Keys for Identification of Wildflowers, Ferns, Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines of Northern California

UMBRELLA PLANT, Indian Rhubar b (Darmera peltata) 4b. Leaf not peltate, 2 to 4 in. in diameter; flower greenish white to dark red, ¼ in. long, with reflexed petals; Sierra Nevada north to Oregon; woods in spring. FRINGE CUPS, False Alumr oot (Tellima grandiflora) 5a. Petals white, usually 3-lobed; basal leaves shallowly to deeply 3-lobed; dry to moist shady slopes, Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north to Siskiyou and Modoc Counties. WOODLAND STAR (Lithophragma spp.) 5b. Petals pink, 3- to 5-cleft into narrow divisions; basal leaves deeply cleft into 3 to 5 divisions which are again cleft; open slopes below 7000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Modoc County. DAINTY LITHOPHRAGMA, Pr air ie Star (Lithophragma tenellum) 6a. Petal 3-cleft or pinnately parted; flower white or greenish; plant 8 to 15 in. high; wet places in mountains; Trinity county and Sierra Nevada north to Oregon; summer. MITRE WORT (Mitella spp.) 6b. Petal not cleft………………………………………………….……...7 7a. Flowers minute in panicles; leaves basal; rocky cliffs in late spring…………………………………………………………....11 7b. Flowers 1/3 in. or more in diameter; flowers solitary or in a cyme…..8 8a. Petal about ¼ in. long. flowers in cymes (Fig. 10, p. 10)…………… 9 8b. Petal ½ to 1 in. long, entire or fringed; flower solitary; leaf entire; 5 stamens and several sterile filaments; wet mountain meadows, Sierra Nevada north to Oregon; summer. GRASS OF PARNASSUS (Parnassia spp.) 9a. Plant from a scaly rhizome, 1 to 2 ft. high; stipules……...…………10 9b. Plant from short bulb-bearing rootstock, 1 ft. or less high; leaf with 3 almost distinct leaflets; no stipules; wet rocks 5000 to 6000 ft., Plumas County north. HEMIEVA (Hemieva ranunculifolia) 10a. Upper leaves with large green leafy stipules; herbage glandular- pubescent; flower cluster dense, petals white; moist rocky places, below 7000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Trinity County north. SIERRA BOYKINIA (Boykinia major) 10b. Upper leaves with much reduced, brownish stipules; flowers in a rather loose panicle; springy places below 5000 ft., Sierra Nevada north. BROOK FOAM (Boykinia occidentalis) 11a. Leaf blade ½ to 1 ½ in. in diameter; calyx often reddish; clefts of rocky cliffs, high montane; Placer to Plumas County; summer. JACK-O’-THE ROCKS, Red Alum-Root, Pink Heuchera (Heuchera rubescens var. glandulosa) SAXIFRAGACEAE 95

11b. Leaf blade 1 to 4 in. long; calyx green; rocky crevices in lower mountains Sierra Nevada to Oregon. CREVICE ALUM-ROOT, Small-flowered Heuchera (Heuchera micrantha) SPURGE FAMILY (Euphorbiaceae) 1a. A gray-green, heavily scented annual with stinging hairs, forming dense rounded mass; common in dry fields in summer; Sacramento Valley and adjacent foothills. TURKEY MULLEIN (Eremocarpus setigerus) 1b. Glabrous annuals, usually erect bright green; have a stinging juice; stamens and pistils in separate flowers which may be in the same cluster of flowers; widespread. SPURGE (Euphorbia spp.) ST. JOHN’S WORT FAMILY (Hypericaceae) 1a. Petals much longer than sepals……………………………….………3 1b. Petals shorter than sepals………………………………………….….2 2a. A procumbent plant, forming a dense mat, 6 to 15 in. broad; flower pinkish yellow, ¼ in. in diameter, in small clusters; wet places in hills and mountains, 4000 to 10,000 ft., widespread; summer flowering. TINKER’S PENNY, False Pimper nel, Tr ailing or Creeping St. John’s Wort (Hypericum anagalloides) 2b. Plant more or less erect, 1 ft. or more high; flowers in terminal, leafy clusters; shores of Sacramento River, Shasta County south. RIVER ST. JOHN’S WORT (Hypericum mutilum) 3a. Stems numerous, ½ to 1 ft. high from a woody crown; leaves generally folded; petals yellow, black dotted on margin; brushy hill slopes below 3000 ft., Shasta County south in Sierra Nevada; summer. GOLD-WIRE, Califor nia St. J ohn’s Wort (Hypericum concinnum) 3b. Stems few, 1 to 3 ft. high, from a rootstock; leaves not folded.……...4 4a. Stem simple with many short, leafy, sterile shoots; flower 3/4 to 1 in. broad in a dense cyme; a serious pest in fields; widespread below 4500 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north; late spring and summer flowering. SAXIFRAGACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE HYPERICACEAE 96

KLAMATH WEED, Goat Weed, Common St, J ohn’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) 4b. Stem simple or branching, 1 to 3 ft. high, without sterile shoots; flower ½ to ¾ in. broad, in open cymes; leaves and sepals black dotted along margins; widespread; open woody hills, Sierra Nevada; late summer. CALIFORNIA HYPERICUM, Scouler ’s St. John’s Wort (Hypericum formosum var. scouleri) STONECROP FAMILY (Crassulaceae) 1a. Diminutive annual, 1 to 4 in. high…………………….……………...2 1b. Perennial herbs; stamens twice as many as petals…………………....3 2a. Leaves opposite; stamens 5 to 10; plants becoming reddish with age; dry, sandy ground; widespread; valleys and foothills; spring. SAND PYGMYWEED (Crassula connata) 2b. Leaves alternate; stamens twice as many as petals; flowers yellow; rocky slopes in foothills below 4000 ft., Sacramento Valley. ROCK SEDELLA, Sier r a Sedella (Parvisedum pumilum) 3a. Flowering stem more or less red, arising from one side of basal rosette of leaves; petals bright yellow or red; rocky cliffs below 3500 ft., Sierra Nevada from Butte County south. SPREADING DUDLEYA (Dudleya cymosa) 3b. Flowering stem central and terminal; leaves alternate or in a rosette; flowers in cymes…………………….……………………….4 4a. Leaf linear or lanceolate…………………………...…………………8 4b. Leaf broad and rounded at tip, narrowing to base, in basal rosette…..5 5a. Petals distinct; horizontal runner with secondary rosettes radiating from central rosette………………………………..………..7 5b. Petals united at the base……………………………………………....6 6a. Flower yellow (may fade to whitish); herbage sometimes reddish; petals yellow fading to buff or pink; rocky ridges, 5000 ft. up, Sierra Nevada north to Plumas County. SIERRA GORMANIA (Sedum obtusatum) 6b. Flower whitish; herbage yellow-green; pinkish or reddish; rocky places. 6000 to 8000 ft., Siskiyou County. WATSON’S GORMANIA (Sedum oregonense) 7a. Leaves of rosette spreading; flowers yellow; moss-covered rocks in foothills; Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north. MOSS SEDUM (Sedum spathulifolium) 7b. Leaves of rosette tightly compacted together; flowers HYPERICACEAE CRASSULACEAE 97

whitish, rocky slopes below 5000 ft., Siskiyou, Trinity and Shasta Counties. PURDY’S SEDUM (Sedum spathulifolium) 8a. Leaves long and narrow, somewhat flattened, broadest at base becoming dry and papery with age; petals yellow; rocky places 4500 to 5500 ft. in Shasta, Trinity and Siskiyou Counties. EXPLORER’S SEDUM (Sedum stenopetalum) 8b. Leaves in crowded cluster, not becoming dry and papery with age; petals bright yellow; montane; Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. NARROW-PETALED STONECROP (Sedum lanceolatum) SUNFLOWER FAMILY (Asteraceae) For woody shrubs over 2 ft. high, see Key for Trees, Shrubs, and Wood Vines, page 123. 1a. Flowering head composed of both ray and disk flowers (Fig. 21, p.18)………………………...……………………………. 34 1b. Flowering head composed of disk or of ray flowers…………………2 2a. Flowering head composed of disk flowers only or rays if present, not evident……………………………………………...…..17 2b. Flowering head composed of ray flowers only, each ray 5-toothed….3 3a. Flower yellow or white………………………………….……………8 3b. Flower blue, pink, or purple…………………………………………..4 4a. Flower a beautiful sky blue in early morning, fading in the sunlight and closing in the afternoon; stem erect, branching, 2 to 4 ft. high widespread; gardens and roadsides in the Sacramento Valley; late spring, summer, and fall. CHICORY, Blue Sailor s, Succor y, Blueweed, (Cichorium intybus) 4b. Flower pink or purple…………………………………………….…..5 5a. Flower pink or rose…………………………………………………...7 5b. Flower purple………………………………………………………....6 6a. Flower a deep purple, about 2 in. in diameter, solitary head; leaf linear, 1 ft. long; fruiting head dandelion-like, 2 to 2 ½ in. in diameter, an iridescent, tawny color; an introduced plant, widespread but not common; late spring and summer. SALSIFY, Oyster -Root, Vegetable Oyster (Tragopogon porrifolius) 6b. Flowers a light purple, about ½ in. in diameter, in a many-flowered panicle; leaf linear or lanceolate, the lower ones frequently pinnatifid, 2 to 6 in. long; montane valleys, mostly on the east side of Sierra CRASSULACEAE ASTERACEAE 98

Nevada north to Modoc County; summer. BLUE LETTUCE, Chicor y Lettuce, Wild Lettuce (Lactuca tatarica ssp. pulchella) 7a. A rigid, very spiny plant, 1 to 1 ½ ft. high, woolly-matted at the base; basal leaves linear, 1 to 2 in. long, the upper leaves reduced to scales; flowering heads small, on the ends of branches; gravelly plains, east side of Sierra Nevada north to Modoc County. SPINY LYGODESMIA, Thor n Skeleton Plant, Wooly-based Lygodesmia (Stephanomeria spinosa) 7b. A tall slender annual, not spiny, ½ to 6 ft. high; lower leaves oblong, 1 to 6 in. long; upper linear; flowering heads terminal on the many branches; widespread; foothills and mountains; summer. STEPHANOMERIA (Stephanomeria spp.) 8a. Leaves mostly basal………………………………………...……….10 8b. Leaves alternate……………………………………………………....9 9a. Flowering heads in a panicle (Fig. 10, p. 10); stem erect, glabrous or hairy and prickly below, 2 to 5 ft. high; leaf oblong, spiny-toothed and sometimes pinnatifid, clasping the stem, 2 to 7 in. long; flower cream-yellow; an introduced weed widespread and common in fields and waste places; summer. PRICKLY LETTUCE, Common Wild Lettuce, English Thistle (Lactuca serriola) 9b. Flowering heads in a corymb or umbel; stem erect, I to 8 ft. high; whitish with a “bloom”; leaf oblong, spiny-toothed in one species, clasping the stem, 3 to 8 in. long; an introduced weed in waste lands; widespread and common; summer and fall. SOW-THISTLE (Sonchus spp.) 10a. Herbage glabrous or nearly so………………………………...…….12 10b. Herbage hairy………………………………………………………..11 11a. Leaf rough-hairy, entire or toothed, never pinnatifid; heads in a panicle or cyme; fruiting heads tawny; widespread; dry foothills or mountains; summer. HAWKWEED (Hieracium spp.) 11b. Leaf soft-hairy, mostly pinnatifid; heads in panicles or cymes; dry places in mountains; spring and summer. HAWKSBEARD (Crepis spp.) 12a. Head commonly nodding in bud…………………………...………..15 12b. Head erect in bud………………………...………………………….13 13a. Basal leaf 1 to 5 in. long, oblong, glabrous, toothed or pinnately cleft; flowering head about ¼ in. broad; an introduced weed of cultivated fields in the Sacramento Valley and surrounding foothills. SMOOTH CAT’S-EAR (Hypochaeris glabra) ASTERACEAE 99

13b. Basal leaf up to 12 in. long; several flowering stems from the base, ½ to 2 ft. high……...………………………………………14 14a. Flowering stalk hollow; herbage mostly glabrous and a little succulent; leaf oblong, toothed or pinnately cleft; flower yellow, about 1 in. in diameter; an introduced weed of wet meadows and gardens; spring, summer and fall. COMMON DANDELION (Taraxacum officinale) 14b. Flowering stalk not hollow; herbage somewhat hairy tending to be coming glabrous with age; leaf oblong to lanceolate, entire or pinnately cleft; flower yellow or burnt orange, ½ to 1 in. or more in diameter; mountain meadows or dry flats; widespread; summer. AGOSERIS (Agoseris spp.) 15a. Bracts of involucre with pale, dry margin; flower white or pale yellow, may turn pinkish with age; leaf oblong, pinnately toothed, sometimes with tufts of wool on the margin or at the base; dry gravelly soil, foothills and deserts, north to Tehama, Lassen and Siskiyou Counties; spring and summer. MALACOTHRIX (Malacothrix spp.) 15b. Bracts of involucre herbaceous; flower bright yellow showy; leaf linear to oblong, entire or pinnately cleft, 4 to 15 in. long……..16 16a. Bracts of involucre about equal in length, if hairy, with white hairs; yellow flowers about 1 in. in diameter, solitary on long, bare stems; Lassen, Modoc, and Siskiyou Counties. FALSE AGOSERIS (Nothocalais spp.) 16b. Outer bracts of involucre much shorter than inner, with black woolly hairs; showy, bright yellow flowers. SCORZONELLA (Microseris spp.) 17a. Leaf with a prickly or spiny margin……...………………………….33 17b. Leaf margin may be variously toothed but not prickly not spiny…...18 18a. Bracts subtending flowering head with rigid spines.………..……... 32 18b. Bracts subtending flowering head without rigid spines……....……..19 19a. Bracts subtending flowering head herbaceous (green or nearly so)……………………………………………….... 22 19b. Bracts subtending flowering head dry and chaffy, usually many, white or nearly so, showy, forming what is usually taken to be the flower………………………………………………..20 20a. Plant 1 to 2 ft. high or more……………………………………...….21 20b. Plant usually less than 1 ft. high; leaves mostly in basal tuft, entire; flowering heads in small capitate clusters, white or yellow sometimes touched with pink; widespread; montane; spring and summer. PUSSYTOES (Antennaria spp.) ASTERACEAE 100

21a. A white-woolly plant with narrow, entire leaves, 1 to 2 in. long; bracts of flowering head shiny white; many flowering heads in a panicle; wooded mountain slopes; widespread; late summer and fall. WHITE EVERLASTING (Gnaphalium spp.) 21b. Leaf green on top, white-woolly beneath, lanceolate, sessile, with margin rolled under, 2 to 5 in. long; bract of flowering head pearly white, spreading with age; many flowering heads in a corymb which is 2 to 6 in. broad; open woods, Sierra Nevada north to Siskiyou County; summer and fall. PEARLY EVERLASTING (Anaphalis margaritacea) 22a. Marginal disk flowers enlarged and ray-like……………...………...31 22b. Disk flowers all the same size or approximately so………...………23 23a. Flower yellow or white (may be tinged with pink)…………..……. 26 23b. Flower pink, brown or very dark purple…………………………….24 24a. A montane plant, 1 to 1 ½ ft. high; leaves mostly alternate, somewhat toothed, 1 to 3 in. long; flower pink to lavender. ¼ to ½ in. in diameter, in many-headed flower cluster; Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges, Tehama County north. WESTERN THOROUGHWORT (Ageratina occidentalis) 24b. A plant of middle altitudes 2 to 4 ft. high; leaf ovate, alternate, toothed, 2 to 7 in. long……………………………………………....25 25a. Flowers brown or dark purple in a columnar head, 1 to 3 in. high, solitary and terminal on flowering stem; plant almost glabrous, 2 to 5 ft. high Sierra Nevada north to Butte and Plumas Counties. WESTERN RUDBECKIA (Rudbeckia occidentalis) 25b. Disk flowers red-brown; head not columnar, solitary on a long flowering stem; rays present but short and inconspicuous; herbage hairy; plant 4 to 16 in. high; striking in fruit as chaffy pappus expands forming a large spherical head; widespread in drying vernal pools below 1000 ft. BLOW-WIVES (Achyrachaena mollis) 26a. Leaves mainly basal, pinnately parted or finely pinnatifid (Fig. 7., p. 6) somewhat woolly, ½ to 5 in. long; plant ½ to 2 ft. high; wide spread; foothills and mountains; spring, summer and fall. CHAENACTIS (Chaenactis spp.) 26b. Leaves alternate or opposite, not mainly basal……………………...27 27a. Leaves mainly opposite, toothed, 1 to 5 in. long; plant 1 to 2 ft. high, finely hairy; flower greenish white or yellowish with golden yellow styles conspicuously exserted; flowering heads in cymes which are more or ASTERACEAE 101

less drooping; montane, Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north to Siskiyou County. LARGE-FLOWERED THOROUGHWORT, Tassel-Flower Brickellia (Brickellia grandiflora) 27b. Leaves mainly alternate………...…………….……………………..28 28a. Flowers greenish yellow in a cone-shaped head; plant 2 to 10 in. high, glabrous, herbage sweet-scented; leaves finely dissected; widespread; a roadside plant; blooming in spring. PINEAPPLE WEED (Chamomilla suaveolens) 28b. Flowers golden yellow, not in a cone-shaped head……….…...……29 29a. Pappus brownish or rusty; hairy montane plant, 1 to 2 ft. high, Sierra Nevada north to Oregon; summer. GOLDEN ASTER (Chrysopsis spp.) 29b. Pappus white……………………………………………….……......30 30a. Bracts of flowering head black-tipped; an introduced weed, ½ to 2 ft. high; common in waste places; widespread; spring. OLD MAN OF SPRING, Common Gr oundsel, Gr imsel, Simson, Ragwort (Senecio vulgaris) 30b. Bracts of flowering head not black-tipped; plants hairy, 3 to 20 in. high; widespread, 200 to 5000 ft., mostly in dry places; summer. FLEABANE (Erigeron spp.) 31a. Leaf linear, 2 to 5 in. long, entire or somewhat divided; flowering heads showy, the enlarged marginal flowers white, pink, blue or purple; an introduced plant, widespread especially in grain fields; summer and fall blooming. BACHELOR’S BUTTONS, Cor nflower (Centaurea cyanus) 31b. Leaf oblong, ½ to 2 in. long; entire or somewhat toothed; flowers pale blue or purplish; grassy flats, foothills, Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north to Siskiyou County. LESSINGIA (Lessingia spp.) 32a. Spine ½ to 1 in. long; plant 1 to 2 ft. high, branching diffusely from the base; flower yellow; an objectionable, introduced weed of roadsides and cultivated fields, widespread in Sacramento Valley; blooming in late spring. YELLOW STAR THISTLE, Bar naby’s Thistle (Centaurea solstitialis) 32b. Spine about ¼ in. long; plant erect, 1 to 2 ft. high, branching well above the base; flower yellow; a widespread and objectionable weed of grain fields; flowering in late spring and early summer. NAPA THISTLE, Tocalote, Malta Centaur ea (Centaurea melitensis) 33a. Leaf conspicuously blotched with white along veins; plant branching, 3 to 6 ft. high; head 1 to 2 ½ in. in diameter, flowers reddish purple; ASTERACEAE 102

a common, introduced weed in fields and along roadsides, wide spread; spring and summer. MILK THISTLE, Blessed Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) 33b. Leaf not blotched with white; herbage usually hairy or wooly; flowers white, pink, purple, or red; widespread in various habitats; summer flowering. THISTLE (Cirsium 8 or more spp. in northern California) 34a. Ray flowers yellow, white, or yellow with white tips……….…...…37 34b. Ray flowers, pink, blue, or purple……………………………….….35 35a. Bracts surrounding flowering head narrow, pointed and green, in one or 2 series; a genus with many species in a variety of environments. FLEABANE, Wild Daisy (Erigeron 16 or more spp.) 35b. Bracts surrounding flowering head broad and not strikingly point- ed, in 3 or more series, often leathery with green tips.……..….36 36a. Leaf narrow, spine-tipped, entire or somewhat toothed; herbage somewhat hairy; involucre bracts often purple; 4000 to 7000 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Siskiyou and Modoc Counties. SHASTA ASTER (Machaeranthera canescens var. canescens) 36b. Leaf entire or toothed but not spiny; mostly mountain forms but not all; widespread. ASTER (Aster 10 or more spp.) 37a. Leaves mostly basal……………………………………...……….…63 37b. Leaves along stem (may also have basal leaves)…………………... 38 38a. Leaves opposite (upper sometimes alternate)……………………… 51 38b. Leaves alternate (lower sometimes opposite)………………….…... 39 39a. Herbage white-wooly, especially when young; plant ½ to 3 ½ ft. high; flowering head solitary, long peduncled, ½ to 1 ½ in. broad; a showy plant of foothills and mountains; widespread; late spring and summer. COMMON WOOLLY SUNFLOWER (Eriophyllum lanatum and var.) 39b. Herbage glabrous or hairy but not white-woolly……………………40 40a. Flowering head gummy, its bracts slender and recurved; plant 1 ½ to 4 ft. high; leaf sharply toothed, 1 to 4 in. long; dry hills, wide spread; Sacramento Valley and surrounding foothills; summer and fall. GUM PLANT (Grindelia camporum) 40b. Flowering head not gummy……………………………………....…41 41a. Flowering head solitary, at the end of a long peduncle or terminating branches………………………………………………..48 41b. Flowering heads in a cyme, corymb, panicle, or raceme, not solitary……………………………………………………………....42 ASTERACEAE 103

42a. Leaf petioled (at least the basal)…………………………………… 47 42b. Leaf sessile…………………………………………………...……...43 43a. Plant usually less than 1 ft. high; leaf entire or somewhat toothed, not parted; heads small, about ½ in. in diameter; in corymbs; rocky places, 8000 to 12,500 ft., Sierra Nevada north. ALPINE GOLDENROD (Solidago multiradiata) 43b. Plant 1 to 6 ft. high…………………………………………...……...44 44a. Plant very glandular and strongly scented; ray flower 3-lobed…......50 44b. Plant neither glandular nor strongly scented………………………...45 45a. Stem glabrous, branching; flowering heads in a cymose cluster; leaf linear; rays 16 to 25; stream banks; widespread below 2000 ft., late summer and fall. WESTERN GOLDENROD (Euthamia occidentalis) 45b. Stem simple; flowering heads in a terminal panicle; leaf oblong………………………………………………………….……46 46a. Leaf grayish due to coat of fine, rather rough, hairs; rays 7 to 12; widespread, 200 to 7500 ft.; plains or hill slopes; fall. COMMON GOLDENROD, Califor nia Goldenr od (Solidago californica) 46b. Leaf glabrous or nearly so, green; rays 10 to 16, narrow; open woods up to 8500 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Oregon; summer. NARROW GOLDENROD, Cr eek Goldenr od (Solidago canadensis ssp. elongata) 47a. Leaf pinnatifid, 3 to 7 in. long…………………………...…….……60 47b. Leaf toothed or almost entire……..………………………….…..….48 48a. A plant of wet places, ½ to 6 ft. high; several species poisonous to stock; widespread; summer and fall. GROUNDSEL (Senecio spp.) 48b. A plant of dry flats, ½ to 3 ft. high; Modoc and Siskiyou Counties south in Sierra Nevada; summer. GOLDENWEED (Haplopappus spp.) 49a. Heads 1 ¾ in. or less in diameter; leaf entire, toothed or pinnately parted……………………………………………………….……….57 49b. Heads solitary, large, 2 to 3 in. in diameter; leaf ovate; grassy places 1000 to 3000 ft., Sierra foothills, Butte County south. BOLANDER’S WYETHIA (Wyethia bolanderi) 50a. Stem leaves reduced almost to short, narrow bracts, crowded along flowering stems; flowering heads small, rays yellow; abundant in hard-baked soils up to 2500 ft., Glenn County and Sierra foothills south. VIRGATE TARWEED (Holocarpha virgata) 50b. Stem leaves linear, 1 in. or more long; basal lanceolate, several inches long, rays yellow with maroon blotch at base; the most common and attractive tarweed, valley floors and foothills. ASTERACEAE 104

COMMON MADIA (Madia elegans ssp. vernalis, also about 6 more species of Madia) 51a. Montane plants, usually above 5000 ft.; herbage green, pubescent or glabrous; plant ½ to 2 ½ ft. high bearing several large flowering heads at summit of stems; leaf ovate or lanceolate, slightly toothed; widespread in open woods, in summer. ARNICA (Arnica spp.) 51b. Plants of lowlands in Sacramento Valley and adjacent foothills…....52 52a. Heads solitary, terminal; rays yellow, disk flowers yellow or reddish…………………………………………………………….…53 52b. Heads in axillary clusters, or solitary on long peduncles…………...57 53a. Disk flowers yellow………………………………………..………..54 53b. Disk flowers reddish brown; flower head 3 to 4 in. in diameter; stem stout, 1 to 7 ft. high, very hairy; frequent along roadsides and in waste places; widespread. COMMON SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus) 54a. Involucre bracts distinct or only slightly united at base plants 4 to 12 in. high……………..…………………………………………….55 54b. Involucre bracts united about ½ their length forming a cup; plants 2/3 to 2 ft. high; rays orange-yellow; found in colonies in heavy soils, 10 to 4500 ft., Butte County south. YELLOW-RAYED LASTHENIA (Lasthenia glabrata) 55a. Leaves linear, entire; plant hairy; rays entire or minutely notched; the most abundant composite in the state, coloring plains and slopes up to 4000 ft., Central Valley and bordering foothills. VALLEY GOLDFIELDS (Lasthenia californica ssp. californica) 55b. Leaves, at least the lower, pinnately divided………….…………….56 56a. Leaves with 2 threadlike lobes; stems usually reddish; ray entire with acute tip; bracts of involucre 3-nerved; grassy, alkaline places below 5000 ft., Tehama County south. ALKALI GOLDFIELDS (Lasthenia platycarpha) 56b. Leaves with 2 to 4 divergent linear lobes; ray slightly notched; low sunny flats and drying vernal pools below 700 ft., Butte and Tehama Counties south. FREMONT’S BAERIA (Lasthenia fremontii) 57a. Rays yellow or yellow with white tips…………………….………...61 57b. Rays white………………………………………………..…...……..58 58a. Rays deeply 3-lobed; fasicles (clusters) of bracts of flowers ASTERACEAE 105

in the axils of the leaves; stem simple or branched, rough-hairy, 5 to 12 in. high; leafy throughout; dry hillsides up to 2000 ft., Butte County. BUTTE CALYCADENIA (Calycadenia oppositifolia) 58b. Rays entire or minutely notched, not lobed…...…………...………..59 59a. Rays minutely notched 14 to 20, ½ in. long; leaf pinnately dissected; an introduced, ill-smelling weed abundant in pasture and waste lands; widespread. MAYWEED, Dog-Fennel (Anthemis cotula) 59b. Rays entire, 15 to 30, ½ to 1 in. long; disk flowers yellow; leaves simple, toothed; naturalized in waste places in northern California. OX-EYE DAISY (Leucanthemum vulgare) 60a. Rays yellow, about 12; plant 1 to 2 ft. high, densely leafy; open valleys, Siskiyou to Plumas County. HYMENOXYS (Hymenoxys lemmonii) 60b. Rays white, 3 to 12, ½ in. or less long, disk flower white; flowering heads in flat-topped clusters (corymbs); leaves pinnately dissected; meadows 2500 to 8000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Yolla Bolly Mountains north. YARROW, Milfoil (Achillea millefolium) 61a. Ray flowers yellow with white tips, 3-lobed; flowering head 1 to 2 in. across; plant 4 to 16 in. high; basal leaves pinnately parted…..…62 61b. Ray flowers entirely yellow (sometimes orange)………………….. 63 62a. Leaf smooth with rough hairs along margin; moist ground, foothills, Glenn County west. SMOOTH TIDYTIPS (Layia chrysanthemoides) 62b. Leaf rough, hairy; open fields Sacramento Valley and Sierra foothills, Tehama County south. FREMONT’S TIDY-TIPS, Fr emont’s Layia (Layia fremontii) 63a. Flowering head (including rays) 4 to 5 in. in diameter, usually borne singly at the end of a long, somewhat leafy stem; herbage white-wooly or hairy when young; plant 1 to 3 ft. high; basal leaf ½ to 1 ½ ft. long; widespread, plains and open pine flats, valleys, foothills, and mountains; spring and summer. MULE EARS, Dwar f Sunflower (Wyethia spp.) 63b. Flowering head 4 in. or less in diameter, solitary or several on stem……………………………………………………..…………...64 64a. Herbage mostly glabrous…………………………………....………66 64b. Herbage pubescent or rough……………………………..……...…..65 65a. Stems one or several bearing one or several flowering heads, 1/2 to 2 ft. high; basal leaf petioled, 2 to 12 in. long; roots with turpentine odor; widespread; mountain slopes; spring and summer. BALSAM ROOT (Balsamorhiza spp.) ASTERACEAE 106

65b. Densely hairy plant 9 to 16 in. high, with floral leaves conspicuously surpassing the flowering heads; short, yellow, 2-lobed rays; basal leaf pinnately parted into linear lobes, each spine-tipped; sandy or rocky land in Sacramento Valley and surrounding foothills; spring, summer and fall. FITCH’S SPIKEWEED (Hemizonia fitchii and other spp.) 66a. Flower borne singly on long peduncle; stem 1 to 2 ft. high, usually not branched; basal leaf up to 12 in. long; montane, Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north to Siskiyou and Modoc Counties; spring and summer. NEVADA FALSE SUNFLOWER (Helianthella californica var. nevadensis) 66b. Flowers terminating branches; leaf pinnately parted, ½ to 1 ½ in. long; rays light yellow, purplish on back, about ¼ in. long; moist fields, 25 to 1500 ft., Butte and Glenn Counties south. YELLOW CARPET (Blennosperma nanum) VALERIAN FAMILY (Valerianaceae) 1a. Perennial plant with many erect stems, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves mostly basal; stem leaves pinnate or pinnately divided with 3 to 13 leaflets; large clusters of small white or pinkish flowers; wet places in high-altitude forests, Sierra Nevada north to Siskiyou County; summer. WOOD VALERIAN (Valeriana californica) 1b. Slender annual, usually with 1 stem, 3 to 15 in. high, with tufts of hairs at nodes……….………………………………………….……..2 2a. Spur of corolla prolonged below ovary; flower usually pink or rose; shaded slopes of foothills and lower mountains, Sierra Nevada and Coast mountains north to Tehama County; spring. ROSE PLECTRITIS (Plectritis ciliosa) 2b. Spur of corolla shorter than ovary; flower usually white; common in foothills and lower mountains north to Siskiyou County; spring and summer. LONGHORN PLECTRITIS, Cor n Salad (Plectritis macrocera) VERVAIN FAMILY (Verbenaceae) 1a. Calyx 5-toothed; flowers in terminal spikes, much elongate in fruit; plants coarse-hairy…………………………………….……..2 ASTERACEAE VALERIANACEAE VERBENACEAE 107

1b. Calyx 2- to 4-toothed; glowers in short, usually axillary spikes or heads; matted plants with pale green ovate leaves about 1 in. long; flowers rose to white; a garden escape in moist places in Sacramento Valley. GARDEN LIPPIA (Phyla nodiflora var. canescens) 2a. Spikes in a much-branched panicle (Fig. 10, p. 10); plant up to 4 ft. high, leafy below flowering spike; flowers very small, blue, pink, or white; along Sacramento River. BLUE VERVAIN (Verbena hastata) 2b. Spikes in 3’s at the end of branches; plants diffusely branched, more or less procumbent; corolla purple, about ¼ in long; foothills and valleys below 8000 ft., west of Sierra Nevada. WESTERN VERBENA (Verbena lasiostachys) VIOLET FAMILY (Violaceae) 1a. Leaf divided or parted (Fig. 7, p. 6)…………………………....…... 14 1b. Leaf entire or toothed but not divided……………………….….……2 2a. Flower blue or violet…………………………………………..…….13 2b. Flower white, cream, or yellow…………………………….……..….3 3a. Flower mainly white or cream, lower petal veined…………….….…4 3b. Flower mainly yellow…………………………………..………….....6 4a. Back of upper petals purplish……………………………….……..…5 4b. Upper petals all white; plant 1 to 4 in. high; leaf blade heart-shaped, thin, with an almost entire margin; wet meadows and creek banks; widespread in the Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges above 3500 ft. WESTERN WHITE VIOLET (Viola macloskeyi) 5a. Plant covered with soft hairs; leaf wrinkled; petals with yellow base, lateral ones with purple eye-spots and yellow hairs near base; grassy banks below 3500 ft., Trinity and Shasta Counties. TWO-EYED VIOLET (Viola ocellata) 5b. Plant glabrous, stem leafy; leaf not wrinkled; lower petal with purple splotch at base; serpentine soil in pine forests, 1000 to 5000 ft., Shasta County. BUTTERFLY VIOLET (Viola cuneata) 6a. Back of upper petals brown or purple…………………..……...……10 6b. Back of upper petals yellow, not brown or purple………..…………..7 7a. Leaf blade heart-shaped (Fig.8, p. 6), thin, bright green; stem leaves and flowers crowded at summit of erect stem; lateral petals bearded; lateral and lower with purple veins; wet places in woods below 8000 ft., widespread in Coast ranges and Sierra Nevada PIONEER VIOLET (Viola glabella) VERBENACEAE VIOLACEAE 108

7b. Leaf blade elongate; plants tending to be erect with leaves and flowers scattered along the stems…………...…..………………..8 8a. Gray, woolly plant; local in dry gravelly places around 6000 ft., Plumas County south. WOOLLY VIOLET (Viola tomentosa) 8b. Plant glabrous or with some soft hairs, not woolly; the 3 lower petals brown-veined………………………..……………...………….9 9a. Leaf margin entire; petals pale yellow; forests 4500 to 8000 ft., Sierra Nevada north. BAKER’S VIOLET (Viola bakeri) 9b. Leaf margin scalloped but not deeply so; petals deep yellow; dry, open woods 1700 to 5000 ft., Siskiyou County. SHEEP VIOLET (Viola praemosa and ssp.) 10a. Plant erect with stem-leaves and flowers crowded at the top of the stem; leaves not loved; petals deep yellow, some veined; open woods 1000 to 6500 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north. WOOD VIOLET (Viola lobata var. integrifolia) 10b. Plant more or less erect, with leaves and flowers scattered along stems……………………………………………….………………..11 11a. Flower less than ¾ in. across………………………….…………….12 11b. Flower ¾ in. or more across; leaf bright green, almost triangular, margin scalloped; petals orange-yellow; common on grassy slopes below 2500 ft., inner Coast ranges and adjacent valley, Colusa County south. JOHNNY-JUMP-UP, Wild Pansy (Viola pedunculata) 12a. Petal less than ½ in. long; lemon yellow; leaf usually purplish; dry slopes, 2000 ft. up; widespread; Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north. PINE VIOLET (Viola purpurea and ssp.) 12b. Petal ½ in. or less long; leaf not purplish; brushy slopes below 7000 ft., hills about Central Valley north. OAK VIOLET (Viola purpurea) 13a. Leaves and flower stems arising from base of plant; leaf heart- or kidney-shaped; margin scalloped; flower a deep blue-violet, with white bearding and darker veining; shaded wet places, 3500 to 7000 ft., east side of Sierra Nevada north through Modoc County. CIMARRON VIOLET (Viola sororia ssp. affinis) 13b. Plants with leaf-bearing stems; leaf round to heart-shaped, margin entire or slightly scalloped; flower violet, lower petals white at base and purple-veined; lateral white-bearded; widespread; Sierra Nevada, 3000 to 8500 ft., north to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. WESTERN DOG VIOLET (Viola adunca) 14a. Leaf-blades palmately 3- to 7-lobed; leaves and flowers at summit of stem; flowers yellow with dark veins, back of upper petals brown; VIOLACEAE 109

open woods 1000 to 6500 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north. WOOD VIOLET (Viola lobata and ssp. lobata) 14b. Leaf-blades dissected into narrow divisions…………….…………..15 15a. Leaf-blade twice palmately divided; petals deep yellow, lower veined, upper brown on back; rich soil in open woods, 2500 to 8000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. FAN VIOLET (Viola sheltonii) 15b. Leaf 2 to 3 times pinnately cleft into linear segments…………....…16 16a. Flower a golden yellow with dark veins, upper petals brown on back; early spring blooming; grassy flats, 200 to 4000 ft., Coast ranges and foothills of Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou County. GOLD VIOLET (Viola douglasii) 16b. Flower with red-purple upper petals, three lower lilac with yellow base and dark veining, lateral with yellow beard; gravelly places 3000 to 6000 ft., east of Sierra Nevada, north to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. SAGEBRUSH PANSY (Viola beckwithii) WATERLEAF FAMILY (Hydrophyllaceae) For woody shrubs over 2 ft. high, see Key for Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines, page 123. 1a. Flowers in one-sided coiled racemes; racemes solitary or in clusters (Fig. 10, p. 10)………………………….………….……… 17 1b. Flowers solitary, in terminal or axillary clusters, not strikingly one-sided, coiled racemes……………..…………………….…….….2 2a. Flowers in head-like clusters often on very short stems, pale blue or lilac……………………………...………………….…………….14 2b. Flowers solitary or in clusters in axils of leaves…………...…………3 3a. Leaves entire, alternate or basal (Fig. 6, 7, p. 6)……………..……… 4 3b. Leaves divided, usually pinnately, mostly opposite……….……..…..8 4a. Leaves basal……………………………………………..…………....6 4b. Leaves alternate, entire…………………………………..………..….5 5a. Leaves of 2 kinds, the lower narrow and crowded, the upper broader and scattered; a white-woolly plant with purplish flowers less than ½ in. long; sandy or rocky soil, Trinity and Sierra Nevada mountains to Siskiyou County; summer. WOOLLY NAMA, Lobb’s Nama (Eriodictyon lobbii) 5b. Leaves of one kind; herbage hairy but not woolly; corolla purple or white, ¼ in. or less long; mountain slopes east side of Sierra VIOLACEAE HYDROPHYLLACEAE 110

Nevada to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties; spring and summer. MATTED NAMA (Nama densum) 6a. Leaf heart-shaped with scalloped margin (Figs. 8, 7, p. 6); herbage glabrous and bright green; flower white; about ½ in. long; moist clefts in rocks, high altitudes in Trinity and Siskiyou Counties; summer. SITKA MIST-MAIDEN (Romanzoffia sitchensis) 6b. Leaf ovate, margin entire; flower variously veined.…………..…….. 7 7a. Corolla-tube oblong-campanulate, its lobes more or less erect; herbage usually pubescent; low plant, 1 to 2 in. high; mountain flats, east side of Sierra Nevada to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties; spring and summer. CALIFORNIA HESPEROCHIRON (Hesperochiron californicus) 7b. Corolla-tube bowl-shaped, densely hairy within, its lobes spreading; herbage mostly glabrous; plant ¾ to 1 in. high; mountain flats, widespread; Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north, spring. DWARF HESPEROCHIRON (Hesperochiron pumilus) 8a. Flower ½ to 1 ½ in. in diameter…………………………………..…13 8b. Flower usually less than ½ in. in diameter………………….………..9 9a. Leaf wedge-shaped (Fig. 8, p.6), 3-toothed at apex; more or less prostrate; flower bluish or white, often with a purple spot at apex of petal; mountain meadows, Tehama County south in Sierra Nevada; late spring and summer. SIERRA NEMOPHILA (Nemophila spatulata) 9b. Leaf pinnately divided…………………….………………….…..…10 10a. Corolla 1 ½ to 3 time as long as calyx, white or bluish, bowl- shaped; plant hairy, stems weak, 8 to 20 in. long; widespread; shaded slopes in foothills and mountains; Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges; spring and early summer. CANYON NEMOPHILA, Var iable-Leaf Nemophila (Nemophila heterophylla) 10b. Corolla about the same length or shorter than calyx………….….....11 11a. Stem trailing or prostrate, 2 to 10 in. long; corolla white or pale blue, often dotted, about ¼ in. in diameter, each lobe with a purple splotch; widespread; damp grassy slopes, west of Sierra Nevada, and Lassen and Modoc Counties; spring. MEADOW NEMOPHILA (Nemophila pedunculata) 11b. Stem tending to be erect……………………...………………..…….12 12a. Petal about as long as calyx, about 1/8 in. long, white or bluish; stem 4 to 20 in. long; mountain meadows, Sierra County to Siskiyou, Modoc, and Trinity Counties; spring and summer. AUSTIN WOODLAND NEMOPHILA, Small-Flower Nemophila (Nemophila parviflora var. austinae) HYDROPHYLLACEAE 111

County; summer. SILKY PHACELIA, Mountain Phacelia (Phacelia sericea var. ciliosa) 28a. Herbage bristly, plant up to 2 ft. in height……….………...….…….29 28b. Herbage soft-hairy; plant 3 to 12 in. high; corolla tubular, pale blue or white; moist soil in Shasta, Lassen, and Modoc Counties; summer. HOT SPRING PHACELIA (Phacelia thermalis) 29a. Leaf 2 to 7 in. in length; corolla campanulate, dingy white or lavender; herbage somewhat viscid; rocky slopes in Sierra Nevada foothills from Butte County south; spring. CATERPILLAR PHACELIA (Phacelia cicutaria) 29b. Leaf less than 2 in. long; corolla funnel-shaped, dull white or blue; brushy slopes, Shasta County north to Oregon; summer. RATTAN’S PHACELIA (Phacelia rattanii) 30a. Plant rough hairy……………………………………………….....…31 30b. Plant mostly soft hairy with occasional stiff hairs; violet or white flower ¼ to ½ in. long; stamens slightly exserted; gravelly flats, Sierra Nevada and Trinity County to Oregon; summer. LINEAR-LEAFED PHACELIA, Thr ead-Leaf Phacelia (Phacelia linearis) 31a. Flower blue or purple with a white center, less than ¼ in. long; loose soil in mountains in Shasta County and east side of Sierra Nevada to Modoc County; summer. LOW PHACELIA (Phacelia humilis) 31b. Flower violet or pale blue, without white center, ¼ in. or more long; sandy slopes in mountains, Sierra Nevada north to Modoc County; summer. PURPUS’ PHACELIA (Phacelia purpusii) 32a. Leaf pinnatifid; a hairy annual 2 to 5 in. high; minute, white or pale purple, funnel-shaped corolla; flats in desert valleys, east side of Sierra Nevada north to Siskiyou County; spring and early summer. IVES’ PHACELIA (Phacelia glandulifera) 32b. Leaf entire; slender annual, 4 to 8 in. high; very small flower, dull white or blue; rocky mountain slopes, from Lassen and Tehama Counties south; summer. RACEMOSE PHACELIA (Phacelia racemosa) WATER-LILY FAMILY (Nymphaeaceae) 1a. Leaf entire with long petiole attached at the center; small purple flowers; widespread in ponds and ditches below 7000 ft. HYDROPHYLLACEAE NYMPHAEACEAE 114

WATER-SHIELD (Brasenia schreberi) 1b. Leaf with a slit extending from margin to the attachment of the petiole; flowers large (3 in. in diameter), yellow often tinged with red, above water; widespread in ponds, 4500 to 7500 ft. YELLOW POND-LILY (Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala) WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY (Alismataceae) 1a. Leaf sagittate, 2 to 12 in. long or more; achenes many and crowded into a head; stamens numerous; near water, below 7000 ft. TULE POTATO, Common Ar r owhead (Sagittaria latifolia) 1b. Leaf ovate to lanceolate; achenes in a single whorl…..………..……..2 2a. Petal incised; achenes with prominent beaks; found in ponds and shallow pools; widespread, below 5000 ft. CALIFORNIA DAMASONIUM, Fr inged Water Plantain (Damasonium californicum) 2b. Petal entire; achenes without prominent beaks; common along shores of inland waters; widespread, below 5000 ft. WATER PLANTAIN (Alisma plantago-aquatica) WINTERGREEN or HEATH FAMILY (Ericaceae) 1a. Plant with green leaves………………………………….…………....5 1b. Plant without green leaves, saprophyte……………………..………...2 2a. Entire plant including flowers bright red; fleshy stem 6 to 15 in. high; often growing in clumps; pine woods in mountains; widespread; early summer. SNOW PLANT (Sarcodes sanguinea) 2b. Plant brown or reddish brown but not a bright red…….………….….3 3a. Plant 2 to 8 in. high; flower whitish with 4 to 5 separate petals; flowers in a dense spike; deep forests, Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou County; summer. SIERRA SAP, Fr inged Pine-Sap (Pleuricospora fimbriolata) 3b. Plant 1 to 3 ft. high, reddish brown…………………..……….………4 4a. Petals united forming an urn-shaped flower with recurved lobes; widespread in forests, 2500 to 8500 ft., Sierra Nevada and inner Coast ranges north. PINE DROPS (Pterospora andromedea) NYMPHAEACEAE ALISMATACEAE ERICACEAE 115

12b. Petal much shorter than calyx, white with purplish tip; stem 2 to 10 in. long, prickly; mountain slopes, Modoc County; late spring and summer. GREAT BASIN NEMOPHILA (Nemophila breviflora) 13a. Corolla white with a conspicuous purple spot at the apex of each lobe and with purple dots radiating from the center of the flower; meadows in the foothills and mountains, Sierra Nevada north to Plumas County; spring. SIERRA FIVE-SPOT, Spotted Nemophila (Nemophila maculata) 13b. Corolla a sky blue, somewhat dotted and veined with dark purple; cultivated fields and slopes in foothills surrounding Sacramento Valley; spring. BABY BLUE-EYES, Baby Eyes (Nemophila menziesii) 14a. Stem 1 to 3 in. high, much exceeded by basal leaves 2 to 9 in. long; flowers in dense heads………………………………….……..16 14b. Stems 4 to 20 in. high; somewhat leafy throughout; flowers white or violet, in compact clusters………………………...…….………..15 15a. Perennial with entire leaves; dry woods 2500 to 8000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Trinity and Siskiyou Counties. DRAPERIA (Draperia systyla) 15b. Annual with dissected or pinnately compound leaves; damp, shady places, 5000 to 7000 ft., Tehama, Trinity, and Siskiyou Counties. WHITE WATERLEAF (Hydrophyllum fendleri var. albifrons) 16a. Flower cluster borne close to ground, almost without peduncle; leaf blades pinnately 5-divided, white-hairy underneath; flower white or lilac; moist mountain slopes, Sierra Nevada to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties; spring and summer. CAT’S BREECHES, Woollen Br eeches, Ballhead Water leaf (Hydrophyllum capitatum var. alpinum) 16b. Peduncle 1 to 9 in. long; leaf blades with 5 to 13 leaflets, white- hairy beneath; flower blue or lilac; widespread; brushy mountain slopes near streams, Sierra Nevada north; spring and summer. SQUAW LETTUCE, Wester n or Califor nia Water leaf (Hydrophyllum occidentale) 17a. Leaves opposite……………………………………………..…….....32 17b. Leaves alternate………………………………………….….……....18 18a. Flower cream or yellow……………………………………....……..19 18b. Flower blue, violet, or white…………………………………….…..20 19a. Stem erect, branched, ½ to 1 ½ ft. high; flower cream, bell- shaped, pendulous on slender pedicels; dry open places below 5000 ft., Coast ranges from Tehama County south, Nevada and Placer Counties. WHISPERING BELLS (Emmenanthe penduliflora) HYDROPHYLLACEAE 112

19b. Stems several from base, procumbent; flower yellow; alkaline flats, 4500 to 7000 ft., Lassen and Modoc Counties. MILTITZIA (Phacelia adenophora, inundata, and tetramera) 20a. Leaf entire or essentially so…..….…….………...………………….30 20b. Leaf toothed, cleft, or pinnatifid…..……….………………………..21 21a. Stem erect, simple or branched……..…………..…………...………23 21b. Stem trailing or decumbent…………..……………..…...…………..22 22a. Stem less than 1 ft. long covered with rough hairs; flower violet to white; stamens conspicuously exserted; a perennial of sandy soil in high mountains, Sierra Nevada north; summer. WATERLEAF PHACELIA (Phacelia hydrophylloides) 22b. Stem 1 to 3 ft. long, slightly soft-hairy; flower sordid white to bluish; stamens slightly exserted; brushy or rocky slopes in foot hills or mountains, Sierra Nevada north to Siskiyou County; spring and summer. BRANCHING PHACELIA, White Heliotr ope (Phacelia ramosissima and vars.) 23a. Stamens included within corolla tube..………………..………….... 28 23b. Stamens exserted, sometimes conspicuously so…..……….………..24 24a. Annual 9 to 20 in. high with much dissected leaves and blue bowl shaped flowers…………….…………………………………..25 24b. Perennial up to 5 ft high……………………..……………………....26 25a. Stamens slightly longer than petals; flower lighter in center; grassy fields below 5000 ft., Coast ranges from Glenn County south. GREAT VALLEY PHACELIA (Phacelia ciliata) 25b. Stamens twice as long as petals; open flats below 4000 ft., Central Valley and bordering ranges from Butte County south. TANSY PHACELIA (Phacelia tanacetifolia) 26a. Rough hairy plant, erect, simple or branched; pinnatifid leaves with large terminal leaflet; flower white to lavender becoming sordid; common and widespread; spring and summer. ROCK PHACELIA and other s (Phacelia egena and several other spp.) 26b. Herbage lightly covered with soft hairs.…………………………… 27 27a. Stout erect plant 3 to 7 ft. high; sordid white to blue, bowl-shaped flower; mountain meadows and along streams, Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges to Siskiyou County; summer. TALL PHACELIA (Phacelia procera) 27b. Erect plant, 1/3 to 2 ft. high; white or blue flower, open campanulate; rocky slopes in mountains of Modoc . HYDROPHYLLACEAE 113

4b. Petals distinct; a hairy, fragrant plant about 1 ft. high; forests in Coast ranges, 1000 to 7000 ft., north Siskiyou County. PINESAP (Monotropa hypopitys) 5a. Leaves basal, evergreen (one form leafless)………..……………….. 7 5b. Leaves more or less in whorls (Fig. 6, P. 6) along stem……...………6 6a. Leaf ovate; small clusters of white flowers; shady woods, 2500 to 6500 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges. PIPSISSEWA (Chimaphila menziesii) 6b. Leaf elongated; clusters of 3 to 7 pink flowers; shrubby forest slopes, 1000 to 10,000 ft., Sierra Nevada and north Coast ranges. WESTERN PRINCE’S PINE (Chimaphila umbellata) 7a. Style strikingly bent to one side, a ring or collar below stigma……....8 7b. Style erect, no ring or collar below stigma; greenish flowers in a one-sided raceme; dry woods, 3000 to 10,000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. ONE-SIDED WINTERGREEN (Orthilia secunda) 8a. Petals red or pink to purplish; leaves shiny and toothed; moist woods, Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou and Modoc Counties. OREGON WINTERGREEN (Pyrola asarifolia vars.) 8b. Petals greenish to cream or white; leaves mottled in species (lacking in aphylla, not mottled in ssp. dentata); dry woods, 3000 to 9000 ft., Coast ranges and Sierra Nevada north. SHIN-LEAF (Pyrola picta and ssp.) ERICACEAE 116

FERNS OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA Key to Ferns 1a. Aquatic plants or occurring in muddy places……….……….……….2 1b. Terrestrial plants………………………………………….…….…….3 2a. Small floating, moss-like plants covering the surface of quiet water; often reddish in color; widely distributed below 1000 ft. DUCKWEED FERN (Azolla filiculoides) 2b. Rooted plants with 4 leaflets, resembling 4-leafed clovers; leaflets floating on the surface of the water or in drying vernal pools; be low 7000 ft. CLOVER FERN (Marsilea vestita) 3a. Sporangia small (Fig. 24, p. 118), almost microscopic, borne in visible groups (sori) on the underside of the fronds…………….…....4 3b. Sporangia large, up to 1/8 in. in diameter, borne in a cluster resembling a bunch of small grapes at the top of a naked stalk; vegetative frond much divided; moist places below 8000 ft. GRAPE FERN (Botrychium multifidum) 4a. Sori borne on or near the margin of the pinna, usually more or less covered by its rolled edge (Fig. 25, p. 118)…………..……...…15 4b. Sori not marginal………………………….…………………….……5 5a. Sori scattered over the waxy undersurface of the pinna, generally confluent, making it appear whitish, golden, or brown (Fig. 26, p. 118); small ferns growing under the edge of rocks at lower altitudes. GOLD FERN (Pentagramma triangularis) 5b. Sori distinct, usually arranged in a more or less definite pattern……..6 6a. Sorus round (Fig. 27, p. 118)………………………...…………..….. 8 6b. Sorus oblong-linear, straight or curved, not round (Fig. 27, p. 118), large ferns with fronds 1 ½ to 6 ft. high…………………….……..…7 7a. Sori forming a chain-like row along each side of midrib of segment (Fig. 28, p. 120), moist places, 100 to 8000 ft. CHAIN FERN (Woodwardia fimbriata) 7b. Sori seated obliquely along midrib of segment (Fig. 26, p. 118) not forming a chain-like row; pinnae much divided forming a lacy- looking fern, growing in moist places; 4000 to 10,000 ft., LADY FERN (Athyrium filix-femina var. cyclosorum) 8a. Fronds pinnate (Fig. 29, p. 120)…..………………………..………. 14 8b. Lower pinnae of fronds pinnately divided or bi- or tri-pinnate (Fig. 29, p. 120)……...………………………………….…………... 9 117

frond sorus Enlarged view of sorus showing pinna sporangia containing spores (a), and releasing spores (b). rhizome Fig. 24. Parts of a fern. Fig. 25. Types of sori. Fig. 26. Scattered sori. Fig. 27. Shapes of sori. 118

9a. Indusium of some type present (Fig. 30, p. 120)…………..………. 10 9b. Indusium lacking; a large fern with much dissected pinnae; growing in granite slides, 5000 to 11,000 ft., ALPINE BEECH FERN (Athyrium alpestre var. americanum) 10a. Indusium round, attached at the center (umbrella-like, Fig. 30, p.120) fronds ½ to 1 ½ ft. high; mountains...……….……..13 10b. Indusium not centrally attached and of various types; sometimes inconspicuous…………………………………………………...…...11 11a. Sturdy ferns, 1 to 2 ft. high…………………………………….……12 11b. Delicate, bright green ferns, usually 6 to 10 in. high; moist, shady, rocky places; 1000 to 12,000 ft., BRITTLE FERN, Bladder Fer n (Cystopteris fragilis) 12a. Fronds bi-pinnate (Fig. 29. p. 120); common on wooded slopes below 5000 ft., widespread. COMMON WOOD FERN (Dryopteris arguta) 12b. Fronds pinnate, the pinnae pinnately divided; near streams, 3000 to 5000 ft. SIERRA WOOD FERN (Thelypteris nevadensis) 13a. Divisions of pinnae spine-tipped; rocky places, 5000 to 10,000 ft., widespread. EATON’S SHIELD FERN (Polystichum scopulinum) 13b. Divisions of pinnae not spine-tipped; moist granite slides, 4500 to 7500 ft. or higher; mountains of Trinity and Siskiyou Counties. SHASTA FERN (Polystichum lemmonii) 14a. Pinnae close together, attached only at midrib, the base resembling the hilt of a sword (Fig. 31, p. 120)……………………….…….…. 26 14b. Pinna attached by entire base; almost confluent at the base with adjacent pinnae; fronds less that 1 ft. long; often making a solid covering over moist, rocky banks; widespread in foothills of Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges up to 4000 ft. CALIFORNIA POLYPODY (Polypodium californicum) 15a. Fronds essentially alike………………………………..………….…16 15b. Fronds of two dissimilar kinds, fertile which bear the spores and sterile which are vegetative; small ferns 2 to 8 in. high with bi- or tri-pinnate fronds, the fertile ones with narrow subdivisions and rolled margins covering the sori; rocky ledges, 6000 to 11,000 ft., Sierra Nevada north. ROCK-BRAKE, Par sley Fer n (Cryptogramma acrostichoides) 16a. Plants usually less than 1 ft. high (some Maidenhairs are 2 ft.); leaf-stalks mostly brown or purplish……………………….…….…17 16b. Large, coarse plants, 1 to 4 ft. high; leaf-stalks light-colored, not brown when mature; widespread, covering fields and mountain meadows up to 10,000 ft. BRAKEN (Pteridium aquilinum var. lanuginosum) 119

Fig. 28. Arrangement of sori. Pinnate Bipinnate Tripinnate Fig. 29. Division of pinnae. Cross section Top view Fig. 30. Indusium. Fig. 31. Pinna of sword fern. 120

17a. Reflexed leaf-margin continuous (Fig. 25, p. 118)………..……..… 19 17b. Reflexed leaf-margin not continuous………………………….....….18 18a. Blade of frond formed at base, each division further divided into finger-like branches; moist, shady banks, often in canyons; mountains up to 10,000 ft. FIVE-FINGER FERN (Adiantum aleuticum) 18b. Blade of frond not formed, but with a continuous main leaf-stalk; the subdivisions of the pinnae rounded with the sori almost continuous around margin; damp shaded slopes in Sierra Nevada foothills up to 3500 ft. CALIFORNIA MAIDENHAIR (Adiantum jordanii) 19a. Foliage smooth, with few if any hairs………………………….....…20 19b. Foliage hairy, densely so on the under side of the leaf-segments; fronds narrow, bi-pinnate, 4 to 6 in. high; dark green, tufted ferns of rocky places, 2500 to 9000 ft. LACE FERN (Cheilanthes gracillima) 20a. Leaf-blades triangular, not much longer than broad…………..…….25 20b. Leaf-blades much longer than broad…………………….……….....21 21a. Leaf-blades once pinnate (lower pinnae may be divided)…….….... 24 21b. Leaf-blades 2 to 4 times pinnate………………………………….....22 22a. Pinnae segments sharp-pointed……………………………………...23 22b. Pinnae segments oval, obtuse, or shallowly notched; fronds ½ to 1 ½ ft. high; plants of dry, rocky places, up to 4000 ft. COFFEE FERN (Pellaea andromedaefolia) 23a. Fronds twice pinnate, clustered; 5 to 11 ultimate segments of each pinna; a dull, fray-green fern of dry, rocky places, 3000 to 8000 ft., Plumas and Lake Counties north. SIERRA CLIFF-BRAKE (Pellaea brachyptera) 23b. Fronds be- to tri-pinnate, the ultimate segments (especially the lower) usually in groups of three resembling the print of a bird's foot; a gray-green fern of dry, rocky slopes; widespread below 6000 ft. BIRD’S-FOOT FERN (Pellaea mucronata) 24a. Pinnae entire; many gray-green tufted frond; dry, rocky places in Sierra Nevada north, 6000 to 11,000 ft. BRIDGES CLIFF-BRAKE (Pellaea bridgesii) 24b. Pinnae mostly 2-parted (mitten-shaped), the upper lobe the larger; dry, rocky places, 7000 to 12,000 ft., Sierra Nevada. BREWER’S CLIFF-BRAKE (Pellaea breweri) 25a. Pinnae with many sharp-pointed teeth; sori separate, located in the notches between the teeth; a bright green fern on dry shaded slopes, north in the Sierra Nevada to Butte County. CALIFORNIA LACE FERN (Aspidotis californica) 25b. Ultimate segments of pinnae narrow; sori continuous covered by continuous reflexed margin of segment; small (up to 6 in. high), tufted, bright green fern, in rocky 121

places 2000 to 8000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges. OREGON CLIFF-BRAKE (Aspidotis densa) 26a. Sori large, very close to each other, near the midvein of the pinna; fronds clustered, rigid, ½ to 2 ft. high, on stalks 1 to 3 in. long; shady, rocky places, 5000 to 7000 ft., Plumas to Siskiyou County. HOLLY FERN (Polystichum lonchitis) 26b. Sori almost marginal; fronds on stalks ½ to 2 ft. long…...……..…...27 27a. Fronds many, rigid, clustered, 2 to 4 ½ ft. long; stalk of frond conspicuously covered with chaffy, chestnut brown scales; damp woods, particularly near coast but also found inland. SWORD FERN (Polystichum imbricans ssp. curtum) 27b. Fronds less than 2 ft. long…………………………………….....…..28 28a. Frond stalk with basal tuft of scales; pinnae crowded, overlapping; rocky slopes, Sierra Nevada IMBRICATED SWORD FERN (Polystichum imbricans) 28b. Frond stalk nearly naked, 4 to 8 in. long; pinnae not crowded; crevices 4500 to 6500 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Plumas County. NAKED SWORD FERN (Polystichum imbricans ssp. imbricans) 122

TREES, SHRUBS AND WOODY VINES OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA There are two kinds of forests in California; one composed of the large trees; the other composed of scrubby growth which branches near the ground and never reaches more than a few feet in height, the chaparral. The economic value of our forest trees is evident to everyone. The chaparral, which is so characteristic of much of our California landscape, is also important, primarily in water and soil conservation. It grows characteristically in regions of short rainy seasons and long periods of drought, which cannot support the larger forest trees. The plants which make up these forests are widely distributed through families of cone-bearing trees, such as the pine, and of the true flowering plants. An attempt has been made to formulate a key for the shrubs and trees on a basis of plant structures, which are available for a longer part of the year than are flowers. Hence, family groupings have been broken up, and proximity in the key does not imply relationship. The division Spermatophytes, or seed-bearing plants, is subdivided into Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. The seeds of the gymnosperm are developed at the bases of the scales (Fig. 34, p. 128) which separate to release the seed. The seeds of an angiosperm are developed in the closed structure formed from the ovary. The mature structure bearing the seeds is called a fruit. In the gymnosperms the so-called “fruit” is usually a woody cone (Figs. 35, 36, p. 140, 142). The fruit of an angiosperm may be a capsule or pod, which breaks open when mature; an acorn or nut, which squirrels will scatter; a berry with a fleshy edible coating; or any one of a number of other types (Figs. 14, 32, p.14, 124). A leaf is usually attached to a branch by means of a stem-like petiole. If the petiole is absent, the leaf is said to be sessile. Leaves are simple if divisions of the blade do not extend to the midrib. If the blade is sub-divided into leaflets, the leaf is compound. The type of subdivision depends upon the type of vein- ing. A palmately veined lead has several veins of approximately equal size radiating out through the blade from the tip of the petiole. Palmately compound leaves, then, will have several leaflets arising from the tip of the petiole. Pinnately veined leaves have a midrib with secondary veins branching off from it. Pinnately compound leaves will have the leaflets arising along a central axis (Fig. 9, p. 8). Two leaves are opposite if they arise at the same level on the stem but on opposite sides. They are alternate if they arise at different levels, regardless of other relations to each other. In some cases leaves are whorled (Fig. 6, p. 6) If the leaves of a plant fall all at one time, as in the autumn, leaving the plant bare for some time, they are deciduous. If the leaves fall gradually so that the plant is at no time bare, the plant is said to be evergreen. If the leaves are firm and leathery, as the holly leaf, they are coriaceous. If they are thin and soft, as in the lettuce, they are herbaceous. 123

Winged fruit Cross section Tailed fruit (Mahogany) of a berry Vine maple Follicle sepal Maple samaras Sierra Rose hip maple Martynia capsule sepal pistils Ceanothus capsule and cup floral cup Cross section of rose hip Alder and birch pistillate catkins Fig. 32. Specialized fruits. 124

Key to Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines It is important, in the identification of common trees, shrubs and woody vines, to note their general appearance, habitat, and associates. Check the leaves from several trees and choose a mature, typical one for use in identification. If flowers or fruits are not evident on the tree, look for their remains either on the tree or on the ground near the tree. Note the color and texture of the bark. In most cases in the key, the common name is given, followed by the scientific name. This may include a variety (var.) or a subspecies (ssp.). In some instances, identification goes only to genus and the fact that several different species might be included is indicated by the abbreviation “spp.” following the genus name. The use of the key. In general, no shrub under two feet in height is included in this key; otherwise, most of the common ones of northern California, aside from the coastal, can be identified in this key. It is the beginning of the key and read both “1a” and “1b”. Choose the statement that is true for the tree or shrub you wish to identify. At the end of the statement is a number. Find this number further along in the key and again choose between “a” and “b” statements. Continue in this way until your chosen statement leads to the name of a plant instead of a number. If you have chosen your statements accurately, this will be the name of the tree or shrub. Check the description carefully to verify you identification. 1a. Gymnosperms: Evergreen trees with needle-like, awl-like, or scale-like leaves (Fig. 34, p. 128) and usually cone-bearing (Figs. 35, 36, p.140, 142) with seeds borne naked at the base of a scale. (Fig. 34, p.28)……………….....…………………….………….... 125 1b. Angiosperms: Evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs and woody vines with various kinds of leaves and true flowers, producing seeds in a fruit (may be dry as a capsule or fleshy as a berry; Fig. 14, p. 14)…………………………………………………...…… 2 2a. Leaves evident…………………….…………………………….……3 2b. Leaves reduced almost to scales so that they appear lacking; graceful spreading shrub, 3 to 8 ft. high, with long clusters of pink flowers at the end of the branches, appearing before the plant turns green; introduced from Europe. FRENCH TAMARISK (Tamarix pentandra) 3a. Leaves simple (Fig. 9. p. 8)…………...…………………………… 30 3b. Leaves compound (divisions extend to the midrib making several leaflets; ( Fig. 9, p. 8)………...……………..……………………….. 4 4a. Leaf usually with 3 to 5 leaflets……………..……...……………….20 4b. Leaf usually with 5 or more leaflets………..…….……...…………...5 5a. Leaves pinnate……………………………………………..…………7 5b. Leaves palmate.…………………………………..……….………….6 125

Tan oak Maul oak Scrub oak Chinquapin Valley oak Huckleberry oak Interior live oak Blue oak Oregon oak Black oak Fig. 33a. Types of Acorns. Blue Oregon Valley Black Fig. 33b. Types of Margins of Deciduous Oak Leaves. 126

6a. Blue, or purplish pea-shaped flowers (Fig. 15, p. 15); fruit a pod (Fig. 14, p. 14); shrub 2 to 5 ft. high; Sierra Nevada foothills north to Shasta County. SILVER LUPINE (Lupinus albifrons) 6b. Showy whitish flowers in large clusters; fruit a capsule (Fig. 14, p. 14) containing a single large, shiny, brown seed; low spreading tree 10 to 20 ft. high. BUCKEYE (Aesculus californica) 7a. Leaves with strong, unpleasant odor…………………………….……8 7b. Leaves not unpleasantly scented………………...…………..…..…..10 8a. A small evergreen shrub with dissected (Fig. 7, p. 6) fern-like leaves; covering extensive areas in the yellow pine belt. MOUNTAIN MISERY (Chamaebatia foliolosa) 8b. A large tree 20 to 60 ft. high…………….…………………..………..9 9a. Leaf usually less than 1 ft. long. BLACK WALNUT (Juglans hindsii) 9b. Mature leaf 1 ½ to 2 ft. in length; a tree weed introduced from China. TREE OF HEAVEN (Ailanthus altissima) 10a. Shrub with prickly, coriaceous, evergreen leaves and yellow wood. MOUNTAIN GRAPE, Or egon Gr ape (Berberis spp.) 10b. Shrub, vine or tree with herbaceous, deciduous leaves……………..11 11a. Shrub or tree with thorns……………………………...………….…19 11b. Shrub without thorns…………………………………...……………12 12a. Fruits fleshy, more or less berry-like……………………….....…….17 12b. Fruits dry, not fleshy………………………………….……...……..13 13a. Fruit clusters of single samaras (Fig. 14, p. 14)……….……..……. 16 13b. Fruit a follicle or an achene (Fig. 14, p. 14)…..………….………... 14 14a. Fruit a follicle; an aromatic shrub with finely dissected leaves and large panicles of white flowers; dry, rocky slopes, 3000 to 10,000 ft.; east slope of Sierra Nevada north to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. DESERT SWEET (Chamaebatiaria millefolium) 14b. Fruit an achene………………...………………..…………………...15 15a. A much branched shrub, 1 to 4 ft. high; with yellow flowers in small cymes; herbage often silky; moist places, 6500 ft. up, Sierra Nevada north. BUSH CINQUEFOIL (Potentilla fruticosa) 15b. A vine climbing by twining petioles, 12 to 18 ft. long; flowers white in panicles; in moist places below 7000 ft., Coast ranges and Sierra Nevada north. YERBA DE CHIVATA, Wester n Vir gin’s Bower, Wild Clematis (Clematis ligusticifolia) 16a. Tree 30 to 80 ft high; stamens and pistils in separate flowers (Fig 1 p. 2) on separate trees (dioecious). OREGON ASH (Fraxinus latifolia) 16b. Shrub 5 to 15 ft. high, stamens and pistils in same flower (perfect). 127

b. Scale-like c. Awl-like Gymnosperm leaves a. Needle-like bract Types of cone scales and bracts (131a) (131b) Scales overlapping like shingles or flat-topped (132a) (132b) Summit of flat-topped scales Fig. 34. Gymnosperm leaves and cones. 128

FOOTHILL ASH, Flower ing Ash (Fraxinus dipetala) 17a. Flat-topped flower cluster; blue berries with whitish bloom (covered with a fine powder) when in fruit; below 5000 ft. MEXICAN ELDERBERRY (Sambucus mexicana) 17b. Flower cluster not flat-topped; bright red berries when in fruit, mountains……………...………………………………..…………...18 18a. Leaflets 5 to 7; low shrub up to 3 ft. high; flowers cream-colored; moist places above 6000 ft., sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north. MONTANE RED ELDERBERRY (Sambucus racemosa) 18b. Leaflets 7 to 11; many-stemmed shrub or small tree, 6 ft. or more high; flowers white; moist places, 4000 ft. up. MOUNTAIN-ASH (Sorbus spp.) 19a. Erect sprawling or climbing shrub; leaves odd-pinnate; flowers pink, 5 petals; fruit a red fleshy hip containing many hairy achenes. ROSE (Rosa, 7 spp. in northern California) 19b. Tree with fragrant white or pink, pea-shaped flowers in drooping axillary racemes; leaf with 9 to 19 leaflets and spiny stipules; fruit a pod (Fig. 14, p. 14); a widespread escape. LOCUST (Robinia pseudoacacia) 20a. Leaves opposite (Fig. 6, p. 6)………………..………………….….. 28 20b. Leaves alternate (Fig. 6, p. 6)………………....…………….……... 21 21a. Fruit winged all around (Fig. 32, p. 124); a small tree 8 to 15 ft. high, found in canyons at low altitudes. HOP TREE (Ptelea crenulata) 21b. Fruit not winged…………………………….……………………….22 22a. Fruit a pod (Fig. 14, p. 14)……………………..……..……………. 27 22b. Fruit a berry-like drupe or an aggregate of drupes (raspberry type) (Fig. 14, p. 14)……………………………………….…..……….... 23 23a. Plant woody, prickly; more or less sprawling; fruit an aggregate (Fig. 14, p. 14) of drupelets…………………………...…………….26 23b. Plant erect, not prickly; fruit a berry-like drupe (Fig 14, p. 14)….... 24 24a. Leaf large with 3 lobes which are again divided into 3 to 5 lobes; flowers small in large compound clusters; moist places below 5000 ft. SPIKENARD (Aralia californica) 24b. Leaf with 3 to 5 leaflets; flowers small………...…………….……..25 25a. Flowers whitish, in loose panicles; leaves shiny green; fruits whitish. POISON OAK (Toxicodendron diversilobum) 25b. Flowers yellowish, in small dense spikes; leaves dull green; fruits red; herbage strong-scented SQUAW BUSH (Rhus trilobata) 26a. Fleshy drupelets adhering to raised receptacle and falling with it (Fig. 14, p. 14) 129

BLACKBERRIES (Rubus spp.) 26b. Drupelets forming a hollow cone which separates from receptacle when mature; leaflets white-woolly beneath; Sierra Nevada north, below 7000 ft. WESTERN RASPBERRY (Rubus leucodermis) 27a. A rigid, spiny chaparral shrub with reddish purple flowers. CHAPARRAL PEA (Pickeringia montana) 27b. A wiry, broom-like plant with yellow flowers; erect, angular, almost leafless branches; 3 to 6 ft. high. SCOTCH BROOM (Cytisus scoparius) 28a. A tree 20 to 60 ft. high; fruit a double samara (Fig. 32, p. 124) BOX ELDER (Acer negundo ssp. californica) 28b. A shrub or vine………………………………...…………………....29 29a. A shrub 6 to 10 ft. high fruit a large inflated, bladder-like capsule (Fig. 14, p. 14) SIERRA BLADDER-NUT (Staphylea bolanderi) 29b. A woody vine climbing by twining petioles over shrubs and small trees, 12 to 15 ft. high; flowers whitish, 1 to 2 in. in diameter; fruits showy due to many plumose, curved styles; usually in chaparral areas below 6000 ft.; Coast ranges and Sierra Nevada north to Trinity and Shasta Counties. PIPE-STEM, Chapar r al Clematis (Clematis lasiantha) 30a. Mature leaves and branches opposite or whorled (Fig. 6, p. 6)……………………………………………………......102 30b. Mature leaves and branches alternate (Fig. 6, p. 6) or fascicled…….31 31a. Leaf with one main vein from which smaller veins branch (Fig. 5, p.4)………………………………………………………….44 31b. Leaf with more than one prominent vein diverging from the upper end of the petiole (Fig. 5, p. 4)…………………………….…….…. 32 32a. A shrub, small tree or vine……………………………………..……33 32b. A tree 40 to 90 ft. high; bark falling away, exposing whitish trunk; petiole of leaf with hollow base covering new bud; flowers in dense ball-like pendent heads. WESTERN SYCAMORE (Platanus racemosa) 33a. Leaf with 1 to 3 prominent veins diverging from the upper end of the petiole…………………………………….…………..………….34 33b. Leaf with 5 or more prominent veins………...………………..…….40 34a. Flowers green, yellow or dirty white……………………....………..36 34b. Flowers white, blue or pink in rather dense, simple or compound clusters………………………………………………...……….……35 35a. Leaves palmately lobed (Fig. 7, p. 6); flowers white in terminal corymbs; shrubs 3 to 7 ft. high; moist places usually near water; Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north. NINE-BARK (Physocarpus capitatus) 35b. Leaves not lobed; flowers in panicles or cymes (Fig. 10, p. 10) shrubs up to 12 ft. high; wooded slopes. 130

CEANOTHUS (Ceanothus 5 spp.) 36a. Composite flowers (Fig. 21, p. 18)…………………….………...… 38 36b. Flower not a composite, yellow, solitary; leaves 3-lobed……..…….37 37a. A rigid shrub 3 to 9 ft. tall; flowers pale yellow less than ½ in. across; stems with gray or brown bark; dry slopes, 3000 to 10,000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Lassen, Modoc and Siskiyou Counties; also Trinity County ANTELOPE BRUSH (Purshia tridentata) 37b. A spreading shrub or small tree up to 12 ft. high or more; flowers golden yellow, 2 to 3 in. in diameter; under side of leaves covered with dense felt which turns golden with age; showy yellow flowers. FLANNEL-BUSH (Fremontia californica) 38a. Flowers greenish; an aromatic evergreen shrub with silvery, shreddy bark; leaves 3-lobed at tip. BASIN SAGEBRUSH (Artemisia tridentata) 38b. Flowers yellow or dirty white; plants not aromatic……….…...…....39 39a. Flowers in heads without ray flowers, in axillary clusters; much branched shrub up to 12 ft. high; common in Sierra foothills below 2000 ft., Butte County south. CHAPARRAL BROOM, Coyote Br ush (Baccharis pilularis) 39b. Flowers yellow in cymes or panicles; shrubby plants 1 to 6 ft. high, on dry desert slopes or plains. RABBIT-BRUSH (Chrysothamnus spp.) 40a. Margin of leaf lobed, toothed, or scalloped (Fig. 7, p. 6)……...…... 41 40b. Margin of leaf not lobed, toothed or scalloped, entire or nearly so; leaf almost circular (Fig. 8, p. 6); showy rose-red, pea-shaped flowers blooming before the leaves appear. REDBUD (Cercis occidentalis) 41a. Leaf less than 3 in. broad……………………….……………...……43 41b. Leaf 3 to 6 in. broad; stems with shreddy bark……..……………….42 42a. A shrub 3 to 6 ft. high, with white flowers 1 to 2 ½ in. in diameter; open woods below 8000 ft., Sierra Nevada north. THIMBLEBERRY (Rubus parviflorus) 42b. A woody vine 50-60 ft. high, climbing by tendrils; panicles of minute greenish yellow flowers; fruits in clusters, purplish with a bloom; stream banks below 4000 ft., Sierra Nevada foothills to Siskiyou County. WILD GRAPE (Vitis californica) 43a. Stem with thorns below the leaves. GOOSEBERRY (Ribes spp.) 43b. Stem without thorns; leaf smooth or with a slight covering of hairs; flower with 5 stamens; fruit a berry. CURRANT (Ribes spp.) 44a. Leaf linear or needle-like (Fig. 8, p. 6), less than 1/8 in. wide; shrub…………………….…………………………………………..99 131

44b. Leaf not needle-like, more than 1/8 in. wide………………………..45 45a. Staminate flowers produced in catkins (a scaly spike, Fig. 10, p. 10, usually pendent as in willow); pistillate flowers, hence the fruits, either in catkins or borne separately……………………….....81 45b. Flowers not produced in catkins……………….……………...…….46 46a. Leaf margin essentially entire (may be very finely toothed). (Fig 7, p. 6)………………..…..………………………………….…57 46b. Leaf margin toothed or lobed……………………………..……...….47 47a. Leaf toothed only toward the apex….………………….……...……52 47b. Entire leaf margin toothed or lobed……………………….…...……48 48a. Shrub with deciduous, herbaceous leaves………………....………..68 48b. Shrub with evergreen, coriaceous leaves……………….…….……..49 49a. Leaf less than 2 in. long……………………………….……...……..50 49b. Leaf 2 to 5 or more inches long……………………….………...…..51 50a. Leaf spiny toothed, tawny beneath; under surface of bark yellow; bright red, juicy berries. RED-BERRY (Rhamnus ilicifolia) 50b. Leaf not spiny toothed, with a dense felt-like covering of white hairs at least on the under side of leaves, which turns golden with age; flowers are showy yellow. FLANNEL-BUSH (Fremontia californica) 51a. Aromatic shrub; leaves, dark green and glutinous above, veiny and somewhat woolly beneath; flowers lavender to white in panicles; fruit a dry capsule; dry ridges below 5500 ft., Sierra Nevada north. YERBA SANTA (Eriodictyon californicum) 51b. Shrub not aromatic; leaves mostly glabrous; large clusters of small white flowers followed by bright red berry-like fruits; common on brushy slopes below 4000 ft., Shasta County south. TOYON (Heteromeles arbutifolia) 52a. Thorny; shrub or scraggly tree; twigs reddish; flowers white and heavy-scented. WESTERN BLACK HAW (Crataegus douglasii) 52b. Not thorny; shrub or low tree………………………………..…...….53 53a. Petals lacking; fruit with a long, twisted, feathery tail (Fig. 32, p. 124) MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY (Cercocarpus betuloides) 53b. Petals present; fruit without tail……………………………….….....54 54a. Flower white; fruit berry-like, purplish. WESTERN SERVICE BERRY (Amelanchier utahensis) 54b. Fruit dry, not berry-like…………………………………………......55 55a. Flowers rose-colored; fruit a pod…………………………….……..56 55b. Flowers whitish or pinkish, small, in large terminal clusters; dry rocky places 4500 to 8500 ft., Trinity and Butte to Siskiyou and Modoc Counties. GLANDULAR ROCK-SPIRAEA (Holodiscus microphyllus var. glabrescens) 132

56a. Flowers in elongated flower-cluster; under surface of leaf white- woolly; damp places below 6000 ft. DOUGLAS SPIRAEA (Spiraea douglasii) 56b. Flowers in a corymb (Fig. 10, p. 10); leaves smooth beneath; moist places 5000 to 11,000 ft. SUBALPINE SPIRAEA (Spiraea densiflora) 57a. Leaves deciduous………………………………………….....……...68 57b. Leaves evergreen………………………………………….………...58 58a. Herbage with a definite odor (aromatic, fragrant or heavy- scented) ………………………………………………………....…. 66 58b. Herbage without a definite odor…………………………....……….59 59a. Fruit dry, not berry-like……………………………….………….....62 59b. Fruit a berry or drupe, or at least berry-like, not dry………….….....60 60a. Tree or shrub with smooth, polished, red or brown trunk and branches……………………………………………………….….…61 60b. Shrub with gray or brownish bark, not smooth and polished, may be rough or furrowed; berry black when mature; leaf glabrous or pubescent, but not shiny on top; flower greenish. COFFEE-BERRY (Rhamnus tomentella ssp. tomentella) 61a. Widely branching tree with white flowers and red berries. MADRONO, Madr one (Arbutus menziesii) 61b. Shrub with crooked branches; pink or white flowers and little apple-like berries. MANZANITA (Arctostaphylos 6 spp.) 62a. Shrub with shreddy bark; leaves on twisted petioles which make them stand erect; showy, golden yellow flowers. BUSH POPPY (Dendromecon rigida) 62b. Shrub with relatively smooth bark, not shreddy, may be furrowed……………………………………………..………………63 63a. Fruit an achene (Fig. 14, p. 14)…………………………..……..….. 65 63b. Fruit a capsule (Fig. 14, p. 14)………………………..…………..... 64 64a. Capsule 3-sectioned, the upper part falling, leaving a cup with three divisions (Fig. 32, p. 124) CEANOTHUS (Ceanothus lemmonii) 64b. Capsule 5-celled; flowers white and pendulous (hanging downward); 6000 to 8000 ft. SIERRA LAUREL (Leucothoe davisiae) 65a. Achene with long (2 to 3 in.) plume-like often coiled tail (Fig. 32, p. 124), giving the shrub a silvery appearance; shrub or tree up to 20 ft. high, with red-brown furrowed bark; leaf lanceolate, resinous, margin curled under. DESERT MAHOGANY (Cercocarpus ledifolius) 65b. Achene not tailed; shrub 6 to 12 ft. high, with willow-like stems; flowering heads in close cymes at the end of lateral branches; Sacramento Valley and adjacent foothills, Tehama and Butte Counties south. MULE-FAT (Baccharis salicifolia) 66a. Fruit a drupe about 1 in. long, greenish turning to brown-purple with age; a widespread foothill shrub or large tree. 133

CALIFORNIA LAUREL, Bay Tr ee, Pepper wood, Myr tle (Umbellularia californica) 66b. Fruit a capsule………………………………..…...…………………67 67a. A slender, loosely branching shrub with grayish green foliage and a pale yellow trumpet-shaped flower; an introduced shrub of medium altitudes. TREE TOBACCO (Nicotiana glauca) 67b. A low, rather dense shrub with bright green fragrant foliage; marshy meadows in the mountains, 4000 to 10,000 ft. LABRADOR TEA (Ledum glandulosum var. californicum) 68a. Fruit fleshy………………………………………..……...………….71 68b. Fruit dry……………………………………….………………….…69 69a. A shrub…………………………………………..…………………..70 69b. A woody vine with pubescent, ovate leaves; flowers irregular, pendent, greenish with purple veining; capsules large, 6-winged; near streams below 2000 ft., foothills of Sacramento Valley. PIPE VINE, Dutchman’s Pipe (Aristolochia californica) 70a. Fruit a globose capsule splitting 3 ways with a single large nut-like seed; pendent flowers resembling orange blossoms. SNOWDROP BUSH (Styrax officinalis var. californicus) 70b. Fruit an oblong capsule splitting 5 ways; terminal clusters of fragrant funnel-shaped flowers, white and pink with yellow blotch; moist places below 7500 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Siskiyou County. WESTERN AZALEA (Rhododendron occidentale) 71a. Fruit a yellowish apple-like fruit about ½ in. thick; flower pink; a much branched shrub up to 6 ft. high; dry washes and slopes, 4000 to 8000 ft., east side of Sierra Nevada to Modoc County. SQUAW APPLE (Peraphyllum ramosissimum) 71b. Fruit a drupe, often berry-like……………………………….………72 72a. Drupe black………………………………………………...……..…76 72b. Drupe red; shrubs 3 to 18 ft. high………………………….………..73 73a. Flowers greenish in 1’s or 2’s, axillary; straggly shrubs up to 18 ft. high or more; branchlets sharply angled; deep woods below 5000 ft., south in Sierra Nevada from Siskiyou County. RED HUCKLEBERRY, Red Bilber r y (Vaccinium parvifolium) 73b. Flowers white, 2 or more in a cluster………………………..…...….74 74a. Flowers white, aging pink. 2 to 4 in a cluster; leaf 1 to 2 in. long; rocky slopes below 6000 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Modoc County. SIERRA PLUM (Prunus subcordata) 74b. Flowers white, 10 to 20 or more in a cluster…………….………….75 75a. Flowers in elongated racemes at the ends of short, leafy branches; moist places below 8200 ft., Coast ranges and Sierra Nevada north. 134

WESTERN CHOKE CHERRY (Prunus virginiana var. demissa) 75b. Flowers in short corymbs; drupe bright red and shiny, bitter; damp rocky slopes below 9000 ft., mountains. BITTER CHERRY (Prunus emarginata) 76a. Flowers white, pink or yellow……….………………………...……79 76b. Flowers greenish in umbels…………….…………………………...77 77a. Shrub 3 to 5 ft. high; leaves 2 to 5 in. long…..………………...……78 77b. Small tree 15 to 35 ft. high; leaves 2 to 10 in. long; moist places below 5000 ft., Sierra Nevada foothills from Placer County north. CASCARA SAGRADA (Frangula purshiana) 78a. Bark of branchlets cherry red; dry slopes, 2000 to 7000 ft. SIERRA COFFEEBERRY (Rhamnus rubra ssp.) 78b. Bark of branchlets gray or reddish brown; swampy places, 4500 to 7000 ft., Sierra Nevada from Placer to Plumas County. ALDER-LEAFED COFFEEBERRY (Rhamnus alnifolia) 79a. Flowers white in nodding racemes at the end of leafy branchlets; often dioecious; canyons below 5600 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Shasta County. OSO BERRY (Osmaronia cerasiformis) 79b. Flowers 1 to 2, in leaf axils…………………..………………...……80 80a. Flowers white to pink; margin of leaf entire; a low compact shrub, 1 to 3 ft. high; wet meadows, 5000 to 11,000 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. WESTERN BLUEBERRY (Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. occidentale) 80b. Flowers yellowish; leaf 1 to 3 in. long, thin, membranous; branching erect shrub up to 6 ft. high; berry black or very dark red; shady slopes 4000 to 7000 ft., Trinity, Siskiyou and Modoc Counties. THIN-LEAF HUCKLEBERRY (Vaccinium membranaceum) 81a. Fruit an acorn (Fig. 33a, p. 126)…………………….……………... 91 81b. Fruit not an acorn………………………………………..………......82 82a. Fruit a nut without the cap of the acorn……………….………….....83 82b. Fruit not a nut, but produced in catkins……………….………….....85 83a. Nut enclosed in a leafy (Fig. 14, p. 14) or prickly covering (Fig. 33a, P. 126)……………………………………………….……...… 84 83b. Nut coated with waxy grains so appearing berry-like; foliage fragrant; deciduous; dioecious, Sierra Nevada. SIERRA SWEET BAY (Myrica hartwegii) 84a. Small shrub with deciduous, ovate (Fig. 8, p. 6) or roundish leaves; nut covered by an herbaceous hull. HAZEL (Corylus cornuta var. californica) 84b. Shrub or large tree with long slender evergreen leaves; fruit covered by a prickly hull. 135

CHINQUAPIN (Castanopsis ssp.) 85a. Fruiting catkin short and cone-like (Fig. 32, p. 124); lateral veins of leaves straight and parallel………...…………………….……….89 85b. Fruiting catkin not cone-like; lateral veins of leaves curved and not definitely parallel………...………………………………….………86 86a. Dioecious (stamens and pistils on separate plants) tree or shrub. WILLOW (Salix over 20 spp. in northern California) 86b. Monoecious (stamens and pistils on the same plant but in different flowers) tree……...…………….……………………………………87 87a. Petiole of leaf flattened………….……...…………………………...88 87b. Petiole of leaf round in cross section; leaf whitish or rusty beneath; tree 30 to 125 ft. high. BLACK COTTONWOOD (Populus trichocarpa) 88a. A small slender tree 10 to 60 ft. high, with “quaking” leaves; found at high altitudes. ASPEN (Populus tremuloides) 88b. A large tree 40 to 90 ft. high found at low altitudes. FREMONT COTTONWOOD (Populus fremontii) 89a. Woody, cone-like catkins, less than 1 in. long, occurring in clusters and falling entire when mature (Fig. 32, p. 124)……….…. 90 89b. Catkins more than 1 in. long, solitary, and falling to pieces when mature. BIRCH (Betula spp.) 90a. Montane shrub, 4 to 9 ft. high; leaf toothed and lobed; bark gray or red-brown; moist places 4500 to 8000 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Modoc county. MOUNTAIN ALDER (Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia) 90b. Tree 30 to 75 ft. high; leaf toothed but not lobed; bark whitish or grayish; widespread along streams mostly below 5000 ft. WHITE ALDER (Alnus rhombifolia) 91a. Acorn-cup with slender, spreading scales (Fig. 33, p. 126); leaves straight-veined, grayish or rusty beneath; tree or shrub. TAN OAK (Lithocarpus densiflora and var.) 91b. Acorn-cup with closely appressed scales (Fig. 33a, p. 126)……...... 92 92a. Leaves herbaceous and deciduous (Fig. 33b, p. 126)………….…... 96 92b. Leaves coriaceous and evergreen……………………………....…...93 93a. Acorn long and slender, its cup deep and formed by overlapping scales; a small bushy tree or a large well-formed one; leaf usually flat; a tree of the interior foothills. INTERIOR LIVE OAK (Quercus wislizeni) 93b. Acorn chunky; shrub or tree…………………………………....…...94 94a. A large tree of mountain slopes and canyons; acorn-cup large and turban-like, fuzzy and yellowish. MAUL OAK, Canyon Live Oak, Golden-Cup Oak (Quercus chrysolepis) 136

94b. A shrub with small leaves………………….………………..………95 95a. A rigid chaparral shrub of middle altitudes; margins of leaves 95b. usually spiny (Fig. 7, p. 6). 96a. SCRUB OAK (Quercus dumosa) A fairly pliable shrub; margins of leaves usually entire; high 96b. montane, 5000 to 10,000 ft. altitude. 97a. HUCKLEBERRY OAK (Quercus vaccinifolia) 97b. Leaf large with sharp bristle-tipped lobes (Fig. 33b, p. 126); ob 98a. long acorn with deep cup of overlapping scales; tree 30 to 80 ft. 98b. high with dark bark. 99a. CALIFORNIA BLACK OAK (Quercus kelloggii) 99b. Leaf with obtuse or rounded lobes, not sharp-pointed (Fig. 33b, 100a. p.126) ………………………………………………………….……97 100b. Acorn long and slender with a bumpy cup; large tree, 40 to 125 ft. 101a. high, of the valley. 101b. VALLEY OAK (Quercus lobata) 102a. Acorn oblong…………………...…………….……………………..98 102b. Leaf green, deeply lobed (Fig. 33b, p. 126); tree 25 to 55 ft. high. 103a. OREGON OAK (Quercus garryana var. semota) 103b. Mature leaf blue-green, only slightly, if at all, lobed; tree 20 to 60 ft. high; dry slopes. BLUE OAK (Quercus douglasii) Herbage resinous (covered with a resin-like substance); leaves not woolly beneath………….…………………………..……………...101 Herbage not resinous; yellow composite flowers in terminal clusters……………………………………………….…………… 100 Herbage white-woolly, at least when young; shrub 1 to 3 ft. high; desert areas, Lassen County north. HORSEBRUSH (Tetradymia glabrata) Herbage not white woolly (may have white bark), shrub 1 to 6 ft. high; open flats, Sierra Nevada north, particularly on east slope. RABBITBRUSH (Chrysothamnus spp.) Bark shreddy; small white flowers in elongated flower clusters; leaves fascicled; flowers sessile (without stalk). CHAMISE (Adenostoma fasciculatum) Bark not shreddy; clusters of yellow composite (Fig. 21, p. 18) “flowers”. ERICAMERIA (Ericameria spp.) Leaf with one main vein from which smaller veins branch (Fig. 5, p.4)…………………………………………….……….…105 Leaf with more than one prominent vein arising from end of the petiole (Fig. 5, p. 4); 3 to 9 lobed (Fig. 7, p. 6); fruit a double samara (Fig. 32, p. 124)…………………………………….….…. 103 Leaf large, 4 to 10 in. broad; samara with stiff hairs; a large tree 30 to 95 ft. high. BIG-LEAF MAPLE (Acer macrophyllum) Leaf less than 4 in. broad; samara without hairs; shrub or small tree………………………………………………………………....104 137

104a. Leaf shallowly 7 to 9 lobed (Fig. 7, p. 6) with toothed margin; 104b. wings of samaras spreading at right angles to the stalk 105a. (Fig. 32, p. 124) 105b. VINE MAPLE (Acer circinatum) 106a. Leaf mostly 3-lobed with irregularly toothed margin; wings of 106b. samaras pointing upward (Fig. 32, p. 124); samaras in clusters. 107a. SIERRA MAPLE (Acer glabrum var. torreyi) 107b. Leaves aromatic………………………….…..…...………………..124 108a. Leaves not aromatic…………………………....…………….…….106 108b. Leaves deciduous…………………………………..……….……...112 109a. Leaves evergreen……………………………………….….………107 109b. Vines climbing or trailing; flowers funnel-form in whorls; upper pairs of leaves united; fruit red..……………………….…………. 110 110a. Shrubs…………..……………………………………….………....108 110b. Low shrubs, less than 3 ft. high….…………………..…….………109 Shrubs 5 to 10 ft. high………….……………………………..……111 111a. Glutinous (sticky surface) shrub with buff- to salmon-colored 111b. flowers 1 ½ to 3 in. long. 112a. BUSH MONKEY-FLOWER (Mimulus bifidus) 112b. Shrub not glutinous; flowers minute, red-brown, axillary; leaves ½ 113a. to 2 ½. in. long with finely toothed margins; common in shady places 2000 to 6000 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. OREGON BOXWOOD (Paxistima myrsinites) Corolla yellow, glabrous; common climber in chaparral areas; Coast ranges and Sierra Nevada south. CHAPARRAL HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera interrupta) Corolla pink or purplish, glandular-pubescent; along streams and on wooded slopes below 2500 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges south. CALIFORNIA HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera hispidula var. vacillans) Small white flowers in umbels, sweet, musty odor; leaf gray-green, less than 1 in. long; common on dry slopes below 6000 ft. BUCK BRUSH (Ceanothus cuneatus) Flowers in pendulous catkins; leaf 1 to 2 ½ in. long; plants dioecious; brushy slopes below 7500 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Modoc County. SILK-TASSEL BUSH (Garrya fremontii) Margin of leaf entire (Fig. 7, p. 6)……………………….……….. 114 Margin of leaf finely toothed (Fig. 7, p. 6)………………….……. 113 Shrub 2 to 6 ft. high; leaf lancelet (Fig. 8, p. 6), ½ to 3 in. long; flowers tubular, irregular (Fig. 11, p. 12), ½ to 1 in. long, whitish to reddish with purple lines. GAPING PENSTEMON (Keckiella breviflora ssp. glabrisepala) 138

113b. Shrub 6 to 18 ft. high; leaf ovate 1 ½ to 4 in. long; flower regular, 114a. purplish; fruit a capsule which breaks open at maturity, exposing 114b. bright red fleshy-coated seeds. 115a. WESTERN BURNING BUSH (Euonymus occidentalis) 115b. Fruit a dry capsule or achene (Fig. 14, p. 14)…………….………. 123 116a. Fruit a fleshy berry or drupe…………………………….…..……..115 116b. Drupes white…………………………………………….…..……..116 117a. Drupes red, yellow, blue or black…………………………...……..117 117b. Flowers tubular, pinkish; showy, white, berry-like drupes in 118a. clusters; usually in damp places, widespread. 118b. SNOW BERRY (Symphoricarpos spp.) 119a. Inconspicuous yellowish or greenish flowers in heads or cymes; 119b. moist places below 8000 ft. 120a. CREEK DOGWOOD and other s (Cornus spp.) 120b. Drupes red or yellowish…………………………….……..……….119 121a. Drupes blue or black; flowers yellow in bracted pairs…….……....118 121b. A low shrub, 1 to 3 ft. high; leaf oval, 1 to 2 in. long; moist banks, 5000 to 10,000 ft., Sierra Nevada, Nevada County north. 122a. BLUE FLY HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera cauriana) 122b. A shrub up to 10 ft. high; leaf ovate, 1 to 6 in. long; moist places, 6000 to 10,000 ft., sierra Nevada north to Modoc County. TWINBERRY (Lonicera involucrata) A trailing or climbing shrub, 15 ft. long; flowers yellow to red- orange in a single terminal whorl; dry slopes, 2000 to 5000 ft., Butte County north to Siskiyou County. ORANGE HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera ciliosa) Tree or shrub, not trailing or climbing……………..……...……….120 Tree 10 to 75 ft……………….…………………..……………..….122 Shrub usually less than 10 ft. high………………..………….….…121 Flowers dull purple, in bracted pairs; fruits bright red; leaf 1 to 3 in. long; shrub 2 to 5 ft. high; wooded slopes, 4000 to 10,000 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Trinity and Modoc Counties. DOUBLE HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera conjugialis) Flowers greenish, appearing before the leaves, several in an umbel; fruits at first whitish, changing to yellow, then red, and finally very dark; stream banks, 500 to 5000 ft., Tehama, Trinity and Siskiyou Counties. MINER’S DOGWOOD (Cornus sessilis) Small greenish flowers in a compact head surrounded by showy white, petal-like bracts; a forest shrub or tree. MOUNTAIN DOGWOOD (Cornus nuttallii) Flowers small, reddish brown, in axillary clusters; leaf 1 to 3 in. long; fruit a red, elliptical drupe; erect spiny tree, 6 to 18 ft. high; along streams 3500 to 6500 ft. east side of Sierra Nevada to Modoc County. BUFFALO-BERRY (Shepherdia argentea) 139

(127a) Juniper (129a) (129b) Yew Berry-lie cones Nutmeg (130b) Incense cedar (134a) Pine Cypress Woody cones Fig. 35. Types of cones. 140

123a. A foothill shrub with showy, white flowers resembling orange 123b. blossoms. 124a. SYRINGA, Mock Or ange 124b. (Philadelphus lewisii ssp. californicus) 125a. A stream-side shrub with spherical heads (Fig. 10, p. 10) of small 125b. white flowers. 126a. BUTTON WILLOW 126b. (Cephalanthus occidentalis var. californicus) 127a. A stream-side shrub with herbaceous leaves, large showy red 127b. flowers and a fruiting cup which hangs on the shrub after the seeds 128a. have fallen. SPICE BUSH (Calycanthus occidentalis) 128b. A chaparral shrub with roughened, veiny leaves, often woolly beneath; flowers tubular, 2-lipped (Fig 11, p. 12), white or 129a. purplish; flowers 1 in. long or more. 129b. PITCHER SAGE (Lepechinia calycina) 130a. “Fruit” a woody cone (Fig. 35, p. 140)…………………..………...130 130b. “Fruit” berry-like or olive-shaped………………………..………...126 Leaves scale-like (Fig. 34, p. 128) and closely overlapping; a bluish green aromatic tree of dry locations; fruit a fleshy, berry- like cone……………………………………………………..……..127 Leaves needle-like; tree of shady canyons………………………...129 A low or prostrate shrub at high altitudes; Sierra Nevada to Mt. Shasta. DWARF JUNIPER (Juniperus communis) An erect shrub or tree……………………………………..………..128 Fruit at first blue with dense bloom, later becoming reddish brown beneath the bloom; shrub or tree 3 to 12 ft. high; dry slopes below 5000 ft.; principally desert but found in scattered locations in Butte and Tehama Counties and south. CALIFORNIA JUNIPER (Juniperus californica) Fruit blue or blue-black, with a bloom; tree 15 to 60 ft. high with cinnamon brown shreddy bark; this is the tree that competes with the redwoods for age; dry slopes 3000 to 10,500 ft., Sierra Nevada and Yolla Bolly Mountains north. WESTERN JUNIPER (Juniperus occidentalis) Fruit small, red and juicy; leaves ½ to ¾ in. long; small scrubby tree found near streams below 7000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north. WESTERN YEW (Taxus brevifolia) Fruit green, turning brown, olive-shaped; leaves 1 to 1 ½ in. long, sharp-pointed; tree of shady canyons below 4500 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Tehama County. CALIFORNIA NUTMEG (Torreya californica) Cone with many seed-bearing scales……………….…….………..131 Cone with only 2 seed-bearing scales (Fig 35, p. 140) leaves scale- like; branches in flat sprays; 2000 to 7000 ft.; widespread. INCENSE CEDAR (Calocedrus decurrens) 141

(133b) Port Orford Cedar (134a) (134b) Macnab Cypress Monterey Cypress (135a) (135b) Giant Sequoia Redwood Fig. 36. Cypress and Redwood cones. 142

131a. Cone with scales overlapping like shingles (Fig. 34, p. 128)……...136 131b. Cone with scales not overlapping like shingles, but which have 132a. broad, flattish summits (Fig. 34, p. 128)………..……………….... 132 132b. Summit of scale depressed (Fig. 34, p. 128)…………………….... 135 133a. Summit of scale not depressed (Fig. 34, p. 128)………………...... 133 133b. Summit of scale raised and ending in a sharp point; cone globose, ¼ to ¾ in. in diameter…………………………...………………....134 134a. Summit of scale not ending in an especially sharp point; cone ½ in. in diameter; tall, graceful tree of moist environment, mostly 134b. coastal northern California but found in inner Coast ranges below 135a. 5000 ft. PORT ORFORD CEDAR (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) 135b. Branchlets forming flat sprays; bark of mature tree gray; dry flats and slopes, 1000 to 2600 ft., foothills of Sierra Nevada to Shasta 136a. County. 136b. MACNAB CYPRESS (Cupressus macnabiana) 137a. Branchlets not forming flat sprays; bark of mature tree red-brown; 137b. dry soil 3800 to 6000 ft., east Shasta County north. 138a. MODOC CYPRESS (Cupressus bakeri) 138b. Leaves awl-shaped and scale-like (Fig. 34, p. 128); cone 2 to 4 in. long; large tree 150 to 300 ft. high or more; 5000 to 8000 ft., Placer County south. GIANT SEQUOIA (Sequoiadendron giganteum) Leaves needle-like (Fig. 34, p. 128); cone ½ to 1 in. long; large tree 100 to 350 ft. high or more; coastal but widely planted in Sacramento Valley. REDWOOD (Sequoia sempervirens) Cone pendent (tending to hang downward), falling from the tree whole…………………………………………..…………….……..139 Cone erect on branch, each scale falling independently when mature………………………………………….…………………..137 Cone 2 to 5 ½ in. long; leaf twists on short petiole (Fig. 36, p. 142); old bark gray; 3000 to 10,000 ft. WHITE FIR (Abies concolor) Cone 7 to 10 in. long; leaves sessile (Fig. 38, p. 144); old bark red dish brown; 5000 to 9000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north…………………………………………………………….….138 Bracts on cone large and plainly visible SHASTA FIR (Abies magnifica var. shastensis) Bracts on cone not evident. RED FIR (Abies magnifica) (139a) (139b) Fig. 37. Clustered and scattered needles. 143

(137a) White Fir (137a) White Fir (138b) Red Fir (138a) (138b) Shasta Fir Red Fir Fig. 38. Cones and Needles of True Firs (A bies). 144