own food. The EU agriculture policy delineates and captures this policy concept of EUconvivialism. -254-
9 MILESTONES9.1 Research MilestonesTable 9 .1: Milestones for research opportunities in short term (2020), mid term (2035) and long term (2050)Research By around 2020 By around 2035 By around 2050opportunities Identify and discover several crop Establish 1 or 2 commercially Develop a combined and integratedA. Biogeographical or livestock species for malaysian introduced or indigenous a super crop ecosystem under oiltransplant of agriculture crops/livestock’s into the existing palm, rubber, cacao, orchard, etc.introduced malaysian crop ecosystems of oil For the commercial purpose ofallopatric, Prospecting: introduce 1 or 2 palm, rubber, cacao, orchards agriculture production for eitherrainforest’s potential flora and fauna species (banana/durian/starfruit/pineapple, food, feed, fuel or pharmaceuticalsflora-fauna from trans-global sources from etc.) In order to enhance thespecies for the rainforest of the south biodiversity of the cropped aras.agriculture american and african continents to enrich the existing crop ecosystemB. Plant gene Sequenced and mapped dna Successful integration of 1or2 Genetically, redesigned dnatechnology:the promise of genomes of existing key crops (oil desired gene traits into the key genome for super crops (oilbiotechnologyand genomics palm, rubber, cacao, orchard malaysian crops palm/cacao/rubber) with selected combined transgenic plants, herbs) in malaysia Complete the inventory of Gene isolation (molecular species (dna bar-coding traits markers) for transgenic transfer technology) in the agro or gene insertion ecosystem of the key malaysian Fortifying the oil palm, rubber crops and cacao genes via molecular breeding – designer crops of oil palm/rubber/cacao /fruits Develop the quick identification of the rainforest species using the dna bar-coding technologyC.sustainable, Vertical and urban farms farms – Successful transgenic insertion of Develop a combined and build vertical farms in congested integrated super crop ecosystemvertical and urban city 1or2 desired gene traits under the key malaysian crops Sustainable living ecosystem: Establish an integrated andagriculture urban-dwelling/housing development model for sustainable coconut-cacao agro- controlled-environment and advanced life support agriculture forest production ecosystem (salsa) (plantation): Rainforest sub-ecosystem studies for rural-urban economic development model: Carbon tax and offset programs Green roofs and building green -255-
Research By around 2020 By around 2035 By around 2050opportunities codes Plant walls Develop 2or3 controlled- environment vegetable,fruit, herb production systems Develop an integrated, sustainable cacao-coconut- orchard-herbs agroforest production ecosystem: Enhance the diversity and the sustainability of the poultry production into a close-loop, integrated ecosystemD. Energy crops and Fortify the oil palm dna genome Develop an eco-based, close-loop, Establishment of a totalgreen technologies with genes from other vegetable crop production models that are close-loop oil oil producing crops. sustainable, all-inclusive Designer oil palm varieties (multi- agroecosystem for oil palm/rubber/cacao/coc purpose) for food, feed, fuel, palm/rubber/cacao/orchard onut production furniture and pharmaceuticals, (durian)/ pepper for the etc plantation industry. ecosystem (including Reduce food miles – carbon and Develop 4 or 5 transgenic legumes transgenic traits) for water footrpints. (cover crops) to establish a green- Asean energy or biofuel policy friendly, fertilizer production sustainable agricullture Sequence, map and fortify the agroecosystem for oil palm and dna genomes of cacao, coconut & rubber plantations – sub- indigenous fruits ecosystem for a cycle-loop Develop st&i on green production ecosystem technologies Develop an island into a biosphere Bioremediation technology. or noah’s ark like agroecosystem Transgenic nitrogen-fixing for development on the available legumes to generate 20 000 islands in the ASEAN organically/indigenously initiative region. produced fertilizer from transgenic cover crops.H. Ict as enabler for Develop demonstrator, ict-enabled, Develop more demonstrator, ict- World and ASEAN centre for excellence in oil palm and rubber:productivity in flagship applications on key enabled, flagship applications on key the total knowledge and economy related to oil palm and rubber isagriculture agriculture commodity crops (oil agriculture commodity crops (oil hubbed in malaysia. palm, rubber, cacao, rice, pepper, palm, rubber, cacao, rice, pepper, coconut): coconut, etc.): Build serdang agropolis Serdang agrpolis as the ASEAN agriculture hubG. Water technology Conduct water footprint for key Rebuild, redeveloped 2or3 A sustainable and inclusive closed economical crops with by-products cycle-loop, crop production agro- that utilize the most water.. improved, efficient and multi- ecosystem (oil palm/rubber /cacao/ orchard/ etc.) That includes the Improve the efficiency of irrigation purpose dam for farming, drinking, conservation of water, energy and and drainage infrastructure that environment. caters to timeliness in supply and power generation and optimal or efficient water use for the major paddy-growing areas. environmental conservation. Develop water-efficient variety of rice in the like of the hill paddy -256-
Research By around 2020 By around 2035 By around 2050opportunities which uses minimal amount of water through molecular breeding of drought resistance rice with better developed root system. Develop a mechanism or device for cool upland, cole crop farming that harvest clean water from mist or clouds (like that of the cloud seeder plant which collects dripping water from its out-propping, teflon-like branchlets on the trees in the rainforest). Develop or adopt water technology that collects rainwater and recycled used water in the farm and purify it via bioremediation. (to be reutilized for farming activities, to reduce potash and phosphate pollution into the streams and rivers, especially from oil palm mills)F. Convivialism in Enhanced ASEAN intra-tradeagriculture towards (conviviialism) arrangment for foodASEAN 2015 and energy as a mechanism to reduce food miles or carbon footprint Quality critical-mass in human capital for st&i in oil palm in ASEAN . St&i initiatives for halal technology and standards.E. Human capital in Offer scholarships in critical Agropolis showcase for k – A fully enlightened sustainableagriculture disciplines or competencies in agriculture establishes in serdang development society feeding off agriculture in order to sustain the and other ASEAN cities. knowledge hubs in ASEAN quality of st&i knowledge workers countries . in agriculture (e.g. Taxonomy, botany and soil science,) Agriculture to become a component of the plkn( training center of national service) training (national conscription programme) curriculum training to all youths in the country Agriculture to be the mainstay of upm and graduates of upm must be trained to be competent in gardening as competency in living -257-
Research By around 2020 By around 2035 By around 2050opportunities skills Ensure the board of agric-related agencies incluse knowledgeable, experienced and technically competent k-agriculture people to provide s&t leadership and direction Combined ASEAN excellence in oil palm and rubber9.2 Milestones from Crop, Livestock and Fishery Perspectives Table 9 .2: Milestone from crop, livestock and fishery perspectivesCommodity Issues/ Technology/ Short-term (2020) Mid-term (2035) Long-term (2050) Challenges policy/trendsOil palm Issue#1 – major disease Genomics and Develop a Export and Designer oil palm affliction of oil palm certified for with transgenic plantations where there gene technology: designer oil palm global resistance to can be as much as 3% of commercial oil several debilitating trees are decimated by develop transgenic variety for palm seed bank diseases and pest ganoderma disease supplier with of oil palm estimated to cause 10- variety of oil palm transgenic transgenic 20% reduction of resistance to production yield per for resistance to resistance to ganoderma hectare. ganoderma disease ganoderma Challenge – to develop oil palm via molecular disease. Search variety with transgenic breeding. Splice and develop oil resistance to ganoderma disease. the resistance gene palm seed with to ganoderma from signature other species and chemical marker insert into the oil (trademark) for palm dna genome. barcode dna Share the genome profiling and library of the genome sequenced and inventory/ mapped dna of oil library develop palm by sime darby chemical marker for terminator genes to be considered for strategic commercial identification and certification. Transgenic oil palm variety: spliced with desirable gene traits from other vegetable oil producing crops (competitors of oil -258-
Commodity Issues/ Technology/ Short-term (2020) Mid-term (2035) Long-term (2050) Challenges policy/trends palm), such as, canola, sunflower, soy, coconut, groundnut, etc.Oil palm Issue#2 – Genomics and Search for Commercial , Develop oil palm as(contd) currently, oil palm gene technology: molecular/chemic multi-purpose, super crop production is via molecular al markers for designer oil confined or tailored breeding sequence commercial seed palm variety to vegetable oil and map the dna production test – for food genome of oil palm oil palm gene production. and identify for designer chemical markers diagnostic kit. Challenge – to associated with the Desired gene develop designer oil desired gene traits traits for dwarf palm variety for (e.g. Dwarf variety with large fruit specific and diverse with large fruit bunch, tall variety production needs bunch, tall variety for timber (vegetable oil, for timber or production. timber, biocomposite pharmaceuticals, production, or industrial needs, pharmaceutically etc.). By important traits repurposing the oil inserted with palm genome for therapeutic/medicial diversity or multi- traits into the oil purpose use like : palm fruits). dwarf variety with large fruit bunches, Use barcode dna tall variety for technology to identify timber or bio- functional variety and composite tag them for bar-code production, biofuels, dna technology labelling as bioreactors for via prospecting for transgenic native oil palm species in therapeutic traits the african continent from the tropical (cameroon) and enrich herbs, etc.) the oil palm gene bank. Barcode-dna tag them and develop a repository library for quick- diagnostic labelling.Oil palm Issue#3- Root architecture - Improved and Commercial, Customised or designer(contd.) inorganic, chemical research to improve the avanced root transgenic oil oil palm variety fertilizers are mostly efficiency of the fertilizer system for oil palm with traits of (vegetable oil super imported, root uptake or root palm. Improved disease crop): for order with petroleum-based architecture and root anchoring in resistance, specified request for fertilizers and the system/alternatives for peat soil condition weed tolerant, desirable gene traits to oil palm plantation improved fertilizer and efficient salt-tolerant, fortify the oil palm of overreliance to uptake, or devising other fertilizer uptake and root genome with array of inorganic chemical means of efficient for oil palm system for choices for either , fertilizers accounts delivery of the fertilizer improved therapeutic, disease to almost 40% of into the oil palm root nutrient uptake resistance, salt the oil palm uptake and sturdy root tolerance, temperature production cost. system tolerance Petroleum price is -259-
Commodity Issues/ Technology/ Short-term (2020) Mid-term (2035) Long-term (2050) Challenges policy/trends increasing and it is technology Commercial a non-renewable cover crops and resource input and Commercial legumes for the current cover cropsand enhanced technology of cropping nitrogen-fixing application is system: to capability causing improve and environmental Transgenic cover Organic diversify sources degradation that crops: research to fertilizers from of organic requires for develop transgenic cover crops: fertilizer for oil bioremediation of nitrogen-fixing cover develop the palm plantations the ―chemical crops spliced with transgenic roots waste‖. desirable traits of the of 4 species of Challenge – to mycorhizae or plantation cover wean off or microbes through crops (pueraria reduce our over- molecular breeding javanica, reliance on and improve nutrient calopogonium chemical, uptake by inserting mucunoides,centr petroleum-based desirable genes from osema pubescens fertilizers and adopt microbes into root , mucuna towards organic nodolation. bracteata) for fertiliser both oil palm and programme. Organic fertilizers rubber to improve productiologyclin uptake of g technon via recy nitrogen, – further develop phosphorus and the composting potassium technology to fertilizer reutilize the ‗waste‘ from efb and pome to convert the efb into bio-fertiliser via the newly developed, controlled- environment composting technology (cect) of using microbial inoculants under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Embed the rfid tagging for tracing of origin in the development of traceability system for organic efb compost fertiliser -260-
Commodity Issues/ Technology/ Short-term (2020) Mid-term (2035) Long-term (2050) Challenges policy/trends Transgenic Improved dual- nitrogen-fixing capability for fern roots: either anaerobic develop ferns and aerobic that grow on the conditions via oil palm tree controlled - trunks with roots environment with transgenic, composting nitrogen-fixing (cec), replete traits or with traceability associated with system to link for microbes, or data-mining and mycorrhizae in tracking and the roots for tracing system for efficient nitrogen- auditing on fixing carbon footprint Commercial production of innocultant for controlled environemnt composting: for efb and other by- products from agricultural biomass for organic fertilizer production -261-
Commodity Issues/ Technology/ Short-term (2020) Mid-term (2035) Long-term (2050) Challenges policy/trendsOil palm Issue#4 – our Robotic farmer: Develop a Intelligent robot(contd.) dependence on harvesting wearable robot for oil palm foreign labour and wearable/ suit (robot suite) harvesting and skill for intensive mountable robot – that can be worn transportation harvesting work to overcome the by ordinary for precision routines for oil palm back-breaking person for farming makes it to be the weight of carrying harvesting oil achilles heel of oil fruit bunch weighing palm bunches in palm production in between 15 – 40 kg the plantation malaysia. by manual labour in harvesting and Develop a Challenges – to carrying oil palm mounted reduce and simplify fruit bunches onto bidpedal robot the back-breaking the transportation to harvest oil menial task so that vehicle (lorry, etc.) palm from tall ordinary people (not By using wearable trees and rough the muscular) can robot (ironman). and sloping, hilly perform the terrains. harvesting and Color sensor- loading of fruit assisted and bunches motion-capture technology robotics – develop a robot equipped with color sensor to detect and harvest ripe fruit bunch, and also using motion- capture activated robots to pick and harvest the fruit bunch from the oil palm tree.Oil palm Issue – loss of Enhance the Oil palm –(contd) biodiversity species livestock for through biodiversity in the biodiversity deforestation and oil palm agro- enrichment: monocropping ecosystem. By several solutions system in oil constructing a and options on palm plantation; functional and biodiversity agro-ecosystem enriched ecosystem enrichment for is weak and by including a the oil palm vulnerable to variety of the plantation agro- disease and pest keystone species ecosystem via attack. into a biodiversed livestock rearing ecosystem in the oil (cattle, goats, Challenge – to palm plantations. wild fowl, bees) enrich the Increase the and biological biodiversity in the biodiversity by control agents agro-ecosystem introducing (owl - rats of the livestock control, hedgehog monocropped (cattle/goat/wild – termite control). oilpalm plantation fowl/beekeeping/ porcupine to turn the weeds (asystasia/cover crops/etc.), termites, loose oil -262-
Commodity Issues/ Technology/ Short-term (2020) Mid-term (2035) Long-term (2050) Challenges policy/trends palm fruits as food sources for the livestock. Biodiversity enrichment or biological control via owl-rats, orchid growing, etc.Oil palm Aviation biofuel Develop several(contd) from palm oil: test biodiesel and develop oil blending Issue – palm, blending formula of palm implications of formula for oil - petroleum carbon aviation biofuels recommended for footprints/food for malaysian use as aviation miles airlines and air asia. biofuel 2%, 5% product/carbon Virgin airlines have and 10% biofuel tax post kyoto tested and blending adopted protocol in 2012. compared the by malaysia‘s Entrenchment of relative efficacy of branded carrier palm oil merely biofuel, including viz. Malaysia for food but palm oil, for jet airlines and air must diversify for engines. By 2012 asia. Break the fuel. eu stipulates that all long-chain carbon commercial airlines to overcome the Challenge – to entering the skies of coagulant-under- develop the use eu will be levied freezing of palm oil for wtih carbon tax, temperatures in fuel blending in unless they meet palm oil aviation biofuel the stipulation of unsuitable for and other using at least 2% aviation biofuels. transportation. blending of aviation biofuel, adopted by the aircraft carriers (british airways, virgin airlines, klm, lufthansa, singapore airlines, etc are signatories to the commitment). Palm oil All lorries biodiesel for transporting oil fruit bunch palm fruit transportation bunches in in oil palm estate plantations: use plantations are of palm oil equipped with biodiesel as fuel engine for all lorries modification transporting fruit for the use of bunches in the oil oil palm palm plantations. biodiesel for Device to modify fuel which the lorry for saves carbon using palm oil footprints and -263-
Commodity Issues/ Technology/ Short-term (2020) Mid-term (2035) Long-term (2050) Challenges policy/trends fuel in estates. reduce carbon emissions (if using petroleum/dies el from fossil fuel)Rice Issues – use lots In collaboration Asean intra- Trans-global of water for with irri and trade for food tropical flooding (weed china genome security in agriculture control), low- institute to breed selected item germplasm yielding, and it is drought-tolerant, for barter trade exchange for a contentious hill paddy variety (oil palm for agriculture food security that has heavy rice, sugar issue that rootlet system cane, beef, depends too and for efficient mutton, dairy much on water and products , etc.) agricultural nutrient uptake subsidy. and broadcast seeds to save Challenge – to manual labour. reduce dependence of Plant designer Asean subsidy, high- rice variety with economic yielding variety, fortified genes to integration and uses less produce enzymes galvanize on water because of for vitamin regional food water scarcity production and and energy- issue of customized sharing and tomorrow. nutrition needs security (personal arrangment . genomics).. Source such variety from china Collaborate with ASEAN countries to barter trade with oil palm to ensure food security and self- sufficiency in riceRubber Issues– to add Barcode dna Develop Commercialise Rubber as non- more upstream, several food industrial product inventory: chemical- designer super crop diversification of clones as rubber through sequence and marker bioreactors the opportunities for the in developing mapped the dna signatures of production of bioterials via bioterials advances in genome of rubber rubber clones genomics and develop a to dna dna barcode barcode tag inventory of the them to thousands of identify and commercial categorise -264-
Commodity Issues/ Technology/ Short-term (2020) Mid-term (2035) Long-term (2050) Challenges policy/trends To reduce the rubber (rrim designer dependence on series) clones rubber clones inorganic, that have been for chemical developed for commercial fertilizers by almost hundred tagging going organic. years and further (timber, latex, classifiy them for disease Challenge – to the production of resistance, sequence and designer rubber tolerant to clones for strong winds, map the dna multipurpose seed genome of needs. production, rubber and etrc.) develop new by- products through Molecular Commercial transgenic crop biosteel, production or breeding - rubber clone: molecular commercial breeding. transgenic Biosteel from rubber clone To develop other biosteel silk and purification sources of process for organic means from protein of rubber: a commercial and reduce over- production of reliance to rubber latex: prototype of biosteel from inorganic, rubber trees chemical the biosteel silk is rubber clone fertilisers a strong-bonding that produces protein spider silk biosteel from that has been the protein of inserted into the rubber latex milk protein of lactating goats – spidergoats. There is a chance that the protein in the rubber be utilized for biosteel conversion from the protein in the rubber latex. Develop transgenic cover crops and legumes (several species) with improved roots capacity for nitrogen-fixing capability with transgenic microbes, myrcohirzae, etc.Rubber Issue – clearing Livestock Recommendati(contd) of virgin jungle for arable land is politically rearing, and ons for an Several A sustainable, untenable recommended biodiversed rubber intercropping of integrated, sets for agro-ecosystem integrated young rubber biodiversed, designer land – enhance cropping -265-
Commodity Issues/ Technology/ Short-term (2020) Mid-term (2035) Long-term (2050) Challenges policy/trends anymore. the biodiversity system for rubber clones Optimise existing of the rubber rubber of various arable land for agro-ecosystem plantation commercial rubber. To and increase the consisting of purposes optimize rubber productivity of several hectareage for the rubber indigenous higher hectareage by species that productivity and rearing livestock enrich the address the need (goats, cattle, rubber agro- to improve migratory ecosystem productivity beekeeping , without the need etc.) to clear the jungles for more hectareage of arable land for rubber. Challenge – to enhance the biodiversity and improve the value-chain of rubber hectareageVegetablesand food Issue – Vertical and Food Asean as Indo-malaya astubers vegetables are urban farming : production world’s food world’s germplasm easily perished congested and hub for cities hub with centre for and greatly populated cities like kuala advantage of agriculture needed for food like kuala lumpur, johor good weather (especially for food by city folks in lumpur, johor baru, penang, and propitious and herbal crops and congested cities. baru and penang seremban, etc. conditions for vegetables) Yet arable land in should resort to food production urban areas are urban and – (thailand as diminishing and vertical farming ―kitchen of the give way to other where there world‖ and commercial or would be reduced indonesia real estate needs carbon aspires to in the cities. footprints and become the Growing and controlled world‘s food transporting vegetables in far environment hub – historical out, rural places away from the agriculture streak as ‗old cities endears energy for (temperature, spice route‘ transportation and it creates humidity, light large carbon footprints. duration, pest and disease control, etc.) To ensure predictability of food production for city folks. The malaysian Grow vegetable food basket does not reflect crops and or correspond to livestock in abundance for -266-
Commodity Issues/ Technology/ Short-term (2020) Mid-term (2035) Long-term (2050) Challenges policy/trends the reduced price recommended that correspond food pyramid to the food for healthy life pyramid styles, thus requirements. producing many Consider obese people in production radius the society. to minimize Asean’s buffer food carbon footprints stock to ensure regional (within 20 food security and safety Challenge – to kilometers with grow food in population cities (urban around 70 000 farming) and in people) multiple-storey buildings in order Regional to reduce carbon Asean food footprints and intra-trade: multi-lateral optimize arable develop a agreements land from 2d regional ASEAN on food space into 3d convivialism in security and space farming food security safety for and safety for ASEAN exchange trade countries for agricultural products. Apart from reducing carbon footprints of agricultural products via ASEAN intra trade the initiative also promote regional economic integration. Indigenous Genomics and transgenic transgenic fortified tubers: tubers with important staple enrich food food and tubers value nutrients. like rice, cassava (tapioca), sweet potato, yams, etc. Need to be spliced with therapeutic genes and fortified with enzymes for improved nutrients, minerals, and vitamins into some of the food tubers.Cacao -267-
Commodity Issues/ Technology/ Short-term (2020) Mid-term (2035) Long-term (2050) Challenges policy/trends Issue- cacao Genomics and Prototype of Develop several Cacao as hectareage is fortify the designer commercial another food dwindling (from cacao dna cacao clones: designer super crop > 100 k hectares genome via develop several clones of to > 20 k molecular designer cacao cacao for hectares) and it breeding: clones with multipurpose is being replaced sequence and desirable traits use by oil palm. The map the dna with current genome of cacao. therapeutic technology of Develop the herbal-derived, production is barcode dna taste, labour intensive inventory and aphrodisiac, and fraught with identification of disease debilitating viral cacao clones resistance and fungal through signature traits. diseases chemical markers. Resort to transgenic Challenge – the splicing of malaise of the desirable traits, cacao industry like , disease and dwindling resistance to hectareage fungal and viral prompt us to diseases, and upscale st&i to also inserting retain the therapeutic or hectareage or medicinal reverse the properties of the trend in indigenous, converting cacao herbal plants via crops with oil molecular palm in the breeding into the coconut-cacao dna genome of agro ecosystem. cacao.Floricultureand Vertical and Commercial Commercialhorticulture Issue – congested cities urban farming: prototype flora species are becoming hot the practice of designs of for filtering and air pollution vertical and plant walls polluted air in is aggravating urban agriculture with prescribed the cities by the environment. is to be promoted nursery of plant walls of The indo-malaya in cities to make selected herbs and food to be easily tropical plant flowers from region archives > available in the species to be the tropical 8000 out of the > cities with less grown on the rainforest. 22000 species of carbon footprints, plant wall. orchids, yet we and to cope with have not warmer leveraged our temperatures, air biowealth assets pollution, in orchids into a untimely flourishing availability of industry that water to cause produces more droughts and than several floods. thousand varieties every year. Plant wall -268-
Commodity Issues/ Technology/ Short-term (2020) Mid-term (2035) Long-term (2050) Challenges policy/trends Challenge – to construction on make the city city buildings: landscape to be construction of green-friendly, plant wall with cooler, clean air tropical species of and habitable herbs, flowers, etc. And To harness the equipped with biowealth efficient potential of the fertigation to orchid germplasm clean the polluted into a flourishing, city air by the floriculture plant wall. industry in the country. Produce 10 commercial, Coordinate the transgenic research- orchid commerce varieties (with relationship signature between chemical researchers and markers) for growers and international conduct market germplasm collection of orchids from the rainforest and study their in situ habitat and the related keystone species critical to its ecosystem and develop clones and varieties for commercial propagation Reastablish indigenous breeding herbsFruits Issue –by and Ecological Multi- cropping large, fruit trees approach to system for orchards of are similarly orchard culture: banana, durian, carambola, grown in mono- grow orchard cropping system with like that of the oil consideration of -269-
Commodity Issues/ Technology/ Short-term (2020) Mid-term (2035) Long-term (2050) Challenges policy/trends palm, rubber and the functional, papaya. cacao plantations. bio-diverse agro- Difficult to open up new land to ecosystem. E.g grow new fruit crops. Since durian amongst arable land is scarce and cluster of banana diminishing therefore optimal trees and bats‘ use of the land is needed (pollinator) Challenge – sanctuary. Gm fruits grow orchards not in mono- spliced with cropping system but in multi- gene traits to diverse flora and fauna species. address disease resistance, weed control, or with smell or taste preference. Designer fruits (papaya, mangoesteen, carambola, etc.) With specific characteristics to suit different marketsLivestock Issue #1 – food Intra-ASEAN food Realize the Realize an Continue security: production hub – agreement on intra-ASEAN selecting useful conglomerization capitalizing on win-win food security traits of food animal regional production network for Mass production production production sharing livestock for local breed through vertical resources for initiatives produce. integration and domestic supply between increasing farm of beef, mutton, malaysia and Develop size in many pork and dairy ASEAN and strategies for commodities such products while at ASEAN +3 the commercial as poultry, dairy the same time partner production of and beef cattle creating markets countries. animal proteins could meet a for our diversified and animal higher processed food based products percentage of and animal based Enhance the from wildlife species. domestic demand industrial productivity of Continue for animal products. smallholder selecting useful traits proteins from Identify potential livestock Genomic current level but species production studies would still be units by dependent on incorporating imports for our advanced needs for beef, reproductive mutton and dairy biotechnology products. and more Challenge – efficient strategizing on feeding the optimum use systems. of finite local and foreign resources for the production of animal Establish jungle proteins. food Adapting new species for food -270-
Commodity Issues/ Technology/ Short-term (2020) Mid-term (2035) Long-term (2050) Challenges policy/trends and recreation Incorporate indigenous species of livestock (buffalo, katjang goats, village chickens and ducks) in food production systems. Issue #2 – Closed house Enhance the Develop Develop aconcern for a production adoption of closed technologies to sustainable crop-clean and pristine system as house and close loop better handle animal animal productionenvironment by adopted by many system technologies waste, reduce green system for multithe general public vertically for pigs, dairy cattle house gases and product and usewarrants a relook integrated and feedlots for beef seek alternative strategies.at the presence poultry producers cattle and goats. uses of animalof highly can be extended waste.concentrated to other livestockanimal species of pigs, Developpopulations in dairy cattle and technologies tovery intensive feedlots for beef integrate foodproduction cattle and goats. production withsystems such as Close loop clean environmentin poultry, pig system in which and efficient waterand dairy cattle zero waste management.farms and beef strategies arecattle feedlots. adopted toIntensive animal ensure minimalsystems are waste dischargessuspected to and conversion ofcontribute more animal wastesto environmental into biofertilizersdegradation, and otherincluding industrialbiodiversity products.losses, groundwatercontaminationand soil pollution.The integration oflivestock in cropproductionsystems needs tobe attractivefinancially andenvironmentally to the investors. Challenge –developingenvironmentally-sound andsustainableintensivelivestockproduction -271-
Commodity Issues/ Technology/ Short-term (2020) Mid-term (2035) Long-term (2050) Challenges policy/trendssystem. Strategizing onresourceallocation for asustainable crop-livestockproductionsystem. Issue #3 – Regional network Realize intra- Tap the beneficial Develop plant basedtransboundary of disease ASEAN animal attributes of vaccines ofanimal diseases surveillance and disease disease resistance recombinant proteinare difficult to control across surveillance of indigenous sub-unit vaccinescontrol without different regions of network. germplasm of with antigen ofsharing of the world and Develop vaccines animal and other species derived ininformation on sharing of for poultry in the fauna species for plant tissues.animal and information on tropical incorporation intoanimal produce disease risks. genome ofmovement. productionConventional animalsvaccinescurrently in useto combat animal Cheaper vaccinesdiseases are having high efficienyexpensive, less in their deliveryeffective in systemss.conferringprotection andhave poordelivery. Higher disease Challenge - resistant breeds of reducing the risk livestock through factors in disease transgenesisoutbreaksthrough closemonitoring ofanimalmovement andhost reservoir.Cheaper vaccineswith highlyefficient delivery. Issue #4 – Designer products Expand the array of Create world-vertical based on livestock varied animal based class brands ofintegration of produce with global products tailored to halal animal-poultry appeal and consumer changing global based productsproduction has expectation. market demand for the globalcreated a highly emphasizing on marketsefficient industry wholesomeness,that is able to product labelling andmeet the needs traceability.of the nation for poultry meat andeggs. Challenge –diversifying theprocessedproducts basedon poultry meatand eggs for -272-
Commodity Issues/ Technology/ Short-term (2020) Mid-term (2035) Long-term (2050) Challenges policy/trends domestic and Genomic profiling of Complete Develop stress- Explore the international tolerant livestock generation of multi- markets. domestic germplasm genomic breeds and use products from strategies to reduce animals as bio- Issue #5 – of animal and wildlife profiles of losses in fauna reactors. increased biodiversity and temperature species to complete indigenous animal genetic Identification of active which resources. principle accompanies the inventory of livestock and climate change Search for products may have beneficial properties of wildlife species which enhance the adverse long bio-degradability of term effects on local biodiversity. to identify fibrous feed reproductive materials. efficiency and Regulation selection adaptation of markers for Enhance farm animals. natural density of swiftlet traits of resource of Challenge – farming economic insect understanding the long term importance. effects of climate change on the R&d on adaptive physiology of sustainability farm animals & birds. and wild insect populationAqua- Issues - continuous New technologies are Stock rebuilding Certification of Regional &culture through fish quality and milestone inand overfishing and needed to better reduction in traceability of fish fisheries for mutualfisheries fishing pressure along the supply agreement. for marine chain is well stock depletion for manage existing capture fisheries established. Sufficient recovery especially in the in fish stocks as a marine capture stocks in capture west coast of Stock building result of peninsular continued with management fisheries fisheries while malaysia. wider application initiative with Enabling further of marine marine protected Challenge- to minimizing waste exit of fishermen protected areas in areas and from capture peninsula reduction in fishing enhance wealth and improving the fisheries malaysia. effort. especially in the creation for the value of products west coast of Improved Malaysian will peninsular diseases resistant emerge as a nation the seas through processing malaysia. 20% species for regional hub for reduction of aquaculture certified quality should play a vital and handling. fishermen in the developed ornamental fish west coast. through genetic role over the next Technology can play improvement Aquaculture to Anticipate on techniques. produce some 50 forty years to 2050. a major positive role large scale percent of Greater ASEAN countries fish Aquaculture is not by reducing Access ruined of cooperation on requirements reefs knowledge developing as discarded by-catch management on Allow capable information on planned and is and postharvest existing the seas fishermen to surrounding the underperforming losses. Technology stay and improve efficiency in compared to other will also be essential fishing. southeast asian in improving the countries quality and safety of Issue- r&d with fisheries products in relevance to the the markets modernizing of the The capacity in industry is required. malaysia for scientific R&D in the sector stock assessment is does not involve quite limited. direct participation o Investment in new the private sector. generation of Adoption of new fisheries research technology is very vessels and remote haphazard and on a sensing projects piece meal basis. would considerably -273-
Commodity Issues/ Technology/ Short-term (2020) Mid-term (2035) Long-term (2050) Challenges policy/trends enhance the Encourage ASEAN nations. Some ten percent information available private sector of the seas around to stakeholders and investment in Development of malaysia used for policy makers in deep sea fishing. new products sea ranching of fisheries. Investment in using sea weeds tuna, groupers and The use of marine stock analysis and biodiversity of sea bass. protected areas research for the coral reefs of (mpas) will increase deep sea fishing. the ASEAN seas Wide use of as a management Develop modern tool for conservation aquaculture technologies in and stock rebuilding focus on aquaculture activity. grouper, sea production and Coral reef bass and tilapia feed formulation. ecosystem and penaeid destruction posed shrimps by water quality Develop further degradation needs integrated cage better understanding farming. and management. Develop Aquaculture industry opportunities in has to use new sea weed technologies of farming using breeding and the mini estate genome development approach and focus more on especially in quality to better sabah. position itself vis-à- Try to capture vis the neighboring back about 30% countries. Focus of the volume of species should be ornamental fish tilapia, carps, catfish exported through and the tiger shrimp. neighboring The ornamental fish country industry can benefit (singapore) from improved Promote the genetic development production of of species and healthy and certification schemes disease-free fish will help the Develop viable industry‘s long term feed mills to development support In high valued aquaculture. aquaculture, the possible limiting constraints of fishmeal and fish oil can only be surmounted through feed replacements. This need will be more important for aquaculture and capture fisheries as the pressure on fish stocks increases with increase in demand for fishmeal and fish oil. The introduction of new species and new traits into -274-
Commodity Issues/ Technology/ Short-term (2020) Mid-term (2035) Long-term (2050) Challenges policy/trends ecosystems, however, must be regulated and monitored with great caution. As aquaculture intensifies in malaysia, technology‘s role in controlling externalities and minimizing net resource demands will become more important. -275-
9.3 Logical Framework Analysis (LFA) Table 9 .3: Agricultural Sector (Technologies and R&D)Current status Issues and Gaps in Future needs Proposed StrategiesMechanisation challenges knowledge recommendati Integrated system Harvesting e.g. Lack in link between of harvesting and ons/ action Oil palm, rubber, the technology transport machine plans aquaculture development and farmer Machine that can Set up a body to Conduct the Poor development adapt with the examine the farm competition for the of mechanization Lack between the local terrain mechanization advancement of and over technologies and condition mechanization e.g. dependent on the expertise e.g. Reduce the foreign Harvesting machine foreign labour Mechanical engineer worker (guest workers) and biologist to work Vocational training/ together Contract program introducing Lack of harvesting/farming of new technology connection The item/tool is too between the expensive to the Technology to scientist and the small holder provide a better farmer to return implement the Not high technology/ technology friendly user available machinery Lack of incentives for farm Economy of scale-not applicable for the small holderMechanisation Lack of Lack of specialist Studies in Designer crop Maintain the gene(contd.) pool mapping of the Lack of the transgenic for Desirable qualityGenomics and understanding of for thegene technology genome the importance the new gene crop/animal Enhance the and use of biodiversity e.g. sequence for technology Studies in the Coconut and microbe cocoa the crops fertilizer /livestock/fish/ Fortifying of microbes genome by Accessibility of Introducing new deleting or the genome species mapping inserting the studies Skilled genes in key interdisciplinary researchers crop of oil palm ,cocoa and rice Lack of bar Food security coding technology Form a genome centre Lack of the collaborative -276-
Current status Issues and Gaps in Future needs Proposed Strategies challenges knowledge recommendatiGenomics(contd.) ons/ action plansInformation andcommunication genometechnologies molecular(ict) markers Precisio Transgenic n initiative for agricult the identified ure gene of species Priorities crop Add more value to crop e.g. Cocoa Diversification of crop Maintain the gene pool Production of cocoa is decreasing because of pod borers and lack of R&D to resolve this problem Ict for the farm Poor value-chain Integration Agencies to have Develop a policy level between two discussion on for accessibility Lack knowledge of different traceability and and data sharing Systems applications of agencies data sharing approach to bio-informatics Develop a policy solve the information Immediate Use ict for for traceability problems accessibility to improving mechanism data e.g. Topo agriculture Role of msc to map and soil marketing e.g. Institutional be adapted in maps in digital E-business programs/project ict of format s agriculture Ict for improving value-chain Develop the Lack of Updated data training program enabling of ict e.g. Satellite Leverage the in agriculture images , maps broadband Adopt bio- initiative e.g. informatics Better market Portal of the moa Lack of the information such as agric continuous management bazaar development in ict Continue enhancement Accessibility of of existing Bio-informatics the data system for futures‘ market Making available Knowledge e.g. For the quality criteria information for -277-
Current status Issues and Gaps in Future needs Proposed Strategies challenges knowledge recommendatiInformation and price of thecommunication management fruit, flower ons/ actiontechnologies and vegetable plans(ict) Centralised(contd.) data knowledge Real time data agriculture repository exchange products in a portal e.g. In Traceability Availability of fama or moa system. E.g. data and Rfid services in real For nano-tech- time for targeted delivery Nano- research agency drugs and technology vaccine for crop, fishery and livestock (time control delivery) LandResources Converting Add value to theconstraint coco to oil palm present cropResources Agroforestryconstraint Lack of policy Knowledge sharing Bring the nature Capitalize the More resources to produce ecosystems bio-diversity and for the R&D agriculture Indigenous indigenous products in knowledge More R&D for knowledge linked More forest /research for bio- enhance to the sandt collaboration prospecting biodiversity platform between Expand the ecosystem Undertake forestry and participation of Improving the collaborative agriculture e.g. In the local technology of studies for education, community in harvesting for the agroforestry medical forest agar wood models community (gaharu) from karas tree To bring the nature cycle- More models for loop system to the agroforestry the agriculture sector e.g. Wild honey production in sarawak Identification of resin Fisheries Marin environment Lack of policy -278-
Current status Issues and Gaps in Future needs Proposed Strategies(contd.) challenges knowledge recommendati ons/ action plans for develop aquaculture species Over fishing in west coast area Heavy threat for fresh water and riverine fishery from industrial pollution from poor river management − Research and development funding R&D institutes − −−− being diverted from core areas of R&D to showing income and profits Fund need to go to the high impact sector Slack in R&D procedures for funding and identification of focussed areas − Energy Reuse the displaced resource of the oil palm trunk to be by product of timber Competing forResources the sameconstraint resources e.g.(contd.) Oil palm trunk for wood versus for fertilizer -279-
Current status Issues and Gaps in Future needs Proposed Strategies challenges knowledge recommendati ons/ action plans Lack of the The nutrition Nutri-genomic Follow the latest Matching the knowledge needs base on the study theNutritional healthy food genetic make up of suggested nutrition toneeds from A study on the agriculture to Do not have use of nutrition food plan lifestyle health sector national food data for preventing consumption the diseases Nutritional research strategy to No health Adjust the food create a policy basket survey for the Meet the diet of the people status of according to the food pyramid national food Biotech on the and basket legumes and Allocation of plants for the research improve antioxidant Run the food production as Refine the fast proposed in the food category food pyramid as a daily diet Agriculture Put the lower product should price for the base on the recommended nutritional food via mass recommendatio production n Design of the food base on the health -280-
10 CONCLUSIONThe developments in the region and the world, with regard to agriculture, were carefullyanalysed in the report. The significance of science and technology in the formulation andselection of strategies by the government and industry for the development of the agriculturalsector was given emphasis. Some preliminary suggestions for investments in the subsectorare also provided. The key conclusions from the study are outlined as follows:With few exceptions, notably that of rubber, oil palm, cocoa, poultry and pork there is a lack ofintegration of applications of ST&I between the production segment with the subsequentdownstream segments of many crops, livestock, fisheries and agroforestry.There is a lack of integration and consistency in the policies, strategies and programmes in theagricultural sector and ST&I is used and managed in a ‗diffused‘ manner by a plethora ofagencies under the numerous ministries.There is a serious lack of consistent data on the applications of ST&I along supply chains andtrading networks as well as gaps on data on nutrition.Although there is emphasis on ‗New Agriculture‘ in the 9th Malaysia Plan, there is still a lack ofproper understanding of the rational of this (re)emphasis on agriculture and how agriculturewill contribute to the sustainable growth, wellbeing of the populace towards 2020 and beyondtowards 2050 - towards a sustainable, inclusive and high income economy as envisioned in theNew Economic Model.In arriving at the characteristics and objectives of Malaysia‘s Agriculture towards 2050 thefollowing conclusions are drawn.The key strategic thrusts should be to ensure food security and safety; sustainable agriculture;intelligent/precision agriculture; and high-value agriculture via increasingly comprehensive andinterconnected supply chains and trading networks.For the next 40 years, the focus will be on food and agricultural product quality, food safety,improved food nutrition and functions, modernized agriculture via ICT, nanotechnology,biotechnology, digitization and precise technologies; and high-value ecological, multi- -281-
functional and sustainable agriculture. These are to be firmly established, in tandem withdevelopments in the other sectors in WEHAB, of water, energy, health, and biodiversity.Advances in biotechnology, ICT, nanotechnology as well as innovative ways of conductingbusiness in Agriculture will further increase the efficiency, competitiveness and sustainabilityof the identified strategic crops, livestock, and fisheries as we move more confidently, as anation, into the more challenging, globalizing and interdependent environment towards 2050.The promises of the emerging technologies will, however, not guarantee contributions toimproved Malaysia Agriculture if the nation fails to adopt appropriate policies; understand theimportance of cross sector and discipline linkages; develop the critical mass of humanresources needed through the whole value chain; participate actively in R&D; provideadequate funds; change mindset; and be sensitive to the welfare of the total environment. -282-
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