SCIENCE OUTLOOKResearch and Policy Recommendations Document© Academy of Sciences Malaysia 2015All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be produced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, orotherwise without the prior permission of the Copyright owner.The views and opinions expressed or implied in this publicationare those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the viewsof the Academy of Sciences Malaysia.Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication DataScience Outlook: Action Towards VisionISBN 978-983-2915-17-1i. Science and Technology--Malaysiaii. Science and State-- Malaysia303.483All requests to extract information or reproduce content fromthis document in whole or in parts should be submitted to:Academy of Sciences MalaysiaLevel 20, West Wing, MATRADE TowerJalan Sultan Haji Ahmad Shahoff Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim50480 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaPhone: + 603.6203.0633Fax: + 603.6203.0634www.akademisains.gov.my As Malaysia prepares itself towards 2020, there is a need to better understand and harness Malaysia’s STI capabilities, capacity and potential to devise a more realistic and pragmatic implementation strategy, as well as an approach for socio-economic transformation and inclusive growth. Science Outlook signifies a new beginning in an effort to bring Malaysia’s STI development to the next level.
ContentsForeword by The Honourable Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation Foreword by ASM President 2 Preface by the Chairperson 4 Conduct of the Study 6 Advisory and Working Groups 11 List of Tables 15 List of Figures 16 Acronyms 17 Introduction 20 Chapter 1: STI Governance 31 Chapter 2: Research, Development 51 and Commercialisation (R,D&C) Chapter 3: STI Talent 69 Chapter 4: Energising Industries 83 Chapter 5: STI Enculturation 95 Chapter 6: Strategic International Alliance 107 Further Readings 121 References 201 Acknowledgements 209
FOREWORD BY THE HONOURABLE MINISTEROF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATIONI would like to commend the Academy of In this context, Science Outlook 2015 wouldSciences Malaysia (ASM) which serves as a certainly serve as a useful reference.national STI think tank, for the exemplaryand timely effort in producing Science STI cannot be considered in isolation asOutlook 2015: Action towards Vision. it cuts across economic sectors, ministriesThis report provides a much needed and knowledge domains. Scienceindependent review, evidence-based Outlook 2015 advocates transformativeanalysis and insights on the STI landscape thinking, integrated planning and inclusivein Malaysia based on the strategic thrusts implementation of the national STI agendaof the current National Policy on Science, and this resonates well with MOSTI’s goals.Technology and Innovation (NPSTI), I hope Science Outlook 2015 will spur and2013-2020 as well as the way forward. catalyze action to effectively leverage STI towards boosting national productivityAs the ministry mandated to lead the and competitiveness. The findings, gapnational Science, Technology and analysis, incisive perspectives, benchmarkingInnovation (STI) agenda of the nation, as well as way forward prescriptionsthe Ministry of Science, Technology and highlighted in the report will serve as aInnovation (MOSTI) has a major useful reference not just for the policyresponsibility to ensure an enabling makers, but also for other stakeholdersecosystem for STI to thrive. The key such as the scientific community, economistsbuilding blocks or strategic thrusts are and industry practitioners.effective governance, robust research,development & commercialisation I consider Science Outlook 2015 by ASM,(R,D&C), competent STI talent, invigorated a strategic document that offers timelyindustries, STI encultured society as well insights into the Malaysian STI landscapeas strategic international alliances. and the way forward.The government is committed to facilitatingrequisite infrastructure, institutionalframework, collaborative platforms andincentives to drive STI for socio-economictransformation. However, it is necessary tofirst analyse our current position, capacityand capabilities to determine how resourcesand investments should be deployedtowards realising envisioned outcomes.
... STI cuts across economic sectors,ministries and knowledge domains...Datuk Seri Panglima Madius Tangau
FOREWORD BY ASM PRESIDENT The Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM) new perspectives on the Malaysian STI However, even with the robust policy in fulfilling its role as a “Thought Leader” in landscape. It is hoped that this Science framework, government support and the science, technology and innovation (STI) Outlook will be a useful reference for private sector participation, the arena is committed to relentlessly champion informed decision-making. As you go implementation of policy measures seems STI advancement and excellence for national through the Report, you may find that the to be fragmented and eclectic with multiple development and global competitiveness. issues highlighted are ‘nothing new’. agencies and institutions competing to get ASM translates this mission into action by However, this time around, ASM has their voices heard. Such disparities have undertaking strategic STI studies and endeavoured to present the issues with proved to be counterproductive, especially delivering programmes that mobilise a wide supporting data and evidence along with in meeting the singular objective of fully spectrum of expertise not only within the recommendations to address them harnessing our STI potential and Academy but also its network of prominent effectively. If requisite action is not taken with contributing positively to national international partners and linkages. Our a sense of urgency, the same issues will keep development. Even when setting STI efforts are bolstered by an immense sense of coming up until something is done targets for policy making and planning, responsibility and urgency to see STI being differently to successfully address them. it is of utmost importance to evaluate and effectively harnessed for wealth creation and Hence, the tagline of this inaugural Science analyse our current position, capacity and societal well-being. Outlook Report is, “Action towards Vision”. capabilities to objectively consider whether they are practical and achievable towards As a STI think tank, ASM strives to From the very beginning of the STI realising envisioned outcomes. provide the best scientific advice that is agenda in the national policy framework independent, credible, relevant and timely to the current National Policy on Science, The vision to transform Malaysia into a STI- in nature. This is made possible through the Technology and Innovation (2013-2020), we powered, high-income economy, calls cultivation of a robust ideation process that have come far. Over the years, we have for commitment to integrate STI in explores creative avenues, different identified and built formidable STI networks development policies and national plans perspectives and varied expertise. This has locally, regionally and globally, with the towards sustainable, people-centered resulted in scientific advice that takes into intention of strategically positioning solutions. When it comes to issues account multi-sectorial feedback, a futuristic Malaysia in STI, encouraging cross- concerning low capacity for innovation, outlook and approaches that transcend pollination between industry and academia fewer investments in technology, poor conventional discipline boundaries. as well as leveraging on a common pool of orientation towards science, technology, ideas, talents and resources. engineering and mathematics (STEM) One of the flagship initiatives that ASM education and low private sector embarked on last year is to produce a Among the visible outcomes of our participation in R&D for commercialisation biennial Science Outlook report. endeavours include improved research there is a need like never before, for the Therefore, ASM is pleased to publish and development (R&D) and technological execution of integrated, strategic Malaysia’s first Science Outlook that capabilities as well as greater public interventions in the spirit of national interest. presents an independent review of key awareness and understanding on the role trends in STI in Malaysia. The Science and relevance of science for society. We need to revisit our implementation Outlook is aimed at providing strategies, and support ideas or solutions evidence-based insights and that will help us appreciate and harness2
the role of STI for national development. To ... Action Towards Vision:achieve this vision, we need to mobilise action Harnessing our STI potential ...by bringing together all the proponents of STIand advocate a unified strategy. I am confident Tan Sri Datuk Dr Ahmad Tajuddin Ali FASc that this Report will provide the necessaryimpetus and motivation to relook at STI witha renewed vision.I would like to take this opportunity tocongratulate and thank all members of theScience Outlook Steering Committee, underthe able leadership of Professor Datuk DrHalimaton Hamdan FASc, as well as otherASM Fellows and Associates who contributedthrough the various Working Groups as wellas all those who were involved in one way oranother for concerted effort in publishing thisinaugural Science Outlook. ASM hopes theReport can be institutionalised and publishedevery two years with the purpose of reportingreal-time progress on the adoption and imple-mentation of various STI policies,programmes and platforms, as defined underthe current policy framework.On behalf of the Academy of SciencesMalaysia, I would also like to sincerely thankall government ministries, agencies,institutions of higher learning, researchinstitutes as well as industry and corporateentities who have participated in providinginput or data for the Report. ASM looksforward to constructive feedback from thevarious stakeholders and partner organisations.I hope this Science Outlook will facilitate theharnessing of STI for national development andglobal competitiveness. 3
PREFACE BY THE CHAIRPERSONIn carrying out its function as a science, countries gllobally was carried out. Thistechnology and innovation (STI) think tank, facilitated the charting of outcomes atthe Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM) various stages of STI development as well ashas published its first Science Outlook that identifying the gaps vis-à-vis the set policyprovides an independent review of key targets. The views and opinions presentedtrends in STI in Malaysia. This inaugural in this Report are substantiated with verifiededition has focused on the National Policy facts, figures, primary as well as secondaryon Science, Technology and Innovation data, case studies and inferences drawn by(NPSTI, 2013-2020) and its six pillars namely: economists and statisticians. In a nutshell, it(i) Transforming STI governance; presents an independent analysis and(ii) Advancing scientific and social research, consolidated report on key STI trends anddevelopment and commercialisation; (iii) development in Malaysia in the contextDeveloping, harnessing and intensifying of the NPSTI pillars for evidence-based,talent; (iv) Energising industries; (v) STI informed decision making.enculturation as well as (vi) Enhancingstrategic international alliance. On behalf of ASM, I would like to acknowledge the support of various subjectThe philosophy of the Report is to evaluate experts, industry practitioners, scientists andwhere we are in STI, benchmark ourselves statisticians, researchers and writers,with other countries that are advancing well for their tireless efforts in making thisin STI, identify the gaps, consider future Report possible. This document highlightsimplications and recommend the way pertinent areas that need to be effectivelyforward to realise our aspirations. The study addressed concerning Malaysian STIprocess was carried out by a Steering policies, capabilities, initiatives,Committee and six Working Groups that opportunities and aspirations by variousinvolved a wide array of experts and analysts stakeholders such as policy makers,as well as four international reviewers. government officials, academics, industryEighty-one national policies were analysed leaders, international partners and theand almost hundred and ninety four general public.references were evaluated during the study.Analysis of historical, secondary and primary It is hoped that Science Outlook woulddata was carried out. In addition, a catalyse the transformation of STI for wealthbenchmarking of best practices and creation and societal well-being.analysis of various models of selected4
... impactful science, technology and innovation(STI) for wealth creation and societal well-being ...Professor Datuk Dr Halimaton Hamdan FASc 5
Malaysia’s first Science Outlook has been Six working groups, dedicated to six anchored by ASM, under the auspices of areas of STI, were formed, with a mix MOSTI. The objective is to conduct a study of representation from the industry, or review of Malaysian STI landscape and to government, academia and professional test our preparedness to achieve STI targets circles. The working groups deliberated as the country aspires to emerge as a many discussions to identify and define developed economy. the scope of their respective chapters, making it relevant and supported by evidence-based research or information. CONDUCT 196 References 22 Analysts OF THE 14 Steering Committee Members 3 Data Analysts STUDY 4 International reviewers 5 Writers 6 Working Groups 1Chief Editor STI Governance (13 members) 73 organisations and 14 individuals RDC (11 members) participated in the Surveys, Industry STI Perception STI Talent (6 members) Audits, Focus Group Discussions, Media Engagement Energising Industries (6 members) Exercises, and Face-to-face Conversations STI Enculturation (10 members) Strategic International Alliance (5 members) 8 individuals conducted Surveys, Industry STI Perception Audits, AIM, CARIF, COMPASS ROSE, DOSM, EPU, IDEAS, IIUM, IKIM, Focus Group Discussions, Media Engagement ILMIA, INSTITUTE ENGINEERING MALAYSIA, MASTIC, MIGHT, Exercises, and Face-to-face Conversations MOE, MOSTI, MPC, MSA, MSPK – NSRC, NSC, PARLIAMENT, PEMANDU, PERDANA UNIVERSITY, PETROSAINS, SMECORP, 28 organisations STANDARDS MALAYSIA, TINDAKAN STRATEGI, UKM, UM, provided key information and data UMK, UNITEN, UPM, YSN-ASM6
The project is a result of a comprehensive Such an extensive exercise was followedstock-taking and engagement exercise, by inputs from international peers and sub-involving multiple stakeholders — from ject matter experts for greaterpolicy makers to regulatory authorities, credence.from industry players to associations, fromthought leaders to subject matter experts, Various members of the working groupsfrom proponents of STI agenda to its assumed distinctive roles, guiding thebeneficiaries. process of conducting primary or secondary research / data collection, diagnosticIn the absence of a centralised repository analysis, benchmarking, inclusions andon STI performance, issues, challenges and omissions, etc. Each working group wasopportunities, it is important to reach out assigned a writer, who reported to theto various sources of information to include Chief Editor, responsible for documentingfacts and figures, views and perspectives, the evidences, information andpast records, current trends and future interpretations under active directionprospects. The key objective has been to and supervision of the working groups.understand where we stand as a nation interms of STI capabilities, capacity andaspirations.Towards establishing this and forundertaking this scientific project, ASMadopted a three-pronged approach fordata collection and analysis: (1) Exploring national archives and knowledge centres to verify and establish various performance indicators in STI space; (2) Engaging with ministries, agencies, media, academicians, researchers, scientists, industry players, entrepreneurs, economists amongst others to secure quantitative and qualitative data on STI initiatives, programmes, policies and the overall ecosystem; and (3) Analysing local and global trends and best practices to address the gaps and arrive at recommendations. 7
ASM undertook the responsibility to havea bird’s eye view of the overall project efforts,to include multiple stakeholder engagementin the form of qualitative audits. The exerciseinvolved qualitative in depth interviews orinteractions with private sector industryplayers, the media, researchers, policymakers etc. The following methodologieswere used to conduct baseline studies andto derive rich insights for individual chapters: 1 Face-to-face Conversations with 2 An Industry Ministries, Regulatory Authorities, STI Perception Agencies, Associations and Audit Apex Institutions was conducted using ‘Purposive Sampling’ technique involving one-to-one in-depth were organised to get an insider commentary on everything interviews with senior management, i.e. CEOs that drives STI policies, the measures taken to address some of and leaders driving businesses and companies. the gaps and challenges, the outcomes and future expectations In traditional research terms, this qualitative on STI development. Some of the key stakeholders include approach may not lend itself to quantifiable the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), results or generalisability to the entire population Ministry of Education (MOE), Malaysian Productivity Council, as with mass surveys. However, the methodology Malaysian Rubber Product Manufacturers Association, National provided rich insights and data relevant for further Instruments Academy and Innovation Nucleus (NI-AIN), Halal analysis. The companies were selected from Industry Development Corporation, Malaysian Palm Oil Council, various National Key Economic Areas (NKEA) or National Innovation Agency Malaysia (AIM), SME Corp Malaysia priority sectors of the economy. Through this (SME Corp) amongst others. It was important to identify approach, the working group has been able to perceptual or reality gaps between governing bodies, policy establish STI trends for review and analysis. makers and implementers, and the beneficiaries or participation of various STI programmes and platforms. This approach helped to identify challenges between public and private institutions in meeting the common agenda of STI implementation.8
3 A Media 4 One In addition, due diligence was undertaken Engagement Consultative to identify various primary and secondary Exercise Lab data sources to include national resources and international reports. National resources was conducted to gain an outside was organised to review included databases of reputable institutions perspective on the subject of STI Science Outlook and seek such as Bank Negara Malaysia, MATRADE, and its practical implications on feedback from Young Scientists Department of Statistics Malaysia, Malaysian society and economy at large. Network (YSN) Malaysia. Investment Development Authority (MIDA), All mainstream and language More than 40 young scientists MOSTI, ASM’s Mega Science Framework print, and electronic media were participated in the discussions Study for Sustained National Development interviewed to get a balanced during the YSN-ASM or the Mega Science Agenda: Malaysia 2050 view. The exercise also helped to Colloquium 2014 and the amongst others. The international reports establish the relevance of feedback was incorporated to included the Global Competitiveness Science for Society and Society substantiate the key findings Reports from World Economic Forum, for Science. of Science Outlook. Global Innovation Index, IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2013 and other relevant reports published by OECD amongst others. References and citations from credible and institutionalised reports helped to support various inferences and for establishing correlations between various determinants and drivers of STI success. In analysing and interpreting the data and information, ASM maintained its evidence-based approach and worked closely with statisticians, scientists and economists to substantiate various findings. 1. For very specialised and scientific areas such as the Research, Development and Commercialisation (R,D&C), a holistic approach by way of the Innovation Systems Framework was used to diagnose the performance, which included assessment of key players and factors within the innovation system, including existing institutional arrangements, and R,D&C programmes established by the government [Figure (a)]. Such assessments included analysing national achievements, active players and effective programmes in R,D&C. Furthermore, anecdotal 9
evidence and qualitative analysis • How were these interviews or NATIONAL RESEARCH COMPETITIVENESS (with case studies) were included to engagement exercises conducted? substantiate the findings presented in Supported by cue-sheets and Publications, Intellectual Property Rights, this chapter. pre-determined line of questioning or Human Capital, Commercialisation, themes, the interviews were verbally Revenue Generated, Licensing, 2. Various statistical and regression analysis conducted in “discussion-mode or models were also drawn to simulate style”; without any physical aid of a Spin-off Companies, Knowledge Transfer scenarios favourable to STI development. questionnaire. The themes included The overall engagement exercise STI Awareness, Industry Readiness, OUTPUTS undertaken for the purpose of this report Cost Effectiveness, SWOT, relied on the notes of interviewers’, Communications and Engagement, Universities & Institutions observations, analysis, and even International Alliance and Research Centres of e.g. rules & omissions, in establishing trends which Mobility, STI Governance and Mobility, Excellence regulations were verified by the participating Way Forward Recommendations etc. companies, experts, policy makers, The interview duration varied from Firms Research regulators, relevant ministries, industry one to two hours per company Institutes opinion-makers and entrepreneurs respondent and considering the amongst others. quality of time spent in probing and deliberating to elicit relevant • Why Qualitative and Perception Audits? information or / and data, a trend With 98.5% of the industry started emerging (with repetitive establishments categorised as SMEs responses) after the first 20 interviews. (SME Corp Malaysia Annual Report No new information was registered 2013), who have had a poor orientation or recorded after the first 20-22 or response towards online surveys, interviews. a more personal and one-to-one approach was considered more practical R,D&C and yielding. In the past, the Royal Programmes Society of UK1in undertaking research in Malaysia had questioned the reliability (Agencies) and accessibility of quantitative surveys, owing to the extremely poor response INPUTS rate and poor quality of data. R&D Investment, Researchers etc. 1A Fellowship of the world’s most eminent scientists and the Figure (a). Framework for assessing the inputs and oldest scientific academy in continuous existence. performance of R,D&C. Source: Modified based on framework established10 by Chandran et al. (2012) Source: MOE, NSRC, MOSTI, MASTIC, MYIPO and DOSM. Some data were also obtained from individual firms and their respective Annual Reports, researchers’ surveys and datasets from ScienceSnap (2014).
Steering Committee Independent International Professor Datuk Dr Halimaton Hamdan FASc Review Panel ChairpersonADVISORY Dr Ahmad Ibrahim FASc Professor Dr-Ing Holger Kohl & Former Chief Executive Officer, ASM Director Division Corporate Management Rushdi Abdul RahimWORKING Director Malaysian Foresight Institute, MIGHT Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and GROUPS Professor Dr Yang Farina Abdul Aziz FASc Design Technology (IPK) Head, Centre for Water Research & Analysis (ALIR) UKM Associate Professor Dr Jaafar Jantan Dr David Michael Reiner Director, Academic Development Management Director, MPhil in Technology Policy Division, Higher Education Department, MOE Programme Cambridge Judge Datuk Fadilah Baharin FASc Director General, Department of Standards Malaysia Business School, University of Cambridge Professor Datin Dr Azizan Baharuddin Director, IKIM Professor Dr Sung Hyun Park President Korean Academy of Science and Technology (KAST) Dr Dieter Ernst Senior Fellow and Professor East-West Center, Hawaii, USA Rizal Kamaruzzaman Executive Director, Tindakan Strategi Sdn. Bhd. Hazami Habib Acting Chief Executive Officer, ASM Associate Professor Dr Abhimanyu Veerakumarasivam Director, Scientific Foundations of Medicine, PERDANA Professor Dr Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman FASc Professor of Chemistry, UPM Tengku Nasariah Tengku Syed Ibrahim Chief Executive Officer, PETROSAINS Associate Professor Dr Noor Azlan Mohd Noor Department of Sociology & Anthropology,IIUM Rohana Ramly Deputy Chief Executive Officer(Coordination & Development)SME Corp. Malaysia 11
Governance Research, Development STI Talent Working Group & Commercialisation Working Group Working Group Dr Ahmad Ibrahim FASc Associate Professor Dr Jaafar Jantan Mr Rushdi Abdul Rahim Professor Dr Yang Farina Abdul Aziz FASc Chairperson Chairpersons Chairperson Professor Datuk Dr Halimaton Hamdan FASc Dato’ Dr Amin Khan Professor Dr Cheong Sok Ching Fellow Director, Public Service Delivery Group Leader, Oral Cancer Research Team ASM PEMANDU CARIF Tengku Nasariah Tengku Syed Ibrahim YB Che Rosli Che Mat Associate Professor Dr Leong Chee Onn Chief Executive Officer Member of Parliament (Hulu Langat) YSN PETROSAINS YB Datuk Seri Panglima Madius Tangau Minister of Science, Technology & Innovation and Associate Professor Dr Abhimanyu Suhaime Mahbar Member of Parliament (Tuaran) Veerakumarasivam Director, Public Sector Transformation Division Director, Scientific Foundations of Medicine Siti Haslinda Mohd Din MAMPU Director, Methodology and Research Division PERDANA Amir Omar DOSM Professor Dr Mohd Basyaruddin National Institute of Labour Market Abdul Rahman FASc Information and Analysis Professor Dr Mohd Hazim Shah Professor of Chemistry Hj Abdul Murad ILMIA Faculty of Science UPM Siti Haslinda Mohd Din UM Suhaimi Hamzah Director, Methodology and Research Division Deputy Under Secretary Professor Dr Ong Puay Liu ICT Policy Division DOSM Principal Research Fellow, Institute of Ethnic Studies MOSTI UKM Ramlee Ab Ghani Datin Paduka Dr Halimaton Saadiah Hashim Principal Assistant Secretary, Research Analysis Section Principal Fellow MASTIC UKM Dr Vilasini Pillai Rinalia Abdul Rahim Head of Secretariat, NSRC Founder and Managing Director MOSTI Compass Rose Sdn Bhd Professor Dr Mohamad Kamal Hj Haron Wan Saiful Wan Jan Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research & Innovation) Founding Chief Executive UMK IDEAS Amerul Muner Mohammad Yogeesvaran Kumaraguru Head of Secretariat Deputy Director General Macro Malaysia Institute of Integrity EPU Lee Saw Hoon Amy Tam Lay Choon & Idzuafi Hadi Kamilan Senior Director, Global Competitiveness Department Research Officers, Research Unit MPC Parliament of Malaysia12
Energising Industries STI Enculturation Strategic InternationalWorking Group Working Group Alliance Working Group Datuk Fadilah Baharin FASc Professor Datin Dr Azizan Baharuddin Rizal Kamaruzzaman Chairperson Chairperson ChairpersonRizal Kamaruzzaman Hazami Habib Datuk Fadilah Baharin FAScExecutive Director Acting Chief Executive Officer Director GeneralTindakan Strategi Sdn. Bhd. ASM Department of Standards MalaysiaRohana Ramly Professor Dr Zainal Ariffin Professor Dr Yang Farina Abdul Aziz FAScFormer Deputy CEO (Coordination & Development) Deputy Dean (Student Affairs & Research) Head, Centre for Water Research & Analysis (ALIR)SME Corp Malaysia UNITEN UKMCzarif Chai Abdullah Associate Professor Dr Abhimanyu Datuk Mazlan Othman FAScDeputy Director (Business Development Division) Veerakumarasivam Fellow Director, Scientific Foundations of MedicineSMECorp Malaysia ASM PERDANADato’ Dr Ir Andy Seo Kian Haw FASc Associate Professor Dr Zainovia LockmanFellow Associate Professor Dr Noor Azlan Mohd Noor School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering Department of Sociology & AnthropologyASM USM IIUMIr Choo Kok Beng FASc Tuan Haji Anis Yusal YusoffInstitute Engineering Malaysia Principal Fellow, Institute of Ethnic Studies (KITA) UKM Kamaruhzaman Mat Zin Under Secretary MASTIC Associate Professor Dr Irmawati Ramli NSC Tengku Nasariah Tg. Syed Ibrahim Chief Executive Officer PETROSAINS Wee Hui Bieh Malaysian Scientific Association (MSA) 13
Subject Matter Expert ASM Analysts and Wan Nurul Hanani Wan Alkamar Shah Publication Team Senior Analyst (Science Analysis) STI Governance Intan Suliana Suhaimi Esther Wong Kum Yeen Analyst (MegaScience) Associate Professor Dr Shahir Shamsir Senior Analyst (Science Analysis) Nurul Hidayah Abdul Razak Deputy Director, UTM RMC Analyst (S&T Capacity) Nurfathehah Idris Muhammad Jawad Tajuddin R,D&C Analyst (Science Analysis) Analyst (Middle East & Africa) Nitia Samuel Ahmad Fadhli Abdul Razak Associate Professor Senior Analyst (Science Policy) Analyst (Emerging Technology) Dr VGR Chandran Govindaraju Seetha Ramasamy Rizuana Mubarak Department of Development Studies, Manager (Corporate Services) Analyst (Europe) Faculty of Economics and Administration P Loganathan UM Research Fellow (MegaScience) Nur Zuriany Zaki STI Talent, Energising Industries & Executive (Science Excellence) Strategic International Alliance Loh Chia Hur Professor Dr Jamal Othman Analyst (Science Policy) Professor & Consulting Economist, UKM Padmini Karananidi Analyst (Science Analysis) Editorial Team Farah Elida Selamat Executive (Science Network) Kishore Ravuri Mohd Ikhwan Abdullah Chief Editor Analyst (Science Policy) Gopinath Nagaraj Habibatul Saadiah Isa Chan Li Jin @ Ahadhaniah Analyst (Science Analysis) Harinder Kaur Gill Asna Asyraf Saedon Tengku Dina Surani Tengku Zaman Executive (Science Network) G Vinod14 Senior Executive (Science Communication) Nornajihah Mohd Nor Executive (Information Centre) Mariatul Kibtiyah Silahudin Jarjis Executive (Science Communication) Dharshene Rajayah Executive (Science Communication)
List of TablesTable 1-1 Analysis of STI elements 35 Table 1-2 Malaysia’s progress in STI Management 47 Table 1-3 STI related debates in Parliament 48 Table 2-1 Top three fields accounting for 70% or more, 2004-2012 55 Table 2-2 Article output and growth (%), 2005-2009 57 Table 2-3 Commercialisation and sales by R,D&C programmes 60 Table 2-4 Commercialisation rate of R&D from 6MP to 9MP 64 Table 2-5 R&D spending by manufacturing sectors 2011 65 Table 3-1 Science to non-science students ratio 73 Table 3-2 Operational issues at tertiary education level 76 Table 3-3 Existing ratio and production rate of S&T human capital versus target 77Table 3-4 Talent juxtaposition of current and targeted cohort size 80Table 6-1 Bilateral cooperation between Malaysia and foreign countries according to region 110 Table 6-2 Malaysia is at par with MIST and BRICS 111 Table 6-3 World Economic Forum’s stages of development by countries 112 Table 6-4 AEC alignment to APASTI 2015 – 2020 and Krabi Initiative 115 Table 6-5 Existing STI-related agreements between Malaysia and BRICS 116 15
List of FiguresFigure 1-1 National Policy on Science, Technology and Innovation (2013-2020) 34 Figure 1-2 Malaysia’s STI development and achievements 36Figure 1-3 STI Management Cycle 42 Figure 1-4 STI Management Cycle in South Korea 43 Figure 1-5 STI Management Cycle in Brazil 44 Figure 1-6 An overarching National STI Agenda for a unified execution strategy 45 Figure 1-7 STI Management Cycle 46Figure 2-1 Malaysia’s evolving funding programmes with multiple agencies and across Malaysia Plans 54 Figure 2-2 Gross expenditure on R&D, 2000-2012 54Figure 2-3 Number of researchers, 2000-2012 55 Figure 2-4 Percentage R&D spending on applied, basic and experimental research, 2012 56Figure 2-5 Publications per principal investigator, 2007-2010 56 Figure 2-6 R&D publications by funding agency 58Figure 2-7 Patent application and patent granted, 1986-2013 58 Figure 2-8 Relationships between R&D spending, human capital, publications and patents 59 Figure 2-9 Fields of commercialisation by universities 61 Figure 2-10 GDP invested in scientific research (%), 2012 62Figure 2-11 R&D expenditure and researchers, 2011 63Figure 2-12 Business expenditure on R&D (% of GDP), 2012 or the latest available year 65 Figure 2-13 Seamless R,D&C process 66Figure 3-1 Talent lifecycle: Operational definitions of developing, harnessing and intensifying talent 72Figure 3-2 S&T human capital quantitative distribution, 2020 75 Figure 4-1 Share of R&D expenditure by sector, 2008–2012 86Figure 4-2 Innovation information sources 87 Figure 4-3 University-Industry linkage initiatives 91Figure 4-4 Poor awareness of STI policies among industry players 92,93Figure 5-1 Petrosains, The Discovery Centre 100Figure 6-1 Malaysia’s charted development path 109Figure 6-2 Malaysia’s indexed publication collaboration trend, 1981-2011 113Figure 6-3 Malaysia’s indexed publication collaboration by country, 2000-2013 113Figure 6-4 Growth rates in the ASEAN Region 11416
AcronymsABI Agro-Biotechnology Institute EMBRAPA Brazil Agricultural Research CorporationACSB Asia Council for Small Business EPPs Entry Point ProjectsAEC ASEAN Economic Community EPU Economic Planning UnitAES Automated Enforcement System ERIA Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East AsiaAFAS ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services ERT European Roundtable of IndustrialistsAGE Acute Gastroenteritis ETP Economic Transformation ProgrammeAIM Agensi Innovasi Malaysia EU European UnionAJFTA ASEAN Japan Free Trade Agreement FACS Federation of Asian Chemical SocietiesAKFTA ASEAN Korea Free Trade Agreement FAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationAMED Asia Middle East Dialogue FDI Foreign Direct InvestmentAMS ASEAN Member States FEALAC Far East Asia Latin America CooperationANGKASA National Space Agency FIT Act Federal Act of 4 October 1991 on the FederalAPASTI ASEAN Plan of Action on STI APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation FPC Institutes of TechnologyAPSS Advanced Passenger Screening System FTA Fiscal Policy CommitteeASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations FRI Free Trade AgreementASEM Asia Europe Meeting GATS Forest Research InstituteASM Academy of Sciences Malaysia G2G General Agreement on Trade in ServicesASTI Association of Science, Technology and Innovation G77 Government-to-GovernmentBCF Biotechnology Commercialisation Fund GCI Group of Seventy SevenBCG Biotechnology Commercialisation Grant GERD Global Competitive IndexBERD Business Expenditure on R&D G2B Gross Expenditure on R&DBFM Business FM GLC Government to BusinessBK Brain Korea Programme GNI Government-linked CompanyBNM Bank Negara Malaysia (Central Bank) GPS Gross National IncomeBRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa GRIs Global positioning systemBTP Bioeconomy Transformation Programme GDP Government Research InstitutesCIF Community Innovation Fund GTAP Gross Domestic ProductCIF Community InnoFund GTP Global Trade Analysis ProjectCOE Centre of Excellence HCRST Government Transformation ProgrammeCOMCEC Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Human Capital Roadmap for Science and HIPs COSEPUP Cooperation of the Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation HRDF Technology 2012 – 2020COST Committee on Science, Engineering Public Policy and HSE High Impact ProgrammesCPC Community of Science and Technology IBSE Human Resource Development FundCRDF Central Product Classification IAEA Health, Safety and EnvironmentCREST Commercialisation of R&D Fund ICAO Inquiry Based Science EducationCSR Collaborative Research in Engineering, Science & Technology ICONedu International Atomic Energy AgencyCTBTO Corporate Social Responsibility ICONity International Civil Aviation OrganizationDOA Preparatory Commission for the CTBT Organization ICSB Online Education Content Creation GrantD8 Department of Agriculture ICT Online Social and Community Content Creation GrantDAGS Developing Eight IFNM International Council for Small BusinessDDI Demonstrator Application Grant Scheme IGS Information and Communications TechnologyE&E Direct Domestic Investment IHL Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals MalaysiaEARTM Electrical and Electronics Industry Research & Development Grant Scheme East Asia SME Round Table Meeting Institutions of higher learningEC EIF European CommissionEIU Enterprise InnoFundEMBRAER Economist Intelligence Unit Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica 17
ILMIA Institute of Labour Market Information and Analysis MTN MIGHT Technology Nurturing IMASE International Muslim Association of Scientists MyIPO Intellectual Property Corporation of Malaysia MYRA Malaysia Research Assessment IMR and Engineers NAM Non-Aligned Movement IOR-ARC Institute for Medical Research NAP National Agricultural Policy IPCP Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation NCII National Corporate Innovation Index IP Intellectual Property Commercialisation Policy NEAC National Economic Advisory Council IPO Intellectual property NEM New Economic Model ISBC Initial public offering NERS National Enforcement and Registration System ISIC International Small Business Congress NGO Non-government Organisation International Standard Industrial Classification of NKEA National Key Economic Area ITRI NKRA National Key Results Area JKPDA All Economic Activities NOD National Oceanography Directorate JMEPA Industrial Technology Research Institute NPSTI National Policy on Science, Technology Jawatankuasa Pelaburan Dana Awam JPA Economic Partnership Training Program under the Economic NSC and Innovation Policy (2013-2020) KBSM NSRC National Science Challenge KBSR Partnership Agreement Malaysia-Japan NSTP National Science Research Council KPI Jabatan Perkhidmatan Awam NSTP2 National Science and Technology Policy 1986-1989 K-SME Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah The Second National Science and Technology Policy and LEP Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Rendah NSU LHC Key performance indicator NTIS Plan of Action (2002 – 2010) LIH Knowledge-based Small-and Medium-Enterprise NTP National Strategic Unit LINC Look East Policy NTU National S&T Information Service MACRI Large Hadron Collider NUS National Transformation Programme MaGIC Low-income Household OECD Nanyang Technology University MARDI Leaders in Industry University Programme OIC National University of Singapore MASTIC Malaysian Association of Creativity and Innovation OPCW Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development MBC Malaysian Global Innovation and Creativity Centre PEKA Organisation of Islamic Conference MCY 2014 Malaysian Agriculture Research and Development Institution PETRONAS Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons MDTCC Malaysian Science and Technology Information Centre PISA Assessments of Science Process Skills (Penilaian Kemahiran AmalI) MEB Malaysian Biotechnology Corporation PISF Petroliam Nasional Berhad MESITA MOSTI Commercialisation Year 2014 PMR Programme for International Student Assessment MGS Ministry of Domestic Trade, Cooperative and Consumerism PPSMI Penang International Science Fair MGS Pre-Seed Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2025 PRIs Lower Secondary Assessment (Penilaian Menengah Rendah) MGTC Malaysia Electricity Supply Trust Account PSC Teaching of Science and Mathematics in English MIDA MSC R&D Grant Scheme PSN Public Research Institutes MIGHT Multimedia Super Corridor Pre-Seed Fund PT3 Penang Science Cluster MIST Malaysian Green Technology Corporation RCCPS National Science Centre (Pusat Sains Negara) MITC Malaysian Industry Development Authority RCPS Form Three Assessment (Pentaksiran Tingkatan Tiga) MITI Malaysian Industry-Government Group for High Technology R&D Redeemable Convertible Cumulative Preference Shares MNC Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey R,D&C Redeemable Convertible Preference Shares MOE Melaka International Trade Centre RE Research and development MOF Ministry of Trade and Industry RECSAM Research, Development and Commercialisation MOHR Multinational corporation REP Rare Earth MOSTE Ministry of Education RFID The Regional Centre for Education in Science and Mathematics MOSTI Ministry of Finance ROIs Returning Expert Programme MOUs Ministry of Human Resources RSE Radio Frequency Identification Technology MP Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment RTA Return on Investments MPOB Ministry of Science, Technology & Innovation RU Researcher, Scientist and Engineer MRA Memorandums of Understanding S2A Revealed Technology Advantage MSC Malaysia Plan S4I Research university MTDC Malaysian Palm Oil Board S&E Science to Action Mutual Recognition Agreement Science for Industry18 Malaysian Super Corridor Science and Engineering Malaysian Technology Development Corporation
S&T Science and TechnologySBTC Skill-biased technical changeSFM Sustainable Forest ManagementSGI2012 Year of Science and the National Innovation Movement 2012SIRIM Malaysian Institute of Microelectronic SystemsSME Small-and-Medium EnterpriseSMS Short messaging serviceSSD Solid-state driveSTAR Scholarship Talent Attraction and RetentionSTEM Science, Technology, Engineering and MathematicsSTEPAN Science and Technology Policy Asian NetworkSTI Science, Technology and InnovationSTI Act Science, Technology and Innovation ActTAF Technology Acquisition FundTalentCorp Talent Corporation Malaysia BerhadTAPS Talent Acceleration in Public ServiceTECHNOFUND Pre-Commercialisation FundTIMSS Trends in International Mathematics and Science StudyTLO Technology Licensing OfficerTM Telekom MalaysiaTNB Tenaga Nasional BerhadTTO Technology Transfer OfficerTVET Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingUM University of MalayaUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganisationUNIDO United Nations Industrial Development OrganisationUNOOSA United Nations Office for Outer Space AffairsUPM University Putra MalaysiaUPSR Primary School Achievement Test (Ujian Pencapaian Sekolah Rendah)USAINS USM’s institute for research in molecular medicineUSM Universiti Sains MalaysiaWEF World Economic ForumWTO World Trade OrganizationYIM Yayasan Inovasi MalaysiaYSN Young Scientists Network 19
1.0 Background and Rationale INTRODUCTION The Malaysian government endorsed the measure the impact of our forward-looking NPSTI 2013-2020 to bring forth a vision of policies and their implementation. Some of20 building a scientifically advanced and the core issues include: progressive society led by innovation. However, like other developing economies, • Incoherent approach (across multiple Malaysia has its own set of cultural, political implementation bodies, agencies and and socio-economic barriers which hinder institutions) in the development of our the promotion of S&T across various levels home-grown capabilities in STI; of policy and decision-making process, including industry and society. • Low levels of policy outreach or awareness, despite the many It is commendable that the Government promotional exercises (especially has successfully sustained the interest, amongst the younger / future commitment and political will to develop generations of researchers, and build national S&T capabilities and academicians, scientists, policy makers capacities since 1986. Some of the more and regulators); and significant achievements include the establishment of the National Innovation • Non-availability of credible and up to Model, development of knowledge-based date data to ratify, reflecting the gaps industries and an ever-increasing appetite and recommendations towards effective for meaningful R&D. Nevertheless, S&T implementation of S&T programmes advocates and institutions continue to face and policies. challenges, especially in their efforts to
where gaps action we are in Identify indicators towards Benchmarking STI Evaluation vision Analysis Stocktaking Way forward Study key trends and challenges Towards evidence-based informed decision making Data gathering Future implications International reviewers RecommendationsFigure (a). The philosophy of Science OutlookIn the process of producing this strategic • Scientific evidence to measure and The process included a stocktaking exercisedocument, the above issues were rationalise past, current and future to study key trends and challenges inencountered more than once. Sufficient facts investments in S&T: This in turn will help STI, data gathering and international peerand trends have since been documented, determine the criteria not only for review. This was followed by a thoroughwhich reinforce the critical need to revisit the measuring the success of implementation evaluation and gap analysis on variousnational S&T needs, capabilities, resources but also how to sustain policy measures indicators of STI development. Our ultimateand priorities and determine a new and investments to progressively meet the objective has been to establish anphilosophy of positive change for progress. national S&T agenda. evidence-based approach to STI decisionThis calls for the following to be realised: making, with measurable ways to forward As a country aiming to be one of the top recommendations. • An integrated approach to S&T policy 10 most competitive economies globally, formulation and implementation: This our development pillars must be built on We are hopeful that the information and in turn will satisfy the original intent of strong scientific fundamentals. Science recommendations presented in this the government to foster strong and Outlook: Action towards Vision is an document will serve as a baseline study resilient partnerships, connectivity and independent effort to review the STI (to be undertaken once every two years) interdependence across all sectors of the landscape in Malaysia with NPSTI and will support other STI-related studies. economy and society; (2013-2020) and its six pillars as its basis. Moving forward, Science Outlook will Figure (a) illustrates the philosophy of evolve to support evidence-based policy • A robust, centralised, national Science Outlook which addresses our formulation. information diffusion mechanism for S&T current position in the STI landscape, the awareness and enculturation: This in turn gaps identified, and our recommended In conclusion, it is pertinent to note that the will allow for better understanding of “Action towards Vision”. need for appropriate governance initiatives S&T targets and garner support from resonate throughout this document. This is critical stakeholders towards meeting because resolution of governance issues lies common objectives; and at the bedrock of STI development in the 21
2.0 But, What’s New? 3.0 Do We Have a Robust STI Governance System in Place? country. The studies undertaken for Science The evaluation of individual institutional It is important to acknowledge the critical Outlook have surfaced the following key roles in doing this would, therefore, need function of governance as a continuous cycle challenges that need to be addressed to take into account these challenges, which that involves various critical phases across all on a comprehensive and broad-based basis: are at the heart of the STI development pillars of the NPSTI such as: process in the country. Science Outlook: • STI development is a uniquely people Action Towards Vision emphasises on a very • Evaluation of national and societal -centric endeavour. It does not share the practical approach, well grounded in reality, needs, including the industrial, development norms of many other evidenced through research, feedback, socio-economic and political landscape programmes where physical global trends and best practices. within the context of STI; infrastructure drives social change. STI development needs people who are • Most of the issues discussed in • Adoption of various STI policy measures; more than simply aware of STI – it Science Outlook may be familiar areas requires them to embrace, grow, and some of them may have been • Monitoring of performance or feed and nourish it. identified as issues decades ago. implementation; However, what is new is the evidence • The need for STI is to be treated not just provided which not only validates the • Informing the relevant stakeholders, as another programme in a vast list of findings but also supports the future including the public, about the policy government initiatives, but a course of action. as well as its relevance and impact; value-system that is embraced by all sections of the society. This means that • Back in the 1960s, Malaysia and South • Enabling stakeholders and the public to STI must be seen as a national Korea shared the same socio-economic contribute or participate in STI policy imperative. status and yet, the STI ecosystem development, implementation evolved far greater in South Korea than and improvement; • This further means that its current status in Malaysia. We may have reached as a ministerial mandate needs to a point of saturation with issues that we • Bringing together the people, expanded by creating institutional already know, with no sustainable action capabilities, forces and authority to mechanisms that can breach sectorial, plan towards positive change. Science deliberate on various issues and gaps; administrative and political barriers: Outlook may be the first steps towards such action and change. • Solving the issues identified through - To higher-level organs of political and course correction and strategic legislative leadership; and • Science Outlook calls for significant solutions; and changes (in strategies and approach, - R,D&C generation and civil society as a in policies, in implementation, and most • Evaluation on the effectiveness and whole. importantly in measuring the outcomes sustainability of the solutions to create of STI) towards significant impact new benchmarks, targets or policy22 towards 2020. recommendations to adopt in the near future. The evaluation phase helps in both initiating the process and closing the loop. During evaluation, the individual functions
and contributions of the institutions that and Taiwan, with high economic output, • Multiple agencies (400+) promotingcurrently promote or are involved in driving also have a stable STI governance or implementing 51 STI-related policies,the country’s STI agenda must be reviewed structure. In Malaysia, the missing link programmes / agendas may be workingfor necessary improvement. The end between various stages of the cycle or in the absence of coordinated planning,objective is to create an environment or the transition phases from NSTP (1986- without a well-defined monitoring orecosystem enabled by effective STI 1989) to NPSTI (2013-2020) is the measurement mechanism.governance. “availability of sufficient proof or evidence” in the form of credible data. 23Recommendations: Without this, it will be extremely • Empower a centralised STI coordination difficult to: and monitoring body which will transcend across all ministries, to garner - Measure the performance of the STI greater stakeholder participation; policies and targets; and • Strengthen STI management cycle with - Develop a strong rationale for focus on monitoring and evaluation as future recommendations. well as ideation, in keeping with global best practices; • There has been no sufficient legislative consensus or motivation to correlate • Establish a Parliamentary Select STI contributions or its potential with Committee on STI to build the political national goals. This could be due to will and create legislative consensus disinterest or lack of STI orientation. towards promoting STI agenda; and According to the Hansard Analysis, 2008-2013, dialogues on STI in • Support the enactment of a Science parliament have been dominated by Act, which will serve as an overarching development project queries. master plan for unified execution Furthermore, an absence of formal strategy. platform to deliberate on STI issues with expert inputs dissuades meaningful STIStocktaking: strategy formation. • The vast scope of governance requires objectivity, a fundamental • There is no data available to establish understanding of the STI development the extent of influence on the part of and management cycles, and above the STI agenda or policy in STI-related all, an unbiased critique or review by ministries, national research institutions, an independent body at various phases. science communities or the public. Countries such as South Korea, Japan
4.0 Does Public R,D&C Address National Priorities,Challenges and Potential Opportunities?The Government’s aspiration is to position However, what we lack is a seamless process • The composition of the R&D inMalaysia amongst the top 10 countries in the to transition smoothly from pre-R&D stage to Malaysia is skewed towards appliedGlobal Competitiveness Index and Global subsequent stages of R&D, Early Stage research, with relatively low emphasisInnovation Index. According to the Global commercialisation and commercialisation. on basic or experimental research, unlikeCompetitiveness Report (2014-2015), other advanced countries such asMalaysia’s current position is 20th amongst Recommendations: Singapore and South Korea where144 other economies. • Empower an existing centralised body experimental research has more traction. to promote seamless R,D&C Even in applied research, due to theAgainst this backdrop, in the context of implementation, management and diversification of R&D funding andour R,D&C capabilities and potential, monitoring to evaluate beyond allocation, the budgets are assigned toMalaysia needs coordinated research traditional ROIs; many research projects, leaving littleprioritisation, capacity and strategy to and room to create enough pool orachieve its targets. Some of the components • Strategise and focus on effective economies of scale (masses) in specificthat would contribute to the STI landscape utilisation of GERD for competitiveness. sectors or fields of research.of the country include: Stocktaking: • Industry or business sector participation • Sustainable investments; • Malaysia has relatively low R&D alongside Government Research • Slow but steady industry participation investments (RM10.6 billion or 1.13% Institutions (GRIs) and Public Research GERD per GDP in 2012) when compared Institutes (PRIs) is minimal, limiting the and; to the average R&D spending in G20 opportunities to strengthen the R&D • Cross-pollination / partnerships countries, which is 2.04%. Looking at the output for its commercial intent and current GERD per GDP and the targeted application. amongst various R,D&C institutions. 2.0% by 2020, the country needs to achieve an approximate 77% increase inOver the years, multiple ministries and GERD over the next five years. There isagencies have been allocated R&D funds no documented evidence on thefrom the government, expanding the scope capacity, resources or strategy thatand opening many possibilities for suggests this ambitious target will bemeaningful R,D&C. Such allocations have met. In addition, research prioritisation istraditionally been in the areas of ICT, currently practised without organisedengineering sciences and natural sciences. efforts, monitoring and follow-through.These areas contributed significantly in terms This often results in abandoned projectsof commercialisation returns, publication with no practical outcomes.and patents generation compared to otherprogrammes due to the scale effect.24
5.0 Are We Well-positioned With Our STI Talent Pool?Quality human capital or talent is needed national study, S&T Human Capital: A business-aligned outcomes; andto promote Malaysia’s growth and position Strategic Planning Towards 2020 (2012),its excellence in the global marketplace. confirmed that the country will need one - Delivery of prioritisedTalent is also unconditional not only in the million S&T workers by 2020, of which recommendations and an outlinedpursuit of STI targets but also to sustain 500,000 will require at least a diploma or action plan that will form the basis of aSTI development towards building an university degrees. At the same time, it is multi-year roadmap to driveefficiency-driven economy. projected that a ratio of 70:10,000 research measurable results. personnel to workforce would be needed.The decades-old evolution of the education • Bridge the gap between policy andsystem reflects the government’s Hence, the underlying statement is that we reality through review of implementation.commitment to encourage and build do not have enough talent. The question is,home grown STI talent. Science, Technology, how do we reorganise our efforts towards • Strategise effective policy measures toEngineering and Mathematics (STEM) developing, harnessing and intensifying STI retain STI Talent.talent in the country has been enhanced talent?through the intensification of post-graduate Stocktaking:programmes at Institutions of Higher Recommendations:Learning (IHLs), which help promote R&D • Endorsement of a Human Capital • One of the many strategies (which wasinitiatives and provide a skilled workforce. Roadmap for S&T 2012–2020 (HCRST) towards systematic planning and proven effective in the past) has beenVarious programmes have been development of STI Talent.implemented to develop a talent pool, to offer incentives in the form ofbeginning with the Early Childhood Care The roadmap covers:and Education Policy to meet the diverse - A strategic framework that will align scholarships and grants to studentsneeds of the crucial early years of new-borns,up until the age of six. Besides the human capital development in S&T opting for the science stream. However,mainstream education system, the private services and delivery decisions with thesector has also positively contributed to the New Economic Model (NEM) of diminishing or low levels of interest inSTEM education ecosystem of the country Malaysia;by way of an established private education - S&T human capital goals and priorities STEM-related studies amongst studentsand Technical and Vocational Education and the determination of measurableTraining (TVET) system. success factors and the identification of suggests that there is little or no concrete outcomes that will drive theNevertheless, despite much efforts and development of an actionable roadmap documented evidence on the bestsubstantial expenditure on education, there - A review of the current status of people,seems to be a decline in interest in Science, processes, technology and culture to method for promoting science educationcontributing to STI talent depletion. A determine their current state and opportunities for measurable and in the country. • At the current rate of student enrolment in STEM studies, both at the higher secondary and tertiary levels, there will not be enough skilled personnel to meet the above projections or to build the envisaged knowledge-driven, value-add economy. • There are too many gaps along the entire STEM talent chain, from the secondary school level to the R&D level, to successfully meet the requirements of 2020. 25
6.0 How Engaged are the Industries in the Existing STI Frameworktowards Spearheading Economic Growth through R&D? The role of industries is paramount in • Aggressive and continuous public funds, technological innovations fostering new economic growth, especially dissemination of STI agenda to the with commercial value and fiscal in terms of increased private sector industry players and enhance their incentives. investments and commitment to the STI understanding and involvement. Industry agenda. Therefore, it is important to build associations (with measurable KPIs) can • Poor industry awareness on the existing the ‘risk’ appetite of the industry or also play a role in deploying such STI policy frameworks, sources and entrepreneurs to stimulate greater channels to promote STI objectives as criteria for research funds prevents investments in R&D and accelerate well as to mobilise industry players for industry players from contributing to commercialisation thereafter. active participation in R&D initiatives. or participating in R&D or STI initiatives. Similarly, a national S&T data or Low awareness is due to lack of sufficient The current and future success of STI information centre (as an enabler) will opportunities for communication, development will largely depend on the help create a knowledge repository of limited exposure and engagement. extent and quality of linkages between the value (in measurable terms) achieved academia and industry. Indeed, such by the industry through various STI linkages should be established to enable investments and initiatives, which in cross-pollination of STI ideas, programmes, turn may attract more players for investments, resources and outcomes. collaboration. The centre will be strategic in terms of going beyond collation and Furthermore, to enhance the level of documentation of data, to include engagement and participation of industries holistic analysis for future STI for STI, it is important to re-evaluate or development. reinforce the key indicators for measuring the outcomes of communication, funding Stocktaking: opportunities and policies that enable industry linkages. • The general trend in Malaysia (as in other developing countries) is that the Recommendations: industry is only receptive to research that • Strategise effective implementation of provides direct solutions to their business formal and regulated linkages for and promises ROI. public-private partnerships. For instance, there is a huge opportunity to • Supporting the knowledge strengthen and empower formalised -advancement and human capital platforms for tripartite (UIG) linkages development objectives of R&D may and avoid overlapping roles. not be one of the considerations for the industry. The biggest motivation for the26 industry towards R&D or STI initiatives is the availability of funds or access to
7.0 Is STI Exciting and Meaningful to the Society?The NPSTI emphasises the need to documentaries are also released periodically • The Plan should also clearly define thestrengthen and integrate STI into the by industry experts, thought leaders, media platforms for public engagement,mainstream consciousness, across all sectors channels and associations, creating an including the frequency and the contentand at all levels of the national development interest in science and related areas. to popularise science amongstagenda. It also states that STI should be non-science communities.pervasive and touch the lives of every To communicate the role of public inMalaysian, i.e. create a society with an creating a science culture, it is important to Stocktaking:STI culture or mindset. acknowledge that “Science is Culture”. This • The data suggest that there is a means that informal learning platforms must relatively high level of interest in S&T“Science beyond Scientists”, is a global exist or be created for achieving civic amongst the Malaysian public. However,philosophy that is relevant for Malaysia as scientific literacy. If we do not succeed in this interest seems to be temporalit helps to sensitise the society on various building such a culture today, our children – driven by current issues, and does notaspects of development, while the nation the future citizens and proponents of translate into corresponding level ofachieves its 2020 milestone of being a STI – will fail to contribute meaningfully to scientific literacy. This has resulted indeveloped economy. Its policies and the STI ecosystem. a lack of basic S&T knowledge and skillsprogrammes could be even more effective (MASTIC, 2014b). Thus, we lag in termsif society can develop a greater Recommendations: of nurturing a scientific culture. We needunderstanding of the role of science and • Strategic long-term STI Enculturation to have a consistent and robust measureparticipate in scientific endeavours with Plan through: of STI enculturation level to understandactive interest and not merely a cursory - Early exposure to science in schools; where we are.appreciation of technology in their day - Popularising science to society; • The various STI public engagement-to-day lives. There have been some flagship - Engaging public using multiple programmes or initiatives currently inevents, programmes and concepts in platforms; and place do not present compelling dataMalaysia that were successful in not only - Developing Science Enculturation or results to determine theimparting scientific knowledge, but in Index. contemporary public understandingenhancing science exploration, innovation on their roles in proposing a nationaland communication amongst the future • Such a plan should define the roles of STI agenda.citizens and professionals of the country. multiple stakeholders such as the • There are not enough opportunities government, scientists, prosumers, for the public to participate or engageIn addition, Malaysia has many governmental businesses, media, parents and youth, with the science community on theand non-governmental organisations and the society at large, in promoting development of STI policies,including private sector companies and the cause of science for development. programmes, initiatives and institutions.individuals, who are actively promoting thecause or role of ‘science for society’ and for 27national development. A number ofscience-themed publications, news and
8.0 Can Malaysia Tap into Global Opportunities throughStrategic Collaborations in the STI Arena? The need for enhancing strategic Conversely, cross-border partnerships for - Institutionalise a Centre of Excellence international alliances was neither R&D (driven by universities and research (an operational model) to increase articulated nor highlighted in the initial Institutions) may contribute to technology collaborative and applied research; S&T framework, at least not until the and knowledge-transfer but without any increase production of human capital; current policy was introduced. The focus positive economic impact or STI outcomes. create a sustainable STI culture and (in the past) was primarily centred on develop long-term R&D capability. building and strengthening national Recommendations: capabilities and capacity for research, • Forge and increase STI-focused Stocktaking: technology and innovation. Today, international alliances to establish Malaysia remains committed to collaborate, Malaysia’s leadership and achieve • Only 15.7% multilateral agreements are co-create and foster strategic S&T excellence. STI-related (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) partnerships for socio-economic growth and out of 119 countries, Malaysia has through Memoranda of Understandings • Target strategic partners (ASEAN, signed 113 STI related bilateral (MoUs), agreements and treaties with BRICS and MIST) and improve image of agreements with 88 countries. high-potential partner countries. Malaysia’s STI capabilities. Towards this, However, there is no evidence on how practical models to facilitate various agreements provide benefits According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, international alliances must be related to STI development for Malaysia. Malaysia has signed 108 multilateral treaties devised which will: but only 15.7% or 17 of the treaties are - Create multi-lateral synergies • In other words, the outcomes of the STI-related. To-date, 26 bilateral MoUs have alongside bilateral opportunities existing MoUs, treaties or alliances are been signed between Malaysia and other through intra-ASEAN collaboration and not always published or known, even in countries for cooperation in STI such as the by tapping the potential in BRICS the context of STI development MoU on Science and Technology with and MIST economies, with clear (exchange of knowledge and skills, Myanmar (2013), Mozambique (2012), Saudi interventions to bridge STI higher trade value, export / import Arabia (2011), the United States (2010) and professionals inclusive of industry potential, etc.) Russia (2003), as well as the MoU on Marine specialists and academicians; Science with China (2009). Meanwhile, - Establish private sector partnerships • There is no sufficient drive to effectively there are 87 scientific and technological with a leading role in driving STI position STI knowledge, competencies cooperation agreements, all of which are initiatives such as: and infrastructure for Malaysia to part of an Umbrella Agreement. - An investment with clear economic emerge as a potential partner in the benefits for the stakeholders involved. global arena. Duly, it is important to note that these - Corporate social responsibility. international alliances may be limited to - Technology transfer programmes • The current agreements are mainly promoting business and trade, as opposed (as part of a larger trade deal). related to the economic, scientific, to facilitating meaningful exchange of technical and cultural cooperation knowledge, skills, talent or technology. between Malaysia and other countries and do not necessarily contribute to the28 advancement of trade or exchange of STI knowledge, skills, expertise, etc.
9.0 ConclusionMalaysia has earned a favourable reputation Science Outlook has brought to light theregionally and internationally for staying true various gaps and issues (at both the micro-to its path making, robust policy frameworks, and macro-levels) [Figure (c)], known toeven as an emerging economy. The NEM the science fraternity but could not beand the Economic Transformation addressed in the absence of a consensualProgramme (ETP) are testimonies of the environment or an ecosystem amenable tonation’s willingness as well as its readiness STI development. The most importantto“change the rules of the game” to question is how can we achieve suchbecome a developed nation. The multiple unison to accelerate our STI journey andgovernment ministries and agencies, work towards Vision 2020?supported by an equally large number ofstakeholder groups, continue to Weakdemonstrate their commitment to the legislativegreater vision of the country rather than just frameworkserving their individual agendas.Though the cycle of planning and Unavailability cross Lack ofimplementation may be seamless, it of centralised cutting integrationsometimes lacks cohesiveness. This is data issuesparticularly relevant to STI in Malaysia andit undermines the potential of the available Gaps in WeakSTI resources as well as negatively affects STI talent ideationthe outcomes of its development. A lack ofa unified approach in meeting the nationalSTI vision or objectives will continue toinfluence the performance of various STIproponents and the STI development trackas a whole, if not corrected. “Turfism” isanother issue which exists in various pocketsof the industry as well as the government,preventing meaningful exchange of ideas,smart partnerships, synergy in efforts andoverall, achievements in science for thebenefit of the economy as well as our society. Figure (b). The cross-cutting issues 29
High Time for Making the Science Act a Be the Change, to Change the Future 0 Reality, with a Science Agenda Setting Course of Action For STI Development the Roadmap Science Outlook is the first of what will While the Government’s S2A programme hopefully be many efforts to acknowledge will help mitigate the issue of isolated and and accept some of the fallacies which are uncoordinated implementation of STI policy present not so much in the system, but in measures, there is a need to define a our approach taken thus far towards STI common direction by making the proposed development. All that needs to change is the Science Act a reality for Malaysia. This modus operandi by which the STI planning Science Act (as evidenced by other and implementation cycles are managed. STI-enabled, developed countries) can be Every stakeholder and institution responsible instrumental in devising STI developmental for furthering the STI agenda must be an strategies, with clearly articulated roles and agent of change and propagate the value of responsibilities for the multiple sectoral joining forces, capabilities and even budgets bodies involved (governance), and a for greater impact. collaborative approach (investments, talent and resources) with measurable outcomes STI has long been acknowledged as (data). These can be part of the National prerequisites for sustainable growth, not Science Agenda, which will identify and only for a developing country but also for a launch national STI programmes and developed economy. Our existing policy initiatives to propagate the role and cause framework is well planned, as they contain of science, set R&D priorities based on numerous provisions and opportunities for National Key Economic Areas (NKEAs) and STI development. These (on their own) can create platforms to establish STI linkages serve as a springboard for additional with the industry and the science community, dialogue and discussion regarding the best both locally and internationally. way forward strategies, with practical value for both stakeholders as well as the nation. We must be aware of the fact that there will The recommendations submitted by Science always be a risk of losing sight of the big Outlook can be the starting point for STI picture if we fail to define (in absolute, proponents to convene with the industry, the measurable terms) an integrated government, regulators and, most important, implementation plan. Various sectorial the public, to articulate their individual roles players and custodians of STI development in shaping the future STI landscape. Our projects must be empowered (in their own efforts hereafter will be: right and position) to engage, forge STI alliances within and outside the country and • Involve more stakeholders in drafting the motivate action for an outcome that is Science Outlook, including government meaningful to every Malaysian. Science for offices as well as the private sector; and all and science for development is our objective as we deliberate action to make • Initiate new efforts to close the gaps the Science Act Malaysia possible towards (data etc.) identified, through new meeting our vision. studies and evidence for the next Science Outlook.30
01 STI Governance
Science Outlook 2015
01 Are We Optimising Our Potential, • Improving the quality of public life with Clear National STI Agenda, through the use of S&T. This includesSTI Governance Towards 2020? popularisation of science and improvement on the uptake of STEM; and Our journey towards 2020 as a rapidly developing country continues, with the • Strengthening public services and government engaging all fronts to governance to ensure an eco-system successfully implement the ETP, focusing on conducive to the development and the 12 identified priority sectors or National uptake of S&T. Key Economic Areas (NKEAs), for maximum socio-economic impact. While the STI and How easy or arduous a task would it be to its implementation are manifested in various achieve significant results in these three national blueprints such as the NPSTI, areas? How favourable are the multiple Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2025 stakeholders including the science (MEB), SME Masterplan 2012-2020 and the community, to the idea of contributing to aforementioned ETP, there is no unified the identified targets and objectives? To approach or execution strategy. This poses answer these questions, it is important to a challenge to efficient and effective gain a historical perspective on the evolution application of STI solutions for national of science and its associated policies in this development. It also underscores the need country, evaluate where we stand today for a sound governance framework to and identify what are some of the absolute, address complex socio-cultural and non-negotiable preconditions to successful fundamental policy measurement issues as execution of Malaysia’s STI agenda. we continue in our efforts to make possible an STI-powered economy by 2020. With a STI Roadmap that Dates Back Nearly Three Decades, Do We One of the key milestones in the STI journey have a Robust STI Governance was the launch of “Science to Action”or S2A Framework in Place? Initiatives by Malaysia’s Prime Minister Rt. Hon. Dato’ Sri Mohd. Najib Tun Haji Abdul Since the very beginning of policy formation, Razak in 2013, which includes three key the ultimate aim of national planners has components – Science for Industry, Science been to build and accelerate the STI for Well-Being and Science for Governance. capabilities towards establishing Malaysia’s Malaysia aspires to be one of the top 10 competitiveness and leadership not just countries listed in the Global regionally but also globally. From defining Competitiveness Index and the Global and establishing the relevance of a science Innovation Index by 2020 through: policy as well as the importance of R&D way • Strengthening current industries, creating back in 1986, Malaysia progressed to the diffusion stage as early as 1990, with new industries and entrepreneurs through widespread application of technology and identification of new growth areas and development of capabilities to promote increasing private sector participation in industrial development. S&T development; 33
By 2002, when the Second National Science and Technology Policy and Plan of Action (2002 – 2010) (NSTP2) was introduced, it focused on strengthening research and technological capacity alongside promoting commercialisation of R&D and building on STI human capital. Moving forward to the next stage and addressing some of the gaps, the National Innovation Model was launched in 2007 to take a balanced approach between technology-driven and market-driven innovation, recommending a paradigm shift especially in the modus operandi of the various universities, industries and research institutes that undertook R&D. Efforts to review the previous policy have led to the framing of the current instrument, the NPSTI (Figure 1-1). This policy clearly defines specific goals with an aspiration to create a high income, sustainable and inclusive nation. It is believed that by strengthening and mainstreaming STI at all levels and sectors of the economy, Malaysia will emerge as a scientifically advanced, knowledge-based, innovation-led and globally competitive nation. Figure 1-1. National Policy on Science, Technology and Innovation (2013-2020) (NPSTI) Source: MOSTI 201334
It must be noted that all along, the STI This suggests a paradigm shift in policyinitiatives were well integrated into design that may be attributed to the launchMalaysia’s Five-Year Development Plans of the first NSTP and the specific chapter(Figure 1-2). Though Malaysia has had an STI dedicated for S&T in the 5th Malaysia Planpolicy since the 1980s, most policies prior to (5MP) in 1986. Most policies contain currentthe NSTP did not have explicit reference to terms such as “research and development”STI (Further Reading 1-1). A policy is deemed that were absent in older policies. The post‘explicit’ if it covers the use of STI to achieve 1986 policies that did not possess any STIthe objective of the policy; the presence of references are mostly non-technology inR&D component in the policy or proposes nature such as the First National TourismR&D to achieve policy goals. Alternatively, a Policy (1992 – 2002), the Second Nationalpolicy is deemed ‘implicit’ when statements Tourism Policy (2003 – 2010), the Nationalregarding STI are vaguely mentioned or Consumer Policy 2002, the Second Nationalreferred as a general goal of a policy. Youth Development Policy 1998 and the Fair Trade Practices Policy 2005. The extentTwenty per cent of pre-1986 policies have to which STI-related policies permeated allSTI reference as compared to 91% of levels of STI-related ministries and nationalgovernmental policies announced after research institutions is unclear.1986 (Table 1.1).Table 1-1. Analysis of STI elements Pre-1986 1986 and beyond Total Number (%)Description / Policy 5 (20%) 20 (80%) 51 (20%) 56 (69%)Policy with explicit reference to STI 5 (9%) 25 (31%)Policy with implicit reference to STITotal 25 56 81Note: This analysis covers all policies including the obsolete ones. Recurring policies and its updates/variation were assessed separately. 35
Figure 1-2. Malaysia’s STI development and achievements Note: This figure is derived from Further Reading 1-236
The continuous evolution of the STI policy enhance the institutional framework and If One Compares Malaysia’smeasures rested on the premise that management of various STI components. Governance Framework with OtherMalaysia needed a Governance structure STI-enabled Countries, What Wouldthat would help focus on a wide spectrum Hence, with the proposed Science Act, be the Key Missing Elements?of ‘Science’ – from education and research STI governance in Malaysia can be bestto development of technology and articulated in the context of its two key 1. Lack of Political Will and Legislative Drivedeployment of innovation – a system that definitions: to Address STI-related Issues: The pastwould help unify the efforts, establish legislative involvement in STI in Malaysiasynergies and improve the overall delivery 1 Governance for STI is defined was investigated through Hansard Analysissystem across multiple ministries and as the process that involves (Further Reading 1-3), which suggests thatagencies, industry as well as the members actors and the rules that though there has been sufficient dialogueof the science community, who continue to govern their engagement, with submission of developmental issues,drive various STI programmes and initiatives. which shapes the queries and recommendations related to development of STI within STI, legislative consensus or motivation toThe role of governance is critical in national boundary. map STI contributions or its potential withactualising the set goals or policy measures national goals was missing in principle.into tangible outcomes. It underpins the 2 STI for governance Majority of the questions in the legislativeimportance of a sound institutional and encompasses scientific and were ex-post questions concerned with pastregulatory framework that would transcend innovative advances to actions instead of ex-ante questions whichall ministries, with greater stakeholder’ improve the elements of was aimed at influencing future actions,participation, and recognise STI governance openness, participation, indicating that parliamentarians play aas one of the five foundations and six major accountability, effectiveness passive role in charting the STI directionthrusts in the current policy. and coherence in decision of the nation. -making as well as theAs a thrust, the policy calls for a interactions between STI There seems to be a positive correlationreinvigoration of existing governance actors and policies. between the top 11 STI countries in termsmechanism of all four players (Quadruple of their level of investment in R&D with theHelix - Government, Academia, Industry In evaluating governance mechanisms, existence of well-established STI institutionaland People) in a creative, systemic, open cognisance needs to be taken of the frameworks. In most countries, STIand user-centric innovation environment. manner in which the prevailing environment development is led by the Chief ExecutiveTherefore, a linear and top-down approach affects STI as well as how STI informs policy. (Prime Minister or President, or in the casethat was the mainstay of previous policy The former would relate to the enabling of South Korea, by both). Interestingly, in theinstruments would no longer be considered environment for policy implementation while United Kingdom (UK), there is no specificrelevant, especially without the participation the latter would be an indicator of the extent agency mechanism at political level, butof consumers, customers and citizens. In to which STI has been internalised within there is a parliamentary select committee onview of this, a Science Act has been government bureaucracy, private sector, and STI to advise the Prime Minister. In Malaysia,proposed and promoted as one of the the civil society and its place in the nation’s the nearest that we have is the Sciencemeans to remove the scientific and / or overall national development outlook. Advisor to the Prime Minister. The Sciencetechnological divide that exists between Advisor, however, is not part of the politicalpolicy makers, implementers, collaborative infrastructure.partners and the beneficiaries, alongsidesome policy amendments, which would 37
From an institutional standpoint, STI Comparison of legal and administrative structures of top 11 countries (GERD per GDP)enculturation in Malaysia currently is moreof an individual ministerial function and South Korea Israelresponsibility without committedinvolvement of or from institutional 4.36% GERD per GDP 3.93% GERD per GDPstakeholders such as other ministries orstate governments, who fail to see their own Legal Structure Legal Structureroles in STI development. A similar situation • Science and Technology Promotion Act • Law for the Encouragement of Industrialprevails in Brazil but there also exists formalcoordination mechanisms that allow the (Act No. 1864) — Framework Act on Science Research and Development –1984relevant ministry to reach out to all and Technologystakeholders at local levels (Further Reading Administrative Structure1-4). In Malaysia, however, the ministries deal • Act on the Support of Korea Scientific • The Ministry of Industry, Trade and Laborwith other ministries, not with the grassroots and Technological Intelligence Centerinstitutional and social stakeholders that (Act No. 2109) — Act on the Establishment, established (a) the Office of the Chiefthese other ministerial, or state organs, are Operation and Support of Government- Scientist to implement the government’smandated to consult. Funded Science and Technology Research policy on supporting and encouraging Institutes industrial R&D, and (b) Investment PromotionSTI needs to be a legislative imperative fora stable development of STI and by law; it Administrative Structure • Centre to promote foreign and localshould be definite in its agenda, objectives • The Presidential Advisory Council on Science investment in domestic innovation andand sustainable outcomes. Truly, only when technology industry.governed by law or by the proposed Science and Technology advises the President onAct, can the implementation be seamless S&T and ICT policies and development in • The Ministry of Science, Technology andacross various states and sectors, with visible South Korea. Space identifies the research areas inimpact on socio-economic development of innovation and technology that are ofthe country. • The Ministry of Science, ICT and Future national priority, and develops human Planning and the National Science and capital through investing in higherIn many countries, the legislative will also Technology Council co-ordinate major ICT education, science and technology.go beyond their framework to create policies and projects, develop strategicmeaningful discussions on science and policies on technological innovation andrelated spheres in the public domain. For provide guidelines for future developmentinstance, in the United States, the House of of the ICT industry.Representatives has a Science, Space andTechnology Committee with a jurisdictionover all energy research, development,demonstration as well as other projects.38
Finland Sweden Japan3.55% GERD per GDP 3.41% GERD per GDP 3.35% GERD per GDPLegal Structure Legal Structure Legal Structure• Government Decree on the Science and • The Research and Innovation Bill (2012/13:30) • Science and Technology Basic Law 1995 Technology Policy Council of Finland Administrative Structure Administrative Structure 1043/2008 • Sweden’s governance system is well • National S&T Council chaired by PrimeAdministrative Structure geared to a high level of commitment to Minister. Three different agencies to• Advisory body includes the Government science and research. Advisory body implement R&D. consists of academic and industrial (Prime Minister as Chair, Minister of stakeholders in private capacity. Education and Science and the Minister of Economic Affairs as vice-chairs, and seven • Advise the Education Minister who acts other ministers), science and industry as chair. members.• Quite influential due to high-level representation. 39
Taiwan Denmark Germany 3.06% GERD per GDP 2.98% GERD per GDP 2.98% GERD per GDP Legal Structure Legal Structure Legal Structure • Fundamental Science and Technology • Consolidated Act on the Danish National • Academic Freedom Law Act (2001- 2004) Research Foundation 2008 (Wissenschaftsfreiheitsgesetz) Administrative Structure Administrative Structure Administrative Structure • Responsibilities for the promotion of • Danish Council for Research Policy as • At the federal level, the Federal Ministry of scientific and technological development advisory body. Members in private capacity Education and Research (BMBF) is are delegated among various government from industry and academia. Reports to both responsible for research policy while Federal agencies: under the Office of the President Minister and the Parliament. Central in Ministry of Economics & Technology (BMWi) is the Academia Sinica, and under the debates on system reform. Secretariat run is in charge of innovation and technology Executive Yuan are the Science and by Ministry. policies, and some areas of R&D policy. Technology Advisory Group, National • At state level (Bundesländer), the science and Science Council, Ministry of Education, education ministry and the economics Department of Health, Environmental ministry are responsible for science policy. Protection Administration, Ministry of The German Science Council (Wissenschaftsrat) Economic Affairs, Council of Agriculture, is an advisory body to the federal Ministry of Transportation and government and its state governments. The Communications, Atomic Energy Council, council also makes recommendations to Ministry of the Interior, Council of Labour higher education institutions. The advisory Affairs, Public Construction Commission, board Forschungsunion Wissenschaft–Wirtschaft Council for Cultural Affairs, and Ministry (Research Union Science–Industry) was set of National Defence. up by BMBF in 2006 and has 23 experts from the science field and industry. The40 Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation (Expertenkommission Forschung und Innovation – EFI) is an advisory body set up in March 2007, with six international experts. It advises the federal government on scientific issues and provides annual reports on research, innovation and technological productivity. • Parliamentary activities in the research policy fields are handled by the Committee for Education, Research and Technology Assessment, advised by the Office of Technology Assessment at the German Bundestag.
Switzerland Austria USA2.87% GERD per GDP (2008) 2.84% GERD per GDP 2.79% GERD per GDPLegal Structure Legal Structure Legal Structure• Federal Act of 4 October 1991 on the • Research Funding Act 1967 • Law Enforcement Science and Federal Institutes of Technology (FIT Act) (Forschungsförderungsgesetz) Technology Act of 2000Administrative Structure • Research Organisation Act, • Frontiers in Innovation, Research,• Political responsibilities for research and (Forschungsorganisationsgesetz) Federal Law Science, and Technology Act of 2014 Gazette No. 341/1981 higher education are divided between the Administrative Structure central state (Confederation) and the Administrative Structure • STI advisory groups at Presidential, judicial regional authorities (the Cantons). • There are two formal bodies for science and legislative levels. policy advice: the Austrian Council for Research and Technology Development • National Academy of Science is a major and the Austrian Science Board think tank. (both established by law). - The Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy is responsible for tertiary education and for basic research in Austria (now also covering all tasks headed by the former Ministry of Science). - The Federal Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology manages the largest public budget in applied research. - The Federal Ministry of Finance is responsible for the allocation of financial resources to the other ministries.Sources: Arellano Law Foundation 1997; Attorney-General’s Chamber Singapore 2002; Australian Government ComLaw 2014; Bartzokas 2007, Cabinet Office Government ofJapan 2011; Court & Sutcliffe 2005; Cunningham 2007; Deok 2004; ERAWATCH; Finlex Data Bank 2008; Ministry of Education and Research Sweden 2012; Ministry of EconomyIsrael 2005; Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Japan 2010; National People’s Congress Taiwan 1993; OECD 2010; OECD.StatExtracts 2014; The Federal AuthoritiesSwitzerland 1993; The Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Denmark 2008; US House of Representatives 2014; Wei 2004; Wu & Chow 2013. 41
2. Policy awareness: Although Malaysia departments, statutory bodies, institutions to measure the utilisation of the existing has had an STI policy since the 1980s, the and government-linked companies (GLCs) infrastructure and determination of new analysis suggests that prior to 1986, the involved at one or the other stages of the infrastructure for STI development. Indeed, governance paradigm does not include STI STI Management Cycle (Figure 1-3). a comprehensive evaluation will help identify perspective, but early and rapid adoption of lapses, duplication and obsolete elements STI occurred in the content of non-STI From the governance perspective, there in the institutional environment. Moreover, government policies, accelerated by the may be a need to evaluate individual roles, the current policy does not stipulate STI as launch of the first NSTP. The early STI functions and contributions of institutions an egalitarian ideal that should seep into all policies were required to be entrenched into that currently promote or are involved in realms of government machinery, economy the government system, by integrating the driving the STI agenda of the country. For as well as the society, but focuses more on STI objectives with various sectoral policies, instance, the second arm of the S2A building capacity within existing STI under respective ministries and agencies. initiative calls for popularisation of STI institutions, including those from the private among all levels of society, yet the sector. This could be a limiting factor, when A recent Academy of Sciences Malaysia infrastructure to enable this is largely absent. it comes to building the nation’s STI survey indicated that the engagement with A review and audit should be undertaken infrastructure or capacity. the industry is also limited when framing or implementing such policies. There is also IDEATION limited awareness of STI policy among researchers, the field troops in STI MONITORING ADVISORY development. The failure of STI norms to & seep down to the lowest levels of STI STI generation in government research EVALUATION MANAGEMENT institutions represents a major shortcoming where policy implementation is concerned. CYCLE It means that STI continues to be pursued in these institutes in a policy vacuum, a IMPLEMENTATION PLANNING situation that can often lead to wasteful duplication or conflict in purpose. Figure 1-3. STI Management Cycle 3. STI infrastructure: Poor orientation on STI policies and programmes is partly due to lack of outreach programmes and isolated STI councils at state, district or local levels. Currently, the STI mandated institution, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), relies on various agencies to promote STI within their respective mandate, without a well-defined monitoring or measurement mechanism. At present, there are 24 Ministries (including the Prime Minister’s Department) and more than 400 commissions, central agencies,42
Does Malaysia’s STI Governance Way Forward: An Enabling policies. In carrying out seamlessFramework Fully Acknowledge the Environment for Effective STI implementation of various STI programmesInterdependence of Various Factors Governance and initiatives as well as to achieve somefor STI Development? coherence, there is a need to strengthen Governance means managing the resources all the components of the STI ManagementThe STI development may be spearheaded to achieve objectives. The process of Cycle (Figure 1-3). For reference, some of theby a coterie of competent, skilled and managing the resources involves foresight, models offered by South Korea and Brazilexperienced scientists, to fuel national STI advisory, planning, implementation, (Figures 1-4 and 1-5) could be mirrored ininitiatives and economic objectives. coordination, monitoring, evaluation etc. Malaysia, for a democratised and integratedHowever, the motivation of such scientists Similarly, resources include money, STI framework.largely depends on the kind of support manpower, material and knowledge essentialsystem enabled by an effective governance to meet the objectives as outlined in nationalstructure, with coordinated action andfocused results. Again, such a support Science & Technology Horizonsystem can exist if STI resonates throughout Policy Institute (STEPI) Scanningthe society; from an early childhood (Ideation)exposure to STI, through development Korea Institute of S&T Evaluationof appropriate human resources and and Planning (KISTEP)environment, to policy and institution,both public and private and environment. monitoring South korea STI Presidential Advisory Council & MANAGEMENT on Science and TechnologyAs science advances, policies would need CYCLE National Science & Technologyto embody guiding principles and rules that evaluation Council (NSTC)would be necessary to ensure that The Korean Academy offundamental rights and values are preserved. Korea Institute of S&T Evaluation Science and Technology (KAST)Increasingly, ethical frameworks for new and and Planning (KISTEP)emerging STI fields are required to address s&tissues such as privacy or in the case of advisorybio-medical studies, animal welfare. In viewof this, the development of STI governance national s&tinfrastructure needs to be in line with the implementationgrowing sophistication and demands of theSTI policy instruments. Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (MSIP) Korea Institute for Advancement national of Technology (KIAT) Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE) s&t plan Figure 1-4. STI Management Cycle in South Korea and Sources: ERAWATCH; OECD 2012 priority areas National Science & Technology Council (NSTC) 43
Brazilian Innovation Agency Horizon 1 (FINEP) Scanning (Ideation) The Establishment of a Centralised STI Coordination and Monitoring Body monitoring BRAZIL STI State Secretariat of S&T For better STI planning, there needs to & MANAGEMENT National Institute of S&T be harmonisation of efforts, collaboration of resources, and exchange of information evaluation CYCLE s&t between various stakeholders to include advisory industries, ministries, implementing State Research agencies and bodies, policy makers,Assessment Agency regulators, amongst others. This could mean formulation of selective policies and national s&t national programmes guiding R&D with targeted implementation outcomes, especially in sectors or niche s&t plan areas with competitive advantages, to be State Research able to attain a position in global value Support Foundations and chain. Research collaborations must be Ministry of Development, Industry planned in areas of ICT, material sciences, and Foreign Trade (MDIC) biotechnology and matured industries like Ministry of Education (MEC) E&E, transport and equipment industries and agriculture related industries such as Figure 1-5. STI Management Cycle in Brazil palm oil and rubber. Sources: ERAWATCH; OECD 2012 priority44 areas Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI)
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