Keys for Identification of Wildflowers, Ferns, Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines of Northern California

GENTIAN FAMILY (Gentianaceae) 1a. Leaf simple (Fig. 9)…...…………………………………………….. 2 1b. Leaf trifoliate, basal, long-petioled; plant 8 to 15 in. high; flowers white, very hairy inside, in a raceme; mountain bogs and lake shores, Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou County; late spring and summer. BUCKBEAN, Common Bog-Bean (Menyanthes trifoliata) 2a. Corolla lobe with conspicuous fringed gland……...………………..12 2b. Corolla without glands…………………….………………………….3 3a. Flower yellow; minute annual less than 4 in. high; moist flats, Shasta and Tehama Counties; spring. TIM-WORT, Amer ican Micr ocala (Cicendia quadrangularis) 3b. Flower rose-pink or blue…………….………………………………..4 4a. Flower rose-pink…………….………………………………………..9 4b. Flower blue or purple, rarely white…………………………………..5 5a. Flower solitary…………….………………………………………….8 5b. Flowers clustered…………………….……………………………….6 6a. Corolla tubular, ½ to 1 in. long, with a fringe inside near the base; plant 1 to 1 ½ ft. high; moist mountain meadows, Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou County; summer. FELWORT, Ranger ’s Gentian, Rose Gentian (Gentianella amarella) 6b. Corolla more bell-shaped than tubular, may have dissected membrane between petals but no fringe inside corolla…….…………7 7a. Close terminal cluster of 1 to several flowers closely subtended by upper pair of leaves; flower deep blue, 1¼ to 1½ in. long; moist mountain meadows, Sierra Nevada to Trinity and Siskiyou Counties; summer. EXPLORER’S GENTIAN, Blue Gentian, Rainier Pleated Gentian (Gentiana calycosa) 7b. Flowers in upper axils of leaves, purple, about ¾ in. long; moist mountain meadows in Modoc County; summer. TRAPPER’S GENTIAN, Pr air ie Gentian, Closed Gentian, Rocky Mountain Pleated Gentian (Gentiana affinis var. ovata). 8a. Single stem 3 to 12 in. high; flower 1 to 1½ in. long, blue petal usually finely toothed; wet mountain meadows, Sierra Nevada to Tehama and Siskiyou Counties; summer. HIKER’S GENTIAN, (Gentianopsis simplex) 8b. Alpine dwarf with several somewhat decumbent stems 2 to 6 in. high; flower white to purple, 1 to 1¼ in,. long; alpine meadows, Sierra Nevada to Oregon; summer. ALPINE GENTIAN, Newber r y’s Gentian (Gentiana newberryi) 9a. Flower sessile or almost so; plant much branched, 2 to 9 in. high; corolla pink, ½ to 3/4 in. long…………………..……………. 11 GENTIANACEAE 45

9b. Flower pedicelled…...……………………………………………….10 10a. Stem slender, 8 to 14 in. high; flower pink, ½ in. long; growing near water, east side of Sierra Nevada to Lassen and Modoc Counties; summer. DESERT CENTAURY, Gr eat Basin Centaur y (Zeltnera exalta) 10b. Stem often much branched, 4 to 12 in. high; flower bright rose-pink with red-spotted white throat; common in foot- hill flats, north to Shasta County; late spring and summer. CANCHALAGUA, Beautiful or Pink Centaur y (Centaurium venustum) 11a. Plant of wet places, Sierra Nevada foothills bordering Sacramento Valley; summer. JUNE CENTAURY (Zeltnera davyi) 11b. Plant of alkaline ground, Siskiyou County; spring and summer. ALKALI CENTAURY (Zeltnera tricantha) 12a. Stem 10 to 18 in. in height with leaves in opposite pairs; leaf white-margined, almost linear, 3 to 9 in. long; corolla pale blue or whitish, purple-dotted; dry ridges, widespread in foothills; late spring and summer. FRASERA (Frasera albicaulis) 12b. Stem 2 to 6 ft. high, with leaves in whorls of 3 to 7; leaf narrowly oblong, 5 to 15 in. long, not white-margined;’ corolla greenish white, purple-dotted; open, coniferous woods, 5000 to 9000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges to Siskiyou County; summer. DEER TONGUE, Giant Swer tia (Swertia radiata) GERANIUM FAMILY (Geraniaceae) 1a. Stamens with anthers 5…………….…………………………………2 1b. Stamens with anthers 10…………………….………………………..5 2a. Leaf palmately lobed or toothed; heart-shaped at base (Figs. 7, 8), about as broad as long; flowers white, rose-red, or purple; grassy fields below 3500 ft.; inner Coast ranges from Tehama County south. LARGE-LEAVED FILAREE (Erodium macrophyllum ) 2b. Leaf pinnately parted or compound, not heart-shaped at base (Fig. 7) (Fig. 9)……………………..…………………….……. 3 3a. Leaf pinnately parted; petals rose-purple, 1/3 in. long; sepal with prominent reddish tip; widespread at low elevations, plains; in April. BIG HERONBILL, Long-beaked Filaree (Erodium botrys) GENTIANACEAE GERANIACEAE 46

3b. Leaf pinnately compound; petals ¼ in. long……………….…………4 4a. Leaflet merely toothed; stipules large; petals rose-purple, not spotted; rather coarse plant of roadsides and cultivated fields; widespread at low altitudes; March. WHITE-STEMMED FILAREE, Musk Her onbill (Erodium moschatum) 4b. Leaflet pinnatifid; stipules small; petals rose-lavender, 2-spotted; stems usually reddish; widespread below 6000 ft.; blooming from February into summer. RED-STEMMED FILAREE, Alfilar ia, Pin Clover , Pin Grass, Storksbill, Heronbill (Erodium cicutarium) 5a. Petal about ¼ in. long; introduced annual……………………………6 5b. Petal ½ to 1 in. long; native perennial.……………………………….7 6a. Lobes of upper leaves acute; segments of fruits with short stiff, spreading hairs; flowers red-purple; widespread in open places below 3000 ft. CUT-LEAF GERANIUM (Geranium dissectum) 6b. Lobes of upper leaves obtuse; segments of fruits densely covered with long ascending hairs; flowers pale pink; widespread in shady places below 5000 ft. CAROLINA GERANIUM or CRANESBILL (Geranium carolinianum) 7a. Petals glabrous except for hairs along the margin at the base, deep rose-purple, not veined; leaves and stems hairy; meadows 2500 to 5000 ft., Siskiyou County. WOODLAND GERANIUM (Geranium oreganum) 7b. Petals hairy on the inner surface, veined…….……………………….8 8a. Petals hairy less than 1/3 their length from the base; plants of extreme northern part of California……………….……………….9 8b. Petals hairy for ½ or more of their length from the base; white or pinkish with purple veins; moist meadows 4000 to 9000 ft., Sierra Nevada. LITTLE-DICK GERANIUM, Richar dson’s Geranium (Geranium richardsonii) 9a. Petioles of basal leaves with glandular hairs; petals pink to rose-purple, dark veined; open woods in Siskiyou County. STICKY GERANIUM (Geranium viscosissimum) 9b. Petioles of basal leaves with hairs but not glandular; petals rose-purple, veined; grassy places near streams, 5000 to 6000 ft., Modoc County. TETON GERANIUM (Geranium viscosissimum) GERANIACEAE 47

GOURD FAMILY (Cucurbitaceae) 1a. Flower flat, saucer-shaped, greenish white; trailing stem 9 to 20 ft. long; fruit globose, densely covered with spines; valley floors or low hills below 5000 ft., Butte County south; spring. VALLEY MAN-ROOT, Chillicothe, Big-Root, Wild Cucumber, Common Man-Root (Marah fabacea var. agrestis) 1b. Flower campanulate, white; trailing stem 4 to 8 ft. long; fruit almost globose with relatively few weak spines; foothills below 2500 ft., Sierra Nevada from Shasta County south; spring. TAW MAN-ROOT (Marah watsonii) HEATH FAMILY (Ericaceae) For woody plants over 2 ft. high, see Key for Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines, page 123. 1a. Ovary superior (free from calyx, Fig. 2)…………………………….. 3 1b. Ovary inferior (attached to calyx, Fig. 2)…………………………… 2 2a. Branchlets round or nearly so; berry blue-black; leaves brilliant red in fall; wet meadows, 7000 to 12,000 ft., Sierra Nevada north. SIERRA BILBERRY (Vaccinium caespitosum) 2b. Branchlets angled; berry red; rocky woods, 6000 to 7000 ft., Siskiyou County. LITTLE-LEAF HUCKLEBERRY (Vaccinium scoparium) 3a. Leaf scale-like, closely appressed to stem, fragrant; flower urn-shaped, white touched with red on stamen and sepals; rocky ridges at high altitudes; widespread; summer. LOVE HEATHER, White Heather , Wester n Mountain Heather, Mertens Cassiope (Cassiope mertensiana) 3b. Leaf not scale-like, edges rolled under; flowers rose or pink.………..4 4a. Leaves oblong, opposite, and somewhat scattered along stem; flower saucer-shaped with 10 pockets enclosing anthers; young foliage poisonous to sheep; wet mountain meadows, Sierra Nevada to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties; summer. SWAMP LAUREL, Bog Kalmia (Kalmia polifolia var. microphylla) 4b. Leaves linear, crowded on stem; flower without pockets.……………5 5a. Corolla bowl-shaped, 5-cleft to middle; stamens extending beyond petals, rocky ledges at high altitudes, Sierra CUCURBITACEAE ERICACEAE 48

Nevada to Shasta County; summer. HIKER’S HEATHER, Pur ple or Br ewer ’s Mountain Heather (Phyllodoce breweri) 5b. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed; stamens shorter than petals; high montane, Trinity and Siskiyou Counties; summer. CASCADE HEATHER, Pink Mountain Heather , Red Heather (Phyllodoce empetriformis) HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY (Caprifoliaceae) For woody plants over 2 ft. high, see Key for Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines, page 123. 1a. A creeping plant ½ to 1 ft. long; leaf shiny, evergreen; flowers dainty pink, nodding, in pairs at the summit of slender peduncles; shady woods in mountains, Trinity and Plumas Counties north to Oregon; spring and summer. TWIN FLOWER (Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora) IRIS FAMILY (Iridaceae) 1a. Sepals spreading or recurved; petals narrower and erect; style divided into 3 petal-like branches; hybrids frequently found….……………...5 1b. Sepals and petals alike, spreading; style branches not petal-like; common on moist grassy slopes……………………….….2 2a. Flower ¾ in. or less long.……………………………………………..3 2b. Flower ¾ in. or more long, reddish purple; moist places in hills and mountains; from Lassen County north and west; summer. PURPLE-EYED GRASS (Sisyrinchium douglasii) 3a. Flower purplish blue, usually yellow at base…….…………………...4 3b. Flower orange-yellow with dark veins, about ½ in. long; plant slender, less than 8 in. high; wet places 4000 to 8500 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Plumas and Trinity Counties. SIERRA GOLDEN-EYED GRASS (Sisyrinchium elmeri) 4a. Stem simple, leafless, with a single terminal flower cluster; wet mountain meadows, Sierra Nevada north to Siskiyou County. IDAHO BLUE-EYED GRASS (Sisyrinchium idahoense) 4b. Stem having 1 or more leaf-bearing nodes, each with a flower cluster; widespread in open grassy places below 3000 ft.; more common near Coast, but found in foothills of Sierra Nevada and inner Coast ranges. ERICACEAE CAPRIFOLIACEAE IRIDACEAE 49

BLUE-EYED GRASS (Sisyrinchium bellum) 5a. Perianth-tube (Fig. 22) ½ in. or less long…….………………….…...8 5b. Perianth-tube more than ½ in. long……………………………….….6 6a. Perianth-tube ½ to ¾ in. long, slender immediately above the ovary, then widening into an enlarged throat; petals creamy yellow, sepals conspicuously gold-veined; dry shady slopes, 3000 to 4000 ft., Plumas County. PLUMAS IRIS (Iris hartwegii ssp. pinetorum) 6b. Perianth-tube 1 ½ in. or more in length, slender……………………..7 7a. Upper part of perianth-tube widened, forming a conspicuous throat; petals cream with distinct veining; leaves gray-green, pinkish or reddish at the base; dry sunny woods, Butte to Siskiyou County. SHASTA IRIS (Iris tenuissima) 7b. Perianth-tube without a distinct throat may be 4 to 5 in. long; flower cream , yellow, lavender, or blue-purple, usually distinctly veined; wooded slopes below 3000 ft., Sierra Nevada and inner Coast ranges, Tehama County south. GROUND IRIS (Iris macrosiphon) 8a. Flowering stem more or less branched; 1 to 2 flowers in a cluster, lilac or whitish with purple veins; meadows 3000 to 11,000 ft., east slope of Sierra Nevada to Modoc County. WESTERN BLUE-FLAG (Iris missouriensis) 8b. Flowering stem simple; 1 to 3 flowered; flowers cream, yellow or lavender; wooded slopes, 2000 to 6000 ft., west side of Sierra Nevada Butte County south. HARTWEG’S IRIS (Iris hartwegii) LILY FAMILY (Liliaceae) 1a. A prickly vine climbing by tendrils; flowers small and greenish, followed by shiny green berries which turn black with age; usually near streams below 5000 ft., Butte or Siskiyou County. GREENBRIER, Califor nia Smilax (Smilax californica) 1b. Plant erect…………………………………………………………….2 2a. Stem bearing a whorl of 3 large (21/2 to 7 in. long), net-veined, sessile leaves at summit; single white or yellowish flower, sessile or with peduncle; shady mountain slopes or canyons to Siskiyou County. TRILLIUM (Trillium spp.) 2b. Leaves various but not in a whorl of 3 at the summit of stem…..……3 3a. Perianth segments distinct or almost so………………………..……..5 3b. Perianth segments united below into a tube (Fig. 13); flowers with bracts……………………………………………………………...…..4 IRIDACEAE LILIACEAE 50

4a. Flowers in a raceme (Fig. 10); creamy white perianth segments reflexed, making flower appear irregular; leaves linear, mostly basal; dry, hard soil of foothills, Butte and Tehama Counties south. HARTWEG’S ODONTOSTOMUM (Odontostomum hartwegii) 4b. Flowers not in a raceme, but in a central cluster on the ground with ovaries underground; flower showy, white and fragrant; leaves linear, mountain valleys from Sierra County north; spring. SAND LILY, Common Star Lily, Mountain Lily (Leucocrinum montanum) 5a. Perianth segments mostly ½ in. or less long…...……………………37 5b. Perianth segments more than ½ in long..……………………………..6 6a. Stem leafy…………………………………………...………………25 6b. Stem with few, if any, leaves and those more or less reduced……….7 7a. Plant with basal whorl or tuft of linear leaves……...……………….45 7b. Plant usually with 1 to 3 long basal leaves and reduced stem leaves.. 8 8a. Perianth segments of two types, the inner broad and showy, often with a gland at base; leaves narrow……………...………………….13 8b. Perianth segments alike or nearly so; 2 or 3 broad basal leaves, flowers solitary or several……………….…………………….……...9 9a. Flower white or lavender…………………………………………....10 9b. Flower cream or yellow, not purple when newly bloomed……...….11 10a. Flower pure white, bell-shaped; shady forests, 3500 to 6000 ft., Sierra Nevada north. BRIDE’S BONNET, Queen Cup, Alpine Beauty, White Clintonia (Clintonia uniflora) 10b. Flower lavender, often with darker purple markings at base of petals; leaves mottled; foothills, Siskiyou County. HENDERSON FAWN LILY (Erythronium hendersonii) 11a. Flower cream-colored……………………………………………….12 11b. Flower yellow; leaves not mottled; open woods, 6000 ft., Siskiyou and Trinity Counties YELLOW LAMB’S TONGUE, Yellow Fawn Lily, Yellow Dog- Tooth Violet (Erythronium grandiflorum) 12a. Leaves not mottled, stigma entire; flower cream, turning purplish with age; mountain slopes, Sierra Nevada, Shasta County south PURPLE FAWN LILY, Sier r a Fawn Lily (Erythronium purpurascens) 12b. Leaves mottled; stigma lobed; flower cream-colored with yellow at base of petals; brushy areas in foothills, Tehama and Butte Counties south. HARTWEG’S FAWN LILY, Sier r a Fawn Lily (Erythronium multiscapoideum) LILIACEAE 51

13a. Flower globe-shaped and nodding…………………………………..23 13b. Flower campanulate and usually erect………...…………………….14 14a. Capsule erect; basal leaves linear and shorter than stem…………....17 14b. Capsule usually nodding; single basal leaf longer than stem……….15 15a. Flower yellow with yellow hairs; leaves usually bluish green; foot- hill slopes of Sierra Nevada from Shasta County south. YELLOW STAR TULIP, Yellow Pussy Ear s (Calochortus monophyllus) 15b. Flower white to purplish blue…...…………………………………..16 16a. Stem usually simple; petal conspicuously fringed, bearded just above gland; open places in woods, 3500 to 7500 ft., Sierra Nevada, Lassen and Tehama Counties south. BEAVERTAIL GRASS (Calochortus coeruleus) 16b. Stem branched; petal only slightly fringed, if at all; bearded over most of inner surface; dry grassy places below 6000 ft., Coast ranges south to upper Sacramento Valley. PUSSY EARS (Calochortus tolmiei) 17a. Flower cream or yellow and variously marked…..…………………20 17b. Flower lilac (sometimes white)………….………………………… 18 18a. Petals with median green stripe……...……………………………...19 18b. Petals without green stripe and with only a few hairs or none near the gland; flower usually white but may have a touch of blue or purple; damp places 4000 to 7500 ft., Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou County. SIERRA STAR TULIP, Naked Star Tulip (Calochortus nudus) 19a. Sepals generally shorter than petals; petal less than 2 in. long, white to lilac with a dark red or purple spot above the gland; gland de- pressed, circular, and surrounded by a conspicuously fringed membrane and densely covered with processes; dry, brushy slopes, 5000 to 9000 ft., east side of Sierra Nevada to Oregon. SEGO LILY (Calochortus bruneaunis var. panamintensis) 19b. Sepal equaling or longer than petal; petals 2 to 3 in. long; sandy soil often growing up through sagebrush; 4000 to 6000 ft., Lassen, Shasta, Siskiyou and Modoc Counties. GREEN-BANDED STAR TULIP (Calochortus macrocarpus) 20a. Petal penciled and usually with a red or brown spot above the densely hairy gland…...……………………………………………..21 20b. Petal white (sometimes purplish), green at the base with an inky spot above the densely hairy gland; mountain slopes, Shasta County south SMOKY MARIPOSA, Leichtlin’s Mariposa (Calochortus leichtlinii) 21a. Petal yellow; dry open land in valley and foothills bordering Sacramento Valley. YELLOW MARIPOSA (Calochortus luteus) LILIACEAE 52

21b. Petal white or cream, sometimes tinged with lavender or yellow, dark blotch surrounded by yellow………………..…………………22 22a. Gland shaped like an inverted “V”; open slopes up to 5000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges from Shasta County south. SUPERB MARIPOSA LILY (Calochortus argillosus) 22b. Gland crescent-shaped; heavy clay soils, 1500 to 2500 ft., north Coast ranges, Shasta and Butte Counties PURDY’S MARIPOSA LILY (Calochortus vestae) 23a. Mature plant 3 to 6 ft. high…………...……………………….…….31 23b. Mature plant less than 3 ft. high………………………...…….…….24 24a. Flower white with purplish tine; wooded slopes below 5000 ft., in Sierra Nevada, Butte County south. WHITE GLOBE LILY, White Fair y Lanter n, Satin Bell (Calochortus albus) 24b. Flower bright yellow; brushy slopes above 700 ft., inner Coast Ranges Colusa County south, GOLDEN LANTERN (Calochortus pulchellus) 25a. Flower rose-colored; adobe soil bordering Sacramento Valley. ADOBE LILY, Pink Fr itillar y, Wine-colored Fritillary (Fritillaria pluriflora) 25b. Flower red, yellow or brown, foothills and forest slopes………...…26 26a. Flower bright red speckled with yellow, nodding, with tips of petals recurved; forest slopes, Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges to Oregon. SCARLET FRITILLARY (Fritillaria recurva) 26b. Flower yellow, greenish, or brownish……..………………………..27 27a. Flower yellow, turning reddish with age, nodding; plant 3 to 9 in. high; wooded slopes, Sierra County to Oregon. YELLOW FRITILLARY (Fritillaria pudica) 27b. Flower greenish or brownish, not changing color with age…...…….28 28a. Flower brownish…………………………………………...….…….29 28b. Flower yellowish green with a very foul odor; adobe fields in valley; Sacramento Valley floor; spring. STINK BELLS, Ill-scented Fritillary (Fritillaria agrestis) 29a. Perianth segments evenly colored; flower ½ to 1 in. long; pine woods, Plumas County south; spring. BROWN BELLS, Mission bells, Rice Root, Br own Lily, Br onze Bells (Fritillaria micrantha) 29b. Perianth segments mottled with yellowish green……..…………….30 30a. Flower 1 in. (about) in length; brushy hills in early spring; Butte County. BUTTE CHECKER LILY (Fritillaria eastwoodiae) 30b. Flower less than 1 in. long; widespread; high mountains. PURPLE FRITILLARY, Br own Fr itillar y, Br onze Bells (Fritillaria atropurpurea) LILIACEAE 53

31a. Perianth segments dull white; less that 1 in. long, coarse plants with pleated leaves, ½ to 1 ft. long; poisonous to stock; widespread; wet meadows in mountains below 11,000 ft; summer flowering. CORN LILY, Califor nia False Hellebor e, White Hellebor e, Cow Cabbage, Indian Poke, Devil’s Bit (Veratrum californicum) 31b. Perianth segments 2 in. or more long……………………………….32 32a. Flower white or pink, aging purplish……………………………….36 32b. Flower orange or yellow spotted with purple…………...…….…….33 33a. Plant of bogs or stream banks…………...…………………………..34 33b. Plant of dry chaparral or pine forest slopes; perianth segments 2 ½ to 4 in. long, recurving; Sierra Nevada, Butte County south; summer. HUMBOLDT’S LILY (Lilium humboldtii) 34a. Perianth segments barely 2 in. long……………………………...….35 34b. Perianth segments 2 to 3 in. long, recurving about 2/3 of length; widespread; summer. TIGER LILY, Leopar d Lily (Lilium pardalinum) 35a. Perianth segments recurving only at the tip; Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 6500 ft., summer. SMALL TIGER LILY, Sier r a Lily, Little Alpine Lily (Lilium parvum) 35b. Perianth segments recurved almost to base; flower nodding, yellow with maroon dots, sometimes orange toward tips, Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 10,500 ft., north to Trinity and Siskiyou Counties. PURDY’S LILY (Lilium kelleyanum) 36a. Perianth segments 3 to 4 in. long, slightly recurved at tip; chaparral slopes of higher foothills, Sierra Nevada to Oregon; flowering in summer. WASHINGTON LILY, Shasta Lily (Lilium washingtonianum and vars.) 36b. Perianth segments 1 ½ to 3 in. long, recurving about 1/3 of length; chaparral slopes, Siskiyou and Trinity Counties; spring. CHAPARRAL LILY, Redwood Lily, Ruby Lily, Lilac Lily, (Lilium rubescens) 37a. Styles 3 and distinct...……………………………………………….40 37b. Style 1, entire or 3-lobed…………………………………………….38 38a. Plant with leafy stem; fruit a red berry……………………...………46 38b. Plant with naked stem (may have a few bract-like leaves) and basal leaves; flowers in a raceme……...…………………………………..39 39a. Flower yellowish green; stamens woolly; capsule salmon-colored; mountain bogs; Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada, 2500 to 8500 ft.; spring. BOG ASPHODEL (Narthecium californicum) 39b. Flower white tinged with pink or green; stamens not woolly; along mountain streams or seepages, from Nevada County north. LILIACEAE 54

SCHOENOLIRION, White-flowered Schoenolirion (Hastingsia alba) 40a. Many white or cream-colored flowers in a raceme or panicle (Fig 10)………….…………………………………………………. 41 40b. Greenish white flowers in groups of 3 in a dense head; fruit a showy red capsule; mountain gobs, Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges up to 10,000 ft. WESTERN TOFIELDIA, Tall Tofieldia (Triantha occidentalis spp. cccidentalis) 41a. Perianth segment with gland at base…...……………………………42 41b. Perianth segment without gland; plants 2 to 6 ft. high with dense tuft of narrow, rough-edged leaves; flower cluster showy, ½ to 1 ½ ft. long; widespread; dry mountain ridges below 6000 ft. ELK GRASS, Squaw Gr ass, Fir e Lily, Wester n Tur key-Beard, Bear Grass, Sour Grass (Xerophyllum tenax) 42a. Raceme simple; margin of petal infolded; poisonous to cattle and sheep; widespread; wet meadows in mountains below 8000 ft. DEATH CAMAS, Meadow Death Camas, Deadly Zygadene (Zigadenus venenosus) 42b. Raceme more or less compound (panicle)…..……………………... 43 43a. Stamens longer than petals, anthers yellow; gland green; stem 1 to 2 ft. high; dry places, 4000 to 7000 ft. Nevada County to Siskiyou County. SAND-CORN (Zigadenus paniculatus) 43b. Stamens shorter than petals………...………………………………..44 44a. Leaf ¾ in. wide, folded and arched; petal greenish yellow, ½ in. long adobe fields and grassy slopes below 3500 ft. Butte County north. STAR LILY , Star Zygadene (Zigadenus fremontii) 44b. Leaf 1 in. wide; basal leaves in a conspicuous, sheathing tuft, anthers white; wooded slopes. 2000 to 4000 ft. west slope of Sierra Nevada, Butte County north. GIANT ZYGADENE (Zigadenus exaltatus) 45a. Blue (rarely white) flowers in a raceme; plant 1 to 2 ½ ft. high, wide- spread; wet mountain meadows. CAMAS (Camassia spp.) 45b. White, purple-veined flowers in open panicle; plant tall, 2 to 6 ft. high, evening blooming; widespread; dry foothills, summer. SOAP PLANT (Chlorogalum spp.) 46a. Large panicle of minute white flowers at top of leafy stem; wide- spread; shady woods, below 6000 ft. FALSE SOLOMON’S SEAL (Smilacina racemosa) LILIACEAE 55

46b. Pendant, bell-shaped, greenish flowers about ½ in. long, occurring solitary or in small groups; shady woods below 5000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Oregon. HOOKER’S FAIRY BELL (Disporum hookeri) LOASA FAMILY (Loasaceae) 1a. Plant 1 ½ to 5 ft. high with shining white stems; flower showy, 3 to 5 in. in diameter; gravelly places in river bottoms and on hill slopes; widespread in Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada below 8500 ft.; summer and fall. BLAZING STAR (Mentzelia laevicaulis) 1b. Plant less than 16 in. high; flower ½ in or less in diameter.………….2 2a. Flowers congested in compact clusters partly concealed by the floral bracts…………….……………………………………………..3 2b. Flowers solitary or in small axillary clusters (Fig.10) not concealed by floral bracts…………………….………………………4 3a. Floral bracts white membranous, broad, and 3-lobed; petals pale yellow with an orange base; loose soil, 4000 to 9000 ft., east side of Sierra Nevada north. VENTANA STICK-LEAF (Mentzelia congesta) 3b. Floral bracts green; petals pale yellow, dry places below 5000 ft., Trinity County. SMALL-FLOWERED STICK-LEAF (Mentzelia micrantha) 4a. Petal yellow with small orange spot at base; dry plains; widespread especially east of Sierra Nevada below 7000 ft. NADA STICK-LEAF (Mentzelia dispersa) 4b. Petal all yellow; stem usually very white, sometimes reddish tinged; east side of Sierra Nevada below 10,000 ft., spring and summer. KUHA, White-Stem Mentzelia, White-Stem Stick-Leaf (Mentzelia albicaulis) LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY (Lythraceae) 1a. Floral tube globular; leaves linear, opposite and auricled; flowers purple, minute, several in leaf axils; plant 4 to 15 in. high; wet places at low elevation, Sacramento Valley. LONG-LEAFED AMMANIA (Ammania coccinea) 1b. Floral tube cylindric 8 to 12 ribbed; leaves linear, usually alternate, sessile; flowers solitary, sessile in leaf axils, minute, whitish or LILIACEAE LOASACEAE LYTHRACEAE 56

purplish; moist places below 5000 ft., Sacramento Valley and surrounding foothills. HYSSOP LOOSESTRIFE or GRASS POLY ( Lythrum hyssopifolia) MADDER FAMILY (Rubiaceae) For woody plants over 2 ft. high, see Key for Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines, page 123. 1a. Diffuse, reclining or climbing plants with slender, rough square stems narrow, apparently whorled leaves and small white flowers; wide- spread; wooded slopes or boggy places in valley or foothills; spring and summer. BEDSTRAW (Galium spp.) 1b. Slender, diffuse, erect plant with narrow opposite leaves; flowers pinkish; dry slopes, Sierra Nevada north or Oregon; summer. ROSE KELLOGGIA (Kelloggia galioides) MALLOW FAMILY (Malvaceae) 1a. Plant decumbent, white-hairy, ½ to 1 ft. long; flowers cream-white, 1 in. in diameter, solitary or in small clusters; widespread; saline soils in valleys; summer flowering. ALKALI MALLOW, Cr eeping Mallow, Star Mallow (Malvella leprosa) 1b. Plant erect or mostly so……….………………………………………2 2a. Stigma capitate; flowers axillary, rose-pink, 1 ½ in. in diameter; stem erect about 1 ft. high; lava beds, Shasta and Modoc Counties; summer flowering. LAVA MALLOW, Baker ’s Globe Mallow (Iliamna bakeri) 2b. Stigma not capitate, stigmatic surface along side of style…………....3 3a. Flower pale pink or bluish, ½ in. or less in diameter, in tight axillary clusters, 3 small bracts on base of calyx…………………….………..4 3b. Flower rose-pink or purplish; usually more than ½ in. in diameter, in terminal spikes or racemes….………………………………………...6 4a. Petals much surpassing the calyx……….…………………………….5 4b. Petals equaling or only slightly longer than the calyx; widely branching, erect plant; leaf with red spot at base of blade; wide- spread; gardens and waste lands; summer and fall CHEESE-WEED, Little Mallow (Malva parviflora) LYTHRACEAE RUBIACEAE MALVACEAE 57

5a. Stems procumbent; flower pale blue; fruit nearly smooth with rounded edges; widespread; gardens and waste places; summer and fall. DWARF MALLOW, Cheeses, Running Mallow, Round-leafed Mallow, Low Mallow (Malva neglecta) 5b. Stems erect and spreading; flower pale pink; fruit roughened and angled; waste areas, Sacramento Valley; summer and fall. BULL MALLOW (Malva nicaeensis) 6a. Spring flowering annual; stamen column not conspicuously divided into an outer and an inner series…………………...………………..10 6b. Summer flowering (mostly) perennials; stamen column conspicuously divided into an outer and an inner series….………………………….7 7a. Robust plants up to 4 ft. high, stems often decumbent and rooting; flowers pale pink 1 ½ to 2 ½ in. in diameter, in a loose raceme which may be more than 1 ft. long; Blue Oak and chaparral areas near Chico. PINE CHECKER (Sidalcea robusta) 7b. Plants seldom over 2 ft.; high; stems may be decumbent but so not root freely….………………………………………………………….8 8a. Plants with a striking whitish bloom; racemes loose, 3 to 12-flowered open grassy woods 3000 to 10,000 ft., Sierra Nevada north. BIRD CHECKER (Sidalcea glaucescens) 8b. Plants with only a slight bloom, if any; racemes many flowered, rather than compact…….……………………………………………..9 9a. Racemes spike-like; fruits not pitted, nearly smooth; mostly forest areas. OREGON CHECKER (Sidalcea oregana and ssp,) 9b. Racemes not spike-like; fruits pitted; petals pink or rose, often with prominent white lines. HILL CHECKER (Sidalcea malviflora and ssp.) 10a. Upper stipules divided into linear segments; bracts as long as calyx; plants 1 to 2 ft. high, hairy throughout; flowers large, purplish pink, often with purple spot; open slopes below 3000 ft. Sacramento Valley; foothills of Sierra Nevada. CUP SIDALCEA (Sidalcea diploscypha) 10b. Upper stipules mostly entire; bracts much shorter than calyx...…….11 11a. Mature plants densely hairy; many-flowered spikes of rose-purple flowers; vernal pools below 1000 ft. Shasta County south. WALLOW CHECKER (Sidalcea hirsuta) 11b. Mature plants mostly smooth, without hairs…...……………………12 12a. Outer filaments divided into groups; fruits smooth; mature plants somewhat branched, with few if any hairs; petals rose-purple; open places among trees, below 3500 ft., Sacramento Valley and foothills of Sierra Nevada. VALLEY SIDALCEA (Sidalcea hartwegii) MALVACEAE 58

12b. Outer filaments not divided into groups; fruits longitudinally grooved; petals light purple; swampy ground below 3000 ft., Shasta County south. SWAMP CHECKER (Sidalcea calycosa) MARTYNIA FAMILY (Martyniaceae) 1a. Flower yellow; leaves large; fruit with large curving claws Fig. 32); introduced plant along road-sides in Sacramento Valley; summer. YELLOW UNICORN PLANT, Yellow Devil’s Claw (Proboscidea lutea) 1b. Flower white or pinkish with darker markings; leaves large; fruit with large curving claws; an introduced weed, Sacramento Valley; summer blooming. DEVIL’S CLAW, Unicor n Plant (Proboscidea louisianica) MEADOW-FOAM FAMILY (Limnanthaceae) 1a. Flower with 3 entire, white, minute petals; glabrous plant, 2 to 12 in. high; mountain valleys 5000 to 9000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Modoc County; flowering in June. FALSE MERMAID (Floerkea proserpinacoides) 1b. Flowers with 5 petals about ½ in. long.………………………………2 2a. Petals about equal to or shorter than sepals, white, drying pink; vernal pools below 1000 ft., Butte County north. WOOLLY MEADOW-FOAM (Limnanthes floccosa) 2b. Petals as long as or longer than sepals…….………………………….3 3a. Petals notched at apex; white with rose pencilings, aging rose; anthers red; herbage mostly glabrous; several stems from the base somewhat succulent, 4 to 12 in. high; vernal pools in Sacramento Valley and lower foothills; spring flowering. VALLEY FOAM, Rose-flowered Meadow Foam (Limnanthes douglasii var. rosea) 3b. Petals only slightly, if at all, notched….……………………………...4 4a. Leaves 2 to 5 in. long, (including petiole), long-hairy, somewhat dissected; calyx with long curly hairs; petals white, aging pink; moist open places, 50 to 4000 ft., Butte County south. WHITE MEADOW-FOAM (Limnanthes alba) MALVACEAE MARTYNIACEAE LIMNANTHACEAE 59

4b. Leaves mostly glabrous; sepals only slightly hairy if at all, petals cream-colored becoming purple at tip; along foothill streams in Shasta County; flowering in late spring and summer. SHASTA MEADOW FOAM (Limnanthes alba var. versi-color) MILKWEED FAMILY (Asclepiadaceae) 1a. Stems flattened, prostrate; flowers purple outside, whitish within, in many flowered clusters terminal or axillary; a hairy plant of dry, serpentine outcroppings, 2000 to 5000 ft., inner Coast ranges north to Trinity County. SOLONO MILKWEED (Asclepias solanoana) 1b. Stems round, generally erect……………….…………………………2 2a. Leaf narrow, usually 1 in. or less in width; flowers in umbels, small, greenish white or purplish; foliage poisonous to stock; dry ground or valleys and foothills in colonies; widespread below 7000 ft., west of Sierra Nevada but not Coastal; summer. NARROW-LEAF MILKWEED, Silkweed, Mexican Milkweed, (Asclepias fascicularis) 2b. Leaf broad, more than 1 in. in width……….…………………………3 3a. Herbage glabrous, green and more or less purplish; leaves sessile, cordate, clasping; flowers dark red-purple; open slopes; widespread 500 to 6000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north; spring and summer. PURPLE MILKWEED (Asclepias cordifolia) 3b. Herbage woolly, especially when young….………………………….4 4a. Leaves in whorls of 2; corolla brown-pink or reddish purple, hoods pinkish white aging yellowish; foliage poisonous to stock; widespread below 6000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges; valleys along waterways ; spring and summer. CREEK MILKWEED, Showy Milkweed, Silkweed (Asclepias speciosa) 4b. Some leaves in whorls of 3 to 5; corolla creamy white, hoods pink or purplish-tinged, both turning buckskin color; dry valleys or foothills below 7000 ft., Shasta County south; summer. INDIAN MILKWEED, Kololo Milkweed, Woolly-Pod Milkweed (Asclepias eriocarpa) LIMNANTHACEAE ASCLEPIADACEAE 60

MILKWORT FAMILY (Polygalaceae) 1a. Many slender stems, 1 to 3 ft. high, woody below; flowers greenish yellow to a reddish purple; rocky slopes, 1000 to 5000 ft., Trinity and Siskiyou Counties and south in Sierra Nevada. SIERRA MILKWORT (Polygala cornuta) MINT FAMILY (Lamiaceae) For woody plants over 2 ft. high, see Key to Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines, page 123. 1a. Flowers in compact terminal heads or in dense spikes (the lower whorls may be somewhat separated)……..………………………... 26 1b. Flowers axillary or in discrete whorls at intervals along stem (upper whorls may be close together)………………………………………. 2 2a. Flowers or flower clusters in the axils of leaves….…………………..8 2b. Flowers in whorls that may be subtended by bracts but generally not in leaf axils……………………………………………………………3 3a. Flower blue, purple, or purplish red………………………………….6 3b. Flower grayish white to pale yellow……….…………………………4 4a. Plant erect or somewhat decumbent………….………………………5 4b. A creeping, matted plant with erect, leafless flowering stems, 4 to 16 in. tall; leaf gray-green, white-woolly beneath; corolla ¾ in or less long; dry slopes below 6500 ft., foothills of inner Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou County. CREEPING SAGE (Salvia sonomensis) 5a. A coarse, bushy, woolly plant, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves mostly basal up to 1 ft. in length; corolla ¾ to 1 in. long, upper lip strongly arched; an introduced plant in Lassen, Modoc, and Plumas Counties. MEDITERRANEAN SAGE (Salvia aethiopsis) 5b. Plant rough-hairy and glandular but not woolly, 1 to 2 ½ ft. high; flower white; wet meadows below 2000 ft., Glenn and Butte Counties south. SONOMA HEDGE NETTLE (Stachys stricta) 6a. Flower blue….………………………………………………………..7 6b. Corolla rose-purple or purple-veined; plant 2 to 3 ft. high, often decumbent; moist places below 8000 ft., Plumas, Butte and Trinity Counties north. RIGID HEDGE NETTLE (Stachys rigida) 7a. A low desert shrub, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaf entire, somewhat woolly, bracts and floral leaves often tinged with purple making a showy POLYGALACEAE LAMIACEAE 61

plant; mountain slopes east of Sierra Nevada, Plumas to Siskiyou County; spring and early summer. DESERT SALVIA, Deser t Sage (Salvia dorrii ssp. carnosa) 7b. Annual, 3 to 15 in. high; leaves mostly basal, pinnatifid, with rough, pebbly surface; bracts with sharp point, often purple; dry slopes, Sutter Buttes and west side of Sacramento Valley; spring CHIA (Salvia columbariae) 8a. Flowers solitary in axil of leaf; calyx with swelling at back……......19 8b. Flowers in clusters in axil of leaf……………………………..………9 9a. Flower white or yellowish………………………...………………...15 9b. Flower blue or purplish (rarely whitish) or magenta.……..….……. 10 10a. Flower magenta, ½ in long, upper lip erect and arched, lower spreading, and dotted; common garden weed, widespread. GIRAFFE HEAD (Lamium amplexicaule) 10b. Flower blue or purplish…...…………………………………………11 11a. Low creeping plant with almost round leaves; long petioled; flower purplish blue; shady places; a widespread escape, northern California GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND (Glecoma hederacea) 11b. Erect branching plant………...……………………………………...12 12a. Spicy-smelling plant with creeping rootstock; stems branching up to 2½ ft. high; in moist meadows below 7500 ft., widespread. FIELD MINT (Mentha arvensis) 12b. Ill-smelling plant without rootstocks; stamens much exserted; late summer and fall flowering…...……………………………………...13 13a. Corolla about ¼ in. or less long; herbage soft-hairy………...………14 13b. Corolla about ½ in. long; herbage rough-hairy, with pungent odor; widespread; common in dry fields below 3500 ft.; later summer and fall. TURPENTINE WEED, Vinegar Blue-Curls, Camphor or Vinegar Weed (Trichostema lanceolatum) 14a. Leaf oblong or oval; lavender-purple, in middle lobe of the lower lip white with purple spot at base; moist places in mountains, Sierra Nevada and inner Coast ranges to Modoc and eastern Siskiyou Counties; summer. MOUNTAIN BLUE-CURLS (Trichostema oblongum) 14b. Leaf lanceolate; flower blue; dry slopes, 2000 to 6000 ft., Trinity and Plumas to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties; late summer. SISKIYOU BLUE-CURLS (Trichostema simulatum) 15a. Stem and under side of leaf densely woolly; calyx with spiny hooked teeth; a much-branched weed of waste places in spring and summer. WHITE HOARHOUND (Marrubium vulgare) LAMIACEAE 62

15b. Herbage not white-woolly; calyx teeth not hooked…………...…….16 16a. Stamens 2; corolla white, nearly regular; flowers in axillary whorls; erect slender stem up to 3 ft. high; plants of wet places…..………...18 16b. Stamens 4…………………...……………………………………….17 17a. Lemon-scented herb with loose, axillary clusters of white flowers; stem slender, 1 to 4 ft. high; a garden escape, along streams; wide spread. GARDEN or LEMON BALM (Melissa officinalis) 17b. No noticeable odor to plant; flowers white with purple dots, densely crowded in axillary whorls; widespread; seepages and meadows in foothills and mountains; late spring and summer. SIERRA MINT (Pycnanthemum californicum) 18a. Leaves irregularly incised, narrowed to a short petiole; swamps and river bottoms, Sacramento Valley to Siskiyou County. CUT-LEAF WATER-HOARHOUND (Lycopus americanus) 18b. Leaves evenly toothed, sessile; swampy places below 1000 ft., Shasta County north. PACIFIC WATER-HOARHOUND (Lycopus asper) 19a. Flower white or creamy…………...………………………………...24 19b. Flower blue or purplish……………...………………………………20 20a. Stems erect, ½ to 2 ft. high, simple or branched………...…………..21 20b. Stems 2 to 8 in. high arising from tuberous rootstocks; flower 1 ½ to 2 in. long, purplish; shady wood, foothills below 5000 ft., surrounding Sacramento Valley; spring. DANNIE’S SKULLCAP, Tuber ous Skullcap (Scutellaria tuberosa) 21a. Leaf broad, toothed or entire, almost sessile; stem 1 to 2 ft. high; stream bottoms 4000 to 7000 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Shasta County; summer. MARSH SKULLCAP (Scutellaria galericulata) 21b. Leaf narrow, sometimes linear, toothed or entire; corolla violet-blue, 1 to 1 ½ in. long…...……….………………………………………..22 22a. Corolla 1 to 1 ½ in. long. throat open and gaping…...……………...23 22b. Corolla ½ to 1 in. long, throat closed; plant ½ to 1 ½ ft. high; leaves oblong, ½ to 1 in. long; moist places below 7000 ft., Sierra Nevada north. SNAPDRAGON SKULLCAP (Scutellaria anterrhinoides) 23a. Stems ½ to 1 ft. high, glabrous or with short upward-curving hairs; leaves very short-petioled; rocky places below 6500 ft., Sierra Nevada and inner coast ranges to Siskiyou county. AUSTIN’S SKULLCAP (Scutellaria siphocampyloides) 23b. Stems ½ to 1 ½ ft. high, glandular-pubescent, hairs little curved; leaves almost sessile; dry places below 5000 ft., Sierra Nevada LAMIACEAE 63

north to Butte County. GRAY-LEAFED SKULLCAP (Scutellaria siphocampyloides) 24a. Leaf broad and sessile or almost so; stem ½ to 1 ½ ft. high, leafy to the top; corolla throat hairy inside, the lower lip dotted with purple; moist meadows, 1000 to 4000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Plumas County; summer. SIERRA SKULLCAP, Bolander ’s Skullcap (Scutellaria bolanderi) 24b. Leaf narrow, petioled………...……………………………………...25 25a. Stem densely leafy, 2 to 3 in. high; corolla ½ to 1 in. long; volcanic soil, Plumas County to Oregon; summer. DWARF SKULLCAP (Scutellaria nana) 25b. Stem 5 to 15 in. high; corolla creamy or white , 2/3 to 1 in. long; brushy hillsides or open woods in mountains, Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges to Siskiyou County; summer. CALIFORNIA SKULLCAP (Scutellaria californica) 26a. Flowers in a compact head subtended by leafy bracts, which may be colored , showy; herbage fragrant; corolla nearly regular………......29 26b. Flowers in a spike, often dense…...…………………………………27 27a. Plant usually less than 10 in. high; flowers blue or purple………….31 27b. Plant 1 to 5 ft. tall, or more……...…………………………………..28 28a. Herbage glabrous or nearly so...…………………………………….32 28b. Herbage slightly hairy to woolly but seldom, if ever, glabrous; plant 1 to 3 ft. high; flower white with purple veins; moist places below 2500 ft., Glenn County south. SHORT-SPILED HEDGE-NETTLE (Stachys pycnantha) 29a. Plant an erect annual, ½ to 1 ½ ft. high; glabrous or slightly hairy above; bracts prominently green-veined; corolla rose-purple; common in dry places below 8000 ft., sierra Nevada from Shasta County south. MUSTANG MINT (Monardella breweri ssp. lanceolata) 29b. Plant with woody base, branched, often decumbent, more or less hairy………...……………………………………………………….30 30a. Outer bracts reflexed. leaf-like, usually purplish; dry, rocky places below 6000 ft., Sierra Nevada north. COYOTE-MINT (Monardella sheltonii) 30b. Outer bracts erect, membranous, purplish; corolla reddish purple; dry slopes 3000 ft. up, Sierra Nevada to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. MOUNTAIN MONARDELLA (Monardella glauca) 31a. Stem simple; herbage green without odor; leaf 1 to 3 in. long; wide spread; moist meadows and waste places in summer. LAMIACEAE 64

SELF HEAL, Heal-All, Carpenter’s Weed, Hook-Heal, Sicklewort (Prunella vulgaris and ssp.) 31b. Stem branching; herbage grayish green, very hairy, fragrant; leaf ½ to 1 ¼ in. long; dry vernal pools, Sacramento Valley and adjoining foot hills; late spring. POGOGYNE (Pogogyne spp.) 32a. Leaf sessile, oblong or narrow; flower pale lavender nearly regular; spike slender, flower clusters somewhat separated below; wet ground throughout state; summer. SPEARMINT (Mentha spicata) 32b. Leaf petioled, more or less triangular, toothed, 1 ½ to 4 in. long; flower cluster stout and compact, white or pinkish to lavender; mountain meadows, Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties; summer. NETTLE-LEAVED HORSE-MINT (Agastache urticifolia, also A. parviflora) MORNING-GLORY FAMILY (Convolvulaceae) 1a. Pair of bracts just below flower, almost covering the calyx; stems erect or trailing 4 to 12 in. long; plants white-wooly; flowers cream or white; dry slopes 3000 to 7500 ft., Sierra Nevada to Trinity and Siskiyou Counties. WOOLLY MORNING-GLORY (Calystegia malacophylla) 1b. Pair of bracts well down the petiole from the flower………………...2 2a. Bracts lobed; stems slender, trailing, 4 to 20 in. long; flower white or cream, 1 to 1 ½ in. long; dry, grassy slopes below 8500 ft., Sierra Nevada to Shasta County. SONORA MORNING-GLORY (Calystegia fulcrata) 2b. Bracts entire……………………….………………………………….3 3a. Prostrate or trailing plant…….……………………………………….4 3b. Plant climbing over chaparral shrubs, 2 to 20 ft. long; flower white or creamy; brushy slopes, Sierra Nevada north to Shasta County; late spring blooming. BRUSH MORNING-GLORY (Calystegia occidentalis) 4a. Corolla white, 1 to 1 ½ in. long; stem slender, 1 to 2 ft. long; wooded slopes. 1000 to 6000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Oregon; spring and summer MODOC MORNING-GLORY, Var iable Glor y-Bind (Calystegia occidentalis ssp. occidentalis) 4b. Corolla white, purplish, or pinkish outside, less than 1 in. long; stem prostrate, long; widespread; troublesome weed of roadsides and fields; spring and summer. ORCHARD MORNING-GLORY, Field Mor ning-Glory or Bindweed, Wild Morning-Glory, European Glory-Bind or Bindweed, Corn-Bind, Creeping Jenny (Convolvulus arvensis) LAMIACEAE CONVOLVULACEAE 65

MUSTARD FAMILY (Brassicaceae) 1a. Pod long and slender, several times longer than wide...…………….14 1b. Pod not more than twice as long as wide………….………………….2 2a. Pod heart-shaped; slender annuals with pinnately divided leaves and small white flowers; a widespread and very abundant weed; spring flowering. SHEPHERD’S PURSE, Lady’s Purse, St. James Weed (Capsella bursa-pastoris) 2b. Pod more or less circular or oblong in outline, not definitely heart- shaped…………….…………………………………………….…….3 3a. Pod margined all around with a wing, which may be wide or very narrow…………………………………………………...…….…….11 3b. Pod not winged all around……….…………………………………...4 4a. Pod covered with hooked hairs; small annuals with minute white flowers; widespread; foothills; spring PETTY ATHYSANUS, Dwar f Athysanus (Athysanus pusillus) 4b. Pod glabrous or pubescent, but hairs not hooked…….………………5 5a. Pod notched at apex……...………………………………………….10 5b. Pod not notched at apex………….…………………………………...6 6a. Leaf entire……………………….……………………………………8 6b. Leaf pinnately dissected or divided (Fig. 7, p. 6)…………….……... 7 7a. Herbage glabrous; plant 1 to 5 in. high; minute white flowers, pod almost round, flattened parallel to partition, which remains as a translucent “eye-glass” after sides of pod have fallen; moist, gravelly places east of Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou County; early spring. FLAT-POD (Idahoa scapigera) 7b. Herbage woolly pubescent; plant 2 to 7 in. high; petals white or pinkish; dry volcanic slopes, about 10,000 ft., Mt. Lassen. ALPINE SMELOWSKIA (Smelowskia ovalis var. congesta) 8a. Pod turgid, almost globose…………………………………………....9 8b. Pod not turgid, somewhat flattened parallel to the partition; flowers yellow or white, in racemes; mostly high altitudes, Sierra Nevada north to Oregon; spring and summer flowering. DRABA (Draba spp.) 9a. Flower yellow; plant 2 to 7 in. high; leaves simple; dry slopes, 5000 to 8000 ft., Siskiyou County. LESQUERELLA (Physaria occidentalis) 9b. Flower white; plant 1 to 1 ½ ft. high; woolly; a harmful, rapidly spreading weed along roadsides and in fields; widespread at low elevations. HOARY CRESS (Cardaria draba) BRASSICACEAE 66

10a. Leaf pinnately incised or divided; plant 4 to 16 in. height; flower small, white; pod often red or purple, more striking than flower; wide spread in fields and along roadsides. PEPPERGRASS (Lepidium spp.) 10b. Leaf undivided, clasping stem; plant 3 to 12 in. high with small white flowers; pod more or less winged; widespread. PENNY CRESS (Noccaea fendleri var. glauca) 11a. Pod margined but not winged; low-branching plant with yellowish white flowers. ¼ in. in diameter; a garden escape; Siskiyou County. SMALL ALYSSUM, Pale Alyssum, Yellow Alyssum (Alyssum alyssoides) 11b. Pod noticeably winged…………...………………………………….12 12a. Wing elongated, similar to an ash samara, becoming purple with age; flower yellowish, very small; stem branching near base, 1 to 3 ft. high; a troublesome, introduced weed in Siskiyou County. DYER’S WOAD (Isatis tinctoria) 12b. Pod with circular wing……...……………………………………….13 13a. Fruiting pedicels recurved over entire length; wing of pod perforated in var. elegans; a slender plant of the foothills; widespread; spring. FRINGE POD, Hair y Fr inge Pod, Lace Pod (Thysanocarpus curvipes and vars.) 13b. Fruiting pedicels straight or recurved only at the tip; plains of Sacramento Valley and surrounding foothills; spring. SPOKE POD, Ribbed Fr inge Pod (Thysanocarpus radians) 14a. Sepals, usually purplish, saccate at base and contracted above, producing a flask-shaped calyx; petals crinkly along edges; upper leaves entire, round, sessile, and clasping; widespread; dry foothills and mountains; summer blooming. STREPTANTHUS (Streptanthus spp.) 14b. Sepals not forming a flask-shaped calyx……...…………………….15 15a. Pod constricted between seeds and breaking into 1-seeded sections when mature; flowers ¾ in. in diameter, pale yellow, purple or white; common coarse weed in cultivated fields or along roadsides; wide spread; spring and summer. WILD RADISH, Gar den Radish (Raphanus sativus) 15b. Pod not noticeably constricted and not breaking between seeds when mature………………...……………………………………….…….16 16a. Flower white, pink, or purplish……………………...………………28 16b. Flower yellow (may be pale) or orange…………...………………...17 17a. Flower orange; erect plant 1 to 3 ft. high; hairy; dry, rocky slopes below 8000 ft., widespread. WESTERN WALLFLOWER (Erysimum capitatum) 17b. Flower yellow……………...………………………………….…….18 BRASSICACEAE 67

18a. Leaves simple, narrow, with entire or slightly toothed margin……..19 18b. Leaves, especially the basal, pinnately cleft into narrow lobes……..20 19a. Much branched annual, 1 to 2 ft. high; a tumbling invader of hayfields, Modoc and Lassen Counties. TREACLE MUSTARD (Erysimum repandum) 19b. A short-lived perennial, less than 1 ft. high; dry slopes, 7000 to 12,000 ft., inner Coast ranges and Sierra Nevada to Mt. Shasta. SIERRA WALLFLOWER (Erysimum capitatum ssp. perenne) 20a. Plant with a basal rosette of leaves…...……………………………..21 20b. Plant may have basal leaves but they do not form a definite rosette………………………………………………………………. 22 21a. Leaves of basal rosette withering early; hairy plants from 1 to 4 ft. high; dry slopes, 5000 to 11,000 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Trinity, Siskiyou and Modoc Counties. TANSY MUSTARD (Descurainia richardsonii) 21b. Leaves of basal rosette perennial; glabrous plants with angled stems, ½ to 1 ½ ft. high, stem leaves clasping; stream banks and damp meadows; widespread, 2500 to 11,000 ft. WINTER CRESS (Barbarea orthoceras) 22a. Flower very small, petal less than ¼; in. long………...…………….25 22b. Flower larger, petal about ½ in. long…...…………………………...23 23a. Pods spreading; upper stem-leaves clasping; plant 1 to 6 ft. high; cultivated fields; widespread. FIELD MUSTARD Common Yellow Mustar d (Brassica rapa) 23b. Pods erect, closely appressed to stem; upper stem leaves not clasping……………………………………………………………...24 24a. A much-branched annual up to 8 ft., high; widespread on grassy slopes. BLACK MUSTARD (Brassica nigra) 24b. A biennial or perennial plant, less than 3 ft. high; flowers smaller than Black Mustard; common weed in waste places. MEDITERRANEAN MUSTARD (Hirschfeldia incana) 25a. Mature seed pods 1 to 4 in. in length; plants of dry, open places...…26 25b. Mature seed pods ½ in. or less in length; plants of wet places, mostly less than 1 ft. high; several species in northern California. YELLOW CRESS (Rorippa spp.) 26a. Racemes leafy; plants 1 ft. or less high; dry grassy slopes below 3500 ft., widespread about Sacramento Valley. SLENDER TROPIDOCARPUM (Tropidocarpum gracile) 26b. Racemes not leafy; plants mostly 1 to 3 ft. high……...……………..27 BRASSICACEAE 68

27a. Seed pods about ½ in. long; closely appressed to the stem; leaves hairy; common weed of roadsides below 5000 ft. HEDGE-MUSTARD (Sisymbrium officinale) 27b. Seed pods 2 to 5 in. long, spreading (not appressed); leaves glabrous or nearly so; common weed below 7500 ft. TUMBLE-MUSTARD (Sisymbrium altissimum) 28a. Seed pod more or less flattened…...………………………………...30 28b. Seed pod not flattened, circular or square in cross section………….29 29a. Aquatic plant with prostrate stems, rooting freely; leaves pinnate, glabrous; widespread in quiet water, below 8000 ft. WATER-CRESS (Nasturtium officinale) 29b. Land plant, mostly erect; stem leaves of some species clasping; alkaline soils, 3000 ft. up. THELYPODIUM (Thelypodium spp.) 30a. Seed pod, flattened parallel to the partition…...…………………….31 30b. Seed pod flattened contrary to the partition; small plant, 3 to 7 in. high, of desert areas; leaves much dissected; flower white. FREMONT’S SMELOWSKIA (Polyctenium fremontii) 31a. Basal leaves arising from underground stem (rhizome) independent of flowering stem; flowering stem with leaves near flowers at the summit only………………………………………………………....32 31b. Stems leafy……...…………………………………………………...34 32a. Basal leaves simple, fleshy; flowers pink; rocky slopes, 5000 to 9000 ft., Coast ranges and Sierra Nevada to Shasta County. STOUT-BEAKED TOOTHWORT (Cardamine pachystigma) 32b. Basal leaves 3 to 5 foliate; flowers white to rose………………...…33 33a. Leaves palmately compound; small plants, 4 to 6 in. high; moist woods, 4000 to 7000 ft., Siskiyou and Trinity Counties south in Sierra Nevada. SLENDER TOOTHWORT (Cardamine nuttallii var. covilleana) 33b. Leaves pinnately compound; plants 6 to 16 in. high; shady banks below 2500 ft., Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. MILKMAIDS (Cardamine californica) 34a. Plants growing along streams or in moist places; petals less than ½ in. long; mostly montane. BITTER CRESS (Cardamine spp.) 34b. Plants of rocky slopes and ledges……...……………………………35 35a. Seed pods extending at right angles to erect stem; plant mostly glabrous; 4000 ft. up, east side of Sierra Nevada north to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. COMMON PHOENICAULIS (Phoenicaulis cheiranthoides) 35b. Seed pods erect or reflexed; leaves and flowers various; a widespread genus with many species, some tall, others small alpine plants. ROCK CRESS (Arabis spp.) BRASSICACEAE 69

NIGHTSHADE FAMILY (Solanaceae) For woody plants over 2 ft. high, see Key for Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines, page 123. 1a. Corolla tubular or funnel-form; fruit a capsule……………….………7 1b. Corolla spreading with almost no tube; fruit a berry……….………...2 2a. Flower white…………………………………………….……………4 2b. Flower blue or lavender, flat, saucer-shaped; low shrubby plants…....3 3a. Herbage with glandular hairs; a showy plant covered with violet-blue flowers; dry slopes below 3500 ft., foothills surrounding Sacramento Valley. CHAPARRAL NIGHTSHADE (Solanum xantii) 3b. Herbage usually glabrous or nearly so; flower lavender; grassy slopes below 6000 ft., Lassen County north. PARISH’S NIGHTSHADE (Solanum parishii) 4a. Flower saucer-shaped, plant erect, 3 to 8 in. high, gray-green; corolla with 5 greenish spots at base, ¾ in to 1 in. in diameter; berry dull white to yellow; sandy mountain flats, east side of Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou County; late spring and summer. DWARF CHAMAESARACHA (Chamaesaracha nana) 4b. Flower deeply 5-cleft……………………….………………………...5 5a. Leaf entire or shallowly toothed……………….……………………..6 5b. Leaf pinnately dissected or deeply lobed (Fig. 7, p. 6); corolla ½ in broad; dry sagebrush areas, 5000 to 7000 ft., Siskiyou and Modoc Counties, south along east side of Sierra Nevada. CUT-LEAF NIGHTSHADE (Solanum triflorum) 6a. Berry (Fig.14, p.14) shiny black; common weed in damp waste places west of Sierra Nevada. SMALL-FLOWERED NIGHTSHADE (Solanum americanum) 6b. Berry dull blue-black; uncommon introduced plant, spreading 1 to 2 ft. across, glabrous, green; corolla about ¼ in. in diameter; leaves and green fruits poisonous; moist places in waste land; summer. BLACK NIGHTSHADE (Solanum nigrum) 7a. Prostrate much-branched annual; leaves entire, rather fleshy; flower purplish with lighter colored tube; sandy flats below 4000 ft., Sacramento Valley. WILD PETUNIA (Petunia parviflora) 7b. Erect plants, often much-branched…….……………………….…….8 8a. Capsule spiny; corolla 2 to 6 in. long, purplish; plant 1 to 3 ft. high; naturalized weed, along streams; entire plant poisonous to man and stock; widespread but not common; SOLANACEAE 70

summer and fall. PURPLE THORN APPLE (Datura stramonium var. tatula) 8b. Capsule smooth; corolla less than 2 in. long, white…………………..9 9a. Stem leaves mostly sessile, lower ones may have very short petioles; glandular-hairy, ill-smelling; dry plains below 3500 ft., Sacramento Valley. INDIAN TOBACCO (Nicotiana quadrivalvis) 9b. Stem leaves with petioles...………………………………………….10 10a. Calyx with 5 dark stripes; plant densely sticky-glandular; a naturalized plant near creek beds below 5000 ft., Sacramento Valley. MANY-FLOWERED TOBACCO (Nicotiana acuminata var. multiflora) 10b. Calyx without stripes, calyx tube pock-marked; plant glandular- hairy but not densely so; disturbed places below 8500 ft., Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada north. COYOTE TOBACCO (Nicotiana attenuata) ORCHID FAMILY (Orchidaceae) 1a. Plant with green leaves……………………………….………………4 1b. Plant without green leaves………………….………………….……..2 2a. Plant white, stout, 4 to 20 in. high; rare; dry woods below 6000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north; late spring and summer. PHANTOM ORCHID, Phantom Or chid (Cephalanthera austiniae) 2b. Plant reddish brown; open forests; widespread………….…………...3 3a. Flower parts longitudinally striped with purple; plant erect, 6 to 20 in. high; woods below 7500 ft., Sierra Nevada from Sierra County north. STRIPED CORAL ROOT (Corallorhiza striata) 3b. Flower parts not striped, purple to greenish, lip white spotted with red; stem erect, 1 to 2 ft. high montane below 9000 ft., through Sierra Nevada north. SPOTTED CORAL ROOT (Corallorhiza maculata) 4a. Flowers solitary or several, showy; lip large and sac-like…………....9 4b. Flowers in a spike or raceme (Fig. 10, p. 10); lip not sac-like……….5 5a. Many small green or white flowers, in a spike or raceme, each flower with a prominent spur; widespread; common in moist places in mountains. REIN-ORCHIS (Habenaria spp.) 5b. Flower without spur……………………….………………………….6 6a. Flowers in a spike……………………………………….……………8 SOLANACEAE ORCHIDACEAE 71

6b. Flowers in a raceme….……………………………………………….7 7a. Leaves many, 3 to 7 in. long; large bract; sepals greenish, ½ in. long; petals rose, veined with purple; widespread; along stream banks in foothills. STREAM ORCHID, Mottled Swamp Or chid, False Lady Slipper , Chatter-Box, Giant Hellebore (Epipactis gigantea) 7b. Leaves 2, broad, opposite at middle of the stem; flowers small, greenish; moist shady places in the mountains, Shasta County north. TWAYBLADE (Listera convallarioides) 8a. Spike dense and twisted; flowers white, greenish or yellow, about ½ in. long; leaves green; widespread; moist mountain meadows. LADIES’ TRESSES (Spiranthes spp.) 8b. Spike not twisted; flowers more scattered; white; leaves with white markings; widespread; forest slopes. RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN, Menzies’ Rattlesnake Plantain (Goodyera oblongifolia) 9a. One smooth basal leaf; flower ¾ in to 1 in. long, rose-purple with mottled lip; moist leaf-mold in conifer forests, Siskiyou County. CALYPSO, Deer -Head Orchid (Calypso bulbosa) 9b. Two to many rough leaves along stem; flower brown or greenish yellow with white sac variously marked…………...……...10 10a. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high, with several alternate leaves……...…………...11 10b. Stem usually less than 1 ft. high, with 2 opposite leaves; flowers solitary or clustered, greenish brown with greenish yellow lip with brown markings; dry open slopes; Plumas County north. CLUSTERED LADY’S SLIPPER, (Br ownie Lady Slipper (Cypripedium fasciculatum) 11a. Twisted, brown petals, 1 ½ to 2 ½ in. long; sac 1 in. long, white with purple markings; 1 to 3 flowers on a stem; widespread but not common; open places on forest slopes. MOUNTAIN LADY’S SLIPPER (Cypripedium montanum) 11b. Petals greenish yellow, ovate, ½ in. long; sac ¾ in. long, white with some veining; 2 to 10 flowers on a stem; lemon fragrance; mountain seepage places, Lassen County north. CALIFORNIA LADY’S SLIPPER (Cypripedium californicum) OXALIS FAMILY (Oxalidaceae) 1a. Flowers yellow; plants without aerial stems, hence prostrate on ground……….………………………………………………………..2 1b. Flowers white to pinkish, in clusters; plant prostrate; in moist forests below 6000 ft., Trinity County north. ORCHIDACEAE OXALIDACEAE 72

COLUMBIA OXALIS (Oxalis trilliifolia) 2a. Plant with underground bulblets; petals deep yellow, ½ to 1 in. long; widely naturalized in gardens, orchards and waste places at low altitudes. BERMUDA BUTTERCUP (Oxalis pes-caprae) 2b. Plants without bulblets, stems creeping and rooting at the nodes; petals yellow about ½ in. long; common weed. YELLOW SORREL (Oxalis corniculata) PAEONY FAMILY (Paeoniaceae) 1a. Perennial plant with blue-green, ternately divided leaves with large maroon and yellow flowers; widespread, 3000 to 7000 ft., on dry, brushy slopes. WESTERN PAEONY (Paeonia brownii) PARSLEY FAMILY (Apiaceae) 1a. Marsh or aquatic plant………………………………………...…….13 1b. Plant of moist meadows or dry areas, not aquatic or normally growing in bogs or marshes….……………………………………….2 2a. Main stem lacking or very short; leaves mostly basal; fruit winged..12 2b. Main stem tall; stem leaves alternate, basal leaves may also be present………………………………………………………………...3 3a. Fruit armed with prickles or bristles………….………………………9 3b. Fruit not bearing prickles or bristles…………………………….……4 4a. Base of petiole, often much enlarges, sheathing the stem….….……..5 4b. Base of petiole not sheathing; perennial 1 to 4 ft. high; flowers white to pinkish, in loose compound umbels; widespread in damp places, below 11,000 ft. SQUAW ROOT (Perideridia gairdneri and other spp.) 5a. Flowers white………………….……………………………….……..6 5b. Flowers yellow, in large compound umbels; stem stout, 3 to 6 ft. high; leaves dissected into linear divisions; common in waste places. SWEET FENNEL (Foeniculum vulgare) 6a. Ribs of fruit (all or some of them) winged…….……………….…….8 6b. Ribs of fruit not prominently winged………………………….……..7 7a. Tall plants with leafy, purple-dotted stems, 2 to 10 ft. high; leaves much dissected; flowers in compound, many-rayed umbels; common in waste places below 5000 ft., Sacramento Valley. POISON-HEMLOCK (Conium maculatum) OXALIDACEAE PAEONIACEAE APIACEAE 73

7b. Plant with nearly naked stems, not purple-dotted, 1 to 2 ft. tall; leaves tripinnate with ovate leaflets; flowers in loose compound umbels; meadows 4000 to 10,500 ft, Sierra Nevada north. GRAY’S LOVAGE (Ligusticum grayi) 8a. Erect, stout, usually woolly perennial, 3 to 9 ft. tall; leaves petioled, compound with broad leaflets; flowers in loose umbels, marginal flowers larger than central ones; moist shady places, below 9000 ft., widespread. COW PARSNIP (Heracleum lanatum) 8b. Erect, stout, usually glabrous perennial, 2 to 7 ft. tall; leaves tri or bipinnate with ovate leaflets; flowers in loose, compound umbels, all alike; moist places below 7000 ft., Shasta and Siskiyou Counties. LYALL’S ANGELICA (Angelica arguta and other spp) 9a. Fruit ovoid or almost globose…………...…………………………..10 9b. Fruit linear, armed with straight bristles; plant 1 to 4 ft. high; leaves 1 to 3 ternate, petioles sheathing; flowers yellow or white, in loose, compound umbels; wooded slopes below 8000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges north. SWEET-CICELY (Osmorhiza berteroi spp.) 10a. Fruit armed with hooked bristles……………………...…………….11 10b. Fruit armed with barbed bristles; petioles not sheathing; hairy annual, 1 to 2 ½ ft. high; leaves pinnately decompound; flowers white; widespread on dry slopes, below 5000 ft. RATTLESNAKE WEED (Daucus pusillus) 11a. Fruit beaked, petioles sheathing; annual, more or less stiff hairy, 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves 1 to several times pinnately compound; flowers white, in loose compound umbels; waste places, central California north. BUR-CHERVIL (Anthricus caucalis) 11b. Fruit not noticeably beaked; stems often solitary, few-leaved, ½ to 2 ½ ft. high; leaves mainly basal; umbels few-rayed, often head- like; flowers yellow or red-purple; a widespread genus in varied habitats. SANICLE, Snake r oot (Sanicula spp.) 12a. Lateral ribs of fruit winged; leaves ternate, pinnate or decompound; flowers white, yellow or purple, in compound umbels; widespread in dry places, mostly below 5000 ft. HOG-FENNEL (Lomatium 14 or more spp.) 12b. Dorsal as well as lateral ribs of fruit winged; leaves much decompound; petioles sheathing; flowers yellow. TURPENTINE PTERYXIA (Pteryxia terebinthina var. terebinthina ) APIACEAE 74

13a. Plant dichotomously branched and very prickly; stem 1 to 3 ft. high, flowers inconspicuous, blue, green, or white, in a globose head; wide spread in valley and mountains; swampy flats or meadows; spring. BUTTON SNAKEROOT (Eryngium spp.) 13b. Plant stem simple or variously branched but not dichotomously branched…………...………………………………………….……..14 14a. Plant erect; flowers white…………………………………..……….16 14b. Plant decumbent, creeping or floating……………………...……….15 15a. Stems rooting at the nodes; petioles and peduncles erect; leaves round or kidney-shaped; flowers white to greenish yellow, in umbels; in sluggish water below 5000 ft., Sacramento Valley north. MARSH PENNYWORT (Hydrocotyle spp) 15b. Stems decumbent but not rooting, 1 ½ to 5 ft. long; leaves bi-pinnate; flowers white, in loose, compound umbels; widespread in marshes below 3500 ft. PACIFIC OENANTHE, Water Par sley (Oenanthe sarmentosa) 16a. Leaves once pinnately divided…………...………………………….18 16b. Leaves two or three times pinnately divided; plants stout…………..17 17a. Flowers in woolly umbels of spherical heads; plant 2 to 5 ft. high; petioles with large sheathing bases; swampy places, 3000 to 10,000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. RANGER’S BUTTON, White Heads (Sphenosciadium capitellatum) 17b. Flowers in a loose compound umbel; glabrous plant, 1 ½ to 6 ft. high; petioles not sheathing; wet places below 8000 ft., widespread. DOUGLAS’ WATER HEMLOCK (Cicuta douglasii) 18a. Ribs of fruit prominently winged; slender, erect, glabrous plants, 2 to 4 ft. high; petioles sheathing; shallow water, 4000 to 8500 ft., Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou county. WESTERN COWBANE (Oxypolis occidentalis) 18b. Ribs of fruit not prominently winged..……………………………...19 19a. Ribs of fruit indistinct; stout plant, 1 to 2 ½ ft. high; flowers in loose compound umbels; marshes below 8000 ft., widespread. WATER PARSHIP (Berula erecta) 19b. Some ribs of mature fruit prominent, often corky; stout erect plant, 2 to 4 ft. high; flowers in loose compound umbels; swamps and ponds 3000 to 6500 ft., Sierra Nevada to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. HEMLOCK WATER PARSNIP (Sium suave) APIACEAE 75

PEA FAMILY (Fabaceae) For woody plants over 2 ft. high, see Key for Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines, page 123. 1a. Leaf palmate with 5 to many leaflets (Fig. 9, p. 8); flowers in terminal racemes or heads (Fig. 10, p. 10)…….………………... 23 1b. Leaf 3-foliate or pinnate with more than 3 leaflets………….………..2 2a. Leaf 3-foliate……………………………………………………...…11 2b. Leaf pinnate with more than 3 leaflets………………………….…….3 3a. Leaf odd-pinnate………………………………………………...…..10 3b. Leaf equally pinnate, usually terminating in a tendril rather than a leaflet…………………………………………………….…….4 4a. Style hairy all around at the summit; wings of corolla attached to keel; stems angular and climbing……………………………..….20 4b. Style hairy along the upper side only; wings of corolla not attached to keel; similar to V icia, flowers usually more showy; stems winged; widespread……………………………….…...5 5a. Introduced perennial plant with 2 leaflets; 5 to 15 magenta or white flower, ¾ to 1 ½ in long, in clusters on a long peduncle; widespread garden escape. EVERLASTING PEA (Lathyrus latifolius) 5b. Native perennial plant with 4 or more leaflets……….……………….6 6a. Tendrils well developed…………………………………….….……..8 6b. Tendrils absent or much reduced; banner much reflexed……….……7 7a. Flower ¾ to 1 ½ in. long, blue, reddish or purple; stem erect, 6 to 14 in. high; dry slopes 1500 to 7000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Butte County. SIERRA NEVADA PEA (Lathyrus nevadensis) 7b. Flower about ½ in. long, white or cream aging brownish; stem more or less climbing, 6 to 20 in. long; dry slopes below 3500 ft., Glenn County to Siskiyou County. TRACY’S PEA (Lathyrus lanszwertii var. tracyi) 8a. Flower pinkish lavender to violet-purple, 2 to 8 in a cluster…….…...9 8b. Flower tan to yellowish, sometimes with purple veins, 10 to 20 in a one-sided cluster; dry slopes below 8000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges north. SNUB PEA (Lathyrus sulphureus) 9a. Leaflets 8 or less; soft-hairy, angled stems, climbing or erect, ½ or 1 ½ ft. long; dry slopes about 5000 ft., Sierra Nevada north. NEVADA PEA (Lathyrus lanszwertii) 9b. Leaflets 8 or more; plants mostly glabrous; stems stout ½ to 2 ft. tall; dry slopes 4000 to 6000 ft., sierra Nevada to Siskiyou County. BRUSH PEA (Lathyrus brownii) 10a. Flowers solitary or in umbels; flower yellow or white, FABACEAE 76

often marked with rose; widespread; spring and summer. BIRD’S FOOT TREFOIL (Lotus about 15 spp.) 10b. Flowers in racemes or spikes; leaflets 7 or more, not glandular-dotted; cause of loco-poisoning of stock; widespread; spring and summer. RATTLEWEED, Locoweed (Astragalus 22 spp.) 11a. Flowers in a raceme or spike; petals deciduous after flowering...…..12 11b. Flowers in a head; petals withering-persistent; widespread; spring and summer. CLOVER (Trifolium 20 or more spp.) 12a. Pod curved or spirally coiled (Fig. 14, p. 14)…………..…….……. 17 12b. Pod ovoid or linear, not curved………………………………...……13 13a. Pod ovoid………………………………………………………...….15 13b. Pod linear; flower yellow in a terminal raceme……….…………….14 14a. Herbage glabrous; stem branching 1 to 2 ½ ft. high; raceme loose; mountain slopes in Trinity and Shasta Counties; spring flowering. GOLDEN PEA, Shasta Ther mopsis (Thermopsis gracilis) 14b. Herbage white-silky, particularly when young; stem branched 1 to 2 ft. high; raceme dense; open grassy places in Shasta and Modoc Counties; spring flowering. SILVERY THERMOPSIS, False Lupine (Thermopsis californica var. argentata) 15a. Stems prostrate; leaflets conspicuously glandular-dotted, apical one almost round; rather coarse plant, flower ½ to ¾ in. long, red with white; wet meadows; north to Shasta County; spring and summer. SCURFPEA, Round-leafed Psoralea (Hoita orbicularis) 15b. Stems erect; leaflets glabrous; flowers about ¼ in. long…………....16 16a. Flower white; plants 3 to 6 ft. high; stream bottoms; summer and fall. WHITE MELILOT, White Sweet Clover (M elilotus albus) 16b. Flower yellow; plants 1 ½ to 3 ft. high widespread; dry areas; spring. YELLOW MELILOT, Yellow Sweet Clover , Indian Melilot, Bit- ter Clover, Sour Clover (Melilotus indicus) 17a. Flower blue-purple in racemes; escape from cultivation; widespread; spring, summer, and fall flowering. ALFALFA, Lucer n, Chilean Clover (Medicago sativa) 17b. Flower yellow………………………………………...……….…….18 18a. Tightly coiled pods with prickles………………………………..….19 18b. Tightly coiled pods without prickles; widespread; spring. SMOOTH MEDICK, Scr ew Clover , Smooth Bir d Medick (Medicago polymorpha) FABACEAE 77

19a. Leaflets with large brown or black splotch; widespread but not abundant; spring. SPOTTED MEDICK, Spotted Bur Clover (Medicago arabica) 19b. Leaflets without splotch; common; spring. CALIFORNIA BUR CLOVER (Medicago hispida) 20a. Flowers on a peduncle (flowering stalk)…………..……………….. 21 20b. Flowers 1 or 2, sessile in leaf axils; leaves with tendrils and 4 to 8 pairs of leaflets; flower violet-purple, I in. or more long; naturalized in waste places. SPRING VETCH (Vicia sativa) 21a. Leaflets 4 to 8 pairs; peduncles 3 to 9 flowered; trailing or climbing perennials…………………………………………………...……….22 21b. Leaflets 8 to 12 pairs; peduncles with 1-sided, dense, many flowered racemes; stem 2 to 4 ft. long, hairy; corolla violet and white, about ¾ in. long; naturalized in waste places. WINTER VETCH (Vicia villosa) 22a. Plant glabrous or slightly hairy; stem 2 to 4 ft. long; flower purplish aging blue, ¾ to 1 in. long; open places below 5000 ft., widespread. AMERICAN VETCH (Vicia americana var. oregana) 22b. Plant soft-hairy; rather stiff with zigzag stems, 8 to 12 in. long; flowers purple about ½ in. long; open slopes 2000 to 8000 ft., widespread. CALIFORNIA VETCH (Vicia americana var. americana) 23a. Flowers in terminal heads. CLOVER (4 spp. of Trifolium) 23b. Flowers in terminal racemes……………………...…………………24 24a. Flower blue, purplish, or white……………………...………………26 24b. Flower yellow or yellow and pink…………………………...……...25 25a. Flower golden yellow; plant 1 to 2 ft. high, branched; leaflets 5 to 8, 2 to 3 in. long; dry slopes, 5000 to 8000 ft., Trinity and Siskiyou Counties; summer. MT. EDDY LUPINE (Lupinus croceus var. pilosellus) 25b. Banner yellow with rose-pink wings; plant 7 to 15 in. high, branched; 6 to 8 leaflets, ½ to 2 in. long; sandy soil, 1600 to 4600 ft., Sierra Nevada from Butte County south; summer. ROSE-AND-YELLOW LUPINE, Par ti-colored Lupine, Harlequin, Stiver’s Lupine (Lupinus stiversii) 26a. A decumbent, matted perennial of high altitudes………...…………37 26b. A more or less erect plant………………………………...…………27 27a. A low plant seldom over 1 ft. high………………………...….…….34 27b. Mature plants usually well over 1 ft. high………………...………...28 28a. Plant 1 to 5 ft. high, with hollow stems……………………...……...33 28b. Plant with solid stems……………………………………………….29 29a. Calyx with a spur………………………………………………...….32 FABACEAE 78

29b. Calyx without a spur; stems several…………………..…………….30 30a. Flower more than ½ in. long; foliage somewhat hairy but green; plant 1 to 3 ft. high.………………………………..………... 31 30b. Flower about ½ in. long; leaflets 1 ½ to 3 in. long, a gray woolly plant with interwoven hairs; racemes dense, 4 to 15 in. long; flowers white, pinkish, bluish, or purple; dry places, 1500 to 5300 ft., Colusa County north. WOOLLY-LEAVED LUPINE (Lupinus leucophyllus) 31a. Herbage stiff-hairy; raceme dense, 5 to 12 in. long; flower violet, blue or white; open fields mostly below 2500 ft. but found much higher, Siskiyou County south. SUMMER LUPINE (Lupinus formosus) 31b. Herbage soft-hairy; raceme lax, 5 to 15 in. long; flower whitish or purple, fading brown; dry slopes, 2000 to 8500 ft., Coast ranges and Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou County. SICKLE-KEELED LUPINE (Lupinus albicaulis) 32a. Wing-petals with a patch of short dense hairs on the outer surface; lower leaves with petioles 3 to 5 in. long; flowers blue or violet; open woods 5000 to 7500 ft., Sierra Nevada to Modoc County. DOUGLAS’ SPURRED LUPINE (Lupinus arbustus) 32b. Wing-petals only slightly hairy; lower leaves with petioles about 4 in. long, persistent; flowers blue to whitish; dry slopes, 4000 to 9000 ft., east side of Sierra Nevada to Shasta and Modoc Counties. KELLOGG’S SPURRED LUPINE (Lupinus argenteus var. heteranthus) 33a. Plant simple or branched, 1 to 3 ft. high with racemes 3 to 15 in. long; flowers in whorls, deep blue with yellow spot on banner; grassy flats below 2000 ft., Butte and Shasta Counties. SUCCULENT LUPINE (Lupinus succulentus) 33b. Plant mostly unbranched. 1 to 5 ft. high, with racemes 7 to 25 in. long; flowers blue, purple or reddish; wet places 4000 to 8500 ft., Sierra Nevada to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. SUPERB LUPINE (Lupinus polyphyllus var. burkei) 34a. Herbage densely white-silky or woolly…………...………………...36 34b. Herbage somewhat hairy but not as above……………..…………...35 35a. Flower about ½ in. long; a brilliant blue with a white spot on the banner, turning magenta with age; leaflets 6 to 8 linear; the most colorful and abundant lupine in the valley wild-flower fields; below 3500 ft., Sacramento Valley and foothills to Shasta County. VALLEY SKY LUPINE (Lupinus nanus) 35b. Flower about ¼ in. long, blue with a white spot on the banner; leaflets 5 to 7, oblanceolate; abundant but not showy; gravelly FABACEAE 79

places below 5000 ft., foothills of Sacramento Valley north. SMALL-LEAFED LUPINE (Lupinus bicolor) 36a. Plant densely gray-woolly with interwoven hairs, somewhat decumbent; flower deep purplish blue with a yellow center on banner; dry slopes, 2000 to 7800 ft., Sierra Nevada from Plumas and Butte Counties south. GRAY’S LUPINE (Lupinus grayi) 36b. Plant densely white-silky, lower stems densely leafy; flower violet-purple, center of banner pale; meadows 3000 to 8500 ft., Plumas County south. PRAIRIE LUPINE (Lupinus lepidus var. confertus) 37a. Leaflets 7 to 10; racemes densely flowered on peduncles ½ to 1 ½ in. long; flower about ¼ in. long, violet banner with a white or yellow center; rocky slopes. 4000 to 11,000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Siskiyou Mountains. BREWER’S LUPINE (Lupinus breweri) 37b. Leaflets 5 to 6; racemes almost capitate, on peduncles 3 to 5 in. long; flower about ½ in. long, blue banner with a pale center; dry ridges, 8000 to 11,000 ft., Sierra Nevada north. LYALL’S LUPINE (Lupinus lepidus) There are some 25 more species and varieties of Lupinus in this area, which maybe checked in Jepson’s Manual of Flora. Pods and seeds of most lupines are poisonous to livestock. PHLOX FAMILY (Polemoniaceae) 1a. Pinnately compound leaves (Fig. 9, p. 8) with regularly and closely spaced, opposite leaflets, usually over-lapping…………………..…33 1b. Simple leaves, entire or variously toothed or divided, may appear compound but not overlapping………………….……………………2 2a. Corolla constricted at the throat (Fig. 22, p. 18), the lobes spreading at right angles…………………………...…………….….30 2b. Corolla not constricted at throat………………………….…….……..3 3a. Leaves opposite………………………………………….……………4 3b. Leaves mostly alternate, basal may be opposite…………...………..14 4a. Leaf entire; flowers small, white to rose-pink with slender tube; frequent in grassy places below 10,000 ft.; widespread BEGGAR GILIA (Phlox gracilis) 4b. Leaf palmately cleft (Fig. 9, p. 8)…………………………………… 5 5a. Each division of leaf spine-tipped; leaf palmately parted, small bush, 4 to 16 in. high, densely clothed with leaves; flower showy, pink or white, ¾ to 1 in. long; dry, rocky FABACEAE POLEMONIACEAE 80

places in the mountains, Sierra Nevada to Oregon; spring and summer. GRANITE GILIA (Leptodactylon pungens) 5b. Lobes of leaf not spine-tipped………………………………………..6 6a. Bushy perennial from a woody base; flowers white or nearly so, usually with a yellow tube; dry rocky places, 4000 ft. up, east slope of Sierra Nevada to Modoc, Siskiyou and Trinity Counties. BRUSH GILIA (Linanthus nuttallii) 6b. Annual, spring flowering……………………………….…………….7 7a. Calyx with a colorless membrane between the sepals.…………...…. 9 7b. Calyx without noticeable colorless membrane between the sepals…..8 8a. Corolla lobes ½ in. or more long; flowers white, usually with a yellow throat, in dense terminal clusters, subtended by bracts; grasslands below 2000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Butte County. CHEROKEE LINANTHUS (Linanthus parviflorus) 8b. Corolla lobes less than ½ in. long; flowers red to white with yellow throat, in heads subtended by bracts; grassy places below 5000 ft., Sierra Nevada. BICOLORED LINANTHUS (Linanthus bicolor) 9a. Flowers white, open only at night, nearly 1 in. in diameter; dry gravelly places, serpentine outcrops, below 5000 ft., foothills of Sierra Nevada, Butte and Tehama Counties. EVENING SNOW (Linanthus dichotomus) 9b. Daytime flowers……………………………………...……….……..10 10a. Corolla tube more than ½ in. long…………………...……………...13 10b. Corolla tube ½ in long, or less………………………...…………….11 11a. Corolla barely exceeding the calyx, glabrous within; slender, erect stems, branching; corolla white or light blue, with short tube; sandy places, 3000 to 8500 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north. HARKNESS LINANTHUS (Linanthus harknessii) 11b. Corolla about twice as long as calyx…………………..……………12 12a. Filaments hairy at the base, attached on the lower part of the corolla throat; a delicate, much-branched plant; flowers white, pink or lilac; abundant in fields below 4000 ft., foothills surrounding Sacramento Valley. WILD BABY’S BREATH (Linanthus harknessii) 12b. Filaments glabrous, inserted well up in the corolla throat; hairy band in corolla tube; dry slopes below 3000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges north. BAKER’S LINANTHUS (Linanthus bolanderi) 13a. Corolla tube ½ to 1 ¼ in. long, rose to white with yellow throat; herbage stiff-hairy; plant ½ to 1 ft. high; dry, open grass- POLEMONIACEAE 81

lands mostly below 6000 ft., Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada north. HAIRY GILIA (Linanthus ciliatus) 13b. Corolla tube 1 ½ to 2 ½ in. long, lilac-pink to white with a purple spot on each lobe; herbage soft-hairy; plant ½ to 2 ft. high; gravelly places. 1000 to 5000 ft., from Nevada County south. MUSTANG-CLOVER (Linanthus montanus) 14a. lowers in head or head-like cluster……………………………….…22 14b. Flowers scattered or in loose clusters, not compact heads…….……15 15a. Upper stem-leaves much reduced…………………………………..19 15b. Upper stem-leaves well developed, lobed…………………………..16 16a. Lobes of stem-leaves linear…………………………………...…….17 16b. Lobes of stem-leaves lanceolate or wider; variously colored but not deeply colored……………………………………………….………18 17a. Flower deep blue-violet; plant with slender, branched stems, 2 to 16 in. high, gravelly places, 4000 to 8500 ft., Sierra Nevada to Plumas County. VIOLET GILIA (Allophyllum gilioides ssp. violaceum) 17b. Flower scarlet dotted with yellow in an elongated inflorescence; sandy, open places, 3500 ft. up, Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges from Trinity County north. SCARLET GILIA, Skyr ocket (Ipomopsis aggregata and ssp. attenuata) 18a. Corolla-tube, ¼ to 1 ¼ in. long, red-violet to purple with pink lobes; herbage with skunk-like odor; open places, 1000 to 6000 ft., south from Shasta County along west slope of Sierra Nevada. SKUNK GILIA (Allophyllum divaricatum) 18b. Corolla-tube about ¼ in. long; flower white; rocky places. 4500 to 9000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Shasta County. STRAGGLY GILIA (Allophyllum integrifolium) 19a. Basal leaves covered with cobwebby wool; base of stem usually glabrous; corolla tube mostly yellow and white, lobes pinkish; sandy plains below 6000 ft., east side of Sierra Nevada to Plumas County. SINUATE GILIA (Gilia sinuata) 19b. Basal leaves few, if any; foliage glabrous or somewhat hairy but not woolly………………………………………………………...……..20 20a. Stem leaves well developed and pinnately dissected corolla lobes blue-violet, tube yellow, throat with 5 pairs of purple spots; grassy plains below 2000 ft., Central Valley and Sierra foothills north to Plumas, Lassen and Shasta Counties. BIRD’S EYES (Gilia tricolor) 20b. Stem leaves entire, linear……………………………………...…….21 21a. Flower ½ to 1 in. long. pink to violet; stigma exserted; POLEMONIACEAE 82

woods 4500 to 8000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Lassen and Shasta Counties. HAIRSTEM GILIA (Gilia leptalea and ssp.) 21b. Flower about ¼ in. long violet to white sometimes streaked with purple; stigma not exserted; sandy slopes, 2500 to 7500 ft., Sierra Nevada and north Coast ranges. SMOOTH-LEAFED GILIA (Gilia capillaris) 22a. Bracts surrounding head and leaves spine-tipped; flowers white, pale blue, or yellow; plants of dried vernal pools; widespread; spring. NAVARRETIA (Navarretia spp.) 22b. Bracts and leaves not spine-tipped……………...…………….……..23 23a. Basal rosette of leaves well developed………………...……………28 23b. Leaves mostly along stem. basal leaves, if present, not forming a definite rosette………………………………………………...…...24 24a. Flowers pale blue, violet or white; slender annuals, ½ to 2 ½ ft. high; open slopes below 6000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Butte and Plumas Counties. GLOBE GILIA (Gilia capitata and ssp.) 24b. Flowers rose-pink to salmon-yellow…………………………...……25 25a. Leaves mostly entire…………………………………………...……26 25b. Lower leaves pinnately divided or incised; a spreading annual up to 10 in. high; corolla rose to white, about ½ in. long; mostly below 4000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north. DAINTY COLLOMIA (Collomia heterophylla) 26a. Corolla salmon-yellow, ½ to 1 ½ in. long; erect annual up to 3 ft. high with leafy stems; wooded slopes below 8000 ft., widespread throughout Sierra Nevada to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. BIG-FLOWERED GILIA (Collomia grandiflora) 26b. Corolla pink. less than ½ in. long……………...……………………27 27a. Spreading annual, very glandular; flowers in fairly loose clusters in axils and terminal; corolla pink with red-violet tube; open places below 9000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north. YELLOW-STAINING COLLOMIA (Collomia tinctoria) 27b. Simple, erect annual, somewhat glandular above; flowers in compact heads surrounded by bracts, corolla pink to purplish; dry places 3000 to 10,000 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Modoc County. NARROW-LEAFED COLLOMIA (Collomia linearis) 28a. Leaf lobes with short, hard tip; erect perennial with several cobwebby stems less than 1 ft. high; flower white with yellow tube; stamens exserted; dry slopes 4000 to 7000 ft., east side of Sierra Nevada to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. BALL-HEAD GILIA (Ipomopsis congesta) POLEMONIACEAE 83

28b. Leaf lobes without hard tip; calyx glandular………...……………...29 29a. Corolla lobes violet, throat yellow with violet veins between lobes; sandy slopes below 7500 ft., east side of Sierra Nevada to Modoc County. MARBLE GILIA (Gilia brecciarum) 29b. Corolla lobes violet or white, throat purple with yellow spots and white veins between lobes; sandy places 1000 to 7000 ft., east side of Sierra Nevada to Modoc County. MODOC GILIA (Gilia modocensis) 30a. Corolla-tube ½ or 1 ½ in. long; corolla pink to whitish; plant woody at base, glandular-hairy, leaves gray-green, narrow; gravelly slopes, 5000 to 9000 ft., east slope of Sierra Nevada to Lassen and Modoc Counties. STANSBURY’S PHLOX (Phlox stansburyi) 30b. Corolla-tube about ½ in. long…………………………………...…..31 31a. Plants up to 1 ½ ft. high, tending to climb through low shrubs; corolla lobe noticeably notched at the apex, showy, rose-pink to lavender; wooded slopes. 1500 to 7000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north to Oregon. SHOWY PHLOX (Phlox speciosa var. occidentalis) 31b. Plants in dense clumps or tufts; corolla lobes not noticeably notched………………………………………………….…………...32 32a. Stems 4 to 12 in. long. prostrate from a branching, wood base; leaves linear, somewhat hairy; flower pink. lilac or white, mostly solitary; dry slopes 3300 to 11,000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north. ALPINE PHLOX (Phlox diffusa) 32b. Stems short, erect, forming a compact clump; leaves needle-pointed; herbage glandular-hairy; flowers 1 to 3 at ends of branches, pink. lavender to white; rocky places, 4500 to 6000 ft., Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. DOUGLAS PHLOX (Phlox douglasii ssp. rigida) 33a. Flower solitary, white, inconspicuous, opposite a leaf; several stems, 4 to 8 in. high; leaf 1 to 2 in. long with 5 to 15 narrow leaflets; open dry ground in mountains, Sierra, Siskiyou and Modoc Counties. ANNUAL POLEMONIUM, Little Bells Polemonium (Polemonium micranthum) 33b. Flowers in a cluster, blue or purple with yellow or white throat, ¼ to ½ in. in diameter…………………………………………...…..34 34a. Leaflets entire………………………………………….…………....35 34b. Leaflets deeply lobed, whorled; flowers blue with white tube, in compact clusters; petiole with a sheathing, papery base; rocky slopes on Scott Mountain and Mt. Eddy, Siskiyou County. MASON’S POLEMONIUM (Polemonium chartaceum) 35a. Stem simple, 1 to 4 ft. high; leaf long-petioled, 3 to 14 in. long with 11 to 25 leaflets; wet ground in mountains, POLEMONIACEAE 84

Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou County; summer. WESTERN JACOB’S LADDER (Polemonium occidentale) 35b. Several stems 5 to 12 in. high; leaves mostly basal……...………….36 36a. Leaflets round to ovate, less than ½ in. long, crowded; flowers blue-purple with yellow throat in terminal clusters; rocky slopes above 8000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Modoc, Siskiyou, and Trinity Counties. SHOWY POLEMONIUM (Polemonium pulcherrimum) 36b. Leaflets lanceolate to ovate, more than ½ in. long, not crowded; flowers blue with white throat; moist mountain meadows mostly be low timberline; Sierra Nevada to Trinity and Siskiyou Counties. LOW POLEMONIUM (Polemonium californicum) PINK FAMILY (Caryophyllaceae) 1a. Sepals distinct or united only at the base (Fig. 19, p. 16)………..… 11 1b. Sepals united into a tubular calyx……………………………….……2 2a. Styles 2…………………………………………………………….….9 2b. Styles 3………………………………………………………….…….3 3a. Petal entire, commonly twisted, dirty white; flowers in a 1-sided raceme; widespread weed in fields and along roadsides in early spring. WINDMILL PINK, Fr ench Silene, Common Catchfly, English Catchfly, Small-flowered Catchfly (Silene gallica) 3b. Petal notched or cleft………………………………………………....4 4a. Petal 2-cleft……………………………………………………..…….8 4b. Petal 4-cleft…………………………………………………..……….5 5a. Flower bright crimson red, 1 to 1 ½ in. in diameter; petal deeply cleft with the segments often toothed; widely distributed in foothill areas in spring, north to Shasta County. INDIAN PINK. Califor nia Silene (Silene californica) 5b. Flower white, rose, or purplish but not red……………………..…….6 6a. Flower nodding, dull white, in a few-flowered panicle; calyx with 10 green nerves or lengthwise lines; stamens and style long exserted; open pine forests of Sierra Nevada north. PINE PINK, Lemmon’s Campion (Silene lemmonii) 6b. Flower erect…………………………………………………….…….7 7a. Flower ½ to 1 in. in diameter, purple to dull white, in a loose panicle; herbage viscid; montane, Sierra Nevada to Modoc County. WESTERN CAMPION (Silene occidentalis) POLEMONIACEAE CARYOPHYLLACEAE 85

7b. Flower 1/3. to ½ in. in diameter, greenish white to rose, in a spicate panicle; herbage somewhat glandular; montane; Tehama and Siskiyou Counties. MOUNTAIN CAMPION (Silene bernardina) 8a. Stem leafy; leaf obovate; flower white, ¼ to 1/3 in. in diameter, in axils of leaves; montane; Lassen, Modoc, and Siskiyou Counties. MENZIES’CAMPION, Menzies’ Silene (Silene menziesii) 8b. Leaves mostly in dense basal tufts, narrow; flower pink, ¼ to 1/3 in. in diameter, with inflated, purplish calyx; leaf ¼ in. wide; above timberline, Siskiyou, Trinity and Shasta Counties. GRAY’S CAMPION (Silene grayi and 10 or 12 more species of Silene) 9a. Calyx ovate, with 5 prominent angles; showy red flowers ½ to ¾ in. long; leaves sessile; erect plant 2 to 3 ft. high; a grain-field weed; widespread. COWHERB, Pink Cockle, Cow Soapwor t, Cow Cockle, Spring Cockle (Vaccaria hispanica) 9b. Calyx tubular, not angled…………………...……………………….10 10a. Calyx 30 to 40 nerved, with bracts at base; slender, stiffly erect annual, 1/2 to 1 1/2 ft. high; leaves linear closely appressed to stem; flowers pink (may be white-dotted), solitary or in small clusters at summit of stem; grassy roadsides, introduced locally. GRASS PINK (Dianthus armeria) 10b. Calyx 20-nerved, without bracts at base; flower white or lavender in large, showy clusters; a stout, spreading perennial of roadsides and waste places; widespread; summer blooming. BOUNCING BET (Saponaria officinalis) 11a. Petal entire or slightly notched………………………………...……15 11b. Petal 2-divided; white…………………………………….……...….12 12a. Herbage glandular-hairy…………………………………………….14 12b. Herbage mostly glabrous, some slightly hairy but not glandular…...13 13a. Stem erect; leaf almost linear; petal ½ to 1/3 in. long; moist, grassy places in mountains; Sierra Nevada and inner Coast Ranges to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. LONG-STALKED STARWORT (Stellaria longipes) 13b. Stem not erect, procumbent or spreading; leaf ovate; common in moist, shady places; widespread; early spring. COMMON CHICKWEED, Star wor t, Star Weed, Satin Flower (Stellaria media) 14a. Herbage hairy; erect plant 3 to 10 in. high with small white flowers; petals ¼ in. long; styles 5; common in CARYOPHYLLACEAE 86

fields and along roadsides; widespread; spring. MOUSE-EARED CHICKWEED, Sticky Cer astium (Cerastium glomeratum) 14b. Stem diffuse, 4 to 15 in. high, leaf narrowly ovate; petal ½ in. long widespread; meadows or pine forest in mountains. STICKY STARWORT, Tuber Star wor t (Stellaria jamesiana and other species or Stellaria) 15a. Flowers in compact, head-like cymes at the top of erect stems, 4 to 10 in. high, on dry, rocky slopes, 4000 to 6500 ft., Plumas and Glenn Counties north. BALLHEAD SANDWORT (Arenaria congesta and vars.) 15b. Flowers small, white, mostly in loose cymes, stems branched, erect or prostrate. SANDWORT (Arenaria several spp.) PLANTAIN FAMILY (Plantaginaceae) 1a. Stamens conspicuously exserted; flowers in a compact spike, at top of a ¾ to 3 ft. flowering stem; leaves long, slender; a widespread weed. RIBGRASS, English Plantain, Buckhor n (Plantago lanceolata) 1b. Stamens not conspicuous…………………………….……………….2 2a. Perennial with rough, ovate leaves; flowers in a slender, dense spike 5 to 15 in. high; widespread weed. COMMON PLANTAIN (Plantago major) 2b. Light green, hairy annual with long, linear leaves; flowers in short, dense spikes on stems 2 to 12 in. high; bracts and sepals with translucent margin; an attractive little plant of dry, open places below 2500 ft., Sacramento Valley foothills north. CALIFORNIA PLANTAIN (Plantago erecta) POPPY FAMILY (Papaveraceae) For woody shrubs over 2 ft. high, see Key for Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines, page 123. 1a. Sepals distinct…………………………….…………………………..4 1b. Sepals united into a foolscap, which is pushed off by the opening flower………………….……………………………………………...2 CARYOPHYLLACEAE PLANTAGINACEAE PAPAVERACEAE 87

2a. A collar-like rim at base of four large yellow or deep orange petals; blue-green, ternately dissected leaves; very variable; widespread; valleys and foothills. CALIFORNIA POPPY, Tor osa, Copa de Or o (Eschscholzia californica) 2b. A very narrow rim or none below yellow petals……………………..3 3a. Stems leafy; petals ½ to 1 in. long; foothills up to 4000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Butte County. FOOTHILL POPPY (Eschscholzia caespitosa) 3b. Leaves basal; petals ½ in or less in length; plains or rocky foothills below 2000 ft., Sacramento Valley; spring. FRYING PANS, Rough-seeded Eschscholzia (Eschscholzia lobbii) 4a. Leaves opposite or whorled, annuals…………………………….…...5 4b. Leaves alternate; herbage spiny; stem stout, 1 to 3 ft. high; petals white and sheer, 1 to 2 in. long; many yellow stamens, dry sandy places, east of Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 8500 ft. north to Lassen County; summer and fall. HEDGEHOG PRICKLY POPPY, Chicalote, Broad-horned Prickly Poppy (Argemone munita) 5a. Stems and leaves hairy………………………………….…………….6 5b. Stems and leaves glabrous; delicate plant 1 to 8 in. high; petals white, falling early; stamens 8 to 12; rocky slopes, Sierra Nevada foothills below 3000 ft., Shasta County south. CALIFORNIA MECONELLA (Meconella californica) 6a. Leaves basal; plant 2 to 12 in. high petals white with yellow base (a form with alternating yellow and white petals occurs frequently); stamens many; grassy slopes below 3000 ft., Coast ranges north to Oregon. NARROW-LEAFED MECONELLA (Hesperomecon linearis) 6b. Leaves opposite; plant 4 to 12 in. high; petals creamy white, often with yellow base, ½ in. or more long; widespread, in grassy places below 3000 ft., very variable. CREAM CUPS (Platystemon californicus) PRIMROSE FAMILY (Primulaceae) 1a. Leaves all basal…………………………………………………….…5 1b. Stem with leaves; corolla lobes spreading……………………………2 2a. Leaves in a single whorl at summit from which flowers arise; corolla about ½ in. in diameter, white or pale pink; widespread; shady places, late spring. WESTERN STAR-FLOWER (Trientalis latifolia) PAPAVERACEAE PRIMULACEAE 88

2b. Stem leafy throughout………………………………….……………..3 3a. Stem procumbent or creeping……………………………….………..4 3b. Stem erect ¾ to 2 ft. high; leaf sessile; flowers yellow, borne in a raceme; wet bogs, Plumas to Shasta Counties; spring and early summer. TUFTED LOOSESTRIFE, Water Loosestr ife (Lysimachia thyrsiflora) 4a. Corolla yellow, about ½ in. in diameter; moist meadows, Plumas County; summer. MONEYWORT. Cr eeping Loosestr ife (Lysimachia nummularia) 4b. Corolla vermillion, less than ½ in, in diameter; widespread weed in cultivated ground; spring. POOR MAN’S WEATHERGLASS, Scar let or Red Pimper nel, Red Chickweed, Eye-Bright (Anagallis arvensis) 5a. Corolla lobes reflexed…………………………………….…………..6 5b. Corolla lobes spreading, about ½ in. long; flower showy, deep rose- pink with yellow throat; a low, creeping perennial, in rocky places at high altitudes, Sierra Nevada and Trinity and Siskiyou Counties. SIERRA PRIMROSE (Primula suffrutescens) 6a. Stigma much larger than style………………………...…………….10 6b. Stigma not enlarged………………………………………….……….7 7a. Flower magenta (white-flowered plants occasional)………………... 8 7b. Flower a creamy white, rarely pinkish; filament tube almost black with light spot at base of each anther; plants 2 to 8 in. high; open fields, Sacramento Valley from Tehama County south LOWLAND SHOOTING STAR (Dodecatheon clevelandii spp. patulum) 8a. Roots with rice-grain bulblets at flowering time; plants 5 to 15 in. high; shady places below 4000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north. CALIFORNIA MOSQUITO BILLS (Dodecatheon hendersonii) 8b. Roots without rice-grain bulblets………………………….………….9 9a. Filaments free or united into a short yellow tube; plants 3 to 10 in. high; moist meadows, 4500 to 6000 ft., Lassen and Modoc Counties. BONNEVILLE SHOOTING STAR (Dodecatheon conjugens) 9b. Filament tube maroon to black; plant ½ to 1 ½ ft. high; moist meadows in sagebrush areas, Modoc county. FEW-FLOWERED SHOOTING STAR (Dodecatheon pulchellum) 10a. Leaves glabrous; flower cluster only slightly glandular-hairy, if at all; plant 2 to 5 in. high; mountain meadows, 9000 to 12,000 ft., Sierra Nevada north. ALPINE SHOOTING STAR (Dodecatheon alpinum) PRIMULACEAE 89

10b. Leaves and flower cluster glandular-hairy; plant ½ to 1 ½ ft. high; wet places 2500 to 10,000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges north. SIERRA SHOOTING STAR (Dodecatheon jeffreyi) PURSLANE FAMILY (Portulacaceae) 1a. Flowers in a terminal umbel of coiled spikes; petals and sepals dull white or pink; leaves mostly in a basal rosette; widespread in open sandy places, 2500 to 11,000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges. PUSSY PAWS (Calyptridium umbellatum) 1b. Flowers solitary, in racemes, or in panicles (Fig. 10, p. 10)………… 2 2a. Sepals distinct and free from the ovary………………………………3 2b. Sepals united below and partly adherent to the ovary (Fig. 2, p. 2); a fleshy plant with yellow flowers; an introduced weed; widespread. COMMON PURSLANE (Portulaca oleracea) 3a. Sepals 2……………………………………………………...………11 3b. Sepals usually more than 2………………………………………..….4 4a. Leaves mostly basal sometimes forming a pronounced basal rosette…………………………………………………………..5 4b. No basal leaves, 2 to 5 (often 3) linear stem leaves, whorled; flowers white or pink. about 1/3 in. in diameter; moist mountain slopes. 5000 to 10,000 ft., Sierra Nevada and inner Coast ranges north. THREE-LEAFED LEWISIA (Lewisia triphylla) 5a. Stems 4 to 12 in. high; stem-leaves reduced to bracts; inflorescence many-flowered, well above leaves……..………….…..9 5b. Stems less than 5 in. high………………………………….………….6 6a. Petals ¼ to ½ in. long, white or pink; sepals glandular-toothed; moist gravelly places at high altitudes; Sierra Nevada north. ALPINE LEWISIA (Lewisia pygmaea) 6b. Petals usually more than ½ in. long………………………….……….7 7a. Sepals petal-like, pink or white like the petals, many stamens usually with red anthers; showy flowers of dry or rocky places in mountains and foothills, 2500 to 6000 ft., widespread but not common. BITTERROOT (Lewisia rediviva) 7b. Sepals not petal-like, green or colorless; flowers white…….….…….8 8a. Bracts just below sepals and like them; sepals glandular-toothed; sandy places, 4500 to 7500 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Plumas County. KELLOGG’S LEWISIA (Lewisia kelloggii) PRIMULACEAE PORTULACACEAE 90

8b. Bracts not sepal-like and about half-way up the flowering stem; moist mountain meadows, 4500 to 12,000 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges north. NEVADA LEWISIA (Lewisia nevadensis) 9a. Petal less than ½ in. long, red, pink, or white with red veins……….10 9b. Petal ½ to 1 in. long; white with red stripes; leaves broad, fleshy; moist, rocky slopes, 4000 to 7500 ft., Trinity and Siskiyou Counties. STRIPED LEWISIA (Lewisia cotyledon) 10a. Leaves linear, round in cross section. in dense basal tuft; many-f lowered panicle; rocky places, 6000 to 7500 ft., Trinity and Siskiyou Counties. PINK LEWISIA (Lewisia leana) 10b. Leaves flattened, toothed; wet cliffs about 3000 ft., Nevada to Plumas Counties. HOWELL’S LEWISIA (Lewisia cantelowii) 11a. Flower white or pink……………………………………………...…12 11b. Flower a bright rose-red, opening only in sunlight; stems diffuse; leaves alternate; widespread; blooming in early spring in cultivated fields. RED MAIDS, Kisses, Wild Por tulaca (Calandrinia ciliata) 12a. Stems arising from a fleshy root or underground stem………...……18 12b. Stems arising from fibrous roots………………………………...…..13 13a. Leaves alternate (Fig. 6, p. 6), linear; petals unequal……….…...….17 13b. Leaves opposite……………………………………………………..14 14a. A single pair of opposite leaves on stem, also a cluster of long petioled basal leaves……………………………………………...…16 14b. Several pairs of opposite leaves; racemes of white or pinkish flowers in axils of leaves…………………………………………....15 15a. Petals united at base; delicate annual, floating in ponds or on mud; below 5000 ft., from Placer County north. WATER CHICKWEED (Montia fontana) 15b. Petals only slightly united, if al all; rather fleshy perennial; swampy meadows or along streams, in mountains, 4000 ft. up, Sierra Nevada to Modoc County. TOAD LILY (Montia chamissoi) 16a. Pair of opposite leaves more or less united below cluster of white or pinkish flowers; widespread; common in early spring in moist, shady places. MINER’S LETTUCE (Claytonia perfoliata.) 16b. Pair of opposite leaves distinct from each other; flowers white or pink in loose raceme; moist places, 5000 to 7000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou County. CANDY FLOWER (Claytonia sibirica) 17a. Plant 2 to 10 in. high; leaves ¾ to 1 ½ in long; 2 to 7 flowers in a PORTULACACEAE 91

loose raceme; wet places in lower mountains, Sierra Nevada to Modoc County. LINEAR-LEAFED MONTIA (Montia linearis) 17b. Plant 3 in. or less high; leaves ¼ to ½ in. long; 6 to 12 flowers in a crowded raceme; moist banks and vernal pools below 5000 ft., Shasta and Siskiyou Counties. DICHOTOMUS MONTIA (Montia dichotoma) 18a. Rosettes of fleshy leaves at base; stem leaves reduced to bracts; moist rocky places below 8500 ft., Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges. SMALL-LEAFED MONTIA (Montia parvifolia) 18b. A single basal leaf, if any……………………...…………………….19 19a. Stem leaves petioled, 3-nerved; rounded at tip; flowers white to rose; exposed slopes, 5000 ft. up, Sierra Nevada and inner Coast Ranges GREAT BASIN CLAYTONIA (Claytonia umbellata) 19b. Stem leaves sessile, acute; flowers white with pink veins; moist woods, 4500 to 8000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Modoc County. LANCE-LEAFED SPRING BEAUTY (Claytonia lanceolata) ROSE FAMILY (Rosaceae) For woody shrubs over 2 ft. high, see Key for Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines, page 123. 1a. Plant with runners which root at nodes; leaves and flowers in basal tufts; leaves with 3 leaflets; flower white, ½ to 1 in. in diameter; receptacle enlarges becoming fleshy and bearing many small mature ovaries over its surface………………...…………………………....15 1b. Plant without runners……………………………………….………...2 2a. Plant herbaceous………………………………………….……….….3 2b. Plant with woody, decumbent stems; leaves dissected into linear divisions; flowering stems 3 to 7 in. high; flowers white or creamy, in racemes; damp, rocky slopes, 6500 to 9000 ft., Trinity and Siskiyou Counties. PARTRIDGE FOOT (Luetkea pectinata) 3a. Plant 3 to 6 ft. high with large pinnately compound leaves……...….14 3b. Plant mostly much less than 3 ft. high…………………………….….4 4a. Stamens 10 or less……………………………………………….……8 4b. Stamens and pistils many……………………………………….…….5 5a. Styles elongated and persistent, making showy, globose fruiting heads……………………………………………………...…………..7 5b. Styles deciduous, not producing a striking fruiting head………….….6 6a. Leaf palmately compound, often silky beneath; flowers yellow, in cymes; plants 1 to 1 ½ ft. high; widespread; moist mountain meadows, 2500 to 900 ft., Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada PORTULACACEAE ROSACEAE 92

to Siskiyou County. SILVER CINQUEFOIL, Nor thwest Cinquefoil, Slender Cinquefoil (Potentilla gracilis var. fastigiata) 6b. Leaf pinnately compound; plant 1 to 3 ft. high, with sulphur yellow or cream-colored flowers ½ in. in loose cymes; widespread; slopes and valleys; spring. STICKY CINQUEFOIL, Gland Cinquefoil (Potentilla glandulosa ssp and some 12 to 15 additional species of Potentilla) 7a. Coarse plant. 1 to 3 ft. high, with bristly herbage; basal leaf 4 to 15 in. long; petal yellow; bristles on fruiting head hooked at tip; found around springs and streams in foothills and mountains, Sierra Nevada to Oregon; May to August. BIG-LEAFED AVENS, Lar ge-leafed Avens, Yellow Avens (Geum macrophyllum) 7b. Plant 6 to 12 in. high, covered with soft hairs; leaf 3 to 7 in. long with several cleft segments; petal pale yellow or reddish; fruiting head covered with plumose tails; moist flats east slope of Sierra Nevada to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties; summer. PRAIRIE-SMOKE (Geum triflorum) 8a. Stamens 1 or 2…………………………………...…………………..13 8b. Stamens 5 or 10…………………………………………………….…9 9a. Stamens 5……………………………………………………...…….10 9b. Stamens 10, leaves pinnate, flowers cream or white.…………..….. 12 10a. Leaves ternately compound; low tufted perennials with small, yellow flowers; dry rocky places, 6000 to 12,000 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. SIBBALDIA (Sibbaldia procumbens) 10b. Leaves pinnate, leaflets divided into narrow lobes……………...…..11 11a. Leaves with 5 to 10 pairs of leaflets, low plants 3 to 6 in. high, in volcanic ash, 5000 to 6000 ft., Sierra County to Lassen County. WEBBER’S IVESIA (Ivesia webberi) 11b. Leaves with 12 to 25 pairs of leaflets; herbage somewhat hairy and glandular; flowers yellow; rocky places 7500 to 13,000 ft., Trinity Siskiyou and Modoc Counties. GORDON’S IVESIA (Ivesia gordonii) 12a. Leaflets 5 to 20 pairs, much cleft into linear segments; stem leafy, often purplish; basal leaves silky; flowers cream; dry woods, 2700 to 4000 ft., Tehama and Trinity Counties to Siskiyou County. CARROT-LEAFED HORKELIA (Horkelia daucifolia) 12b. Leaflets 2 to 7 pairs, usually 3-toothed at apex; herbage cobwebby purplish; flowers white to pinkish; wood, 3000 to 6500 ft., Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou County. THREE-TOOTHED HORKELIA (Horkelia tridentata) 13a. Leaves palmately lobed; slender annual about 4 in. high; flower small without petals, stamen 1, pistils 1 or 2; ROSACEAE 93

open grassy places below 2000 ft.; widespread. WESTERN LADY’S MANTLE (Aphanes occidentalis) 13b. Leaves pinnate, leaflets pinnately incised; glabrous, with white margin; stamens 2; grassy places. 2500 to 6500 ft., Nevada County to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. WESTERN BURNET (Poteridium annuum) 14a. Flowers small, yellow, in slender spike-like racemes, perfect (stamens and pistils in the same flower); hooked bristles on fruit; borders of woods, 2500 to 5500 ft., Plumas and Shasta Counties. HAIRY AGRIMONY (Agrimonia gryposepala) 14b. Flowers dioecious (Stamens and pistils on different plants), small, white, in long slender spikes in large panicles; in moist wood below 5000 ft., Shasta, Trinity and Siskiyou Counties. GOAT’S BEARD (Aruncus dioicus var. pubescens) 15a. Leaf densely silky beneath, leaflets almost sessile; shady places below 7000 ft., Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou County. CALIFORNIA STRAWBERRY (Fragaria vesca) 15b. Leaf only slightly silky, if at all; leaflets with short stalks; damp woods 4000 to 10,000 ft., Sierra Nevada north to Modoc and Siskiyou Counties. BROAD-PETALED STRAWBERRY (Fragaria virginiana) SAXIFRAGE FAMILY (Saxifragaceae) For woody plants over 2 ft. high. see Key for Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines, page 123. 1a. Stamens 5…………………….……………………………………….6 1b. Stamens 10……………………………………….…………………...2 2a. Petals toothed or cleft………………………………………………...5 2b. Petals entire…………………………………………………….……..3 3a. Flowers white in either loose or dense flower clusters, petals small, 1/8 to ¼ in. long; leaves mainly basal; widespread; moist places in foothills and mountains; spring and summer. SAXIFRAGE (Saxifraga 11 spp. in northern California) 3b. Flower red or pink…………………………………….………………4 4a. Leaf peltate (petiole attached to center of leaf like an umbrella) 1 to 2 ft. in diameter, flowers pink, ½ in. in diameter, in compound cymes appearing before the leaves; plants grow along rapid mountain streams often covering large areas; Sierra Nevada to Oregon; spring blooming. ROSACEAE SAXIFRAGACEAE 94