG ym;jcm;em;apumrl wpwkH &m wnl oD nohf ¿merf sm;/ o@kd r[kwf a,bk,stawG;tac:rsm;twGif;wGif v_yf&Sm;=uonfrSm rxl; qe;f ay? Ttaw;G ac:rsm;onf vwl e;f pm;&ebf ujf zprf r_ sm; v;kH v;kH u,G f aysmufoGm;rSomv#if vHk;0uG,faysmufoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&;onf tpOftvmydkifqdkifr_ qufqHa&; rsm;ESifh tjywfom;qHk; tqufjzwfvkdufjcif;jzpfonf? uGefjrLepf awmvf eS af &; jzpaf y:w;kd ymG ;rw_ iG f tpOtf vmtaw;G tac:rsm;EiS hf tjywf om;qHk; tqufjzwfjcif;yg0ifonfrSm tHh=op&mr&Sday? odk@aomf \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;u uGefjrLepf0g'tay: uef@uGufcsuf rsm;ta=umif; TwGif&yfvdkuf=uygpdk@? txufwGif u|efawmfwdk@awG@&SdcJhonfhtwdkif; tvkyform;vl we;f pm; qiEf aJ$ om awmvf eS af &;. yxrajcvrS ;f rmS ypnP ;f rvhJ wl e;f pm; udk tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm; tqifhae&modk@ jr‡ifhwif&ef/ 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGwJ Gif tEdkif&&efyif jzpfayonf? 84

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf ‚.EdkifiHa&;pdk;rdk;r_udk toHk;ðyI \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;xHrS t&if;tESD;tm;vHk;udk wqifh+yD;wqifh odrf;,l &efjzpf+yD; EdkifiHawmfvufxJwGif qdkvdkonfrSm tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;tjzpf pnf;±Hk;xm;aom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. vufxJwGif xkwfvkyfa&; ud&d ,mtm;v;kH ukd A[rkd S ppk n;f csKyuf ikd xf m;&ef jzpof n?f x@kdjyif xwk vf yk af &; tiftm;pk pkpkaygif;udk vsifjrefEdkifor# vsifjrefpGm wdk;yGm;ap&ef jzpfay onf? treS yf itf pyikd ;f Y yikd qf ikd rf t_ ciG thf a&;rsm;EiS hf \"e&iS xf wk vf yk af &; ta=umif;tcsufrsm;tay: tm%mjzifh pGufzufr_enf;vrf;rSwyg; txuyf gvyk if e;f onf rxad &muEf ikd af y? x@kda=umihf p;D ymG ;a&;t& rjynphf kH rcdkifrm[k xifrSwf&aom Taqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;Y rdrdbmomrdrd omvGef}uD;xGm;vm+yD; vlr_a&;tm%ma[mif;udk quf vuwf ukd cf ukd &f ef vtkd yvf mayon3f 6? Tonrf mS xwk vf yk af &; en;f em udk vHk;0awmfvSef ajymif;vJypfa&;twGuf ra&Smifv$JEdkifonfh enf;vrf; jzpfonf? trSefyif rwlaomwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif Tvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf uGJjym;jcm;em;=uvdrfhrnf? odk@apumrl a&S@wef;ta&mufqHk; wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif atmufyg wdk@onf a,bk,stm;jzifh toHk;ðyEdkif=uayvdrfhrnf? 1? ajr,mydkifqdkifr_udk zsufodrf;ypfjcif;ESifh ajrqDctm;vHk;udk trsm;qdkif&m udpPrsm;twGuf toHk;ðya&;37? 2? }u;D av;aom qñl ueH rd jhf rihf o@kdr[wk f tqichf jJG cm;aom tjrwf awmfcGefaumufcHa&;? 3? tarGqufcHr_ tcGifhta&;tm;vHk; zsufodrf;ypfa&;? 4? jynfyodk@ xGufoGm;olrsm;ESifh olykeftm;vHk;. ypPnf;OpPmudk odrf;,la&;? 5? Eikd if aH wmtf &i;f tE;DS xn0hf ixf m;om v;kH 0vu0f g;}u;D tyk f ;aom trsKd;om;b%fjzifh EdkifiHawmfvufxJwGif acs;aiGudk A[dkrS 85

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f pkpnf;csKyfudkifxm;a&;? 6? EdkifiHawmfvufxJwGif qufoG,fa&;ESifh o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; ud&d,mrsm;udk A[dkrS pkpnf;csKyfudkifxm;a&;? 7? Eikd if aH wmyf ikd f pu±f rkH sm;EiS hf xwk vf yk af &;u&d ,d mrsm;ukd w;kd cs@J a&;/ ajr±dkif;rsm;udk xGef,ufpdkufysKd;a&;/ xdk@jyif wlnDaom pDrHudef;t& ajrqDv$mudk taxGaxGaumif;rGefatmif ðyjyifa&;? 8? tvyk uf kd tm;v;kH vyk zf @kd nwD nl rD #wm0e&f odS n/f xwk vf yk af &; wyfrawmfrsm;wnfaxmifa&;/ txl;ojzifh v,f,mvkyfief;twGuf wnfaxmifa&;? 9? v,,f mvyk if e;f ukd purf v_ yk if e;f EiS hf aygi;f pyaf &;/ wjynvf ;kH wiG f vOl ;D a&yrkd rkd #wpmG jze@fcjJG ci;f tm;jzi3hf 8 òr@ES iS hf awmt=um; jcm;em;r_ udk wjznf;jznf; zsufodrf;a&;? 10? uav;oil ,tf m;v;kH ukd jynof @lausmi;f rsm;wiG f tcryhJ nm oi=fum;a&;39/ vu&f odS ¿mejfzihf &adS eaom uav;rsm;. pu±f tkH vyk uf kd zsuof rd ;f ypaf &;/ ynma&;ukd purf v_ yk if e;f xwk vf yk af &;40 EiS hf aygi;f pyaf y; a&; ponfwdk@jzpfonf? jzpaf y:wdk;ymG ;r_twiG f;wGif vlwe;f pm;jcm;em;r_rsm; uG,faysmuf omG ;aomtcgEiS hf xwk vf yk af &;tm;v;kH ukd wrsK;d om;v;kH . us,jf ye@faom tpn;f t±;kH rsm; vuxf wJ iG f ppk n;f xm;vukd af omtcg trsm;qikd &f m tm %monf ,if;. EdkifiHa&;vuQ%m aysmufuG,foGm;vdrfhrnf? EdkifiHa&; tm%m. yifudk,ft\"dy`m,frSm vlwef;pm;w&yfu tjcm;vlwef;pm; tay: zdESdyfa&;twGuf pnf;±Hk;xm;onfhtm%m41 omv#if jzpf.? tu,fI ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk qef@usifonfh wukd yf wJG iG f vwl e;f pm;w&ytf jzpf tajctae weG ;f aqmrf t_ & rvrJG aoG z@JGpn;f &v#iaf omvf n;f aumi;f / tu,If awmvf eS af &;en;f jzihf rrd ud ,kd f udk tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;jzpfatmifvkyfum xkwfvkyfa&; ta=umif; tcsufa[mif;rsm;udk t=urf;zuf zsufodrf;vdkufv#ifaomfvnf; aumif; Tt=umi;f tcsurf sm;EiS thf wl a,b,k s vwl e;f pm;&ebf uf jzprf r_ sm;EiS hf 86

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f vlwef;pm;rsm; wnf&Sda&;twGuf ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udkvnf; zsuf ord ;f &ma&muaf yon?f o@kdjzihf vwl e;f pm;w&ytf jzpf rrd d u,kd yf ikd f p;kd r;kd ru_ kd zsufodrf;&m a&mufayvdrfhrnf? vwl e;f pm;rsm;EiS hf vwl e;f pm;&ebf ujf zprf r_ sm;&odS nhf a[mi;f ErG ;f aom \"e&iS vf @ltz@JGtpn;f ae&mwiG f wO;D p.D vwG vf ypf mG jzpaf y:w;kd ymG ;r_ onf tm;v;kH vwG vf ypf mG jzpaf y:w;kd ymG ;a&;twuG f ta=umi;f tcsujf zpf aom tpnf;t±Hk;wckudk u|efawmfwdk@ &&Sdayvdrfhrnf? 87

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f tcef; (3) qdk&S,fvpfESifh uGefjrLepfpmay 1? azmufjyefaom qdk&S,fvpf0g' (u) ya'o&mZfqdk&S,fvpf0g' jyifopfjynfESifh t*FvefjynfrS rif;nDrif;om;rsm;onf olwdk@. ordkif;qdkif&mtqifhae&ma=umifh acwfopf\"e&Sif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk qef@ usifaom vufqifhurf;pmwrf;rsm; a&;om;vm&onf? 1830 ckESpf Zlvdkifv jyifopfawmfvSefa&;twGif;ESifh t*Fvdyfðyjyifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; twiG ;f wiG f Tri;f nrD i;f om;rsm;onf rek ;f w;D z,G &f maumi;f onhf topf ay:xGufvmolrsm;udk xyfrHt±_H;ay;vdkuf&.? xdkrSpI av;eufaom EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJonf rnfodk@r#rjzpfEdkifawmhay? pmaywdkufyGJ wckwnf; omv#if jzpfEdkifp&m&Sdonf? odk@aomf pmaye,fy,fwGifyifv#if jyefvnf ysKd;axmifa&;umv· . \"mwfjym;a[mif;rsm;onf rjzpfEdkifawmhay? pmemru_ kd &&&dS etf wuG f ri;f nrD i;f om;rsm;onf rrd wd @kdu,kd uf sK;d uykd if *±krpdkufav[efaqmif&if; aoG;pkyfcHtvkyform;vlwef;pm;oufouf. tusK;d p;D ymG ;twuG qf +kdy;D \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;tay: pcJG suwf ivf m=uon?f o@kdjzihf ri;f nrD i;f om;rsm;onf rrd wd @kd. t&iS of ciof ptf a=umi;f oa&mpf mrsm; a&;om;um vufpm;acs=uonf? tEW&m,fusa&mufawmhrnf[laom a=umurf ufzG,&f m a[mued ;f rsm;ukd t&iS of ci.f em;o@kduyuf m w;D w;kd · 1660 ckESpfrS 1689 ckESpftxd t*Fvefjynf. jyefvnfysKd;axmif a&;umvukd qvkd jkdci;f r[wk bf J 1814 cEk pS rf S 1830 cEk pS tf xd jyiof pjfynf jyevf nf ysKd;axmifa&;umvudk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf? (1888 ckESpf t*Fvdyf bmom yEkH ydS jf ci;f twuG f ted *f ,.f rwS cf su)f 88

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f ajymq=kduon?f Todk@tm;jzifh ya'o&mZf qdk&S,fvpf0g' ay:xGufvmonf? romaw;oDcsif;w0uf/ oa&mfpmw0uf/ twdwf.yJhwifoHw0uf/ tem*wf. +cdrf;ajcmufr_w0uf jzpfonf? wcgw&HwGif \"e&Sifvlwef; pm;udk cg;oD;aom/ jyif;xefaom/ xdrdaoma0zefcsufrsm;jzifh toJcdkuf atmif x;kd EuS wf ukd cf ukd =f u.? o@kdaomf acwof pf orikd ;f cswD u&f mukd v;kH 0 odem;vnfEdkifpGrf; r&Sdjcif;a=umifh tpOft+rJ&,fp&m jzpfaeonf? ri;f nrD i;f om;rsm;onf rrd wd @kdbuof @kd jynof rl sm;tm; ord ;f oiG ;f ,l&ef ypPnf;rJholawmif;pm; vG,ftdwfudk olwdk@a&S@wGif tvHxlxm;=u on?f o@kdaomf r=umc% owl @kdaemuof @kd vrl sm;vukd yf gomG ;&i;f owl @kd. aemuaf usmrS ya'o&mZwf qH yd af [mi;f }u;D ukd aw@Gjriof mG ;=uojzihf toH us,favmifpGm &,farmajymifvSmif+yD; pGef@cGmoGm;=uawmh.? TZmwfyGJwGif jyifopfvuf*sDwrpf0g'Drsm;42 rS tpdwftydkif; wcEk iS hf ,e;f t*vF e4f 3 w@kd yg0iuf jyc=hJuon?f ya'o&mZfrsm;u olwdk@. aoG;pkyfr_enf;emonf \"e&SifaoG;pkyf rE_ iS hf rwal om tjcm;wrsK;d jzpaf =umi;f !e¸ jf y&mwiG f owl @kdonf v;kH 0rwl aom tajctaeatmuwf iG f ao;G pyk cf ahJ =umi;f EiS hf ‚ao;G pyk rf o_ nf ,ck tcg acwfukefae+yDjzpfa=umif;udk arhavsmhae=uav+yD? olwdk@. tkyfpdk;r_ atmufwGif acwfopfypPnf;rhJvlwef;pm; b,fwkef;urS r&SdchJyg[k azmfjy &mwiG f acwof p\"f e&iS vf wl e;f pm;onf owl @kd. v@ltz@GJtpn;f o¿merf S rkcsay:xGufvmaom &v'fjzpfa=umif;udk olwdk@ arhavsmhxm;=u.? odk@&mwGif olwdk@a0zefcsuf. azmufjyefa&;vuQ%mudk tenf; i,rf # z;kH u,G f rxm;ay? \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm; p;kd r;kd ra_ tmuwf iG f v@ltz@JGtpn;f pepfa[mif;udk tjrpfrS vSefypfrnfh vlwef;pm;w&yfonf jzpfay:wdk;yGm; aeay+yD? \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk qef@usifaom olwdk@. t\"dupGyfpGJcsufrSm Tr#omwnf;? owl @kdonf ypnP ;f rvhJ wl e;f pm;ukd zewf ;D vukd jf ci;f xuf awmvf eS f aom ypnP ;f rvhJ wl e;f pm; zewf ;D vukd rf E_ iS hf ywof uIf \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;tay: 89

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f tjypfzdk@=uonf? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&; vufawG@wGifrl olwdk@onf tvkyform; vlwef;pm;udk qef@usifonfh t=urf;zufr_ rSefor#wGif vufwGJyg0if=u on?f ae@pObf 0wiG rf l [wd [f e}f u;D vaS om pmy'kd rf sm;&adS eviuhf pm; pufr_vkyfief;wnf;[laom opfyifrS aºuusvmaom44 a&$opfaomhoD; rsm;ukd ';l axmuaf umu,f &l ef en;f en;f rS rysuuf uG =f uay? uwd opmP / arwWm/ *k%foduQmwdk@udk odk;arG;/ o=um;/ csuft&uf· a&mif;0,fa&; twGuf vJvS,fypfvdkuf=uonf? c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;onf ajr&SifESifh tpOfvufwGJaeonfhtwdkif; c&p,f mebf ek ;f }u;D q&kd ,S vf p0f g'onf ya'o&mZqf &kd ,S vf p0f g'EiS hf vuf wGJvdkufonf? c&pf,mefcsKyfwnf;a&;0g'tm; qdk&S,fvpftvSjc,fay;&ef avmuf vG,fulaomt&mr&Sday? c&pf,mefbmomonf yk*~vdu yikd qf ikd rf /_ trd af xmiðfyrE_ iS hf Eikd if aH wmwf @kdukd qe@fusiuf m tmabmitf m&i;f oeof eEf iS hf a[majymcohJ nf r[wk yf gavm?‚w@kdtpm; 'geðyrE_ iS hf qi;f qif;&J&Jaer_/ tdrfaxmifrðya&;ESifh tvdkqEN csKyfwnf;a&;/ omoemh 0efxrf;b0ESifh c&pf,mefbk&m;ausmif;wdk@udk a[majymcJhonf r[kwfyg avm? c&pf,mefqdk&S,fvpf0g' qdkonfum; rif;nDrif;om;. tylrD;t ay:odk@ bkef;awmf}uD;u csD;jr‡ifhoGef;avmif;ay;vdkufonfh \"rRa&pifom · Tpma=umi;f rmS *smr%jDynuf kd t\"ud xm;on?f xwkd ikd ;f jyn&f dS ajryidk ,f m yikd rf i;f nrD i;f om;EiS hf ajr&iS }fu;D rsm;wiG f owl @kdtwuG f b¾mp;kd rsm; xeG ,f uaf om ajruuG f }u;D rsm;&odS n?f owl @kdonf o=um;vyk if e;f EiS hf tmv;l rS t&ucf sujfci;f ukd t}u;D tus,vf yk =f uon?f yrdk ºkd u,0f aom +Awd od # ri;f nrD i;f om;tvm$ onf ‚tqiohf @kd ra&muaf omjf im;vn;f usqi;f vmaom o;D pm;cukd axrad tmi/f ten;f EiS thf rsm; [ejf ytppk yf urk %` rD sm;wiG f emrnpf m&i;f wixf m;z@kd oed m; vn=fuon?f (1888 cEk pS f t*vF yd bf mom yEkH ydS jfci;f twuG f ted *f ,.f rwS cf su?f ) 90

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f wnf;? (c) \"e&Sifaygufp qdk&S,fvpf0g' ya'o&mZrf i;f nrD i;f om;rsm;onf \"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;u òzcsvukd f onfh wckwnf;aom vlwef;pm;r[kwfay? acwfopf\"e&Sif vl@tzGJ@ tpn;f yw0f e;f usiwf iG f b0ta=umi;f tcsurf sm; q;kd 0g;vmum a=uðye;f oGm;onfh wckwnf;aom vlwef;pm;vnf; r[kwfay? tv,facwf òr@om;rsm;ESifh v,form;uav;wdk@onf acwfopf\"e&Sifvlwef;pm;. a&S@awmfajy;rsm; jzpfcJh=uonf? pufr_vkyfief;ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; ten;f i,of m xeG ;f um;aom wikd ;f jynrf sm;Y ‚vwl e;f pm; EpS &f ypf v;kH onf xGef;opfp\"e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh twl,SOfvsuf oufqdk;&SnfaeqJ jzpfayonf? acwfopf,Ofaus;r_ tjynfht0wdk;yGm;vmaom wdkif;jynfrsm; wGif topfjzpfaom \"e&Sifaygufp vlwef;pm;w&yf zGJ@wnfvmonf? ‚onf \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;t=um;wGif rwnfr+idrf jzp+fy;D \"e&iS vf @ltz@JGtpn;f . jznphf uG f xm;aom tyikd ;f tjzpf xycf gwvvJ J topfjzpfay:aeonf? odk@apumrl òyifqdkifr_a=umifh Tvlwef;pm;xwJ Gif yg0ifolwOD;csif;wdk@rSm ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; wyfzGJ@xJodk@ tqufrjywf weG ;f y@kdjci;f c&H on?f x@kdjyif acwof ppf urf v_ yk if e;f w;kd ymG ;vmrE_ iS hf twl owl @kdonf acwof pvf @ltz@JGtpn;f . trcDS ukd i;f aom tpwd tf yikd ;f tjzpf rS vHk;0uG,faysmufoGm;rnfh tcsdefumvonf eD;uyfvm+yDjzpf a=umif; olwdk@udk pufr_vkyfief;/ v,f,mvkyfief;ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; rsm;wGif t}uD;tuJrsm;/ =uyfrwfolrsm;/ tcpm;tr_xrf;rsm;u tpm; xdk;vdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif;udkyif odjrif=uonf? wdkif;jynfvlOD;a&wGif v,f orm;O;D a&u xu0f uaf usmaf usm&f adS om jyifopjfynuf ohJ @kd wikd ;f jynrf sm;Y \"rRwmyif \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk qef@usifum ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;bufodk@ ygvm=uaom pma&;q&mrsm;onf \"e&Sifpdk;rdk;r_udk a0zef=u&mwGif 91

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rmhufpf/ tdef*,f jyiof ptf aw;G tac:rsm;ukd rrd wd @kd. acwaf [mi;f tb\"d rmR ,=kHuncf sujfzihf pnf;0g;udkufatmif vkyfa&;omjzpfonf? odk@r[kwfv#ifvnf; rdrdwdk@. udk,fydkiftbd\"rRmtjrifudk rpGef@y,fbJ jyifopftawG;tac:rsm;udk &,l a&;jzpfonf? T&,la&;onf wdkif;wyg;bmomudk bmomjyefonfhenf;jzifh tydkifpD;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf? c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;rsm;onf uufovpf&[EWmrsm;. tcsnf;ESD; b0 ta=umi;f rsm;ukd a&;S rpd m> 'Ïd Ed ikd if .H a&;S a[mi;f usr;f *erf sm; tay:wiG f rnfodk@a&;om;cJhonfudk trsm;od=uonf? *smrepf mayorm;rsm; onf TjzpfpOfudk jyifopfavmuDpmayESifhywfoufI uajymif;ujyef vkyf vukd of n?f owl @kdonf jyiof ppf mr&l i;f atmuwf iG f owl @kd. tb\"d rmR qikd &f m r[wk rf [wfrsm;ukd a&;xnahf y;on?f Oyrm tojym. p;D ymG ;a&; vyk f aqmicf surf sm;qikd &f m jyiof paf 0zecf suaf tmuf wiG f “vol m;csi;f ao;G urJG ”_ [vk n;f aumi;f / \"e&iS Ef ikd if aH wmtf ay: jyiof paf 0zecf suaf tmuwf iG f “a, b,k scjJG cm;csuuf kd òzcsvukd jf ci;f ” [vk n;f aumi;f tawmrowf a&;om; cJh=uonf? ordkif;qdkif&m jyifopfa0zefcsufrsm;xJwGif Ttbd\"rRm pmydk'f rsm;udk rdwfqufay;&if; “v_yf&Sm;r_tbd\"rRm”/ “ppfrSefaomqdk&S,fvpf 0g'”/ “*smrefqdk&S,fvpf0g' 0dZ…mynm”/ “qdk&S,fvpf0g'. tbd\"rRm tajccH” ponfjzifh olwdk@ emrnfay;vdkuf=uonf? odk@jzifh jyifopfqdk&S,fvpfESifh uGefjrLepfpmayonf vHk;0±kyfysuf qif;ysuf jzpfoGm;onf? *smrefrsm;vufwGif;wGif vlwef;pm;w&yfu tjcm;vlwef;pm;w&yfESifh wdkufyGJqifa&;udk azmfxkwfjcif; &yfqdkif;oGm; uwn;f u *smrewf @kdonf “jyiof pf wzuof wuf sr”_ tay: atmiEf ikd f vukd +f y[D k ,=kH uncf .hJ ? pprf eS af om vtkd ycf surf sm;ukd u,kd pf m;rðybJ treS f w&m;. vdktyfcsufrsm;udk udk,fpm;ðyonf[k ,Hk=unfcJhonf? ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGufr[kwfbJ vl@obm0tusKd;pD;yGm;/ rnof nvhf wl e;f pm;EiS rhf S rouqf ikd af om/ wu,wf r;f r&adS om/ rorJ uJG 94

ueG jfrLepyf gwD a=unmpmwr;f wnf&Sdaeaom/ tbd\"rRm pdwful;,Ofe,fy,fwGifom&Sdaom a,bk,s vlom;. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf jzpfonf[k ,Hk=unfcJhonf? olwdk@. ausmif;om;i,favhusifhcef;udkyif av;eufwnf=unf pGm oabmxm;um TuvdrfcsKHenf;jzifh tnHhpm;ukefypPnf;udk csD;usL; axmremðyaom T*smreqf &kd ,S vf p0f g'onf rrd .d ynm&adS ,miaf ,mif rodem;rvnfr_udk wjznf;jznf;qHk;±_H;oGm;awmhonf? *smref tx;l ojzihf y&y&f mS ;\"e&iS vf wl e;f pm;. ya'o&mZrf i;f nD ri;f om;EiS hf ouOf ;D qyH ikd bf &k ipf epuf kd qe@fusiaf omwukd yf JG wen;f qakd omf vpfb&,fv_yf&Sm;r_onf ydkrdkonf;oefvmcJh.? To@kdtm;jzihf “pprf eS af om” q&kd ,S vf p0f g'onf Eikd if aH &;vy_ &f mS ; r_rsm;udk qdk&S,fvpfawmif;qdkcsufrsm;jzifh xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkif&ef[laom umv&Snf=umpGm awmifhwae&onhf tcGifhtvrf;udk &&Sdvdkuf.? vpbf &,0f g'/ u,kd pf m;v,S pf eptf p;kd &/ \"e&iS òf yiqf ikd rf /_ \"e&iS pf me,Zf i;f vwG vf yrf /_ \"e&iS Of ya'ðyr/_ \"e&iS vf wG vf yrf E_ iS hf we;f wal &;w@kdukd qe@fusif +y;D tpOtf vmtwikd ;f used qf &J eEf iS hf T\"e&iS f vy_ &f mS ;rt_ m;jzihf bmurkd S tjrwf&=urnf r[kwfbJ tm;vHk;qHk;±_H;zdk@om&Sdonf[k vlxkrsm;tm; a[majym&eftcGifhtvrf;udk &&SdoGm;onf? jyifopfa0zefa&;onf acwf opf\"e&Sif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;.wnf&Sdr_/ ‚ESifhavsmfnDaom pD;yGm;a&;t a=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;zGJ@pnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;wdk@udk óuwifwGufq cJha=umif;/ azmfjyyg tcsufrsm; &&Sda&;onf *smr%Djynf&Sd r+yD;jywfao; aomwukd yf .JG &n&f ,G cf sujf zpaf =umi;f w@kdukd jyiof paf 0zeaf &;. rukd rf aJ om yJhwifoHjzpfonfh *smrefqdk&S,fvpf0g'onf wu,fhtcsdefaumif;wGifrS arhavsmhxm;cJh=uonf? *smrefoufOD;qHydkiftpdk;&rsm;ESifh ‚wdk@. aemufvdkufbkef;}uD; rsm;/ ygarmuQrsm;/ aus;vufajr&Sif}uD;rsm;ESifh AsL±dku&ufrsm;udk +cdrf; ajcmufaeonfh \"e&Sifvlwef;pm;tm; qef@usifaom pmajcmuf±kyftjzpf *smrefqdk&S,fvpf0g'u toHk;awmfcHvdkufonf? *smrefqdk&S,fvpf0g'qdkonfrSm xdkpOfu *smreftvkyform; 95

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