Keys for Identification of Wildflowers, Ferns, Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines of Northern California

KEYS for Identification of WILD FLOWERS FERNS TREES SHRUBS WOODY VINES of Northern California

This book was first published by Vesta Holt in 1955 by Mayfield Publishing, Palo Alto California. The book was revised in 1964 and has been out of print since the early 1980’s. The book was revised again in 2003, 2009, 2019, and 2020 by Scott Oneto with the University of California Cooperative Extension and has been authorized by the original publisher to be used in the University of California Cooperative Extension Master Gardener Program.

TABLE OF CONTENTS WILD FLOWERS OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA…………….1 Definition of Terms…………………………………………………..1 Directions for Use of Key to Flower Families………………………..1 Key to Families………………………………….……………………5 Key to Species……………………………………..………………..17 Amaryllis Family……………………..…………………….……….17 Bellflower Family……………………………….…………………..20 Borage Family……………………………………………..………...21 Broom-Rape Family………………………………...………………24 Buckthorn Family…………………..………………………...……..24 Buckwheat Family………………………………………….……….25 Buttercup Family…………………………………………………....25 Caltrop Family…………………………….………………………...27 Caper Family……………………………………….………….…….27 Dodder Family………………………………………………….…...28 Dogbane Family…………………………….…………………….…28 Evening Primrose Family…………………………………………...28 Figwort Family……………………………………………….……..32 Flax Family……………………………….…………………………43 Four-o'clock Family……………………………….………..……….44 Fumitory Family………………………………….…………………44 Gentian Family………………………………….…………………..45 Geranium Family…………………………………..………………..46 Gourd Family………………………………………………..………48 Heath Family……………………………………………………..….48 Honeysuckle Family………………………….……………………..49 Iris Family…………………………………………….……………..49 Lily Family…………………………………………………….……50 Loasa Family…………………………………….………….……….56 Loosestrife Family……………………………….………………….56 Madder Family…………………………………...………………….57 Mallow Family……………………….………………….…………..57 Martynia Family……………….……………………………………59 Meadow Foam Family………………………………….…………...59 Milkweed Family……………………………………………….…...60 Milkwort Family……………………….……………………………61 Mint Family…………………………………….…………………...61 Morning-Glory Family……………………………………………...65 Mustard Family………………………………………………….…..66 Nightshade Family…………………………………….…………….70 Orchid Family………………….……………………………………71 Oxalis Family……………………………..…………………………72 Paeony Family…………………………………….………………...73 Parsley Family…………………………………………….………...73 Pea Family…………………………………………….…………….76 i

Table of Contents, continued Key to Species, continued Phlox Family…………………………………………………………..80 Pink Family…………………………………………………………....85 Plantain Family……………………………………………….….…….87 Poppy Family…………………………………………….……………87 Primrose Family……………………………………….………………88 Purslane Family………………………………………………….…….90 Rose Family………………………………….………………………...92 Saxifrage Family………………………………………………………94 Spurge Family…………………………………………………………96 St. John’s Wort Family…………….……………..……………………96 Stonecrop Family …………………………………………….……….97 Sunflower Family………...…………….……………………………...98 Valerian Family..………………………………………………….….107 Vervain Family………………………………………………….……107 Violet Family………………………………………….…...…….…...108 Waterleaf Family……………...…………….……….……………….110 Water-Lily Family……………………...………….…………….…...114 Water-Plantain Family………….………………...………………….115 Wintergreen Family…………………………………………………..115 FERNS OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA…….....………….....….117 Key to Ferns…………..…………………………….……………......117 TREES, SHRUBS, AND WOODY VINES OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA…………….………….……………..123 Key to Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines………………..…..…..…...125 GLOSSARY…………………………………….....….…………......149 INDEX……………………………………..............….…………......157 ii

LIST OF FIGURES No. Page 1. Parts of a Flower…………………………………………….….…….2 2. Attachment of Flower Parts; Position of Ovary……………..….…….2 3. Placentation of Ovules, Shown in Cross Sections of Ovary..…….…..2 4. Special Pistil Structures…………………………………..………......3 5. Types of Leaf Veining ………………………………..………..….…4 6. Types of Leaf Attachment………………………………….……...…6 7. Types of Leaf Margins………………………....…………………..…6 8. Leaf Shapes……………………..……………...………………….….6 9. Simple and Compound Leaves………………..………………….…..8 10. Types of Inflorescence…………………….………………………..10 11. Types of Irregular Flowers…………….…………………………...12 12. Union of Filaments………………………………….……………...13 13. Union of Petals……………………………………………………..13 14. Types of Fruits……………………………………………………...14 15. Pea Flower………………………………………………………….15 16. Four-lobed Ovary…………………………...………..……………..16 17. Three-cleft Stigma…………………………..………..…………….16 18. Arrangement of Stamens in Relation to Petals……..…..…………..16 19. Union of Sepals…………………………………..……..…………..16 20. Fumitory Flower……………………………….………..……….…18 21. Composite Flower……………………….………………..……..…18 22. Brodiaea Flower Structures (Amaryllis)... ….…………….....….…18 23. Galea (Figwort) …………………………………………….………18 24. Parts of a Fern…………………………..…………………...…….118 25. Types of Sori………………..…………………………….…..…...118 26. Scattered Sori…..………………………………………….…..…..118 27. Shape of Sori……………………………………………….…...…118 28. Arrangement of Sori…………………………………..……...…...120 29. Division of Pinnae………………………..……………………….120 30. Indusium…………………………………………………………..120 31. Pinnae of Sword Fern……………………………………………..120 32. Specialized Fruits…………………………………..……………...124 33. Types of Acorns; Types of Margins of Deciduous Oak Leaves..…126 34. Gymnosperm Leaves and Cones…………………………..……...128 35. Types of Cones…………………………………..………….…….140 36. Types of Cypress and Redwood Cones……..…………….………142 37. Clustered and Scattered Needles…………………….….…….…..143 38. Cones and Needles of True Firs (Abies) ………………..………..144 39. Spruce, Douglas Fir, and Hemlock Cones………………..……….145 40. Pine Cones and Needles………………………..…………….146, 147 iii



WILD FLOWERS OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA Wild flowers are such a striking feature of the California landscape that all Californians should be familiar with at least those flowers of their own locality. This requires an understanding of flower parts and associated structures. DEFINITION OF TERMS The PARTS OF A FLOWER may best be explained by diagrams. The petals of a flower may be referred to as the corolla, and the sepals as the calyx (Figure 1, page 2). ATTACHMENT OF PETALS AND STAMENS. Stamens and petals are hypogynous if they are attached to the receptacle below the ovary, perigynous if they are attached to the raised receptacle (floral cup) above the base of the ovary, and epigynous if the floral cup is adnate to the ovary (Figure 2, page 2). POSITION OF THE OVARY. An ovary is superior if sepals, petals, and stamens are attached below it to the receptacle or to a floral cup which is not adnate to the ovary. An ovary is inferior if the receptacle has grown up around the ovary and is partially or entirely fused to the ovary wall. Sepals, petals, and stamens appear to be attached to the ovary if it is inferior (Figure 2). PLACENTATION OF OVULES. The immature seeds are called ovules. They develop in the ovary and are attached to it at some point which is called the placenta. A simple ovary is one-celled and has only one placenta. If an ovary has more than one placenta or is divided by cross- walls into more than one cell, it is compound (Figure 3, page 2). COROLLA. A flower is regular if all of the parts of each series, such as petals or sepals, are the same size and shape. If one (or more) part differs in size or shape from the others of its series, the flower is irregular. Certain flowers may be recognized easily by the shape of the corolla (Figure 11, page 12). INFLORESCENCE refers to the type of flower cluster, which is often important in the identification of the flower. The more important types are shown in Figure 10 (page 10). LOCALITY refers to the general region in which it is found, as “near Red Bluff” or “Modoc Lava Beds. HABITAT refers to the environment in which the plant grows, such as “wooded slopes” or “grassy meadows.” DIRECTIONS FOR USE OF KEY TO FLOWER FAMILIES As the first step in the identification of a flower, examine its structure carefully. Compare it with several others of its kind, to be certain that you have a typical flower. In checking leaves, observe both stem and basal leaves, and choose mature leaves which seem to be typical for the plant. 1

Fig. 1. Parts of a flower. Petals and stamens Petals and stamens Petals and stamens epigynous perigynous hypogynous Fig. 2. Attachment of flower parts (petals and stamens); position of ovary. ovary wall ovule Simple ovary Compound ovaries Fig. 3. Placentation of ovules, shown in cross section of ovary. 2

Directions for Use of Key to Families THE USE OF THE KEY. Flowers may be broadly classified into family groups. Most of the flowers of Northern California (except coastal areas) may be traced to the family in the accompanying key.* There has been no attempt to make it complete. Only the most essen- tial terms are used and those are defined as they are used and also in the glossary (page 151). The system of keying is the same in all the keys in the book. Always start at the beginning of the key and read both “1a” and “1b.” Choose the statement which is true for the plant you wish to identify. At the end of the statement is a number. Find this number farther along in the key and again choose between “a” and “b” statements. Continue in this way until your chosen statement leads to a family name instead of a number. If you have chosen your statements accu- rately, this will be the name of the family to which your flower be- longs. Check description carefully, to verify your identification. For further identification, see Species Keys, Page 17 through 116. stigma stigma style ovary styles stipe ovaries receptacle receptacle Ovary with stipe United styles United stigmas Fig. 4. Special pistil structures. 3

Dichotomous veined Palmately veined Pinnately veined Parallel veined Fig. 5. Types of leaf veining. 4

Key to Wild Flower Families Have you read directions for use of key to Flower Families? See pages 1 and 3. For woody plants over 2 ft. high, see Key to Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines, page 123. 1a. One pistil to each individual flower s (may br eak up at matur ity into several segments, e.g., in the Saxifrage Family….……………….8 1b. Mor e than one pistil to each individual flower …..……………..….2 2a. Leaves str ikingly succulent (fleshy). STONECROP FAMILY (Cr assulaceae) See page 97. 2b. Leaves not str ikingly succulent……...……………..……………….3 3a. Stamens hypogynous (attached either to r eceptacle at base of the pistils or to the petals, Fig. 2)……………………………………..4 3b. Stamens per igynous (Fig. 2). Many gener a of ROSE FAMILY (Rosaceae) See page 92. 4a. Pistils clearly distinct……………………………………………....…6 4b. Pistils with styles or stigmas united (Fig. 4); plants with milky juice……………………………………………………....……5 5a. Pistils with styles distinct but stigmas united; filaments united, anthers winged, and attached to styles MILKWEED FAMILY (Aesclepiadaceae) See page 60. 5b. Pistils with styles united (Fig. 4); filaments separate DOGBANE FAMILY (Apocynaceae) See page 28. 6a. Flower with 3 white petals; marsh or aquatic plant WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY (Alismataceae) See page 115. 6b. Flower with 5 or more petals or, if petals are lacking, with 5 or more petal-like sepals, or none……………………………….……7 7a. Sepals fall as fruits form BUTTERCUP FAMILY (Ranunculaceae) See page 25. 7b. Sepals remain as fruits ripen PAEONY FAMILY (Paeoniaceae) See page 73. 8a. Flowers without petals, may have sepals or bracts surrounding stamens and pistil……………………………………………………11 8b. Flowers with petals, which may be very similar to sepals…………....9 9a. Flower on a plan of 3; i.e., with 3 (or a multiple of 3) of each of the flower parts; leaves usually parallel-veined (Fig. 5). (Trillium has 3 net-veined leaves near the flower)………..10 9b. Flower not on a plan of 3 (May have 3 of some parts, but not of others); leaves net-veined (Fig. 5)…………………………....16 10a. Ovary superior (attached to the receptacle only at the base and free from the sepals) (Fig. 2)…………………….……...…13 10b. Ovary partly or completely inferior (Fig. 2)……………...…………15 11a. Plants with a burning, milky sap SPURGE FAMILY (Euphor biaceae) See page 96 11b. Plants without burning, milky sap; sepals petal-like………………..12 12a. Rose-purple flowers, 2 to 2-1/2 in. long; leaves opposite (Fig. 6) FOUR-O’CLOCK FAMILY (Mirabilis of Nyctaginaceae) See page 44. 5

Alternate Opposite Whorled Basal blade petiole Fascicled Fig. 6. Types of leaf attachment. Entire Toothed Spiny Dissected Lobed Fig. 7. Types of leaf margins. Round Lanceolate Ovate Heart-shaped Elliptic Wedge- Linear shaped Fig. 8. Types of leaf shapes. 6

12b. Minute flowers, often in large clusters; white, pink, red, or yellow; leaves usually opposite. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (Polygonaceae) See page 25. 13a. Land plants………………………………………………………….…14 13b. Aquatic plants with floating leaves. WATER LILY FAMILY (Nymphaeaceae) See page 114. 14a. Flowers in umbels (Fig. 10), atop a bare stem; large, more or less chaffy bracts at base of umbel. AMARYLLIS FAMILY (Amaryllidaceae) See page 17. 14b. Flowers not in umbels, solitary or in various other types of flower clusters (Fig. 10). LILY FAMILY (Liliaceae). See page 50. (For Meconella see Poppy Family, page 87) 15a. Flower regular. See page 1 IRIS FAMILY (Ir idaceae). See page 49. 15b. Flower irregular (Fig. 11); leaves green, scale-like without green coloring. ORCHID FAMILY (Or chidaceae). See page 71. 16a. Petals perigynous (attached to the floral cup) or epigynous (attached to ovary), (Fig. 2)……………….………...………………....54 16b. Petals hypogynous (attached to receptacle below ovary, Fig. 2) (superior ovary)……………………………………………………......17 17a. Filaments of all stamens united, forming more or less a tube around the pistil (Fig. 12)………………………………………...52 17b. Not all filaments of the stamen united; or, if so, only at base, not forming a tube. All may be free or one or several may be free from the others which may be united (Fig. 12)……………………………...18 18a. Petals united to each other, at least at the base (Fig. 13)……………....35 18b. Petals free from each other or very slightly united at base….………...19 19a. Flower regular. See page 1……………………………………………22 19b. Flower irregular (Fig. 11)……………………………………………...20 20a. Flowers with a keel (Fig. 15), covering stamens and pistil……………2l 20b. Flowers without a keel; lower petal spurred; violet-shaped flower (Fig. 11). VIOLET FAMILY (Violaceae). See page 108. 21a. Petals 5, the two lower ones united forming the keel; pea- shaped flower (Fig. 15). PEA FAMILY in par t (Fabaceae). See page 76. 21b. Petals 3, united, the central one forming the keel; sepals 5, petal-like MILKWORT FAMILY (Polygalaceae). See page 61. 22a. Leaves somewhat succulent; flowers red, white, or pink, opening only in sunshine; sepals usually 2, persistent. PURSLANE FAMILY (Por tulacaceae). See page 90. 22b. Leaves not succulent or only slightly so………………………………23 23a. Sepals falling when the flower opens or shortly thereafter. POPPY FAMILY (Papaver aceae). See page 87. 23b. Sepals persistent, not falling before the petals fall………………….…24 24a. Flower with 4 or 6 petals; 4 to 6 stamens……………………………...25 7

blade palmately leaflet compound palmate veining petiole pinnate stipule pinnately Simple veining Compound compound Palmately compound pinnately trifoliate palmately trifoliate (ternate) (ternate) Ternately compound Fig. 9. Simple and compound leaves. 8

24b. Flower with 5 petals……………………………………………….…..27 25a. Ill-smelling plants with palmately compound leaves (Fig. 9); pistil raised on a stalk (stipe, see Fig. 4, 14). CAPER FAMILY (Cappar idaceae). See page 27. 25b. Plants with various types of leaves but not palmately compound (Fig. 9); pistil not raised on a stalk…………………….…..26 26a. Sepals united forming a tube surrounding but not attached to the ovary. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY (Lythraceae) See page 56. 26b. Sepals separate; 6 stamens, usually 4 long and 2 short. MUSTARD FAMILY (Br assicaceae). See page 66. 27a. Leaves evergreen………………………………………………….…...29 27b. Deciduous leaves which may arise from the base of the plant but do not ordinarily form a basal rosette (except some young plants of Erodium……………………………………………….……..28 28a. Leaves trifoliolate (Fig. 9), leaflets folding at night; plants with a sour juice. OXALIS FAMILY (Oxalidaceae). See page 72. 28b. Leaves simple or compound but not trifoliolate……………….………30 29a. Leaves in a basal rosette or more or less whorled along stem (Fig. 6). WINTERGREEN FAMILY (Er icaceae). See page 115. 29b. Leaves not in a basal rosette, but opposite along stem. BUCKTHORN FAMILY (Rhamnaceae). See page 24. 30a. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite (Fig. 6)………………………….…..34 30b. Leaves, at least the lower, opposite (Fig. 6)……………………….…..31 31a. Styles united, forming a prominent beak which splits at maturity forming coiled or twisted tails on the fruits (Fig. 14). GERANIUM FAMILY (Ger aniaceae). See page 46. 31b. Styles free or, if united, not forming prominent tails on fruits…….…..32 32a. Flower yellow……………………………………………………….…33 32b. Flower white, red or pink, never yellow; stamens 3 to 10. PINK FAMILY (Car yophyllaceae). See page 85. 33a. Leaf simple (Fig. 9); stamens numerous. ST. JOHN’S WORT FAMILY (Hyper icaceae). See page 96 33b. Leaf pinnately compound (Fig. 9), plant usually prostrate; stamens 10; fruit flat, circular, with sharp stiff spines. CALTROP FAMILY (Zygophyllaceae). See page 27. 34a. Leaves dissected (cleft into many, small segments, Fig. 7). MEADOW-FOAM FAMILY (Limnanthaceae). See page 59. 34b. Leaves small with entire margins. FLAX FAMILY (Linaceae). See page 43. 35a. Flower irregular, slightly or strikingly so (Fig. 11)……….…………...47 35b. Flower regular. See page 1……………………………….…………...36 36a. Plant a climbing or trailing vine………………………….……………37 36b. Plant erect or prostrate, but not a vine…………………….…………...38 37a. Plant parasitic, without chlorophyll; forms a yellow or orange mass over its host plant. DODDER FAMILY (Cuscutaceae). See page 28. 9

Solitary Spike Catkin Axillary Raceme Panicle Corymb Head Umbel Cyme Fig. 10. Types of inflorescence. 10

37b. Plant with green leaves, not parasitic…………………………….……39 38a. Ovary (and fruit) prominently 4-lobed (Fig. 16); plants with simple, alternate leaves. BORAGE FAMILY (Bor aginaceae). See page 21. 38b. Ovary (and fruit) usually not lobed, or, if so, not 4-lobed…………….40 39a. Woody, evergreen, alpine plant with scale-like leaves and white, bell-shaped flowers. Cassiope of HEATH FAMILY (Ericaceae). See page 48. 39b. Herbaceous vine mostly below 5000 ft.; leaves not scale-like. MORNING GLORY FAMILY (Convolvulaceae). See page 65. 40a Plant with scale-like leaves and without green coloring. WINTERGREEN FAMILY (Er icaceae). See page 115. 40b. Plants with green coloring………………………………………….….41 41a. Leaves evergreen; stamens 5 to 10. HEATH FAMILY (Er icaceae). See page 48. 41b. Leaves not evergreen (deciduous)………………………………….….42 42a. Stigma 3-cleft (Fig. 17). PHLOX FAMILY (Polemoniaceae). See page 80. 42b. Stigma entire or cleft, but not 3-cleft………………………………….43 43a. Stamens opposite corolla lobes (Fig. 18); attached to corolla tube. PRIMROSE FAMILY (Primulaceae). See page 88. 43b. Stamens alternate with corolla lobes (Fig. 18)…………….…………..44 44a. Petals drying but persistent; stamens 2 to 4; leaves basal and longitudinally ribbed. PLANTAIN FAMILY (Plantaginaceae). See page 87. 44b. Petals falling after flowering; stamens 5; leaves not longitudinally ribbed………………………………………….……….45 45a. Sepals free from each other or only slightly united at the base (Fig. 19). WATERLEAF FAMILY (Hydrophyllaceae). See page 110. 45b. Sepals united so the calyx is merely toothed or cleft (Fig. 19)…….….46 46a. Plant with alternate leaves (Fig. 6). NIGHTSHADE FAMILY (Solanaceae). See page 70. 46b. Plant with leaves opposite, whorled, or basal (Fig. 6). GENTIAN FAMILY (Gentianaceae). See page 45. 47a. Stamens 5 or less…………………………………………….………...48 47b. Stamens 6; 4 petals in 2 dissimilar pairs (Fig. 20). FUMITORY FAMILY (Funar iaceae). See page 44. 48a. Ovary (and fruit) 1-celled (Fig. 3)…………………………….……….49 48b. Ovary (and fruit) more than 1-celled (Fig. 3)………………….………50 49a. Plant with green leaves. MARTYNIA FAMILY (Mar tyniaceae). See page 59. 49b. Plant without chlorophyll (green coloring) BROOM-RAPE FAMILY (Or obanchaceae). See page 24. 50a. Ovary (and fruit) 2-celled; 5th stamen may be present as a sterile filament. FIGWORT FAMILY (Scr ophular iaceae). See page 32. 50b. Ovary (and fruit) 4-celled…………………………………….…..…51 11

Violet Lady’s Slipper (Orchid) Larkspur (Buttercup) Penstemon (Figwort) Habenaria (Orchid) Salvia (Mint) Downingia (Bellflower) Stachys (Mint) Pitcher sage (Mint) Mimulus (Figwort) Orobanche Monkshood (Buttercup) Fig. 11 Types of irregular flowers. 12

anthers corolla united united single filaments filaments filament anthers Mallow Vetch Shooting-Star (Dodecatheon) Fig. 12. Union of filaments. 51a. Ovary (and fruit) 4-lobed (Fig. 16); stems usually but not all 4-sided; leaves opposite; herbage usually with a mint- like odor. MINT FAMILY (Lamiaceae). See page 61. 51b. Ovary not noticeably 4-lobed; small flowers in compact spikes; foliage harsh. VERVAIN FAMILY (Ver benaceae). See page 107 52a. Five stamens with filaments united, or so very short that they appear united (Fig. 12). Dodecatheon of PRIMROSE FAMILY(Primulaceae). See page 89. 52b. More than five stamens with filaments united…………………...……53 53a. Ten stamens with filaments united (Fig. 12). Lupinus of PEA FAMILY(Fabaceae). See page 76. 53b. Many stamens with filaments united (Fig. 12); herbs with palmately veined, alternate leaves. MALLOW FAMILY (Malvaceae). See page 57. 54a. Petals more or less united (Fig. 13)………………………………...….59 54b. Petals usually free from each other (sometimes partially united in Gourd Family) or none……………………………...……….55 55a. Plant prostrate, trailing or climbing; leaves palmately lobed (Fig. 7); flowers unisexual (stamens and pistils in separate flowers. GOURD FAMILY (Cucur bitaceae). See page 48. 55b. Plant erect, at least not trailing; flowers perfect (stamens and pistils in the same flower)………………………………56 corolla tube Fig. 13. Union of petals. 13

Pod Drupe (legume) Capsule Acorn Aggregate (Raspberry type) Achene Nut Samara Fruit of geranium Pod with a (Filaree) stipe Cross section of a berry Fig. 14. Types of fruits. 14

Banner Keel Fig. 15. Pea flower. 56a. Ovary wholly inferior (Fig. 2)…………………………………………57 56b. Ovary only partially, if at all, inferior (Fig. 2) SAXIFRAGE FAMILY (Saxifr agaceae). See page 94. 57a. Petals 2 or 4 (one aquatic species has 5 petals). EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY (Onagr aceae). See page 28 57b. Petals 5 to 10…………………………………………….…………….58 58a. Stamens 5; compound umbels (Fig. 10) of tiny flowers PARSLEY FAMILY (Apiaceae). See page 73. 58b. Stamens numerous; flowers never in umbels. LOASA FAMILY (Loasaceae). See page 56. 59a. Many small flowers collected into a compact head which is surrounded by a whorl of bracts (involucre) so that it resembles a single flower (Fig. 21). SUNFLOWER FAMILY (Aster aceae). See page 98, and Shrub Key. 59b. Flowers not collected into a compact head……………………………60 60a. Leaves alternate (Fig. 6)…………………………………………….…62 60b. Leaves opposite (sometimes appearing whorled, Fig. 6)……………...61 61a. Petal lobes usually 4. MADDER FAMILY (Rubiaceae),. See page 57, and Shr ub Key. 61b. Petal lobes 5…………………………………………………….……..65 62a. Flower pink, blue, purplish, or white………………………………….63 62b. Flower yellow; leaves with barbed hairs; stamens numerous LOASA FAMILY (Loasaceae). See page 56. 63a. Flower pink; plant usually less than 1 ft. high. Vaccinium of HEATH FAMILY(Ericaceae). See page 48. 63b. Flower blue, purplish, or white………………………………………..64 64a. Plant prostrate, trailing or climbing with tendrils; leaves palmately lobed (Fig. 7); flowers white unisexual (stamens and pistils in separate flowers). GOURD FAMILY (Cucur bitaceae). See page 48. 64b. Plant mostly erect, or sometimes decumbent, never climbing; leaves pinnately veined (Fig. 5); flower perfect (with both stamens and pistil), if regular usually campanulate. BELLFLOWER FAMILY (Campanulaceae). See page 20. 65a. Stamens 1 to 3; flowers irregular. VALERIAN FAMILY (Valerianaceae). See page 107. 65b. Stamens 4 to 5; flowers regular. Linnaea of HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY(Caprifoliaceae). See page 49. 15

Fig. 16. Four- Fig. 17. Three cleft lobed ovary. stigma. a. Opposite b. Alternate Fig. 18. Arrangement of stamens. corolla calyx a. United at base b. United almost to tip Fig. 19. Union of sepals. 16

Key to Wild Flower Species After you have determined the family, turn to the key for that family and trace to the genus and species. Because common names vary in different localities, they are of little real value. Scientific names, if used, must be accurate and correctly used. The scientific name of any organ- ism is composed of the genus (e.g., Fritillaria), which is capitalized, and the specific epithet (recurva), which is not capitalized. The two names used together form the species (Fritillaria recurva), which is underlined in writing, indicating that it is italicized in printing. When only the genus is given followed by “spp.,” it means that there are many species in that genus which cannot be distinguished easily. The scientific name may be followed by a variety (var.) or a subspecies (ssp.), e.g., Fritillaria recurva var. coccinea. The scientific name of any given organism is the same in all languages. The system of keying is the same as that used to trace the flower to its family (see p. 1-3). AMARYLLIS or LILY FAMILY (Liliaceae) 1a. Perianth segments distinct or nearly so; leaves mostly basal, linear; herbage with the smell and taste of onions; flowers in terminal umbels subtended by chaffy bracts (Fig. 10); a large and widely spread genus. WILD ONION (Allium 18 to 20 species in northern California). 1b. Perianth segments united forming a short or elongate tube (Fig. 22); leaves narrow, mostly basal; flowers in terminal umbels with chaffy bracts………………………………………………2 2a. Stamens with anthers 6………………………………………………..10 2b. Stamens with anthers 3, alternating with staminodia (sterile stamen)…3 3a. Flowering stem twining around and over shrubs, 2 to 5 ft. long; flowers pink to rose; brushy slopes below 2500 ft.; Butte and Tehama counties, south. TWINING BRODIAEA (Dichelostemma volubile) 3b. Flowering stem erect, not twining……………………………………..4 4a. Umbel loose……………………………………………………………6 4b. Umbel congested forming a head-like flower cluster………………….5 5a. Leaves flat, keeled on underside; perianth tube inflated, constricted at the throat (Fig. 22); flowers violet to lilac, about ½ in. long; bracts usually purplish; open slopes below 5000 ft.; Siskiyou County south to Trinity County and in Sierra Nevada. MANY-FLOWERED BRODIAEA (Dichelostemma multiflorum) 5b. Leaves narrow, rounded; perianth tube not noticeably inflated nor constricted at the throat; flower violet-purple; open hills LILIACEAE 17

Fig. 20. Fumitory flower. disc flower ray flower bract receptacle Fig. 21. Composite flower. constricted throat perianth tube stamen attachment open throat two levels inflated tube Fig. 22. Brodiaea or Triteleia flower structures. pistil upper lip lower lip corolla Fig. 23. Galea (Figwort). 18

and plains below 2000 ft.; Colusa County south. VALLEY BRODIAEA (Brodiaea appendiculata) 6a. Flowers purple to lilac, blue or pink……………………………………7 6b. Flowers bright red with yellowish green segments, nodding, tubular; flowering stem 1 to 3 ft. high; grassy slopes, 1000 to 4000 ft., Shasta County. FIRE-CRACKER FLOWER (Dichelostemma ida-maia) 7a. Perianth segments 3 times as long as tube, violet-lilac or pink, ascending-recurved, brittle; perianth 1 ½ to 2 in. long; wooded hills below 2500 ft.; Shasta to Nevada County. CALIFORNIA BRODIAEA (Brodiaea californica) 7b. Perianth segments 1 to 2 times the length of the tube………………….8 8a. Perianth tube strongly constricted above ovary (Fig. 22), segments turning at right angles to tube; plants 4 to 12 in. tall, forming beds in dry, hard soil below 3500 ft.; Sacramento Valley and adjacent foothills. BLUE STARS (Brodiaea minor) 8b. Perianth tube not constricted or only slightly so……………………….9 9a. Staminodia plane, acute, usually shorter than stamens; filaments not dilated; ovary with short stipe; (Fig. 4); perianth tube funnel-shaped; flowering stem 4 to 16 in. high open plains up to 7000 ft.; Sierra Nevada north to Oregon. HARVEST BRODIAEA (Brodiaea elegans) 9b. Staminodia with edges incurved, obtuse, longer than stamens; filaments dilated at base; ovary without stipe; perianth tube ovoid, rounded at base; flowering stem 3 to 12 in. high; grassy hillsides below 5000 ft.; foothills surrounding Sacramento Valley, north to Modoc County. HARVEST BRODIAEA (Brodiaea coronaria) 10a. Flowers yellow………………………………………………………..14 10b. Flowers blue, purple, or white………………………………………...11 11a. Flowers white with greenish midvein on each perianth segment; common in moist places of valley, foothills, and mountains; Sierra Nevada north to Canada. WHITE BRODIAEA (Triteleia hyacinthina var. greenei) 11b. Flowers blue, lilac, violet or purple…………………………………...12 12a. Umbel congested; bracts purple; widespread, Sacramento Valley and adjacent foothills, early spring. BLUE DICKS (Dichelostemma capitatum) 12b. Umbel loose…………………………………………………………...13 13a. Stamens alternately attached at two levels (Fig. 18); flower blue to white, 1 to 2 in. long; ovary on a stipe (Fig. 4); common below 4600 ft.; Sierra Nevada foothills, Tehama County south. GRASS NUT, ITHURIEL’S SPEAR (Triteleia laxa) LILIACEAE 19

13b. Stamens all attached at the same level; perianth segments lavender or lilac with blue midvein; anthers blue; dry hillsides below 3000 ft.; Sierra Nevada, Shasta County south. BRIDGE’S BRODIAEA (Triteleia bridgesii) 14a. Perianth, segments yellow to straw color, with pronounced dark midvein…...…………………………………………………….…...15 14b. Perianth segments bright yellow without a striking midvein; flower ½ to 1 in. long, flowering stem 4 to 12 in. high; dry slopes, 4000 to 7000 ft., Trinity County north. YELLOW TRITELIA (Triteleia crocea) 15a. Perianth segments abruptly spreading; flowering stem 1 to 2 ft. or more, high; ovary stipe shorter than ovary; grassy slopes, 500 to 10,000 ft.; Siskiyou County south. GOLDEN BRODIAEA, Pr etty Face (Triteleia ixioides) 15b. Perianth segments slightly spreading; flowering stem 3 to 12 in. high; stipe about as long as ovary; gravelly plains, 4000 to 10,000 ft., Sierra Nevada from Plumas County south. SLENDER TRITELEIA (Triteleia montana) BELLFLOWER FAMILY (Campanulaceae) 1a. Corolla regular, campanulate, blue to white……..………….………..2 1b. Corolla irregular (Fig. 11)…………..………………………………...6 2a. Leaves ovate to roundish (Fig. 8)……………………..…….………..4 2b. Leaves narrow, linear to lanceolate (Fig. 8)…..…………….………..3 3a. Slender plant, ½ to 2 ft. high, with round basal leaves; corolla bright blue; moist slopes, 4500 – 8000 ft.; Trinity and Siskiyou counties. A beautiful and widespread species farther north. HAREBELL, BLUEBELL (Campanula rotundifolia) 3b. Plant 3 to 7 in. high; flower bell – shaped with spreading petals; ovary club – shaped; leaf narrow, less than ½ in. long; calyx tube strongly ribbed; dry slopes, foothills, Sierra Nevada north to Plumas County; May. BLUE MIRROR (Githopsis specularioides) 4a. Leaf triangular or heart – shaped, widest near base, margin with bristle- tipped teeth; ovary somewhat elongated; stem slender and weak; wet places, foothills of Sierra Nevada; spring. HETEROCODON (Heterocodon rariflorum) 4b. Margin of leaf toothed (Fig. 7), but not spine tipped………….……...5 Terminal flowers pedicelled; ovary short and broad; flowers blue or white; wooded places, mostly below 6000 ft.; Sierra Nevada north. BELLFLOWER (Campanula spp.) LILIACEAE CAMPANULACEAE 20

5b. Terminal and upper flowers sessile; ovary somewhat elongate; stems slender, leafy, 2 to 15 in. long; open places below 6500 ft.; wide spread but not common. VENUS LOOKING – GLASS (Triodanis biflora) 6a. Flower ¼ in. or more in width, blue or lavender……………………..7 6b. Flower minute, white or yellow, sometimes purplish; diffusely branched annual, 4 to 8 in. high, with zigzag branches; montane, Butte County south; spring. NEMACLADUS (Nemacladus spp.) 7a. Ovary very long and slender; flower blue, variously marked, strikingly irregular; widespread in drying vernal pools; late spring and summer. DOWNINGIA (Downingia spp.) 7b. Ovary oblong and thick; flower similar to Downingia; in wet places, 5000 – 10,000 ft.; Sierra Nevada to Lassen County; summer. PORTERELLA (Porterella carnosula) BORAGE FAMILY (Boraginaceae) 1a. Ovary 4 – lobed (Fig. 16)……………………………………….……3 1b. Ovary not lobed, only 4 – creased; prostrate or spreading plants with mostly entire leaves……….……………………………...……..2 2a. Flower small, less than ⅛ in. diameter, white or pale pink; herbage hairy; stigma 2 – cleft; sandy or alkaline flats, east side of Sierra Nevada to Lassen County; spring and summer. NUTTALL’S COLDENIA (Tiquilia nuttallii) 2b. Flower ⅛ to ¼ in. in diameter, white with yellow eye becoming purplish, in dense, coiled spikes; herbage fleshy, usually glabrous; widespread; rocky streambeds or alkaline flats; spring and summer blooming. CHINESE PURSLEY, Seaside or Salt Heliotr ope, Whiteweed, (Heliotropium curassavicum var. oculatum) 3a. Flowers blue or pink, in terminal panicles or loose racemes………..11 3b. Flower orange, yellow, or white………………………………….......4 4a. Flower white………………………………………………….………7 4b. Flower orange or yellow………………………………………….…..5 5a. Flowers in coiled spikes; herbage rough – hairy; widespread; fields and hill slopes; Sierra Nevada west. RANCHER’S FIREWEED (Amsinckia menziesii var. intermedia) 5b. Flowers terminal or axillary, not in coiled spikes……………………6 6a. Stem densely leafy, ½ to 1 ½ ft. high; leaf almost linear, CAMPANULACEAE BORAGINACEAE 21

soft-hairy; corolla yellow, 1/3 to ½ in. long, anthers in upper part of tube; dry mountain slopes, Sierra Nevada to Modoc County; late spring. COLUMBIA PUCCOON, Wayside Gr omwell (Lithospermum ruderale) 6b. Stem leafy, but not densely so, 6 to 15 in. high; upper leaves ovate, rough-hairy; corolla golden yellow, ½ in. or more in length; anthers in lower part of tube; widespread; dry mountain slopes; Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada north. SHASTA PUCCOON (Lithospermum californicum) 7a. Nutlet with conspicuous prickles…………………………………….9 7b. Nutlet without conspicuous prickles…………………………………8 8a. Leaves mostly in basal rosette (Fig. 6); flowers white in a spike like raceme; widespread; common in fields and on hill slopes. POPCORN FLOWERS (Plagiobothrys 15-20 spp. in northern California) 8b. Leaves mostly alternate, not in a basal rosette; herbage rough, hairy flowers white, usually with crests; widespread in dry, sandy soil. NIEVITAS (Cryptantha about 15 spp. in northern California) 9a. Plant less than 10 in. high, hairy; inconspicuous plant with minute white flowers and narrow, oblong leaves; dry, sandy places below 5000 ft. east side of Sierra Nevada north to Lassen County. PRICKLY COMBSEED (Pectocarya setosa) 9b. Plant 1½ to 3 ft. high; herbage softly pubescent………...………….10 10a. Corolla ½ to ¾ in. in diameter, with stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla tube; mountain slopes in Trinity and Siskiyou counties; summer. SHOWY STICKSEED (Hackelia bella) 10b. Corolla ¼ to ½ in. in diameter, with stamens inserted at the middle or above on the corolla tube; open mountain forests, Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou County; summer. CALIFORNIA STICKSEED (Hackelia californica) 11a. Nutlets with conspicuous barbed prickles..…………………………12 11b. Nutlets without conspicuous prickles……...………………………..17 12a. Prickles all over nutlet…..………………………………………….16 12b. Prickles usually only along margins of nutlet..……………………..13 13a. Corolla less then ½ in. in diameter…...……………………………..14 13b. Corolla ½ in. or more in diameter…………...………………………15 14a. Hairy plants 1 to 2 ft. high; common in moist places, 4500-11,000 ft.; Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north. JESSICA’S STICKSEED (Hackelia micrantha) 14b. Plants glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, 8 to 20 in. high; leaf blades narrow ovate; mountain slopes above 5000 ft., Plumas County south. SIERRA STICKSEED (Hackelia nervosa) BORAGINACEAE 22

15a. Racemes with leafy bracts throughout; throat of corolla with prominent crests; arid mountain slopes, east side of Sierra Nevada to Modoc County. WESTERN STICKWEED (Lappula redowskii) 15b. Bracts in flower cluster much reduced, if present; stiff hairy plants 1 to 2 ft. high, with linear leaves; open wooded slopes, 1000 to 6000 ft.; Sierra County to Siskiyou County. BRISTLY STICKWEED (Hackelia setosa) 16a. Stem erect, 1 to 3 ft. high, glabrous; leaf blade ovate on long petiole; flower often pink in bud, blue when in flower with prominent white crests; shady slopes, Sierra Nevada foothills, north to Siskiyou County; spring. WESTERN HOUND’S TONGUE, Pacific or Gr and Hound’s Tongue (Cynoglossum grande) 16b. Stem erect, 1 to 1-1/2 ft. high, leafy; herbage hairy; flower brownish pink with conspicuous crests; open woods, Sierra Nevada to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties; spring, summer. WESTERN or SIERRA HOUND’S TONGUE (Cynoglossum occidentale) 17a. Flower inconspicuous; leaves hairy; an erect annual 7 to 15 in. high; moist meadows, Sierra Nevada north; spring and summer. ENGLISH SCORPION GRASS, Tur ncoat For get-Me-Not, Yellow -and-Blue Scorpion Grass (Myosotis versicolor) 17b. Flower tubular , dr opping, about ½ in. long; lower leaves petioled, glabrous………………………...………………………….18 18a. Stem 2 to 5 ft. high, leafy; leaf long ovate, entire, 2 to 7 in. long, with a long petiole; flower blue, frequently with yellow at crests, often pink in the bud; moist, shady places in the mountains; Sierra Nevada north to Modoc County; spring and summer. MERTENSIA, Sier r a Mountain Bluebell (Mertensia ciliata var. stomatechoides) 18b. Stem less than 1 ft. high………………………………………...…...19 19a. Lower leaves long-petioled; flower tube some longer than corolla lobes; flowers clustered in a small drooping terminal panicle; moist places in lava soil, east side of Sierra Nevada, north to Modoc County; late spring and summer. LEAFY LUNGWORT, Oblong-Leaf Bluebell (Mertensia oblongifolia and vars.) 19b. Lower leaves almost sessile; flower tube twice as long as corolla lobes; open hill slopes in Modoc County; spring. LONG-FLOWERED LUNGWORT, Small Bluebell (Mertensia longiflora) BORAGINACEAE 23

BROOM-RAPE FAMILY (Orobanchaceae) 1a. Flowers crowded in a dense raceme……………………………….…3 1b. Flowers borne on slender peduncles from an almost underground stem……….……………………………………………2 2a. Flower usually one, sometimes 2 or 3, bluish or purplish, on peduncle 1 to 5 in. high; shady places, Sierra Nevada foothills and mountains, north to Siskiyou and Modoc Counties; summer. NAKED BROOM-RAPE, Ghost Plant, One-flowered Cancer-Root (Orobanche uniflora and vars.) 2b. Several single-flowered peduncles from underground stem, 3 to 9 in. high; flower yellow, sometimes purple or reddish tinted; parasitic on buckwheat, Phacelia, sagebrush, and other plants; montane, widespread, summer. PINON CANCER-ROOT (Orobanche fasciculata) 3a. Stamens with a dense tuft of hairs at base; spike becoming deep red with age; stem arising from a large spherical tuber, which is attached to the host plant, manzanita or madrone; Sierra Nevada north to Oregon, abundant in Siskiyou County; spring. MANZANITA CANCER-ROOT (Boschniakia strobilacea) 3b. Stamens without hairs at base; flowers pale with darker veins…..…..4 4a. Many flowers in dense cluster, lower lip or corolla erect; plant glandular hairy about 6 in. high; parasitic on composites; Sierra Nevada and inner Coast ranges, below 5000 ft.; north to Oregon. CALIFORNIA CANCER-ROOT (Orobanche californica) 4b. Few flowers in terminal cluster; lower lip of corolla spreading; anthers woolly; 6000 to 8000 ft., Sierra Nevada north. GRAY’S BROOM-RAPE (Orobanche grayana) BUCKTHORN FAMILY (Rhamnaceae) For woody plants over 2 ft. high, see Key for Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines, page 123. 1a. A woody, prostrate plant forming mats often covering bare road cuts; leaves evergreen with 3 sharp teeth at apex; flowers small, lavender- blue, in dense clusters; capsules often red, giving color during fruiting; open places in pine forests, 3000 to 6500 ft.; Sierra Nevada north to Modoc, Siskiyou, and Trinity Counties. SQUAW CARPET, Mahala Mat (Ceanothus prostratus) OROBANCHACEAE RHAMNACEAE 24

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (Polygonaceae) 1a. Leaf with sheathing stipule; no involucre….…………………………4 1b. Leaf without sheathing stipule…………….………………………….2 2a. Flower borne in a tubular or turbinate involucre….………………….3 2b. Flower without involucre, reddish, minute; straggling plant ¼ to 1-1/4 ft. long; widespread, shady places, open woods in foothills. PTEROSTEGIA (Pterostegia drymarioides) 3a. Involucre with 5 or 6 spine- or bristle-tipped teeth, spines usually hooked; widespread; low annuals, dry foothills. TURK’S RUG (Chorizanthe spp.) 3b. Involucre with 3 to 8 teeth, not bristle-tipped; widespread; usually in dry locations. ERIOGONUM (Eriogonum spp.) 4a. Sepals 4, red, making a showy flower cluster; leaves roundish, fleshy and mostly basal; among wet rocks at high altitudes; Sierra Nevada, Warner Mountains, and inner Coast ranges. MOUNTAIN SORREL (Oxyria digyna) 4b. Sepals 5 or 6…………………………………………………..………5 5a. Sepals 5, equal and erect in fruit; leaves entire and alternate; some species grow in water; widespread. KNOTWEED (Polygonum spp.) 5b. Sepals 6, unequal, the inner erect, enlarging and conspicuous in fruit, the outer reflexed; widespread; mostly perennial weeds. DOCK (Rumex spp.) BUTTERCUP FAMILY (Ranunculaceae) For woody vines, see Key for Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines, page 123. A large family with much variety; many flower parts. 1a. Stamens and pistils on separate plants (dioecious); finely divided leaves; greenish flowers without petals; plants 2 to 5 ft. high, usually in moist meadows 4000 to 10,000 ft., Sierra Nevada north. FENDLER MEADOW RUE (Thalictrum fendleri and other spp.) 1b. Plant with perfect flowers (with stamens and pistils)…….…………. 2 2a. Flower regular…………………..…………………………………….5 2b. Flower irregular (Fig. 11)……………..……………………….……. 3 3a. Flower red; plants 1 to 2 ft. high with few leaves; widespread; rocky cliffs in foothills, Sierra Nevada south POLYGONACEAE RANUNCULACEAE 25

to Butte and Plumas Counties. RED LARKSPUR, Scar let Lar kspur , Or ange Lar kspur , Christmas Horns (Delphinium nudicaule) 3b. Flower blue, purple, or whitish…………….…………………………4 4a. Upper sepal produced into a spur; poisonous to stock; widespread; valley foothills and mountains; spring and summer. BLUE LARKSPUR (Delphinium spp.) 4b. Upper sepal larger and shaped as a hood; plant 1-1/2 to 3-1/2 ft. high; wet mountain meadows and along streams, Sierra Nevada to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties; summer. WESTERN MONKSHOOD, Aconite, Fr iar ’s Cap, Blue Weed, Columbia Monkshood (A conitum columbianum and vars.) 5a. Petal extended backwards as hollow spur; flower bright red; ternately compound leaf; shady places in foothills; widespread; spring and summer. RED COLUMBINE, Scar let Columbine, Califor nia Columbine, Woodland Columbine (A quilegia formosa var. truncata and others) 5b. Petal not extended to form spur……...…………………………...…..6 6a. Petals present………………………………………………………..16 6b. Petals minute, reduced to glands or lacking, but sepals petal - like….7 7a. Leaf compound (Fig. 9)……………………………………………... 9 7b. Leaf margin lobed (Fig. 7)……………………………………………8 8a. Plant 1½ to 3 ft. high; basal leaves 4 to 8 in. broad with long petioles; petals lacking; moist places 4000 to 5000 ft. FALSE BUGBANE (Trautvetteria caroliniensis var. occidentalis) 8b. Plant usually less than 1 ft. high; basal leaves 1 to 2 in. broad; petals reduced to small yellow nectaries; sepals shiny white, about ½ in long; rocky, seepage areas, 3000 to 6000 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Butte County. BEARDED KUMLIENIA (Kumlienia hystricula) 9a. Leaf twice ternately compound (Fig. 9)……………………………. 10 9b. Leaf 3-foliolate, or much dissected into linear divisions……………12 10a. Sepals ¼ in. or more long; flowers solitary or in panicles; plants delicate, 2 to 12 in. high…………...………………………………...11 10b. Sepals less than ¼ in. long; flowers in racemes; plants ½ to 2 ft. high; fruits shiny red or white berries; moist woods, below 10,000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges. BANEBERRY (Actaea rubra var. arguta) 11a. Stamens about 10; wooded slopes 2000 to 4500 ft., Siskiyou and Modoc Counties. SISKIYOU RUE-ANEMONE (Isopyrum stipitatum) 11b. Stamens more than 20; shady slopes below 5000 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Butte County. WESTERN RUE-ANEMONE (Isopyrum occidentale) RANUNCULACEAE 26

12a. Leaf dissected into narrow segments (Fig. 7)……………..……….. 13 12b. Leaf 3-foliolate (Fig. 9), not dissected into narrow segment.……….15 13a. Style densely hairy, becoming plume-like in fruit; flower white or bluish, showy; flowering close to melting snow; 5000 to 10,000 ft, Sierra Nevada north to Oregon. WESTERN PASQUE FLOWER (Anemone occidentalis) 13b. Style not hairy, very short………...…………………………………14 14a. Flowers greenish yellow, pinkish or tinged with purple; plant usually 1 ft. or more high; fields and rocky places 5000 to 7000 ft., Siskiyou County north. GLOBOSE ANEMONE (Anemone multifida) 14b. Flowers white tinged with blue; plant ½ to 1 ft. high; rocky slopes 5000 to 10,000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges from Trinity County north. MORAINE ANEMONE (Anemone drummondii) 15a. Leaves subtending flower, sessile; flower white, 1 to 2 in. in diameter; woods below 5000 ft., Siskiyou County; summer. THREE-LEAF ANEMONE (Anemone deltoidea) 15b. Leaves subtending flower, petioled; flower white or pale blue ½ to ¾ in. in diameter; woods, Siskiyou County to Plumas County; spring flowering. WESTERN WINDFLOWER, Wester n Wood Anemone (Anemone oregana) 16a. Aquatic plant with white flowers and filiform-dissected leaves; widespread; ponds and slowly flowing streams of foothills and mountains; spring and summer. WATER BUTTERCUP, Water Cr owfoot (R anunculus aquatilis) 16b. Terrestrial plants with yellow flowers; leaves various; widespread in fields and foothills; spring and summer. BUTTERCUP (Ranunculus spp.) CALTROP FAMILY (Zygophyllaceae) 1a. Flower solitary in the axil of a leaf; a harmful weed because of the sharp spines on fruit; widespread along roadsides below 5000 ft. PUNCTURE VINE (Tribulus terrestris) CAPER FAMILY (Capparidaceae) 1a. Erect annual, 1 to 2 ft. high; trifoliolate; flowers yellow, with 4 petals; 6 stamen much exceeding the petals; in somewhat RANUNCULACEAE ZYGOPHYLLACEAE CAPPARIDACEAE 27

alkaline soil in sagebrush and along roadsides; 2500 to 5000 ft., Butte County to Siskiyou and Modoc Counties. STINK CLOVER (Cleome platycarpa) DODDER FAMILY (Cuscutaceae) 1a. Twining parasites with scale-like leaves; many different hosts; a showy yellow or orange mass; widespread. DODDER (Cuscuta spp.) DOGBANE FAMILY (Apocynaceae) 1a. Plant trailing; leaves round-ovate, evergreen, opposite pairs alternating at right angles to adjacent pairs; flowers blue, l to 2 in. in diameter, solitary in axils of alternating leaves of adjacent pairs. A widespread escape. PERIWINKLE (Vinca major) 1b. Plant more or less erect, not trailing…….……………………………2 2a. Flower small, ¼ in. or less long………………………………………3 2b. Flower ½ to 1 in. broad, rose-pink, axillary; leaves gray- green and somewhat succulent; stems simple from fleshy root, spreading; rocky slopes in forest regions, Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north; late spring and summer. SMOOTH CYCLADENIA (Cycladenia humilis) 3a. Leaves erect or tending upward; flower minute, white or greenish; moist places below 7000 ft., widespread throughout California CLASPING-LEAF DOGBANE (Apocynum cannabinum) 3b. Leaves drooping or spreading; flowers small (¼ in.), pink or white, in terminal cymes; leaves dark green; several stems from base 6 to 10 in. high; poisonous to stock; widespread; roadsides or open areas in forest regions; summer. MOUNTAIN HEMP, Mountain Dogbane, Low Dogbane (Apocynum androsaemifolium and var.) EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY (Onagraceae) 1a. Flower with 5 yellow petals, each about ½ in. long; leaf glabrous, plant growing in or near water; Sacramento CAPPARIDACEAE CUSCUTACEAE APOCYNACEAE ONAGRACEAE 28

Valley; summer. YELLOW WATERWEED, Califor nia Water Pr imr ose (Ludwigia peploides var. peploides) 1b. Flower with 4 petals……….………………………………………….2 2a. Flower (petals and sepals) scarlet red or salmon-colored and showy, 1 to 1¼ in. long; leaf lanceolate, grayish and often viscid; rocky slopes, Sierra Nevada from Butte and Trinity Counties north; summer. MOUNTAIN BALSAMEA, Hummingbir d Tr umpet, Broad-leaved California Fuchsia (Zauschneria californica) 2b. Flower not scarlet nor salmon-colored.………………………..……..3 3a. Seed with a tuft of hairs at one end………………………...………..16 3b. Seed without tuft of hairs……………….…………………………….4 4a. Anther attached at or near its base; flower purple, rose, pink, or white; never yellow…………….………………………………….5 4b. Anther attached in middle as if balancing on end of filament and tipping either way; flower yellow or white…………………...……..18 5a. Petal less than ½ in long………………...…………………………..14 5b. Petal more than ½ in. long…….……………………………….……..6 6a. Petal distinctly narrowed, becoming slender toward the point of attachment…………………………………………………...7 6b. Petal not narrow at base but sessile, mostly rose-pink; showy…...…10 7a. Petal 3-lobed, central lobe spatulate, lateral ones narrow and shorter making a frilly, bright pink flower; plant erect, freely branched, 8 to 20 in. high; usually in colonies; brushy slopes below 4000 ft., foothills on east side of Sacramento Valley. RED RIBBONS, Fr inged Clar kia (Clarkia concinna) 7b. Petal entire or slightly notched, not lobed……………….…………...8 8a. Petal ¼ to ½ in. long, pinkish lavender sometimes with purple flecks; erect plant, 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves few and scattered; dry slopes below 8000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Modoc County. RHOMBOID CLARKIA (Clarkia rhomboidea) 8b. Petal ½ to 1 in. long………….……………………………………….9 9a. Flower red-purple with purple flecks; resembles above; granite sand at about 2000 ft. MILDRED’S CLARKIA (Clarkia mildrediae) 9b. Flower lavender-pink to salmon (sometimes purplish); common on dry slopes below 5000 ft.; Sierra foothills from Butte County south. ELEGANT CLARKIA (Clarkia unguiculata) 10a. Blade of petal with central notch, lavender to pale pink; plant 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves ½ in. or more wide, toothed; open places below 2500 ft.; foothills Butte County south. LOBED GODETIA (Clarkia biloba ssp. brandegeae) 10b. Blade of petal entire or somewhat toothed, not lobe.……………….11 11a. Older flower buds nodding……...…………………………………..12 ONAGRACEAE 29

11b. Flower buds erect; plant erect (or decumbent in ssp. viminea), 4 to 20 in. high; inflorescence usually lax; petals ½ to 1 in. long, lavender to purple with a purple spot; open places below 6000 ft.; widespread. PURPLE GODETIA (Clarkia purpurea ssp. viminea, sp. quadprivulnera) 12a. Immature capsule (Fig. 14), 8-ribbed………...……………………..13 12b. Immature capsule 4-grooved; plant 1 to 3 ft. tall; petal ¼ to 1 in. long, pink to lavender; open places below 5000 ft., from Siskiyou and Modoc Counties south. FAREWELL-TO-SPRING (Clarkia gracilis spp. albicaulis) 13a. Has petal 1 to 2 in. long; light purple shading to white with scarlet spot at base; foothills around Sacramento Valley. Beak of capsule about ¼ in. long; petals ½ to 1-1/2 in. long, fan shaped, pink-lavender, with or without darker spot; plant erect, 1 to 2 ft. high; grassy places below 5000 ft.; foothills, Butte County south. KELLOGG GODETIA (Clarkia arcuata) 13b. Beak of capsule about 1/8 in. long; petal ½ to 1½ in., pinkish lavender with red-purple base; plant ½ to 1½ ft.; open places 4000 to 7000 ft.; Trinity and Plumas Counties north. LASSEN GODETIA (Clarkia lassenensis) 14a. Petals white or pink; slender, branched plants with alternate leaves………………..………………………………………………15 14b. Petals rose-purple, notched; sepals erect; flowers in leafy spikes or solitary in leaf axils; in moist places, foothills. SPIKE PRIMROSE (Boisduvalia spp.) 15a. Flowers pink in terminal, spicate racemes; dry, shaded places, 2000 to 5000 ft.; Placer County north to Trinity and Siskiyou Counties. CALIFORNIA GAURA (Clarkia heterandra) 15b. Flowers white aging pink, axillary and scattered; widespread, on dry slopes, usually above 3000 ft. GROUNDSMOKE (Gayophytum spp.) 16a. Petal ½ to 1 in. long, rose-purple………...………………………….17 16b. Petal less than ½ in. long, mostly ¼ in., or less, deeply notched, rose-purple to white; widespread, mostly in moist ground. WILLOW-HERB Cottonweed (Epilobium , 12 or mor e spp.) 17a. Flowers in long racemes; a showy plant 2 to 8 ft. high; widespread in moist areas, particularly in recent burns, below 9000 ft. FIRE WEED (Epilobium angustifolium) 17b. Flowers solitary in axils of leaves; stems decumbent 5 to 6 in. ONAGRACEAE 30

long; a showy sub-alpine plant often near the foot of cliffs or rock slides, 7000 to 13,000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou County. SIERRA ROCK-FRINGE, Rose Epilobium (Epilobium obcordatum) 18a. Stigma with 4 linear lobes. …………………..……………………..24 18b. Sigma capitate…………...…………………………………………..19 19a. Plant with erect stem or stems; flower yellow or white……...……...21 19b. Plant without main stem; flower yellow……...……………………..20 20a. Leaves entire or with a few teeth; plants mostly glabrous; petals about ½ in. long; mountain meadows, 6000 to 9000 ft.; east side of Sierra Nevada to Oregon. SUN CUP (Oenothera heterantha) 20b. Leaves deeply pinnately dissected; plant glabrous or with fine hairs; petal ½ in. or more long, aging red; moist places 4000 to 8500 ft.; Butte County north to Siskiyou and Modoc Counties. TANSY-LEAF EVENING PRIMROSE (Oenothera tanacetifolia) 21a. Flower white, drying yellow, petals about ¼ in. long; stem stout, spreading or erect, ½ to 1½ ft. high; flowers in a dense raceme; sandy soil, 4000 to 8000 ft., east side of Sierra Nevada to Lassen County; summer flowering. ALYSSUM-LIKE PRIMROSE (Oenothera alyssoides var. villosa) 21b. Flower yellow………………...……………………………………..22 22a. Petal ¼ to 1/3 in. long; stem hairy; sandy slopes bordering Sacramento Valley; late spring flowering. FIELD PRIMROSE (Camissonia lacustris) 22b. Petal less than ¼ in. long……...…………………………………….23 23a. Low plant, 1 to 4 in. high, with minute flowers; mountain slopes in Lassen and Modoc Counties; summer flowering. PLATEAU PRIMROSE, Andean Sun-Drops (Camissonia andina) 23b. Plant diffusely branched, 4 to 8 in. high; sandy soil; 4000 to 7000 ft., Shasta and Lassen Counties north; spring blooming CONTORTED PRIMROSE (Camissonia contorta) 24a. Erect plant, hairy, 1 to 3 ft. high; stems stout, often red; basal leaves toothed; 5 to 9 in. long; petals yellow aging orange-red, 1 to 2 in. long; moist places, 3000 to 9000 ft., Sierra Nevada and inner Coast ranges to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. TALL EVENING PRIMROSE (Oenothera elata ssp.) 24b. Low plants less than ½ ft. high………...……………………………25 25a. Plant about 4 in. high, with soft, curly hairs; stem leaves ONAGRACEAE 31

deeply toothed; petal about ¾ in. long; white aging pink; dry flats, 4000 to 5000 ft.; Siskiyou, Modoc, and Lassen Counties. PIPER’S EVENING PRIMROSE (Oenothera deltoides var. piperi) 25b. Plant without main stem; somewhat hairy about flowers; petal yellow, ½ to 1 in. long; drying depressions, 3000 to 5000 ft.; Sierra to Shasta and Modoc Counties. YELLOW EVENING PRIMROSE (Oenothera flava) FIGWORT FAMILY (Scrophulariaceae) For woody plants over 2 ft. high, see Key to Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines, page 123. 1a. Stamens with anthers 5; flower nearly regular; plants 2 to 6 ft. high…………………………………………………..……………...89 1b. Stamens with anthers 2 or 4………………………….……………….2 2a. Corolla with prominent spur or sac at the base (Fig. 11)………..…. 88 2b. Corolla may be somewhat swollen but without a pronounced spur or sac…………………………………………………………… 3 3a. Leaves opposite (Fig. 6)……………..……………………………... 35 3b. Leaves alternate or basal………………….…………………………..4 4a. Upper petals incurved at the apex, forming a hood over the stamens and pistil………………………...……………………...32 4b. Upper petals forming a projection, or galea (Fig. 23), extending upward…………………….……………………………….5 5a. Galea strongly arched……………...………………………………..27 5b. Galea straight or somewhat curved, never strongly arched…….…….6 6a. Lower lip of corolla about as long as, and larger than, the galea; annuals…………………...…………………………………...17 6b. Lower lip of corolla shorter and smaller than the galea; plants with woody base……………...……………………………………………7 7a. Herbage woolly with matted hairs……………………………….…...8 7b. Herbage hairy but not woolly……………….………………………..9 8a. Bracts yellowish or dull reddish; rocky slopes 5000 ft. up; Marble Mountains and Mount Shasta, Siskiyou County. COBWEBBY INDIAN PAINT BRUSH (Castilleja arachnoidea spp. schizotricha and shastensis) 8b. Bracts greenish yellow to dull red; herbage particularly woolly near base of stems; pumice or granitic soil. 7000 to 9000 ft.; Spanish Peak (Plumas County), Lassen Peak, Warner Mountains (Modoc County). PUMICE INDIAN PAINT BRUSH (Castilleja payneae) 9a. Herbage with long rough hairs…………………...………………….16 9b. Herbage with short soft hairs (hairs in flower cluster may be rougher)……………………………………………………….….10 10a. Bracts (and calyx) red………………………………...……………..11 ONAGRACEAE SCROPHULARIACEAE 32

10b. Bracts purple-tipped with 1 or 2 pairs of lobes; leaves linear, mostly entire; plant less than 1 ft. high; meadows, 7000 to 11,000 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Mt. Lassen. LEMMON’S INDIAN PAINTBRUSH (Castilleja lemmonii) 11a. Leaves linear; floral bracts reddish…………...……………………..15 11b. Leaves lanceolate, entire or lobed; floral bracts scarlet...…………...12 12a. Plant 1 to 1½ ft. high; glandular-hairy below the inflorescence; lower lip of corolla greenish, usually not exserted; dry places 2000 to 11,000 ft.; inner Coast ranges and Sierra Nevada north to Oregon. WAVY-LEAFED INDIAN PAINTBRUSH (Castilleja applegatei) 12b. Plants not glandular-hairy below the inflorescence…...…………….13 13a. Plant gray-green with branched hairs, 1 to 2 ft. high; lower lip dark green, included in calyx; rocky places, 400 to 8000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Oregon PRUINOSE INDIAN PAINTBRUSH (Castilleja pruinosa) 13b. Plant with simple hairs…...………………………………………….14 14a. Plant 1 to 2½ ft. tall, showy, lower lip green, exserted; wet places below 11,000 ft., Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada to Oregon. SCARLET PAINTED CUP (Castilleja miniata) 14b. Plant 4 to 16 in. high; lower lip included; dry brush slopes 2000 to 7000 ft.; Lassen and Modoc Counties. DESERT INDIAN PAINTBRUSH (Castilleja augustifolia) 15a. Stems 2 to 5 ft. high, little branched; leaves yellow-green; lower lip dark green; moist places in desert areas, 2500 to 10,000 ft.; Plumas, Lassen and Modoc Counties. WYOMING PAINTED CUP (Castilleja linariifolia) 15b. Stems seldom over 2 ft. high; leaves grayish green; dry slopes below 4000 ft.; foothills of Sierra Nevada from Butte County south. LONGLEAF INDIAN PAINTBRUSH (Castilleja subinclusa) 16a. Galea about ¼ in. long; lower lip of corolla usually exserted; dry places 4000 to 5700 ft., Plumas County north. PARROTHEAD PAINTBRUSH (Castilleja psittacina) 16b. Galea slightly more than ¼ in. long; lower lip hardily exserted; rocky places below 9000 ft., east slope of Sierra Nevada to Plumas County. HAIRY INDIAN PAINTBRUSH (Castilleja pilosa) 17a. Galea straight………………...……………………………………...23 17b. Galea curved or hooked at tip……………………………...………..18 18a. Corolla 1 in. or more long, magenta-colored, the sacs white-tipped, marked with yellow and purple dots; herbage hairy; bracts magenta-tipped; spike dense and SCROPHULARIACEAE 33

showy; valleys and low hills of Sacramento Valley; spring. ESCOBITA, Little Br ooms, Common Owl’s Clover, Purple Owl’s Clover (Orthocarpus purpurascens) 18b. Corolla less than 1 in. long…………...……………………………..19 19a. Corolla yellow or white……………………...……………………...22 19b. Corolla purple………………………...……………………………..20 20a. Bract strikingly different from the leaf; flower clusters compact...…21 20b. Bract similar to leaf; corolla rose-purple; moist meadows, below 5000 ft., Plumas to Modoc County. ROSY ORTHOCARPUS, Pink Owl’s Clover (Orthocarpus bracteosus) 21a. Leaves linear, entire, somewhat rough; corolla purple, lower lips partly white; dry open places 5000 to 7000 ft., Shasta and Trinity Counties north. MOUNTAIN ORTHOCARPUS (Orthocarpus imbricatus) 21b. Leaves narrow lanceolate, upper ones may have lateral lobes; corolla rose-purple with white lower lip; open places 4500 to 7000 ft.; Glenn County to Siskiyou County. COPELAND’S ORTHOCARPUS (Orthocarpus copelandii) 22a. Herbage covered with stiff hairs; corolla golden yellow, ½ in. long; moist fields, east side of Sierra Nevada north to Modoc County; late spring. YELLOW ORTHOCARPUS, Yellow Owl’s Clover (Orthocarpus luteus) 22b. Herbage soft-hairy, often purplish; sac yellow with purple galea; corolla 2/3 to 1 in. long exerted from calyx; bracts often reddish; valley floor and foothills surrounding Sacramento Valley; spring. JOHNNY-TUCK, Butter -and-Eggs (Triphysaria eriantha) 23a. Spike (Fig. 10), loose (flowers somewhat scattered); corolla lemon-yellow, ½ to 2/3 in. long; wet meadows or grassy slopes, Sierra Nevada north to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. CUT-LEAF ORTHOCARPUS (Castilleja lacera) 23b. Spike dense…………………...……………………………………..24 24a. Leaves and bracts entire and linear; herbage glabrous; fields, Butte and Plumas Counties north to Oregon; spring and summer. FIELD ORTHOCARPUS (Castilleja campestris) 24b. Upper leaves and bracts cleft into narrow lobes; herbage hairy...…..25 25a. Bracts green; flowers creamy white to yellow; Sacramento Valley and surrounding foothills, north. CREAM-SACS (Castilleja rubicundula ssp. lithospermoides) 25b. Bract tipped with purple, yellow or white…...……………………...26 26a. Bract white-tipped; corolla white or yellowish with purple dots; spike slender; in grassy places below 5000 ft.; widespread. SCROPHULARIACEAE 34

VALLEY-TASSELS (Castilleja attenuata) 26b. Bract purple or yellow-tipped; corolla yellow with purple dots on the lower lip; grassy slopes below 5000 ft, Shasta County south. PALLID OWL’S CLOVER (Orthocarpus lineariilobus) 27a. Leaf pinnately divided (Fig. 9)…………………………………….. 28 27b. Leaf lanceolate, may be scalloped but not divided; herbage mostly glabrous; stems many, slender, 8 to 20 in. high; flowers in a loose raceme with leafy bracts; corolla pink or white, ½ to 3/4 in. long; montane; Sierra Nevada north to Oregon; summer. LEAFY LOUSEWORT, Elephant’s Trunk, Sickle-Top Pedicularis (Pedicularis racemosa) 28a. Stems with a basal tuft of leaves; may have stem leaves also...…….29 28b. Stem without basal tuft of leaves, leafy above, 1 ft. high; leaves glabrous except on midrib; flowers white or yellow in a short, dense spike; dry ridges in Siskiyou Mountains; summer. HOWELL’S LOUSEWORT (Pedicularis howellii) 29a. Upper lip of corolla produced above galea into a long, curving, proboscis-like beak; flowers in a spike exceeding the leaves……………...……………………………………………..31 29b. Upper lip of corolla not extended into a proboscis-like beak; flower cluster usually shorter than leaves……...……………..30 30a. Corolla red; flowers in a dense raceme on a stem; leaf pinnately divided with the divisions much divided; wooded hills below 6000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Plumas County south; early spring. INDIAN WARRIOR (Pedicularis densiflora ssp. aurantiaca) 30b. Corolla yellow; flower cluster on ground, on very short stem, if any; leaf twice pinnatifid; mountain forests, Sierra Nevada and inner Coast ranges to Oregon; spring and summer. PINE WOODS LOUSEWORT (Pedicularis semibarbata) 31a. Beak of corolla closely recurved on galea; spike woolly; stems simple, several in a cluster, ½ to 1 ft. high; flower white or pink with purplish markings; wet meadows in high mountains, Sierra Nevada north to Oregon; summer and fall. ELEPHANT SNOUTS, Little Elephant Head (Pedicularis attollens) 31b. Beak of corolla curving forward beyond the galea and then upward, flower magenta color; spike glabrous; stem 1 to 2 ft. high; wet mountain meadows, Sierra Nevada north to Oregon; summer. ELEPHANT HEADS, Butter fly Tongue (Pedicularis groenlandica) SCROPHULARIACEAE 35

32a. Flowers 3 to 5 in dense clusters; bracts 5-lobed; plants 1 ft. or less high; dry flats and slopes, 4000 to 6000 ft., Lassen and Modoc Counties. BUSHY BIRD’S BEAK (Cordylanthus ramosus) 32b. Flowers 1 to 3 in a cluster; bracts entire or 3-lobed; leaves linear; plants mostly more than 1 ft. high..…………………………33 33a. Outer bracts linear; herbage mostly hairy but not glandular; plant 1 to 2 ft. high; dry open slopes, 4500 to 8500 ft., Sierra Nevada to Butte and Plumas Counties. SLENDER BIRD’S BEAK (Cordylanthus tenuis) 33b. Outer bracts 3-lobed; flower clusters dark with rather stiff hairs, some gland-tipped………………………...…………………..34 34a. Plant stout, 2 to 3 ft. high, much branched; gravelly places, 1000 to 2000 ft.; foothills of Sierra Nevada north to Shasta County. HANSEN’S BIRD’S BEAK (Cordylanthus pilosus ssp. hansenii) 34b. Plants ½ to 2 ft. high, openly branched; dry flats or slopes, 3000 to 5000 ft., Tehama and Trinity Counties. VISCID BIRD’S-BEAK (Cordylanthus tenuis spp. viscidus) 35a. Stamens 2; flower almost regular……………...……………………87 35b. Stamens with anthers 4……………...………………………………36 36a. Mostly annual plants…………………...……………………………57 36b. Perennial plants (woody base)…………………………………..…. 37 37a. Fifth stamen as a sterile filament………………………………...….39 37b. Sterile filament not present…………………………………...……..38 38a. Tall, herbaceous plant, 3 to 6 ft., with small cup-like, dark-red flowers, 1/3 in. long; moist slopes in foothills of Sacramento Valley north to Butte County; late spring. CALIFORNIA FIGWORT Califor nia Bee Plant (Scrophularia californica) 38b. Showy shrub, 1 to 3 ft. high, with many apricot-colored flowers, each 2 to 3 in. long; foothills, Plumas County south; late spring. PLUMAS BUSH MONKEY FLOWER (Mimulus bifidus) 39a. Flower blue, purple, or red………………...………………………...40 39b. Flower yellowish or whitish; several stems from base,] ½ to 2 ft. high; corolla less than ½ in. long, white with dark markings; rather common, Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges to Oregon; summer. HOT-ROCK PENSTEMON, Scabland Penstemon (Penstemon deustus and ssp.) 40a. Flower blue or purple (sometimes reddish at base)………………... 43 40b. Flower rose or red………………...…………………………………41 41a. Anthers densely woolly………………………..……………………42 41b. Anthers not densely woolly; flower brick red; stems 10 to 16 in. high, rising from a dense evergreen mat; rocky ledges, foothills and mountains, Sierra Nevada to Shasta County; summer and fall. SCROPHULARIACEAE 36

REDWOOD PENSTEMON, Thyme-Leaf Penstemon (Keckiella corymbosa) 42a. Flower rose-red; stems 5 to 12 in. high, woody and creeping, forming mats; rocky ledges, 5000 to 11,000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Mt. Shasta; summer. MOUNTAIN PRIDE, Newber r y Penstemon (Penstemon newberryi and ssp.) 42b. Flower deep rose; plant stems woody, creeping but rising to 4 in. high, rocky places 6000 to 7000 ft., Tehama County north. ROCK PENSTEMON (Penstemon rupicola) 43a. Flower less than ¾ in. long…...……………………………………..50 43b. Flower ¾ to 1¾ in long……...……………………………………...44 44a. Flower a deep blue or blue-purple……………………...…………...46 44b. Flower a dull purple or rose-violet……..…………………………...45 45a. Plant ½ to 1 ft. high; herbage ashy green with very fine hairs; sandy slopes, 3500 to 7300 ft., Modoc and Lassen Counties; late spring and summer. GOLDEN-TONGUED PENSTEMON, Malheur Penstemon (Penstemon janishiae) 45b. Plant 1 to 2½ ft. high; herbage minutely soft-silky; lips of corolla may be a clear blue; dry hill slopes below 5000 ft.; Trinity and Butte Counties south. PURDY’S FOOTHILL PENSTEMON, Pur dy’s Chaparral or Tinted Penstemon (Penstemon heterophyllus var. purdyi) 46a. Leaf thickish…………………...……………………………………47 46b. Leaf not thickish, may appear so due to powdery surface, but not frosted………………………………………………..……...48 47a. Leaf glabrous, but frosted in appearance, 1 to 4 in long; stems in erect clumps ½ to 2½ ft. high; flower cluster showy due to many large flowers; dry plains 3500 to 8000 ft., mostly east of mountains, from Oregon south in Sierra Nevada; late spring and summer. SHOWY PENSTEMON, Royal Penstemon (Penstemon speciosus) 47b. Leaf glandular, ¼ to ¾ in. long; plant forming a creeping mat, flowering stems less than 4 in. high; rocky places 9000 to 12,000 ft.; Sierra Nevada north through Siskiyou and Modoc Counties. CREEPING PENSTEMON (Penstemon davidsonii var. davidsonii) 48a. Inflorescence with glandular hairs; flowers spreading from stem…..49 48b. Inflorescence without glandular hairs; flowers close to stem; leaf pale, 2/3 to 3 in long; open places in chaparral areas; Sierra Nevada foothills from Shasta County south; late spring and summer. SIERRA AZURE PENSTEMON (Penstemon azureus and ssp.) SCROPHULARIACEAE 37

49a. Herbage with a “bloom”; leaves crowded near base; corolla often tri-colored, showy; dry pine woods, Shasta and Lassen Counties south; late spring and summer. DERIVED PENSTEMON, Keck Penstemon (Penstemon neotericus) 49b. Herbage may be gray-green due to fine hairs, but not having a “bloom”; flowers somewhat scattered along stem; dry, wooded slopes of Sierra Nevada, 1200 to 8000 ft.; late spring and summer. GAY PENSTEMON (Penstemon laetus and ssp.) 50a. Inflorescence glandular……...………………………………………53 50b. Inflorescence not glandular………...………………………………..51 51a. Leaf linear, folded and recurved; corolla 1/3 to ½ in long; volcanic sands, Lassen County north to Oregon; summer. ASH PENSTEMON (Penstemon cinicola) 51b. Leaf lanceolate or oblanceolate to elliptic (Fig. 8)……..………….. 52 52a. Corolla ½ in. or less long, curved downward; plant in dense clumps; rocky slopes above 6500 ft., Sierra Nevada north. SMALL-FLOWERED PENSTEMON (Penstemon procerus) 52b. Corolla ½ to ¾ in. long, horizontal; plant with bright green Foliage; wet meadows, 4500 to 8000 ft., Glenn County to Oregon; late spring and summer. MEADOW PENSTEMON (Penstemon rydbergii var. oreocharis) 53a. Plant with a well developed basal rosette of leaves...……………….55 53b. Plant without a pronounced basal rosette of leaves……………...….54 54a. Leaf very narrow, thread-like, with edges rolled under; open rocky places in Shasta County; summer. THREAD-LEAVED PENSTEMON (Penstemon filiformis) 54b. Leaf oblanceolate, edges not rolled under; widespread in open conifer forests, Sierra Nevada to Oregon; summer. SLENDER PENSTEMON, (Penstemon gracilentus) 55a. Flowers in an almost capitate cluster; herbage deep green, glabrous…………………...…………………………………………56 55b. Flowers scattered along stem; herbage gray and slightly hairy; in volcanic gravel among sagebrush, Siskiyou and Modoc Counties. GRAY PENSTEMON, Ashen Penstemon (Penstemon humilis var. humilis) 56a. Plant usually less than 1 ft. tall; high altitude, Sierra Nevada from Plumas County south; summer. SIERRAN PENSTEMON, Her etic Penstemon (Penstemon heterodoxus) 56b. Plant usually more than 1 ft. high; mountain meadows, Shasta, Modoc, and Siskiyou Counties; summer. SHASTA PENSTEMON (Penstemon heterodoxus var. shastensis) SCROPHULARIACEAE 38

57a. Flower red, yellow, pink, or magenta……………...………………..64 57b. Flower white, blue, or violet……………………...…………………58 58a. Lower lip or corolla appearing 2-lobed; stamens included in keel….59 58b. Lower lip of corolla 3-lobed; stamens exserted from keel; stems very slender, ½ to 1 ft. high; shady slopes below 3000 ft., inner Coast ranges to Butte and Siskiyou Counties. TONELLA (Tonella tenella) 59a. Flowers crowded in whorl-like clusters along stem………………...62 59b. Flowers solitary or in small tight clusters, scattered over a much branched plant……………...………………………….60 60a. Plant mostly glabrous……...………………………………………...61 60b. Plant glandular hairy; leaves broadly linear; upper lip of corolla whitish with purple-dotted, yellow base, lower lip blue; damp places below 10,000 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Trinity, Siskiyou, and Modoc Counties. TORREY’S BLUE-EYED MARY (Collinsia torreyi and vars.) 61a. Corolla with white upper lip (sometimes slightly purplish at tips), violet-blue lower lip; moist, shady places 2500- 11,500 ft., Sierra Nevada to Modoc County. SMALL BLUE-EYED MARY (Collinsia parviflora) 61b. Corolla purple, upper lip lighter and purple-dotted; grassy places below 3000 ft., Butte County north. FOOTHILL COLLINSIA (Collinsia sparsiflora var. collina) 62a. Stems diffusely branched; leaves glabrous………………...………..63 62b. Stems simple, erect; leaves pubescent beneath, ovate, upper clasping; corolla yellow to white with purple markings; rocky places below 6000 ft., Shasta County south. BROWNSTAIN COLLINSIA (Collinsia tinctoria) 63a. Flower with lower lip violet and upper white with purple markings; showy plant of shady places in foothills, Sierra Nevada north to Shasta County; spring flowering. CHINESE HOUSES, Pagoda Collinsia, Innocence, Pink Collinsia (Collinsia heterophylla) 63b. Flower light rose-purple with dark veins and spots; sandy soils below 2000 ft., Coast ranges to Shasta County, south through Sierra Nevada foothills and Sacramento Valley WHITE CHINESE HOUSES (Collinsia bartsiifolia) 64a. Flower rose-purple or magenta-colored with various markings….....80 64b. Flower pink, scarlet, or yellow, not magenta…...…………………...65 65a. Flower yellow or yellow and white……………...………………….67 65b. Flower pink or scarlet…………………………...…………………..66 66a. Flower bright scarlet, 1-1/2 to 2 in. long; plant 2 to 3 ft. high, viscid; along streams and seepages below 8000 ft.; widespread; summer. SCROPHULARIACEAE 39

SCARLET MIMULUS, Scar let Monkey Flower (Mimulus cardinalis) 66b. Flower pink or rose, almost regular, 1 to 2 in. long, on long pedicels, 1½ to 4 in. long; herbage viscid; mountain streams and seepages 4000 to 10,000 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Oregon; summer. PINK MIMULUS, Lewis Monkey flower (M imulus lewisii) 67a. Both lips of corolla yellow, often with brown dots…...…………….68 67b. Upper lip of corolla white, lower yellow with red dots; plant 6 to 10 in. high; Sierra Nevada north to Shasta and Trinity Counties; spring. TWO-TONED MIMULUS (Mimulus bicolor) 68a. Corolla Strikingly 2-lipped…………...……………………………..77 68b. Corolla almost regular, may be slightly 2-lipped…………..……….69 69a. Herbage with a noticeable odor……………...……………………...75 69b. Herbage without noticeable odor……………...…………………….70 70a. Plant white-hairy, slightly viscid, 8 to 14 in. high; corolla yellow, often with deep red spots; common in moist, sandy places below 8000 ft., west side of Sierra Nevada north. DOWNY MIMETANTHE (Mimulus pilosus) 70b. Plant glandular to glabrous, but not white-hairy…………...………..71 71a. Flowers less than ½ in. long……………..………………………….73 71b. Flowers ½ in. or more long……...…………………………………..72 72a. Plant with purplish leaves widely spaced on stem; pedicels ¼ to ¾ in. long; flower light yellow, sometimes pinkish or almost white; wet places in foothills of Sacramento Valley; spring. BROAD-TOOTHED MONKEY FLOWER (Mimulus latidens) 72b. Plant with green leaves crowded near base; pedicels of flower long, 1 to 6 in., erect; mountain meadows, Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north to Oregon; summer. PRIMROSE MONKEY FLOWER, Little Yellow Monkey Flower (Mimulus primuloides). 73a. Pedicels conspicuous………………………...……………………...74 73b. Pedicels very short, almost lacking; plants glandular-hairy ½ to 2 in. high, flowers yellow or purplish; moist meadows, Plumas and Modoc Counties. PYGMY MONKEY FLOWER (Mimulus pygmaeus) 74a. Pedicels about ¼ in. long, equaling the calyx; bushy plant, glandular-hairy, often reddish, 2 to 3 in. high; moist places above 5000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. SUKSDORF’S MONKEY FLOWER (Mimulus suksdorfii) 74b. Pedicels about ½ in. or more long; glandular-hairy plant about 6 in. high; leaves palmately 3-veined; moist places 5000 to 7000 ft., Lassen and Modoc Counties. SHORT-FLOWERED MONKEY FLOWER (Mimulus breviflorus) SCROPHULARIACEAE 40

75a. Herbage musk-scented, slimy, covered with woolly or cobwebby hairs; leaf ovate or oblong…...…………………………..76 75b. Herbage with skunk odor, not slimy, somewhat hairy but not woolly or cobwebby; leaf linear to lanceolate, entire; flower ½ in. long, often red-dotted; montane, Sierra Nevada north to Lassen County; summer. SKUNK-LEAF MONKEY FLOWER (Mimulus mephiticus) 76a. Plant perennial; corolla ¾ to 1 in. long; lower leaves woolly; stream banks and seepage places; widespread; summer. MUSK FLOWER, Musk Plant (M imulus moschatus) 76b. Annual plant; corolla 1/3 to ½ in. long, light yellow; herbage with cobwebby hairs; seepages in foothills and mountains; widespread; spring and summer. FLORIFEROUS MONKEY FLOWER (Mimulus floribundus) 77a. Bracts of inflorescence more or less unite…...……………………...78 77b. Bracts of inflorescence distinct; leaf blades round-ovate, palmately veined, somewhat toothed; corolla ½ to 1 in. long, with 2 hairy ridges, usually with red-brown blotch on lower lip; wet sandy places below 7500 ft.; widespread. SNOUTED MONKEY FLOWER (Mimulus guttatus) 78a. Bracts of inflorescence completely united, forming a circular disk around the stem; plant glabrous or with a “bloom” 1 to 2 t. high; corolla 1 to 2 in. long, yellow SHIELD-BRACTED MONKEY FLOWER (Mimulus glaucescens) 78b. Bracts (or upper leaves) of inflorescence sessile and partly united, but not forming a circular disk……...………………..79 79a. Stems hollow, up to 3 ft. high, rooting at the nodes; herbage mostly glabrous; leaves palmately veined, toothed, sometimes clasping; flowers in racemes, pedicels shorter than corollas, corolla ¾ to 2 in. long, bright yellow with reddish brown dots; common in wet places below 10,000 ft.; very variable; widespread. COMMON MONKEY FLOWER (Mimulus guttatus and ssp.) 79b. Stems not hollow, mostly less than 1 ft. high, sometimes rooting at the nodes; leaves often slimy; flowers 1 to 3 on a stem, pedicels longer than corolla; corolla 1 to 2 in. long, yellow with brown-spotted ridges; wet banks, 6000 to 11,000 ft., Sierra Nevada north. LARGER MOUNTAIN MONKEY FLOWER (Mimulus tilingii) 80a. Corolla tube 1 in. or more long……...………………………………84 80b. Corolla tube ¾ in. or less long…………...………………………….81 SCROPHULARIACEAE 41

81a. Leaves much longer than the flowers; corolla tube ¼ to 1/3 in. long; flower usually magenta, occasionally with some yellow, in axils of leaves; plant low, 2 to 4 in. high; montane, Sierra Nevada to Lassen County; summer. LEAST-FLOWERED MONKEY FLOWER (Mimulus leptaleus) 81b. Flowers much exceeding the leaves…………………………………82 82a. Stigmas and at least some of the anthers extending beyond the corolla tube; corolla with yellow markings, its tube ½ to 2/3 in. long; plant ¾ to 4 in. high; in granite soil in mountains, Tehama and Lassen Counties north; spring and summer. DWARF MONKEY FLOWER (Mimulus nanus) 82b. Stigmas and anthers included within corolla tube………...………...83 83a. Corolla lobes nearly equal; corolla funnel-form, magenta, ½ to ¾ in. long; plant 4 to 8 in. high; valley and mountain flats, Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou County; summer. LAYNE’S MONKEY FLOWER (Mimulus layneae) 83b. Lower lip of corolla longer than upper; stem much branched, 2 to 10 in. high; corolla pink-purple with purple-dotted cream area within; montane, Sierra Nevada to Plumas County; summer. TORREY’S MONKEY FLOWER, Little Pink Monkey Flower (Mimulus torreyi) 84a. Corolla with lower lip almost as long as upper………..……………86 84b. Corolla with lower lip ½ as long as upper or less………...…………85 85a. Corolla with almost no lower lip, red-purple with darker throat; tube of corolla 1½ in. long; plant 1 to 2 In. high; leaf often purple beneath; wet slopes in foot- hills, Sierra Nevada to Oregon; spring. PURPLE MOUSE EARS, Br ownies (M imulus douglasii) 85b. Lower lip of corolla about ½ as long as upper lip; corolla tube about 1 in long, somewhat inflated at throat, with some yellow and white markings; plant 1 to 10 in. high; foothills, Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges to Shasta and Trinity Counties; spring. COWSLIP MIMULUS (Mimulus kelloggii) 86a. Leaves linear, almost basal; corolla tube 1 to 1½ in. long, spreading abruptly, magenta marked with purple and yellow dots; dried vernal pools, Sierra Nevada to Modoc County. NARROW-LEAVED PANSY MONKEY FLOWER (Mimulus angustatus) 86b. Leaves lanceolate, some on short stem; corolla tube 1-1/2 to 2 in. long, spreading gradually into a funnel-shaped throat, rose-purple, strikingly marked with purple, SCROPHULARIACEAE 42

yellow, and white; drying vernal pools below 2000 ft., Sacramento Valley; spring. TRICOLOR MONKEY FLOWER (Mimulus tricolor) 87a. Corolla tubular, the tube yellow with short white lips; stem somewhat succulent, 2 to 5 in. high; wet soil in foothills and lower mountains, Sierra Nevada to Oregon; spring. HEDGE-HYSSOP (Gratiola ebracteata spp.) 87b. Corolla almost round, one lobe larger than the other 3; flowers mostly sky blue with white center; roots of some species contain a violent emetic; moist places; widespread; spring and summer. SPEEDWELL (Veronica spp.) 88a. Corolla with a spur, yellow and white; flowers in terminal raceme; a disagreeable introduced weed in field and along roadsides; widespread but not common; summer. BUTTER-AND-EGGS (Linaria vulgaris) 88b. Corolla with enlarged sac at base of lower side, white or purplish; plant sticky hairy, 10 to 15 in. high; Sierra Nevada foothills to Shasta County; widespread; summer. SNAPDRAGON (Antirrhinum cornutum) 89a. Plant very woolly; leaves 6 to 12 in. long; flowers yellow in a very dense, long spike; widely distributed; spring and summer. COMMON MULLEIN, Flannel Mullein, Woolly Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) 89b. Plant glabrous; leaves 6 in. long or less; flowers yellow or white in a loose raceme; foothills and valley; widespread; late spring and summer. MOTH MULLEIN (Verbascum blattaria) FLAX FAMILY (Linaceae) 1a. Flower ¼ to 1/3 in. in diameter…………….…………………………2 1b. Flower ½ to 1 in. in diameter, sky blue; styles 5; several stems from base, leafy; leaf narrow, almost linear; widespread in mountains; spring and summer. WESTERN BLUE FLAX, Lewis Flax (Linum perenne ssp. lewisii) 2a. Flower yellow; styles 2, united; stem slender, branched. 3 to 9 in. high; leaves opposite, elliptic; moist meadows, Sierra Nevada to Oregon; summer flowering. NORTHWESTERN YELLOW FLAX (Linum digynum) 2b. Flower white or pinkish, never blue or yellow; styles 3, not united; stem branched from the base 5 to 16 in. high; leaf linear…...………..3 SCROPHULARIACEAE LINACEAE 43

3a. Single flower stalk (pedicel) only about ¼ in. long; rocky grasslands below 2000 ft., Coast ranges, Tehama County south. CALIFORNIA DWARF FLAX (Hesperolinon californicum) 3b. Single flower stalk ½ to 6 in. long; widespread in foothills, 1000 to 5000 ft. SMALL-FLOWERED DWARF FLAX (Herperolinon micranthum) FOUR-O’CLOCK FAMILY (Nyctaginaceae) 1a. Glabrous, more or less erect plant, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaf ovate, 2 to 5 in. long; involucre 3 to 10 flowered; dry slopes, below 3500 ft., inner Coast ranges, Colusa County to Siskiyou County. GREENE’S FOUR-O’CLOCK (Mirabilis greenei) FUMITORY FAMILY (Fumariaceae) 1a. Two outer petals alike; leaves basal………………………………….2 1b. One of outer petals spurred; petals white or cream - colored with purple tips; plant 1 to 3 ft. high; leaf bipinnate; flowers in a dense raceme; along streams in mountain meadows, Sierra Nevada to Plumas, Lassen and Shasta Counties; spring. SIERRA CORYDALIS, Fitweed Cor ydalis (Corydalis caseana ssp. caseana) 2a. Petals united, saccate, none spurred (Fig. 20); flower rose color, nodding, in large clusters; shady woods, Coast ranges and Sierra Nevada north to Oregon; spring and summer. PACIFIC BLEEDING HEART, Pink Dicentr a (Dicentra formosa) 2b. Petals distinct, outer pair with recurving tips………………………...3 3a. Flower solitary; outer petals recurved or spreading from near the base; plant 1 to 3 in. high; rocky slopes at high altitude; Sierra Nevada north to Oregon; summer. STEER’S HEAD (Dicentra uniflora) 3b. Flowers 1 to 3; outer petals spreading only at the tip; plant 4 to 5 in. high; volcanic soils; very local in the Salmon, Scott, and Trinity Mountains; summer. CALIFORNIA BLEEDING HEART, Few-flowered Bleeding- Heart (Dicentra pauciflora) LINACEAE NYCTAGINACEAE FUMARIACEAE 44