সাহিত্যপাঠ একাদশ-দ্বাদশ শ্রেণি

cv‡Äwi diiyL Avng` Kwe-cwiwPwZ diiæL Avng‡`i Rb¥ 1918 wLªóv‡ãi 10B Rby gv¸iv †Rjvi gvSAvBj MÖv‡g| Zvu i wcZvi bvg ˆmq` nv‡Zg Avjx| Kg©Rxe‡b eûwewPÎ †ckv Aej¤^b K‡i‡Qb wZwb| Z‡e †kl ch©šÍ `xN©Kvj a‡i PvKwi‡Z wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb XvKv †eZv‡i Ô÷vd ivBUviÕ wn‡m‡e| Pwjø‡ki `k‡K Avwef~©Z kw³gvb Kwe‡`i Ab¨Zg diiæL Avng‡`i cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ ÔmvZ mvM‡ii gvwSÕ cÖKvwkZ nq 1944 mv‡j| Gi ci G‡K G‡K Zuvi A‡bK Kve¨MÖš’, Kve¨bvU¨ I KvwnwbKve¨ cÖKwkZ n‡q‡Q| Bmjvwg HwZ‡n¨i cybiæ¾xe‡b wek¦vmx G Kwei KweZvq cÖavbZ cÖKvk N‡U‡Q Bmjvwg Av`k© I Rxeb‡ev‡ai| Zvu i Ab¨ MÖš’¸‡jvi bvg− Kve¨MÖš’ : ÔwmivRvg gby xivÕ; Kve¨bvU¨ : Ô†bŠ‡dj I nv‡ZgÕ; m‡bU msKjb : Ôgyn‡~ Z©i KweZvÕ Ges KvwnwbKve¨ : Ônv‡Zg ZvqxÕ| GQvov wZwb †QvU‡`i Rb¨ †ek wKQz Qov I KweZv wj‡L †M‡Qb| mvwnZ¨K…wZi ¯^xK…wZ¯^iƒc wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi I BD‡b‡¯‹v ciy ¯‹vi jvf K‡i‡Qb Ges gi‡YvËi GK‡z k c`‡K f~wlZ n‡q‡Qb| 1974 wLªóv‡ãi 19G A‡±vei wZwb XvKvq gZ„ ¨z eiY K‡ib| ivZ †cvnvevi KZ †`wi cv‡Äwi? GL‡bv †Zvgvi Avmgvb fiv †g‡N? †mZviv, †njvj GL‡bv I‡Vwb †R‡M? Zwz g gv¯Í‡y j, Avwg `uvo Uvwb fz‡j; Amxg Kzqvkv Rv‡M kb~ ¨Zv †Nwi| ivZ †cvnvevi KZ †`wi cv‡Äwi? `xNj iv‡Zi kÖvšÍ mdi †k‡l †Kvb& `wiqvi Kv‡jv w`M‡šÍ Avgiv c‡owQ G‡m? G Kx Nb-wmqv wR‡›`Mvwbi evÕe †Zv‡j gwm©qv e¨w_Z w`‡ji ZzdvbÑkÖvšÍ Lve AùUz n‡q µ‡g W‡z e hvq Rxe‡bi Rq‡fix| Zwz g gv¯Íy‡j, Avwg `vu o Uvwb f‡z j; m¤§y‡L ïay Amxg Kqz vkv †nwi| ivZ †cvnvevi KZ †`wi cv‡Äwi? e›`‡i e‡m hvÎxiv w`b †Mv‡b, ewy S †gŠmywg nvIqvq †gv‡`i Rvnv‡Ri aŸwb †kv‡b, eywS Kzqvkvq, †RvQbv-gvqvq Rvnv‡Ri cvj †`‡L| Avnv, †c‡ikvb gmy vwdi `j

cv‡Äwi 293 `wiqv wKbv‡i Rv‡M ZK&w`‡i wbivkvi Qwe Gu‡K! c_nviv GB `wiqv-†muvZvq Ny‡i P‡jwQ †Kv_vq? †Kvb mxgvnxb `~‡i? Zwz g gv¯Í‡y j, Avwg `uvo Uvwb fz‡j; GKvKx iv‡Zi ¤øvb RyjgvZ †nwi| ivZ †cvnvevi KZ †`wi cv‡Äwi? ïay Mvdj‡Z, ïay †Lqv‡ji f‡z j, `wiqv-A_B åvwšÍ wbqvwQ Z‡z j, Avgv‡`wi fz‡j cvwbi wKbv‡i gymvwdi `j ewm †`‡L‡Q mf‡q A¯Í wMqv‡Q Zv‡`i †mZviv, kkx| †gv‡`i †Ljvi ajy vq jyUv‡q cwo †K‡U‡Q Zv‡`i `fy ©v‡M¨i we¯^v` ke©ix| mI`vM‡ii `j gv‡S †gviv IVv‡qwQ AvnvRvwi, N‡i N‡i I‡V µ›`baŸwb AvIqvR ïb&wQ Zvwi| I wK evZv‡mi nvnvRvi,− I wK †ivbvRvwi, ÿwz a‡Zi! I wK `wiqvi MR©b, Ñ I wK †e`bv gRj‡y gi! I wK ÿaz vZiz cuvRivq ev‡R gZ„ ¨z i Rq‡fix| cv‡Äwi! Rv‡Mv e›`‡i ˆKwdq‡Zi Zxeª åK~ zwU †nwi, Rv‡Mv AMYb ÿwz aZ g‡y Li bxie åK~ zwU †nwi! †`L †P‡q †`L, mh~ © IVvi KZ †`wi, KZ †`wi! cv‡Äwi? kãv_© I UxKv Ñ †h †bŠ-Kg©Pvix Rvnv‡Ri AMÖfv‡M ev gv¯‘jmsjMœ evwZ w`‡q Pvicvk †`‡L cv‡Äwi gvwS‡K c_wb‡`©kK ms‡KZ †`q| cÖZxKx A_© − RvwZi c_cÖ`k©K| †mZviv Ñ Zviv| bÿÎ| †njvj gv¯‘j Ñ Pvu `| Ñ †bŠKv, RvnvR BZ¨vw`‡Z cvj LvUv‡bvi `Ð|

294 mvwnZ¨ cvV Nb-wmqv Ñ wbweo Kv‡jv (AÜKvi)| wR‡›`Mvwbi evÕe Ñ Rxe‡bi Aa¨vq ev ch©vq| gwm©qv Ñ †kvKMxwZ| Lve Ñ †Lvqve| ¯^cœ| †nwi Ñ †`wL| cÖZ¨ÿ Kwi| Ae‡jvKb Kwi| †c‡ikvb Ñ DwØMœ| wPwšÍZ| wKsKZ©e¨wegp~ | K¬všÍ| gmy vwdi Ñ cw_K| mdiKvix| hvÎx| ch©UK| ZK&w`i Ñ fvM¨| A`ó„ | Kcvj| bwme| RyjgvZ Ñ AÜKvi| MvdjZ Ñ Ae‡njv| J`vmxb¨| Ag‡bv‡hvwMZv| fjy PKz | ke©ix Ñ ivwÎ| AvnvRvwi Ñ nvnvKvi| †ivbvRvwi Ñ AvnvRvwi K‡i Kvbœv| gRjgy Ñ AZ¨vPvwiZ| åƒKwz U Ñ †ÿvf| †µva BZ¨vw`i Kvi‡Y fiy æi KÂz b ev KzwÂZ Ae¯’v| ˆKwdqZ Ñ Revew`wn| KviY †`wL‡q Reve| cvV-cwiwPwZ diiæL Avng‡`i weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’ ÔmvZ mvM‡ii gvwSÕ †_‡K Òcv‡ÄwiÓ KweZvwU msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| G Kv‡e¨i bvg-KweZvq RvZxq Rxe‡bi AMÖhvÎvi KvÐvwi‡K †hgb cÖZxKx Zvrch© †`Iqv n‡q‡Q, Òcv‡ÄwiÓ K_vwUI Abiy ƒc Ges GKB Zvrch©gwÐZ| Òcv‡ÄwiÓ diiæL Avng‡`i Ab¨Zg †kÖô KweZv| GwU GKwU iƒcK KweZv| G KweZvq cv‡Äwi RvwZi KY©av‡ii cÖZxK| KweZvq e¨eüZ wewfbœ kã I wPÎKí bvbv cÖZxKx e¨Äbvq gwÐZ| KweZvwU‡Z mgy`ªhvÎvi cÖwZK‚j cwiw¯’wZ Ges Zv †_‡K DËi‡Yi AvKv•ÿvi †fZi w`‡q Kwe RvZxq Rxe‡b weivRgvb msKU DËi‡Y RvZxq †bZ‡… Z¡i m‡PZb f~wgKv cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb| G KweZvq fveKíbv I Av‡eM-gvahy © iƒcvq‡Y Ges aŸwb‡mŠKh©, wPÎKí iPbv I iƒcK-cÖZxK m„wó‡Z Kwe PgrKvwi‡Z¡i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| KweZvq fvevbly ½ iPbvq Kwe Aviwe-dviwm k‡ãi e¨env‡i `ÿZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| KweZvwU 6 gvÎvi gvÎveË„ Q‡›` iwPZ| Pi‡Yi ce©web¨vm : 6+6+2| e¨wZµgI i‡q‡Q| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ L. Kvbœv 1. Ô†ivbvRvwiÕ K_vi A_© Kx? N. Ae‡njv K. nvnvKvi M. AZ¨vPvi

cv‡Äwi 295 2. ÕivZ †cvnvevi KZ †`wi cv‡Äwi?Õ−G Pi‡Y ivZ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? K. AÜKvi L. civaxbZv M. `wy `©b N. `ty L wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| Bmjvg iwe †R¨vwZ Zvi AvR w`‡b w`‡b wegwjb m‡Z¨i Av‡jv wbwfqv R¡wj‡Q, †RvbvKxi Av‡jv ÿxY| Dgi! dviæK! Av‡Lwi bwei I†Mv, `wÿYevû AvnŸvb bq, iƒc a‡i G‡mv, MÖv‡m AÜZv ivû| 3. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g `By Pi‡Y Ôcv‡ÄwiÕ KweZvi †hme fv‡ei cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q Zv n‡jvÑ i. RvwZi wech©¯Í Ae¯’v ii. Kvw•ÿZ DËiY cÖZ¨vkv iii. AatcwZZ gvb‡y li mKiæY wPÎ wb‡Pi †Kvb DËiwU wVK? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii 4. D³ cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi evYx wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y dz‡U D‡V‡Q? K. m¤§‡y L ïay Amxg Kqz vkv †nwi L. `xNj iv‡Zi kªvšÍ mdi †k‡l M. Zzwg gv¯‘‡j Avwg `uvo Uvwb fz‡j N. Rv‡Mv e›`‡i ˆKwdq‡Zi Zxeª åƒKzwU †nwi m„Rbkxj cÖkœ D`©y Ges D`y©B n‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv−kvmK‡Mvôxi G‡nb `‡¤¢vw³‡Z mviv evsjvi gvbyl M‡R© I‡Vb| cÖwZev‡`i So I‡V me©Î| MwVZ nq †K›`ªxq msMÖvg cwil`| G cwil‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡ I wb‡`©kbvq wQj me©¯Í‡ii HK¨e× gvby‡li cÖwZwbwaZ¡| GKz‡k †deªæqvwi Zvwi‡L 144 aviv f½ K‡i QvÎ-RbZv AMÖmi nb mwPevj‡qi w`‡K| wgwQ‡j wgwQ‡j †K‡u c I‡V ivRc_| kvmK‡Mvôxi ¸wj‡Z †ek KRb kwn` n‡jI †kl ch©šÍ kvm‡Kiv †g‡b †bq evsjvi gvb‡y li b¨vh¨ `vwe| weRq nq †hvM¨ †bZ„‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ Av‡›`vj‡bi| K. Òcv‡ÄwiÓ K_vi A_© Kx? L. Òc_nviv GB `wiqv-†muvZvq Ny‡i P‡jwQ †Kv_vq?Ó−†jL‡Ki Giƒc Avk¼vi KviY Kx? M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ Òcv‡ÄwiÓ KweZvq ewY©Z cwiw¯’wZi mv`k„ ¨c~Y© w`KwU Z‡z j ai| N. RvZxq Rxe‡bi msKU DËi‡Y Kwei cÖZ¨vkvi cÖwZdjb Kxfv‡e N‡U‡Q Zv DÏxcK I Òcv‡ÄwiÓ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K hwy ³mn ewy S‡q †jL|

Av‡jv PvB wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi Kwe-cwiwPwZ wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi 1919 wLªóv‡ãi 19G gvP© mvZÿxiv †Rjvi Zvjv _vbvi AšÍM©Z †ZZu wz jqv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui c~Y© bvg ˆmq` Avj& nv‡kgx Avey Rvdi gny ¤§` eL&Z wmKvb&`vi| Zviu wcZvi bvg ˆmq` gCbyÏxb nv‡kgx| Avey Rvdi 1936 mv‡j cÖ‡ewkKv I c‡i KjKvZvi wicb K‡jR †_‡K AvBG cvm K‡ib| 1939 wLªóv‡ã wZwb KjKvZvi wgwjUvwi GKvD›Um wefv‡M †hvM`vb K‡i †ckvMZ Rxeb ïiæ K‡ib| c‡i wmwfj mvcøvB Awd‡m PvKwi K‡ib| gj~ Z wZwb †ckvq wQ‡jb mvsevw`K| KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg m¤úvw`Z Ôˆ`wbK behyMÕ cwÎKvq mvsevw`KZvi gva¨‡g Zvui mvsevw`K Rxeb ïiæ nq| wZwb ÔB‡ËdvKÕ, Ômsev`Õ, wgjøvZÕ cÖf…wZ cwÎKvq mvsevw`KZv K‡ib| 1956 †_‡K 1970 mvj ch©šÍ Zvui m¤úv`bvq cÖKvwkZ nq gvwmK mvwnZ¨-cwÎKv ÔmgKvjÕ| †m mg‡qi ZiæY †jLK‡`i Drmvn`vb, RvZxqZv‡eva I evOvwj †PZbvq Abcy ÖvwYZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î GB cwÎKvwU Amvgvb¨ fw~ gKv †i‡L‡Q| 1971 -G gyw³h‡y ×i mgq wZwb ¯^vaxbZv, †`k‡cÖg I wecø‡ei †PZbv-m¤úbœ A‡bK Mvb iPbv K‡ib| Zvui iwPZ ÔAvgv‡`i msMÖvg Pj‡eBÕ MvbwU gwy ³hy‡×i mgq G‡`‡ki gyw³Kvgx RbZv‡K Abcy ÖvwYZ K‡i| wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvq me kvLvq wePiY K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e Zviu g~j cwiPq wZwb Kwe| Zviu D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mw„ ó¸‡jv n‡jvÑ Kve¨MÖš’ : ÔcÖmbœ cÖniÕ, Ôˆeix ew„ ó‡ZÕ, ÔwZwgivwšÍKÕ, ÔKweZvÕ, Ôe„wðK jMœÕ, Ôevsjv Qv‡ovÕ; bvUK : ÔkKzšÍ DcvL¨vbÕ, ÔwmivRD‡ÏŠjv, ÔgnvKwe AvjvIjÕ; Dcb¨vm : ÔgvwU Avi AkÖæÕ, Ôci~ exÕ, ÔbZbz mKvjÕ; wK‡kvi cvV¨ : ÔR‡qi c‡_Õ| wZwb 1966 mv‡j evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib Ges 1984 mv‡j GK‡z k c`‡K (gi‡YvËi) f~wlZ nb| 1975 wLªóv‡ãi 5B AvM÷ wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi gZ„ z¨eiY K‡ib| kv‡L kv‡L ˆP‡Îi cjø‡e †`‡LwQ wegy» †Pv‡L me‡y Ri eY© mgv‡ivn; †m-e‡Y©i wKQz Av‡Q inm¨ RwUj wKQz Av‡Q AšÍ‡ii K_v| cÎSiv kvLv-e„šÍ-cÖv‡Y Kx Ae¨³ Abby q wQj, iæÿ kvLv EaŸ©k‡~ b¨ wK K_v †kvbv‡jv, D”Q¡wmZ †e`bvi cÖvY¯ú›` wb‡q †Kv_v †_‡K G‡jv GB me‡y Ri wkï, Zvi wKQz BwZnvm A`k„ ¨ Aÿ‡i Av‡Q †jLv| †m-`y‡Á©q bxie Kvwnwb ivwÎw`b evievi K‡i

Av‡jv PvB 297 ïb‡Z †P‡qwQ Avwg Db¥Ly kÖe‡Y| †kvbvi AZxZ hZ K_v †`Lvi AZxZ hZ AcÖwZg iƒc ZvB w`‡q iƒ‡c-i‡m m„wói wbf…Z gg©evYx wjwce× Av‡Q m‡½vc‡b| †m-iƒ‡ci wKQz Av‡jv †c‡qwQ ü`‡q wKQz K_v ï‡bwQ KL‡bv g‡g©i kÖe‡Y ewy Swb A‡bK wKQz Zvi| †hUzKz e‡y SwQ ZvI K_v †bB †kvbvevi g‡Zv| Zey †mB mwy bwðZ evYx A¯úó ¯^‡cœi g‡Zv Abyfw~ Z wN‡i ¯úk© Zvi †i‡L hvq, cÖ‡jvfb †i‡L hvq AviI, Avwg Zv‡K cvBwb Avgvi †PZbvi mnR mÜv‡b| Zey Zv‡K †`Levi eySevi A‡kl we¯§‡q iæ×Øvi ü`‡qi Kv‡Q Abybq Kwi evisevi : Av‡jv PvB− AviI Av‡jv, AšÍ‡ii, ZxeªZg Av‡jv| kãv_© I UxKv kv‡L kv‡L ... wKQz Av‡Q AšÍ‡ii K_v Ñ ˆP‡Îi cÎcjøe eû ewY©j| GB ewY©jZvi g‡a¨ Adiz šÍ inm¨ jywK‡q _v‡K| whwb m„wókxj gvbyl, cÖKw… Z‡K †`Lvi †PvL Av‡Q hvi, wZwb †mB in‡m¨i g‡a¨ gvbe-g‡bi K_v ïb‡Z cvb| cÎ Siv kvLv-e„šÍ-cÖv‡Y ... A`„k¨ Aÿ‡i Av‡Q †jLv Ñ S‡i hvIqvi g‡a¨ `ytL _v‡K| gvbly †hgb msmv‡ii eÜb †_‡K, c„w_exi eÜb †_‡K P‡j †h‡Z Pvq bv wKsev Zvi wcÖqRb‡K P‡j †h‡Z w`‡Z Pvq bv, KweI †Zgwb Kíbvq GKwU cvZvSiv iƒ‡ci g‡a¨I Zz‡j a‡ib †e`bvi nvnvKvi, Ae¨³ Abby q| wKš‘ †e`bvB †kl K_v bq m„wó Av‡Q, cÖvY Av‡Q, Av‡Q cÖv‡Yi †Kvjvnj| ÔmeyR wkïÕ ZviB cÖZxK| Avi GB m„wói g‡a¨ †Mvcb GK BwZnv‡mi g‡Zv †jLv _v‡K Rxe‡bi RqMvb|

298 mvwnZ¨ cvV †kvbvi AZxZ hZ Ñ cÖK…wZ wPiKvjB inm¨gq| KZ bv-Rvbv K_v, KZ bv-†kvbv Mvb K_v ... wjwce× Avi KZ bv- †`Lv iƒc †h cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ jywK‡q _v‡K Zvi BqËv †bB| Av‡Q ms‡Mvc‡b Ñ cÖK…wZi wecyj inm¨ Avi Acwi‡gq †mŠ›`‡h©i Av¯^v` me mw„ ókxj †m iƒ‡ci wKQz gvb‡y liB Kvw•ÿZ| KweI †mB iƒ‡ci, †mB †mŠ›`‡h©i, †mB in‡m¨i wKQz Av‡jv ... ewy Swb Av‡jv jvf K‡i‡Qb| †mB inm¨gq RM‡Zi wKQz K_v Zvj-jq-Q‡›` A‡bK wKQz Zvi Abyfe K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ †mB in‡m¨i Lye mvgvb¨B wZwb Zviu m„wói g‡a¨ aviY Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb− Avi GB Zvui Av‡ÿc| Zey Zv‡K †`Levi eySevi ... ZxeªZg Ñ Kwe Zviu mw„ ói g‡a¨ Rxeb I cÖK…wZi hZ inm¨ I †mŠ›`h© D‡b¥vPb Av‡jv Kiæb bv †Kb, wZwb KLbB cwicY~ © Zw… ß jvf K‡ib bv| wZwb cÖK…wZ‡K AviI Mfxifv‡e Ae‡jvKb Ki‡Z Pvb, D‡b¥vPb Ki‡Z Pvb Gi †Mvcb inm¨ I Avb›`‡K| cvV-cwiwPwZ ÒAv‡jv PvBÓ kxl©K KweZvwU Kwei ÔcÖ_g cÖniÕ (1965) kxl©K Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K Pqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ †h wecjy inm¨ I †mŠ›`h© jwy K‡q Av‡Q GB KweZvq Kwe Zvi ¯^iƒc Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| cÖKw… Zi AšÍ‡j©v‡K †hb m‡½vc‡b jwy K‡q Av‡Q m„wói wbfZ… gg©evYx| GB gg©we”Qwz iZ Av‡jvi ¯ú‡k© Kwe-ü`q me©`v DÏxß I AbycÖvwYZ| Kwe g‡b K‡ib, Avb›`-†e`bvq, bxieZv I kãgqZvq, Q›`-Zvj-j‡q cÖK…wZ wPiKvjB Hk¦h©gq| cÖK…wZi †mB wecyj Hk¦‡h©i AvnŸv‡b mvov †`Iqv GKRb Kwe wb‡Ri AR©b wb‡q KL‡bvB Z…wßjvf K‡ib bv| †mB AZ…wßi †e`bv wb‡q Kwe mw„ ókxj mËvi Kv‡Q kw³ I Av‡jvi cÖv_©bv K‡ib| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. ÒAv‡jv PvBÓ KweZvq †Kvb gv‡m mey‡Ri mgv‡ivn †`Lv hvq e‡j D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| K. ˆPÎ L. ˆekvL M. gvN N. dvêby 2. ÒcÎSiv kvLv-e„šÍÓ wK‡mi Bw½Z enb K‡i? K. mw„ ói L. †e`bvi M. g„Zz¨i N. beRvMi‡Yi

Av‡jv PvB 299 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| †Zvgiv Zzwj‡e e‡j mKvj weKvj be be msMx‡Zi Kmz gy dzUvB| nvwm g‡y L wb‡qv djz , Zvi c‡i nvq †d‡j w`I dzj, hw` †m dzj ïKvq| 3. DÏxc‡K dz‡U IVv w`KwU ÒAv‡jv PvBÓ KweZvi †h w`KwUi mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© Zv n‡jv− K. cÖK…wZi †mŠ›`h© L. cÖK…wZi inm¨ M. evsjvi Hk¦h© N. evsjvi mw„ ókxjZv 4. DÏxc‡Ki gv‡S ÒAv‡jv PvBÓ KweZvq Kwei PvIqvi †Kvb w`KwU Abycw¯’Z? K. †mŠ›`h©‡eva L. AvZ¥Z…wß M. AZ…wß N. cÖZ¨vkv mR„ bkxj cÖkœ ¯ÍeK-1 : cy‡®ú cy‡®ú fiv kvLx; Kz‡Ä K‡z Ä Mv‡n cvwL, ¸Äwiqv Av‡m Awj c‡y Ä c‡y Ä †a‡qÑ Zviv dz‡ji Ici Nwy g‡q c‡o dz‡ji gay †L‡q| ¯ÍeK-2 : RvMvI gygl~ ©y aiv cÖvY| dz‡ji dmj Av‡bv, Lv`¨ Av‡bv ÿzav‡Z©i jvwM AvZ¥vi Avb›` Av‡bv, Av‡bv hviv iwnqv‡Q RvwM wZwgi cÖni fwi AZ›`ª bqb, Zvi Z‡i QovI cÖfvZ Av‡jv †Zvgv‡`i gwy V f‡i f‡i| K. ÒAv‡jv PvBÓ KweZvq Kwe wegy» bq‡b Kx †`‡L‡Qb? L. ÒcÎSiv kvLv-eš„ Í-cÖv‡Y/Kx Ae¨³ Abybq wQjÓ− D³ e³‡e¨i Bw½ZcY~ © w`KwU e¨vL¨v Ki| M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g ¯Íe‡K ÒAv‡jv PvBÓ KweZvi †h w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv Z‡z j ai| N. ¯ÍeK؇qi mgwš^Z fveB ÒAv‡jv PvBÓ KweZvi c~Y© cÖwZdjb− gšÍe¨wUi hv_v_©¨ hvPvB Ki|

AvVv‡iv eQi eqm mKy všÍ fÆvPvh© Kwe-cwiwPwZ mKy všÍ fÆvPv‡hi© Rb¥ 1926 wLóª v‡ãi 15B AvM÷| Zvu i ˆcZK… wbevm †MvcvjMÄ †Rjvi †KvUvwjcvovq| Zvu i wcZvi bvg wbeviYP›`ª fÆvPvh,© gv‡qi bvg mby xwZ †`ex| †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB mKy všÍ wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ ivRbxwZ-m‡PZb| wZwb Ôˆ`wbK ¯v^ axbZvÕi wK‡kvimfv As‡ki cwÖ ZôvZv wQ‡jb Ges gZ„ ¨z i ce~ © chš© Í Gi m¤úv`‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb| mKy všÍ Zvu i Kv‡e¨ Ab¨vq-AwePvi †kvlY-eÂbvi weiæ‡× we‡`vª n weceø I gwy ³i AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯v^ axbZv h‡y ×i mg‡q Zvu i KweZv gwy ³Kvgx evOvwji g‡b we‡kl kw³ I mvnm Rwy M‡q‡Q| ÔQvocÎÕ Zvu i weL¨vZ Kve¨MšÖ |’ Zvu i Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨MšÖ ’ : ÔNgy †bBÕ, Ôce~ v© fvmÕ| Ab¨vb¨ iPbv : Ôwg‡VKovÕ, ÔAwfhvbÕ, ÔniZvjÕ BZ¨vw`| wZwb d¨vwmwe‡ivax †jLK wkíx ms‡Ni c‡ÿ ÔAvKvjÕ bv‡g GKwU Kve¨MšÖ ’ m¤úv`bv K‡ib| 1947 wLªóv‡ãi 13B †g gvÎ GKzk eQi eq‡m cÖwZfvevb G Kwei AKvjg„Zz¨ nq| AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Kx `ytmn ¯úa©vq †bq gv_v †Zvjevi Suwz K, AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mB Anin weivU `ty mvn‡miv †`q †h DuwK| AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi †bB fq c`vNv‡Z Pvq fvO‡Z cv_i evav, G eq‡m †KD gv_v †bvqvevi bq− AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Rv‡b bv Kuv`v| G eqm Rv‡b i³`v‡bi cYy ¨ ev‡®úi †e‡M w÷gv‡ii g‡Zv P‡j, cÖvY †`Iqv-†bIqv Swz jUv _v‡K bv k~b¨ mu‡c AvZ¥v‡K kc‡_i †Kvjvn‡j| AvVv‡iv eQi eqm fqsKi ZvRv ZvRv cÖv‡Y Amn¨ hš¿Yv, G eq‡m cÖvY Zxeª Avi cÖLi G eq‡m Kv‡b Av‡m KZ gš¿Yv| AvVv‡iv eQi eqm †h `ey ©vi c‡_ cÖvšÍ‡i †QvUvq eny Zdz vb, `y‡h©v‡M nvj wVKg‡Zv ivLv fvi ÿZ-weÿZ nq mn¯ª cÖvY| AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m AvNvZ Av‡m

AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 301 AwekÖvšÍ; G‡K G‡K nq R‡ov, G eqm Kv‡jv jÿ `xN©k¦v‡m G eqm Kvu ‡c †e`bvq _‡iv_‡iv| Zey AvVv‡ivi ky‡bwQ RqaŸwb, G eqm evu ‡P `y‡h©v‡M Avi S‡o, wec‡`i g‡y L G eqm AMÖYx G eqm Zey bZzb wKQz †Zv K‡i| G eqm †R‡bv fxiy, Kvciy yl bq c_ Pj‡Z G eqm hvq bv †_‡g, G eq‡m ZvB †bB †Kv‡bv mskq− G †`‡ki e‡y K AvVv‡iv AvmyK †b‡g|| kãv_© I UxKv AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Kx `ty mn Ñ G eqm gvbeRxe‡bi GK DËiYKvjxb ch©vq| ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y K‡i gvbyl G eq‡m| Ab¨‡`i Ici wbf©ikxjZv cwinvi K‡i wb‡Ri cv‡q `uvov‡bvi cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z nq Zv‡K| Gmgq †_‡K Zv‡K GK KwVb I `ytmn Ae¯’vq co‡Z nq| ¯úa©vq †bq gv_v †Zvjevi SzuwK Ñ A‡b¨i Ici wbf©ikxjZv cwinvi K‡i gv_v DPu z K‡i ¯^vaxbfv‡e Pjvi Suwy K G eq‡mB gvbyl wb‡q _v‡K| weivU `ty mvn‡miv †`q †h Dwu K Ñ bvbv `ty mvnmx ¯^cœ, Kíbv I D‡`¨vM G eq‡mi ZiæY‡`i gb‡K wN‡i a‡i| AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Rv‡b bv Kuv`v Ñ †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y K‡i G eq‡m gvbyl AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx nq| Rxe‡bi gy‡Lvgwy L `vu ovq ¯^vaxbfv‡e| ˆkke-ˆK‡kv‡ii ciwbf©iZvi w`b¸‡jv‡Z †h Kvbœv wQj G eq‡mi ¯^fve-ˆewkó¨ Zv‡K m‡PZbfv‡e g‡y Q †dj‡Z D‡`¨vMx nq| G eqm Rv‡b i³`v‡bi cYy ¨ Ñ †`k, RvwZ I gvbeZvi Rb¨ h‡y M h‡y M G eq‡mi gvbly B GwM‡q †M‡Q me‡P‡q †ewk| Rxe‡bi Swuz K wb‡q `vu wo‡q‡Q mg¯Í wec` †gvKv‡ejvq| cvÖ Y w`‡q‡Q ARvbv‡K Rvbevi Rb¨, †`k I RbM‡Yi gwy ³ I Kj¨v‡Yi msMvÖ ‡g| ZvB G eqm m›y `i, ïf I Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ i³gj~ ¨ w`‡Z Rv‡b| m‡u c AvZ¥v‡K kc‡_i †Kvjvn‡j Ñ ZviæY¨ ¯^cœ †`‡L bZbz Rxe‡bi, be be AMÖMwZ mva‡bi| ZvB †mBme ¯^cœ ev¯Íevq‡b, wbZ¨-bZzb KiYxq m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ be be kc‡_ ejxqvb n‡q ZiæY-cÖvY GwM‡q hvq `„p c`‡ÿ‡c| ZvRv ZvRv cÖv‡Y Amn¨ hš¿Yv Ñ Pvicv‡ki Ab¨vq, AZ¨vPvi, †kvlY, cxob, mvgvwRK ˆelg¨ I †f`v‡f` BZ¨vw` †`‡L cÖvYešÍ Ziæ‡Yiv ÿäz n‡q I‡V|

302 mvwnZ¨ cvV G eq‡m cÖvY Zxeª Avi cÖLi Ñ Abfy w~ Zi ZxeZª v I mMy fxi ms‡e`bkxjZv G eq‡mB gvb‡y li Rxe‡b G eq‡m Kv‡b Av‡m KZ gš¿Yv we‡kl Zxeª n‡q †`Lv †`q Ges g‡bvRM‡Z Zvi cwÖ ZwµqvI nq `‡y h©v‡M nvj wVK g‡Zv ivLv fvi Mfxi| G eqm Kv‡jv jÿ `xN©k¦v‡m Ñ fv‡jv-g›`, BwZevPK-†bwZevPK bvbv ZË¡, gZev`, fveaviYvi c_ Pj‡Z G eqm hvq bv †_‡g m‡½ cwiwPZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i GB eq‡mi Ziæ‡Yiv| G †`‡ki e‡y K AvVv‡iv Ñ Rxe‡bi GB mwÜÿ‡Y kvixwiK, gvbwmK, mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK AvmKy †b‡g bvbv RwUjZv‡K AwZµg Ki‡Z nq| GB mgq m‡PZb I m‡Pófv‡e wb‡R‡K cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j c`öjb n‡Z cv‡i| Rxe‡b wech©q †b‡g Avm‡Z cv‡i| Ñ m‡PZb I m‡Pó n‡q mwy bw`ó© j‡ÿ¨ Rxeb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z bv cvivi ARmª e¨_Z© vi `xNk© v¦ ‡m G eqm †bwZevPK Kv‡jv Aa¨vq n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i| Ñ G eqm †`n I g‡bi ¯’weiZv, wbðjZv, RivRxY©Zv‡K AwZµg K‡i `ey ©vi MwZ‡Z| cÖMwZ I AMÖMwZi c‡_ wbišÍi avegvbZvB G eq‡mi ˆewkó¨| Ñ AvVv‡iv eQi eqm eû BwZevPK ˆewk‡ó¨ wPwýZ| Ro wbðj cÖ_ve× Rxeb‡K †cQ‡b †d‡j bZzb Rxeb iPbvi ¯^cœ, Kj¨vY I †meveªZ, DÏxcbv, mvnwmKZv, Pjvi `ey ©vi MwZ− GmeB AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi ˆewkó¨| Kwe cÖv_©bv K‡ib, Gme ˆewkó¨ †hb RvZxq Rxe‡b PvwjKvkw³ n‡q `uvovq| cvV-cwiwPwZ mKy všÍ fÆvPv‡hi© ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÓ KweZvwU 1948 wLóª v‡ã cKÖ vwkZ Zvu i ÔQvocÎÕ Kve¨MšÖ ’ †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| G KweZvq Kwe wb‡Ri AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K eqtmwÜKv‡ji ˆewkó¨‡K Z‡z j a‡i‡Qb| ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b c`vc‡© Yi G eqmwU D‡ËRbvi, ceÖ j Av‡eM I D”Qv¡ ‡m Rxe‡bi Swuz K †bevi Dc‡hvMx| G eqm A`g¨ `ty mvn‡m mKj evav-wec`‡K †cwi‡q hvIqvi Ges Ab¨v‡qi weiæ‡× gv_v DPu z K‡i `vu ovevi Rb¨ c¯Ö Z‘ | G‡`i agB© n‡jv AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi gnvb g‡š¿ D¾xweZ nIqv, AvNvZ-msNv‡Zi g‡a¨ i³kc_ wb‡q Svu wc‡q cov| cvkvcvwk mgvRRxe‡bi bvbv weKvi, Am¯y Z’ v I meb© v‡ki AwfNv‡Z n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i Giv fqsKi| wKš‘ G eq‡mi Av‡Q mg¯Í `y‡h©vM Avi `ywe©cvK †gvKvwejv Kivi A`g¨ cÖvYkw³| d‡j ZviæY¨ I †hŠebkw³ `ey ©vi †e‡M GwM‡q hvq cÖMwZi c‡_| †hŠe‡bi DÏxcbv, mvnwmKZv, `ey ©vi MwZ, bZzb Rxeb iPbvi ¯^cœ Ges Kj¨vYeªZ− Gme ˆewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ Kwe cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb bvbv mgm¨vcxwoZ †`‡k ZviæY¨ I †hŠebkw³ †hb RvZxq Rxe‡bi PvwjKvkw³ n‡q `uvovq| ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvwU gvÎveË„ Q‡›` iwPZ|

AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 303 eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© KZ eQi eq‡m g„Z¨z eiY K‡ib? K. 19 L. 20 M. 21 N. 22 2. ÔG †`‡ki ey‡K AvVv‡iv AvmKy †b‡g|Õ Ñ †Kvb ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y Kwe AvVv‡ivi cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb? K. BwZevPK L. `ytmvnm M. eqm N. ZviæY¨ wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| weªwUk kvmK‡`i AZ¨vPv‡i AwZô fviZevmx| †ÿv‡fi Av¸b Qwo‡q c‡o me©Î| gv÷vi`v m~h© †m‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ BD‡ivwcqvb K¬ve Avµg‡Y GwM‡q Av‡mb Zvu i A‡bK Abmy vix| Gu‡`iB GKRb cÖxwZjZv Iqv‡Ï`vi| †kl ch©šÍ wZwb g„Zz¨‡K eiY K‡i wb‡q‡Qb wKš‘ AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡ibwb| 3. cÖxwZjZvi gv‡S ÒAvVvi eQi eqmÓ KweZvi †Kvb w`K¸‡jv d‡z U D‡V‡Q?− i. ZviæY¨ ii. AvZ¥Z¨vM iii. me©bv‡ki AwfNvZ wb‡Pi †KvbwU wVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i. ii I iii 4. D³ w`K wb‡Pi †Kvb PiYhyM‡j cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q? K. G eqm Rv‡b i³`v‡bi cYy ¨ L. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi †bB fq ev‡®úi †e‡M w÷gv‡ii g‡Zv P‡j c`vNv‡Z Pvq fvO‡Z cv_i evav M. cÖvY †`Iqv-†bIqv SzwjUv _v‡K bv k~b¨ N. G eqm ev‡u P `y‡h©v‡M Avi S‡o, m‡u c AvZ¥v‡K kc‡_i †Kvjvn‡j wec‡`i gy‡L G eqm AMÖYx m„Rbkxj cÖkœ mRy b I mvab mncvV Ges †jLvcovq †ek fv‡jv| ¯‹jz Rxeb cvi n‡Z bv n‡ZB mRy b wg‡k hvq wKQz Amr eÜzi mv‡_| †jLv-covi cvV Pz‡K hvq ILv‡bB| Zvi bvg ïb‡j gvbly AuvZ‡K D‡V| Aci w`‡K mvab wek¦we`¨vj‡q co‡Q| fvlv Av‡›`vjb ïiæ n‡j †m Zv‡Z Svu wc‡q c‡o− wgwQ‡j †m †bZZ… ¡ †`q| msMwVZ K‡i mncvVx‡`i, Avi cÖwZÁv K‡i − Rxeb w`‡q n‡jI gvZf… vlvi gvb iÿv Ki‡eB| K. †Kvb eq‡m `ytmvn‡miv Dwu K †`q? L. Òev‡®úi †e‡M w÷gv‡ii g‡Zv P‡jÓ− GK_v w`‡q mKy všÍ fÆvPvh© Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb? M. DÏxc‡Ki mRy ‡bi gv‡S ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÓ KweZvq †Kvb w`KwU d‡z U D‡V‡Q? N. D³ w`KwU wK ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÓ KweZvi g~jfve− †Zvgvi g‡Zi c‡ÿ hwy ³ w`‡q wePvi Ki|

†deªæqvwi 1969 Kwe-cwiwPwZ kvgmyi ivngvb kvgmiy ivngvb 1929 wLªóv‡ãi 23G A‡±vei XvKvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvu i ˆcZ…K wbevm biwms`xi cvovZwj MÖv‡g| Zvu i wcZvi bvg gyL‡jmiy ingvb †PŠayix I gvZvi bvg Av‡gbv LvZbz | wZwb 1945 wLªóv‡ã XvKvi †cv‡MvR ¯‹zj †_‡K cÖ‡ewkKv, XvKv K‡jR †_‡K 1947 wLªóv‡ã B›UviwgwW‡qU Ges XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K weG cvm K‡ib| 1957 wLªóv‡ã wZwb Ôˆ`wbK gwb©s wbDRÕ-G mvsevw`KZv w`‡q Kg©Rxeb ïiæ K‡ib| 1964 wLªóv‡ã wZwb Ôˆ`wbK cvwK¯ÍvbÕ (c‡i Ôˆ`wbK evsjvÕ) cwÎKvq †hvM`vb K‡ib| 1949 wLªóv‡ã ÔmvßvwnK †mvbvi evsjvÕ cwÎKvq Kwei cÖ_g KweZv cÖKvwkZ nq| AvRxeb wZwb wbôvi m‡½ Kve¨mvabvq wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb; wZwb wQ‡jb MYZ‡š¿i c‡ÿ, wQ‡jb mZ¨, m›y `i I b¨v‡qi c‡ÿ| ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vjb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ¯^vaxbZvh×y I cieZ©x mKj MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZ AKÉz mg_©b Zuvi KweZv‡K K‡i‡Q Abb¨ ˆewkó¨gwÐZ| bMi Rxe‡bi hš¿Yv, GKvwKZ¡, cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK eÜb BZ¨vw` Zuvi KweZvi jÿYxq ˆewkó¨| kvgmyi ivngv‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ : ÔcÖ_g Mvb wØZxq gZ„ z¨i Av‡MÕ, Ô†iŠ`ª K‡ivwU‡ZÕ, ÔweaŸ¯Í bxwjgvÕ, Ôwbiv‡jv‡K w`e¨i_Õ, ÔwbR evmf~‡gÕ, Ôew›` wkwei †_‡KÕ, Ôwdwi‡q bvI NvZK Kvu UvÕ, ÔD™¢U D‡Ui wc‡V P‡j‡Q ¯^‡`kÕ, ÔeyK Zvi evsjv‡`‡ki ü`qÕ BZ¨vw`| GQvov Mí-Dcb¨vm, wkï mvwnZ¨ I Abey v` K‡g©I wZwb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| wZwb Av`gwR ciy ¯‹vi, evsjv GKv‡Wwg ciy ¯‹vi, GK‡z k c`K, ¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹vimn AmsL¨ c`K I m¤§vbbvq f~wlZ n‡q‡Qb| 2006 wLªóv‡ãi 17B AvM÷ wZwb gZ„ z¨eiY K‡ib| Avevi dz‡U‡Q `¨v‡Lv Kò… Po~ v _‡i _‡i kn‡ii c‡_ †Kgb wbweo n‡q| KL‡bv wgwQ‡j KL‡bv-ev GKv †n‡u U †h‡Z †h‡Z g‡b nq−djz bq, Iiv kwn‡`i SjwKZ i‡³i eØy `y , ¯§w„ ZM‡Ü ficyi| GKz‡ki K…òP~ov Avgv‡`i †PZbviB is| G−i‡Oi wecixZ Av‡Q Ab¨ is, †h-is jv‡M bv fv‡jv †Pv‡L, †h-is mš¿vm Av‡b cÖvZ¨wnKZvq Avgv‡`i g‡b mKvj-mܨvqÑ GLb †m i‡O †Q‡q †M‡Q c_-NvU, mviv †`k NvZ‡Ki Aïf Av¯Ívbv|

†deªæqvwi 1969 305 Avwg Avi Avgvi g‡ZvB eû †jvK ivwÎ-w`b fj~ wy ÉZ NvZ‡Ki Av¯Ívbvq, †KD giv, Avagiv †KD, †KD ev fxlY †Rw`, `viæY wecø‡e †d‡U cov| PZzw`©‡K gvbweK evMvb, Kgjeb n‡”Q ZQbQ| eywS ZvB Dwbk‡kv DbmˇiI Avevi mvjvg bv‡g ivRc‡_, k~‡b¨ †Zv‡j d¬¨vM, eiKZ eyK cv‡Z NvZ‡Ki _vevi m¤§‡y L| mvjv‡gi †PvL AvR Av‡jvwPZ XvKv, mvjv‡gi gyL AvR ZiæY k¨vgj c~e© evsjv| †`Ljvg ivRc‡_, †`Ljvg Avgiv mevB RbmvaviY †`Ljvg mvjv‡gi nvZ †_‡K bÿ‡Îi g‡Zv S‡i AweiZ Awebvkx eY©gvjv Avi eiKZ e‡j Mvp D”Pvi‡Y GL‡bv ex‡ii i‡³ `ytwLbx gvZvi AkÖæR‡j †dv‡U dzj ev¯Í‡ei wekvj PZ¡‡i ü`‡qi nwir DcZ¨Kvq| †mB dzj Avgv‡`iB cÖvY, wknwiZ ÿ‡Y ÿ‡Y Avb‡›`i †iŠ‡`ª Avi `ty ‡Li Qvqvq| [ms‡ÿwcZ] kãv_© I UxKv Avevi dz‡U‡Q `¨v‡Lv ... Avgv‡`i †PZbviB is Ñ cÖwZ eQi kn‡ii c‡_ c‡_ Kò… Po~ v djz †dv‡U| Kwei g‡b nq †hb fvlv-kwn`‡`i i‡³i eØy y` Kò… Po~ v dzj n‡q dz‡U‡Q| ZvB GKz‡ki K…òPo~ v‡K Kwe Avgv‡`i †PZbvi i‡Oi m‡½ wgwj‡q wb‡Z Pvb| fvlvi Rb¨ huviv i³ w`‡q‡Qb, Rxeb DrmM© K‡i‡Qb Zvu ‡`i Z¨vM Avi gwngv †hb gZ~ © n‡q I‡V _‡i _‡i dz‡U _vKv jvj Kò… Po~ vi ¯Íe‡K-¯Íe‡K| gvbweK evMvb Ñ gvbexq RMr| gbyl¨Z¡, b¨vq I g½‡ji RMr| Kgjeb Ñ cÙeb| Kwe gvbweKZv, my›`i I Kj¨v‡Yi RMr †evSv‡Z ÔKgjebÕ cÖZxKwU e¨envi K‡i‡Qb|

306 mvwnZ¨ cvV ewy S ZvB Dwbk‡kv ... _vevi m¤§‡y L| Ñ 1952 mv‡ji HwZnvwmK ivóªfvlv-Av‡›`vj‡bi µgavivq QvÎ-Am‡šÍvl‡K †K›`ª K‡i M‡o IVv Av‡›`vjb Dwbk‡kv Dbmˇi e¨vcK MYAf¨y Ìv‡b iƒc †bq| kni I MÖv‡gi mKj †kÖwY-†ckvi gvbly GB Av‡›`vj‡b AskMÖnY K‡ib| e½eÜz †kL gwy Reiy ingvb †NvwlZ Qq `dv I Qv·`i 11 `dvi wfwˇZ M‡o IVv GB Av‡›`vjb wQj AcÖwZ‡iva¨| GB Av‡›`vj‡b cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z gZ„ ¨z eiY K‡ib Avmv`¾y vgvb, gwZDi, W. kvgm‡y ¾vnv cÖgyL| G As‡k Kwe †kvlY Avi eÂbvi weiæ‡× iæ‡L `vu ov‡bv I AvZ¥vûwZ †`Iqv exi RbZv‡K fvlv-kwn` mvjvg I eiK‡Zi cÖZx‡K Zvrch©gq K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| †mB djz Avgv‡`iB cÖvY Ñ djz ej‡Z GLv‡b evsjv fvlv †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| cvV-cwiwPwZ Ò†deªæqvwi 1969Ó kxl©K KweZvwU Kwe kvgmiy ivngv‡bi ÔwbR evmf‡~ gÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K Pqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ò†deªæqvwi 1969Ó †`k‡cÖg, MYRvMiY I msMÖvgx †PZbvi KweZv| 1969-G cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôxi weiæ‡× ZrKvjxb c~e©e‡½ †h MYAv‡›`vj‡bi mP~ bv n‡qwQj, KweZvwU †mB MYRvMi‡Yi cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ| RvwZMZ †kvlY I wbcxo‡bi weiæ‡× G‡`‡ki mvaviY gvbly ÿäz n‡q I‡V 1969-G| cÖZ¨šÍ MÖvgMÄ, nvUevRvi, KjKviLvbv, ¯‹jz -K‡jR-wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K AmsL¨ gvbly R‡ov nq XvKvi ivRc‡_| kvgmiy ivngvb wewPÎ †kªwY-†ckvi gvby‡li ¯^ZtùZ~ © msMÖvgx †PZbvi AmvaviY GK wkífvl¨ iPbv K‡i‡Qb GB KweZvq| KweZvwU‡Z †`kgvZK… vi cÖwZ RbZvi wecyj fv‡jvevmv msewa©Z n‡q‡Q| †`k‡K fv‡jv‡e‡m gvb‡y li AvZ¥`vb I AvZ¥vûwZi †cÖiYv‡K Kwe Mfxi ggZv I kª×vi m‡½ g~Z© K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| KweZvwU GKz‡ki i³Siv w`b¸‡jv‡Z ˆ¯^ikvm‡bi weiæ‡× G‡`‡ki msMÖvgx gvb‡y li AvZ¥vûwZi gvnv‡Z¥¨ cÖMvpZv jvf K‡i‡Q| M`¨Q›` I cÖengvb fvlvi myôz weKv‡k KweZvwU evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i GK Abb¨ ms‡hvRb| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. Ò†deªæqvwi 1969Ó KweZvq eY©gvjv‡K Kx‡mi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q? K. bÿÎ L. i³ M. djz N. †iŠ`ª

†deªæqvwi 1969 307 2. ÒAvevi d‡z U‡Q `¨v‡Lv K…òP‚ov _‡i _‡i kn‡ii c‡_Ó− PiYwU Avgv‡`i RvZxq Rxe‡bi †Kvb w`KwU Zz‡j a‡i? K. MYAv‡›`vjb L. fvlv Av‡›`vjb M. ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vjb N. ¯^‡`wk Av‡›`vjb wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| 1971 mv‡j gvZf… ‚wgi gwy ³i Rb¨ AKvZ‡i Rxeb wemR©b †`b gwZDi ingvb, †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj, gwnDÏxb Rvnv½ximn jÿ jÿ gvbyl| Zvu ‡`i AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi ga¨ w`‡q Rb¥ †bq ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k| 3. DÏxc‡Ki Z¨vMx gvbyl‡`i cÖwZ”Qwe Ò†deªæqvwi 1969Ó KweZvq hv‡`i wb‡`©k K‡i Zviv n‡jb− i. mvjvg ii. eiKZ iii. `ty wLbx gvZv †KvbwU wVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 4. IB e¨w³‡`i AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi gj~ gš¿ Kx wQj? K. Av`k© L. †`k‡cÖg M. we‡`ªvn N. ¯^vwaKvi mR„ bkxj cÖkœ Kcv‡j Kwâ‡Z jvj mvjy †eu‡a GB gv‡V Q‡z U G‡mwQj KviLvbv †_‡K †jvnvi kÖwgK, jvOj †Rvqvj Kvu‡a G‡mwQj SvKu †eu‡a Dj½ K…lK nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq g„Zz¨ †Pv‡L ¯^cœ wb‡q G‡mwQj ga¨weË, wb¤œweË, KiæY †Kivwb, bvix, e„×, feN‡y i Avi †Zvgv‡`i gZ wkï cvZv Kzovwbiv `j †eu‡a| K. kn‡ii c‡_ _‡i _‡i Kx dz‡U‡Q ? L. ÒG−i‡Oi wecixZ Av‡Q Ab¨ isÓ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? M. DÏxcKwU Ò†deªæqvwi 1969Ó KweZvi †h mv`k„ ¨ wb‡`©k K‡i Zvi cwiPq `vI| N. ÔDÏxc‡Ki e³e¨ Ò†deªæqvwi 1969Ó KweZvi LÐvskÕ− †hŠw³KZv †`LvI|

†Zvgvi Avcb cZvKv nvmvb nvwdRiy ingvb Kwe-cwiwPwZ nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ I mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg cy‡ivav e¨w³Z¡| wZwb Rvgvjc‡y i Zvu i bvbvevwo‡Z 1932 wLªóv‡ãi 14B Rby Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi ˆcZ…K evwo wQj Rvgvjcyi †Rjvi Bmjvgcyi _vbvi Kjz vKvw›` MÖv‡g| Zuvi evevi bvg Ave`iy ingvb Ges gv‡qi bvg nvwdRv LvZbz | wZwb XvKv K‡jwR‡qU ¯‹zj †_‡K gva¨wgK Ges XvKv K‡jR †_‡K D”Pgva¨wgK cv‡mi ci XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q ivóªweÁvb wefv‡M fwZ© nb| c‡i Abvm© dvBbvj cixÿvq Ask bv wb‡q weG cvm K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wkÿKZv, mvsevw`KZv, miKv‡ii ciivóª `߇ii PvKwi− Ggwb bvbv †ckvq wZwb hy³ wQ‡jb| ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g mvwnZ¨-msKjb ÔGK‡z k †deªæqvwiÕ wZwbB m¤úv`bv K‡ib| gZ„ ¨z i Av‡M wZwb †lvj L‡Ð evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i `wjj msKjb I m¤úv`bv K‡ib| †Kej KweZv bq cÖeÜ, Mímn mvwn‡Z¨i wewfbœ kvLvq Zvu i wQj `„ß c`PviYv| ¯^‡`k, mgKvj Ges mvaviY gvbyl Zvu i mvwnZ¨PP©vi gyL¨ cÖ‡Yv`bv| mvwnZ¨ †ÿ‡Î Amvgvb¨ Ae`v‡bi R‡b¨ wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wwg ciy ¯‹vi Ges gi‡YvËi GKz‡k c`K jvf K‡ib| Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ n‡jv : ÔwegLy cÖvšÍiÕ, ÔAvZ© kãvewjÕ, ÔAwšÍg k‡ii g‡ZvÕ, ÔhLb D`¨Z m½xbÕ, Ôe‡Rª †Piv Auvavi AvgviÕ, Ô†kvKvZ© ZievwiÕ cÖfw… Z| wZwb 1983 wLªóv‡ãi c‡njv GwcÖj gZ„ ¨z eiY K‡ib| Gevi †gvQve gLy †Zvgvi Avcb cZvKvq| nvRvi eQ‡ii †e`bv †_‡K Rb¥ wbj iw³g m~‡h©i AwaKvix †h k¨vgKvšÍ djz wbtk¼ nvIqvq AvR I‡o, `ytL‡fvjvwbqv Mvb Mvq| †gvQve †Zvgvi gyL AvR †mB Mvp cZvKvq| µ~i c`vwZK hZ h‡y M h‡y M D×Z cv‡qi `vM †i‡L †M‡Q †Kvgj cwji Z¡‡K, wewfbœ g‡y Li †KvwU Ak¦v‡ivnx G‡m L‡y i Ly‡i ÿZgq K‡i †M‡Q mnbxqv gvwU, jvjmvi jvjvgvLv †µv‡a e›`yK Kvgvb KZ Amyi MR©‡b wP‡i‡Q AvKvk cwicvwU, we`xY© eyK bxj eY© n‡q †MQ Zzwg, evsjvf~wg bZ n‡q †M‡Q gLy †ÿv‡f I j¾vq| Gevi †gvQve †mB gLy †kvKvµvšÍ, †Zvgvi Avcb cZvKvq| †K Av‡m m‡½ †`L †`L †P‡q AvR : KviLvbvi ivRv, jv½‡ji bvweK,

†Zvgvi Avcb cZvKv 309 DËvj †XD‡qi kvmK D`¨Z ˆeVv nv‡Z gvjøv `j, Ges Kvgvi Kz‡gvi Zvu wZ| Giv‡Zv mevB †mB †gnb‡Zi cÖfz, AvbyM‡Z¨ kvwbZ i‡³ Xj n‡q hvq e‡q †Zvgvi wkivgq mviv c‡_ c‡_| `ny v‡Z mivq `ªæZ kn‡ii RwUj cw¼j, ga¨weË Abo Avwej| G‡K G‡K mKj‡K bvgvq wgwQ‡j| Wv‡K Avcvgi fvB †evb| GKmv‡_ wg‡j wbwñ`ª wekvj wkjv`„p cvnvo evbvq| †mB †KvwU nvZ GK nvZ n‡q †gvQv‡e †Zvgvi gyL †Zvgvi Avcb cZvKvq| mg¯Í kb~ ¨Zvq AvR weï× evZvm e‡q hvq AvKvk Puv‡`vqv R¡‡j ivûg³y Nb bxwjgvq| AKjly evsjvfw~ g n‡q I‡Vv ivZvivwZ Avw`MšÍ Zx_©fw~ g| AšÍnxb wgwQ‡ji †`k, mvwi mvwi gvby‡li AvKv‡i n‡j gw~ Z©gqx mg¯Í ¯^‡`k AvR ivOv ivRc‡_| w`ev‡jvK n‡q †dv‡U cÖvÄj wecøe mvZ †KvwU gyL nv‡m gZ„ z¨i iwOb Zxi nv‡Z wb‡q| †kÖwYe× GB wf‡o mK‡jB mevi Av‡M GKevi kÎæ‡K †kl †`Lv †`‡L wb‡Z Pvq| `ytmvnm PgKvq eivfq wn‡jøvwjZ †Zvgvi Avcb cZvKvq \\ Zwz g Av‡Qv KvRj w`wNi cv‡o, †KvwK‡ji gaÿy iv ¯^‡i, nwir¯^‡cœ d‡z j-IVv cÖvšÍ‡ii De©i Av`‡i wmsncÖvY wMwie‡Z¥© Ges e‡½vcmvMi bvgK AvKzj H Aw¯’iZvi Zzgyj Mfx‡i Av‡Qv w`b-ivwÎ AwMœgyL Akwbi A‡kl Aax‡i| Zzwg Av‡Qv Av‡Rv, wQ‡j wPiKvj| we‡k¦i †miv m›y `ix e‡j jy‡UQ cÖev‡`i L¨vwZ hw`I iZœLPv †Zvgvi †mŠ›`h© †mB AweiZ †ZvgviB n‡q‡Q Kvj|

310 mvwnZ¨ cvV †Zvgv‡K g‡y Vv‡Z f‡i Avb‡›`i SzgSwz g evRv‡Z G‡m‡Q hviv mKy v‡ji †fvRmfvi ÿzavZ© AwZw_ i³ wb‡q gy‡L wa°v‡i wa°v‡i cjvZK Zviv, Avengvb evsjvi ee©iZg `Lj`viI †`L AvR Krz wmZZg Avu av‡i wbN©vr n‡e jxb| Zzwg wQ‡j Agwjb, Av‡Rv AvQ Agwjb| kZ †KvwU jvÃbvi wZ³ `vM mviv †`‡n m‡q Av‡Rv Zzwg gvZv, ïwPï× gvZv mvZ †KvwU mskßK mšÍv‡bi AKvZi Zwz g gvZv| †cÖg AevwiZ n‡e weR‡qi avivR‡j, †iŠ`ª, †RvQbvq| kZ kZvãxi Ae¸wÉZ Avkv c~Y© K‡i †gvQve †Zvgvq gLy †ZvgviB Avcb cZvKvq|| kãv_© I UxKv − Kwe GLv‡b Avgv‡`i cZvKvi meyR k¨vgj Rwg‡b †Niv jvj Ask‡K iw³g m~‡h©i AwaKvix †h †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| k¨vgKvšÍ dzj − ¯’jhy‡× AskMÖnYKvix ˆmb¨| c`vwZK − fqsKi wec¾bK kÎæ †evSv‡Z e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Amyi we`xY© eKy bxj eY© − K‡ói is‡K bxj e‡j mvaviYZ AwfwnZ Kiv nq| GLv‡b ¯^‡`‡ki n‡q †MQ Zwz g Ici h‡y M h‡y M ewntkw³i †h wbh©vZb AvMÖvmb msNwUZ n‡q‡Q Zvi cwiYwZ‡Z `ty L-wK¬ó evsjv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| KviLvbvi ivRv − kÖwgKivB KviLvbvi cÖvY| ZvB Zv‡`i ivRv e‡j m‡¤^vab Kiv jvO‡ji bvweK n‡q‡Q| Giv †Zv mevB †mB − mgy`ªc‡_ bvweK †hgb R‡ji eyK †K‡U bZbz c_ Avwe®‹v‡i eªZx nq †gnb‡Zi cÖfz †Zgwb evsjvi Kl… KI jvO‡ji djv w`‡q gvwU wP‡i mg„× dmjfiv AvMvgx w`‡bi c_ ˆZwi‡Z m‡Pó nq| − †`‡ki kÖgRxex gvbyl‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡`i mgv‡R †gnbwZ

†Zvgvi Avcb cZvKv 311 AvbMy ‡Z¨ kvwbZ i‡³ gvbyl Zv‡`i cÖvc¨ m¤§vb cvq bv| A‡bK mgq Zv‡`i‡K A‡b¨i Xj n‡q hvq e‡q †Zvgvi `vmZ¡ Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ Kwe GLv‡b †L‡U LvIqv gvb‡y li kÖ‡gi Ici wkivgq mviv c‡_ c‡_ Zv‡`iB wbqš¿Y cÖwZôvi cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb| `ny v‡Z mivq `ªæZ kn‡ii − b`xgvZ…K evsjv‡`‡ki b`xi Rj‡K kÖwg‡Ki kÖ‡gi m‡½ wgwj‡q †`Lv RwUj cw¼j n‡q‡Q| ga¨weË Abo Avwej| − †gnbwZ gvb‡y li K_v ej‡Z wM‡q Kwe GLv‡b kn‡ii cwi”QbœZv G‡K G‡K mKj‡K Kgx©‡`i K_v ¯§iY K‡i‡Qb| bvgvq wgwQ‡j − G‡`‡ki kÖgRxex gvby‡li †h jovKz gvbwmKZv i‡q‡Q Zvi wecix‡Z Avcvgi Kwe cÖZ¨ÿ K‡i‡Qb ga¨we‡Ëi ¯’weiZv, AvcmKvwgZv| wKš‘ GB Puv‡`vqv `ey ©jZv‡K civfZ‚ K‡i‡Q Zv‡`i cÖwZ kÖgRxex gvby‡li D`vË ivû AvnŸvb| ZvB mKj †kÖwY-†ckvi gvbyl wgwQ‡j GK n‡q †M‡Q, w`ev‡jvK n‡q †dv‡U ¯^‡`‡ki gyw³ mK‡ji Kv‡Q Awfbœ j‡ÿ¨ cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| cÖvÄj wecøe − cvgi Z_v wbP cvwcô e¨w³mn mK‡j| A_©vr KvD‡KB ev` bv w`‡q| nwir − Kvc‡oi ˆZwi wPÎwewPÎ QvDwb, mvwgqvbv| wMwieZ¥© − ÿwZKviK e¨w³ ev kÎæ A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| mskßK − GwU GKwU wPÎKí| m~‡h©i Av‡jv d‡z U w`‡bi ïiæ nq| Kwe †mB Av‡jv †dvUvi m‡½ wecø‡ei cÖvYgqZv‡K Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| − meyR − cvnvwo c_| − †h †hv×v GB g‡g© kc_ †bq †h, nq h‡y × Rqx n‡e A_ev gZ„ z¨ wbwðZ †R‡bI hy× Pvwj‡q hv‡e| gnvfvi‡Z K‡… òi bvivqYx †mbv`‡j mskßK †hv×v wQj, hviv giYcY K‡i hy× KiZ| cvV-cwiwPwZ Ò†Zvgvi Avcb cZvKvÓ KweZvwU nvmvb nvwdRyi ingv‡bi ÔhLb D`¨Z m½xbÕ kxl©K Kve¨Mªš’ †_‡K msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Av‡›`vjb-msMÖv‡gi †fZi w`‡q nvRvi eQ‡ii hš¿Yv NywP‡q evsjv‡`‡ki D¾¡j Af¨y `q‡K Kwe †`¨vwZZ K‡i‡Qb GB KweZvq| ¯^vaxb †`‡ki GKvšÍ Avcb †h ¯^vaxb cZvKv, Zv w`‡qB nvRvi eQi a‡i cwikÖvšÍ e½Rbbxi mKj K¬vwšÍ gwy Q‡q †`Iqvi AvKv•ÿv e¨³ n‡q‡Q Zvu i K‡É|

312 mvwnZ¨ cvV BwZnvm-m‡PZb Kwe Abfy e K‡ib Kxfv‡e `xN©Kvj a‡i evsjv AÂj evisevi AvµvšÍ n‡q‡Q| kÎæ‡mbvi A‡¯¿i SbSbvwb Avi Zv‡`i `¤¢c~Y© c`fv‡i †e`bv-bxj n‡q‡Q G‡`‡ki gvwU, cÖK…wZ Ges cÖvK…Z Rxeb| wKš‘ G-I mZ¨ †h, kÎæi ûsKvi KL‡bvB G‡`‡k wPi¯’vqx AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z mÿg nqwb| †Kbbv, G‡`‡ki kÖwgK, Kl… K, †R‡j, Zvu wZ, Kvgvi, Kgz vi, gvwS− cÖfw… Z mvaviY gvbyl Zv‡`i ey‡Ki i³ †X‡j mRxe K‡i †i‡L‡Q GB gvwUi cÖvY¯ú›`b‡K| Zviv h‡y M h‡y M wgwQ‡ji g‡Zv mg‡eZ n‡q‡Q, `‡y f©`¨ `yM© M‡o Zz‡j‡Q, †KvwU nvZ GK n‡q wM‡q †mB nv‡Z evsjv gv‡qi gy‡Li meUKz z kÖvwšÍ gy‡Q w`‡Z †P‡q‡Q| GKB cZvKvZ‡j wgwjZ nIqvi †cÖiYvq Dwbk‡kv GKvˇi D¾xweZ n‡qwQj G †`‡ki gvbly | AwMœùzwj‡½i g‡Zv Qwo‡q c‡owQj Zvi DËvc| †m DËvc Qwo‡q c‡o Kwei Abfy ‡e| Kwe‰PZ‡b¨ wfo K‡i wgwQj, jovB, i‡³ ivOv ivRc_ Avi kÎæ‡K iæ‡L †`Iqvi `iy šÍ mvn‡m fiv `ß„ gvb‡y li gLy | †mB msMÖvg‡K wZwb cÖwZwew¤^Z n‡Z †`‡Lb jvj-me‡y Ri cZvKvq| msMÖvgx Abfy ‡ei cvkvcvwk Kwei Abyf‡e aiv c‡o Avengvb evsjvi Awb›`¨my›`i iƒc| evsjvi KvRj w`wN, †KvwK‡ji Mvb, meRy dmj fiv gvV, cvnvwo c_ wKsev D”Q¡wmZ mg`y ª− eû‰ewP‡Î¨i mgš^‡q †h ¯^‡`k, Zv‡K Kwe cÖZxKvwqZ K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb ¯^vaxb †`‡ki Avcb cZvKvq| GB wZ‡jvËgv ¯^‡`‡ki AwgZ †mŠ›`h©B kÎæcÿ‡K G‡`k Avµg‡Y cÖjyä K‡i‡Q| G †`‡ki mvnmx Rb‡Mvôxi cÖwZ‡iv‡ai gy‡L kÎæiv cvjv‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q| gy³ n‡q‡Q ¯^‡`k| bZzb Avkvq bZzb w`‡bi ¯^‡cœ we‡fvi n‡q‡Qb Kwe| Zvu i GKvšÍ cÖZ¨q Ñ A‡bK i‡³i wewbg‡q cvIqv cZvKvi gayi ¯ú‡k© `i~ n‡q hv‡e †`kgvZK… vi mKj †e`bv| KweZvwU‡Z nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb †`k Avi Kuv‡a Kuva-†gjv‡bv AR¯ª gvbyl‡K GKB cZvKvi e܇b evu a‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Avi ZvB ÔcZvKvÕ kãeÜwU GB KweZvq HK¨ I cÖZ¨vkv ci~ ‡Yi cÖZxK| cy‡iv KweZv‡ZB ¯^‡`k‡K wkívwš^Z Aeq‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Kwe G‡Ki ci GK wPÎK‡íi gvjv †Mu‡_‡Qb| Avi wkí‡KŠk‡ji mmy gwš^Z cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g KweZvwU mgybœZ n‡q‡Q bv›`wbK D”PZvq| KweZvwU Aÿie„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| G‡Z 8+10, 10+6 cÖf…wZ wewfbœ c‡e©i gvÎv wefvRb cwijwÿZ nq| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. wbtk¼ nvIqvq AvR Kx I‡o? K. k¨vgKvšÍ djz L. e›`yK Kvgvb M. AvKvk Pvu ‡`vqv N. †KvwU mskßK 2. Ôµ~i c`vwZKÕ ej‡Z Kwe Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb? i. ¯’jhy‡× AskMÖnYKvix wbôiz ˆmb¨`j ii. evsjvq AvMZ hyM-hyMvšÍ‡ii kvmK-†kvlK‡kÖwY iii. evsjvi m¤ú`-†mŠ›`h© jÉy bKvix kÎæ‡mbv wb‡Pi †KvbwU wVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

†Zvgvi Avcb cZvKv 313 wb‡Pi KweZvskwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI− Iiv Kviv e‡y bv`j †Xv‡K Gwi g‡a¨ (_vgvI _vgvI), ¯^Y©k¨vg eyK wQ‡u o A¯¿ nv‡Z bv‡g mvš¿x Kvcyiæl 3. Ò†Zvgvi Avcb cZvKvÓ KweZvi †h w`K¸‡jv DÏxc‡K cªwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv− i. evsjvq kÎæ‡mbvi AvMgb ii. evsjvi gvb‡y li cÖwZev`x mËv iii. hy‡M hy‡M AvµvšÍ evsjv-gv wb‡Pi †KvbwU wVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 4. wb‡Pi †Kvb PiYhyM‡j DÏxc‡Ki mvš¿x Kvciy æl‡`i civR‡qi welq cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q? K. jvjmvi jvjvgvLv †µv‡a e›`yK Kvgvb K‡Zv Amyi MR©‡b wP‡i‡Q AvKvk cwicvwU, L. Wv‡K Avcvgi fvB †evb| GK mv‡_ wg‡j wbwñ`ª wekvj wkjv`„p cvnvo evbvq| M. Zzwg Av‡Qv KvRj w`wNi cv‡o, †KvwK‡ji gayÿiv ¯^‡i, nwir¯^‡cœ dz‡j-IVv cÖvšÍ‡ii De©i Av`‡i| N. Zwz g wQ‡j Agwjb, Av‡Rv AvQ Agwjb kZ †KvwU jvÃbvi wZ³ `vM mviv †`‡n m‡q m„Rbkxj cÖkœ †QvU fvBwU‡K Avwg †Kv_vI †`wL bv big †bvjK civ †evbwU‡K AvR Avi †Kv_vI †`wL bv †Kej cZvKv †`wL, †Kej Drme †`wL, ¯^vaxbZv †`wL Z‡e wK Avgvi fvB AvR H ¯^vaxb cZvKv? Z‡e wK Avgvi †evb wZwg‡ii †ew`‡Z Drme? K. mvZ †KvwU mšÍvb‡K Kx wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q? L. ÒZzwg wQ‡j Agwjb, Av‡Rv AvQ AgwjbÓ− ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? M. DÏxc‡Ki Kwei wRÁvmv Ò†Zvgvi Avcb cZvKvÓ KweZvi †h w`KwU‡K Bw½Z K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N.DÏxcKwU Ò†Zvgvi Avcb cZvKvÓ KweZvi LÐcÖKvk gvÎ− we‡kølY Ki|

nvo AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` Kwe-cwiwPwZ AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` 1932 wLªóv‡ãi 6B †g biwms`x †Rjvi ivqcyiv _vbvi ivgbM‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi evevi bvg MvRx Ave`ym †mvenvb I gv‡qi bvg Av‡gbv LvZbz | 1953 mv‡j wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K evsjvq mœvZK m¤§vb I 1954 wLªóv‡ã mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| 1970-G wZwb jÛb wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wcGBPwW wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib| miKvwi K‡j‡R Aa¨vcbvi gva¨‡g wZwb Kg©Rxeb ïiæ K‡ib Ges c‡i PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vj‡q bRiæj Aa¨vcK c‡` †hvM`vb K‡ib| GQvov g‡¯‹vi evsjv‡`k `~Zvev‡m ms¯‹…wZ-Dc‡`óv I evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii wkÿv mwPe BZ¨vw` `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` Mí, Dcb¨vm, KweZv, bvUK I cÖeÜ wj‡L hk¯^x n‡q‡Qb| Z‡e K_vmvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡eB wZwb Amvgvb¨ Kw… Z‡Z¡i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| mvaviY gvb‡y li cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi wewPÎ Ø›Ø-msNvZ I g‡bvRvMwZK weKvi-weKw… Z Zuvi K_vmvwn‡Z¨ wbMp~ Rxeb-wRÁvmv wb‡q Dcw¯’Z n‡q‡Q| kªgRxex gvby‡li msMÖvg‡K wZwb HKvwšÍK wek¦v‡mi m‡½ AuvK‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’¸‡jv n‡jv : ÔgvbwPÎÕ, Ô†fv‡ii b`xi †gvnbvq RvMiYÕ, Ômh~ ©R¦vjvi †mvcvbÕ, Ô†jwjnvb cvÐywjwcÕ, Ôwb‡LuvR m‡bU¸”QÕ, ÔAvwg hLb Avm‡evÕ, ÔmvRNiÕ BZ¨vw`| mvwn‡Z¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wwg ciy ¯‹vi, BD‡b‡¯‹v ciy ¯‹vi, GK‡z k c`K BZ¨vw`‡Z fw~ lZ n‡q‡Qb| 2009 wLªóv‡ãi †Zmiv RyjvB AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` gZ„ z¨eiY K‡ib| jvj cjv‡ki f¯§¯Í~‡c wK‡mi R¡vjv ¯Íä Aaxi eRªMf© †g‡Ni g‡Zv? wkwei-mxgvq g‡bi Qvqvq BZ¯ÍZ Qovq †m Zvi KU~ -gš¿Yv N„Yvq Xvjv `By kZ‡Ki †mB GKw`b g‡b wK c‡o? wgiRvd‡ii ¸wji wkLvq, mgy×Z wbf‡jv †Zvgvi w`‡bi mh~ © w`MšÍ‡i `~i †Mva~wji †mB GKw`b g‡b wK c‡o g‡b wK c‡o? wbf‡jv †Zvgvi N‡ii cÖ`xc c‡_i evwZ wbf‡jv mnmv gnvk‡~ b¨i jÿ Zviv Kv‡jv ivwÎi hvwÎK n‡j, jÿ¨nviv mo‡K mo‡K So-SÅvB †Zvgvi mvw_| mg‡y L †Kv_vI Ggb †m †`k Av‡Q wK fvB †hLv‡b Av‡jvi m¤¢v‡i nv‡m emÜy iv?

nvo 315 ¯^‡`k Avgvi Pµ-iv‡Zi gy‡Vvq fiv MÖvg Rbc` Kvu ‡c eMx©i Ak¦Ly‡i †mvbvi km¨ †cv‡o QviLvi; `w„ ó c‡y o n‡jv m½xb, ZvB †bB Avi AkÖæSiv †UvUvq S‡i AhZy cÖv‡Yi AwMœwkLvi mh~ ©-Kzwu o †dŠ‡Ri nvu ‡K Kv‡u c _i_i `my¨cyix wb‡g‡l Qovq ZviB AvIqvR w`MšÍ‡i g‡b wK c‡o? i³ S‡i AwMœi g‡Zv euv‡ki †Kjøv †ew`i c‡i i³ SivB duvwmi g‡Â ØxcvšÍ‡i S‡i‡Q mKj i³| GLb KLvbv nv‡o SKSK K‡i Zxeª Zxÿè ek©v-djv bZzb `my¨ Av‡m hw`, †`k †`‡evbv Zv‡i B¯úvZ-nv‡o M‡owQ eRª ewý-R¡vjv|| kãv_© I UxKv Ñ QvB‡qi Mv`v| f¯§¯Í~c Ñ eRª aviY K‡i Av‡Q Ggb †g‡Ni Abyiƒc| eRªMf© †g‡Ni g‡Zv Ñ wgi Rvdi Avwj Lvu wQ‡jb beve Avjxew`© Luv I beve wmivRD‡ÏŠjvi wgiRvdi †mbvcwZ | B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi m‡½ †Mvcb Pwz ³ K‡i 1757 wgiRvd‡ii ¸wji wkLvq mv‡j cjvwki h‡y × wZwb wmivRD‡ÏŠjvi cZb NUvb| Zuvi GB ... g‡b wK c‡o| wek¦vmNvZKZvq evsjvi ¯^vaxbZv m~h© A¯ÍwgZ nq| hvwÎK Ñ wgiRvd‡ii wek¦vmNvZKZvq 1757 mv‡j wecyj Hk¦‡h© mg„× evsjvi wbf‡jv †Zvgvi N‡ii cÖ`xc ¯^vaxb mh~ © A¯ÍwgZ nq| evsjv‡`k `By k eQ‡ii civaxbZv eiY ... So SÅvB †Zvgvi mvw_ K‡i| †m w`‡bi †mB gg©vwšÍK NUbvi K_v G‡`‡ki †`k‡cÖwgK †Kv‡bv bvMwi‡KiB fz‡j hvIqvi K_v bq| Ñ hvÎv m¤^Üxq| hvÎv‡hvM¨| hvÎvKvix| Ñ Acwimxg kw³, mvnm I †kŠh©exh© _vKv m‡Ë¡I wgiRvdi cÖgyL lohš¿Kvix‡`i wek¦vmNvZKZvi d‡j cjvwki hy‡× evsjvq ¯^vaxbZv

316 mvwnZ¨ cvV eM©x m~h© A¯ÍwgZ nq| m`y xN© AÜKv‡ii g‡a¨ cwZZ nq †`kgvZ…Kv| A_©‰bwZKfv‡e c½y n‡q c‡o cy‡iv †`k, mvs¯‹…wZK I ag©xq msKU †UvUv ˆZwi Kiv nq me©Î| GB civaxbZv †_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ jovB n‡q‡Q evu ‡ki †Kjøv wKš‘ weªwUk‡`i lohš¿, †kvlY, eÂbv I wbcxo‡b Zuv‡`i msMÖvg evievi e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ n‡q‡Q| bZzb `my¨ Av‡m hw` Ñ 1741 †_‡K 1751 mvj ch©šÍ `xN© `k eQi gnvivóªxq ˆmb¨iv evsjvi ... eRª ewý-R¡vjv cwðgv‡j jÉy b, nZ¨v I R¡vjvI-†cvovI K‡i PjwQj| G‡`i eM©x ejv nq| Giv A¯¿ enb KiZ Ges `ªæZMwZi †Nvovq P‡o AvµgY PvjvZ| eM©xi AZ¨vPv‡i gvbyl mš¿¯Í I fxZ-wenŸj n‡q D‡VwQj| Ñ e›`y‡Ki KvZ©yR| Ñ Bs‡iR kvmK‡`i weiæ‡× jovB cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ 1831 mv‡ji 23G A‡±vei wZZzwgi GKwU euv‡ki †Kjøv wbg©vY K‡ib| A¯¿k¯¿ iÿYv‡eÿY I Zvu i Abmy vix‡`i mvgwiK cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ wZwb GB †Kjøv ˆZwi K‡ib| Ñ evsjvi gvbyl GLb cÖwZ‡iv‡ai kw³‡Z ejxqvb| `xN© msMÖvg wecøe-we‡`ªvn I h‡y ×i AwfÁZvq GLb evsjvi RbMY mgׄ | Zvi B¯úvZ`„p nv‡o e‡Rªi ms‡ÿvf| †Kv‡bv `m¨y Avi G‡`k `Lj Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| †Kv‡bv we‡`wk kÎæi Kv‡Q civfe gvb‡e bv G‡`‡ki †KvwU †KvwU gvbly | cvV-cwiwPwZ AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` iwPZ ÒnvoÓ kxl©K KweZvwU Zuvi ÔgvbwPÎÕ (1961) Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q| †`k‡cÖggj~ K GB KweZvwUi g‡a¨ G‡`‡ki m`y xN© msMÖv‡gi BwZnvm I Zvrch© D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q| 1757 mv‡j cjvwki hy‡× wmivRD‡ÏŠjvi cZ‡bi ci †_‡K †h †kvlY, wbh©vZb I wbcxo‡bi cUfw~ g‡Z wecjy we‡`ªv‡ni mw„ ó n‡qwQj KweZvwU‡Z †mB msMÖv‡gi cwiPq dz‡U D‡V‡Q| myL-mgw„ ׇZ Hk¦h©gq Ges cÖv‰Yk¦‡h© ficiy GB my›`i †`kwU eM©xi AvµgY †_‡K ïiæ K‡i AmsL¨evi kÎæi Avµg‡Yi wkKvi n‡q‡Q| wech©¯Í n‡q‡Q G‡`‡ki mnR-m›y `i RbRxeb, A_©‰bwZK eywbqv` Ges ag©xq I mvs¯‹w… ZK ˆewPΨ| †`‡ki kvwšÍKvgx gvbyl G‡KK mgq dy‡u m D‡V‡Q Ges msMÖv‡g msMÖv‡g, h‡y × h‡y × civ¯Í K‡i‡Q `Lj`vi evwnbx‡K| we¯§qKi kw³-mvnm Ges †kŠh©exh© I mgw„ ׇZ GLb G‡`‡ki gvbly AvZ¥wek¦vmx| †Kv‡bv we‡`wk kw³ G‡`k‡K AvµgY Kivi mvnm Avi cv‡e bv| GLb G †`‡ki gvbly B¯úvZ`„p, nv‡o Zvi e‡Rªi kw³| G‡`k Avi civaxb Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv †KD| `Lj`vi‡`i ZQbQ K‡i †`Iqvi g‡Zv ÔeRª ewý-R¡vjvÕ Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q G †`‡ki e‡y Ki g‡a¨| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. ÒnvoÓ KweZvq Ôevu ‡ki †KjøvÕ‡K wK‡mi mv‡_ Zjz bv Kiv n‡q‡Q? K. AwMœi L. ek©vi M. B¯úv‡Zi N. e‡Rªi

nvo 317 2. Ôwbf‡jv †Zvgvi w`‡bi m~h© w`MšÍ‡iÕ−ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q i. cjvwki cÖvšÍ‡i evsjvi ¯^vaxbZvi m~h© A¯Í hvIqv ii. Bs‡iR‡`i kvmb-†kvlY-wbcxo‡b wech©¯Í nIqv iii. Ab¨vq-AZ¨vPv‡ii weiæ‡× jovB‡q cÖ¯‘Z nIqv wb‡Pi †KvbwU wVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wb‡Pi KweZvskwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| †jwbb †f‡O‡Q iæ‡k Rb‡¯ªv‡Z Ab¨v‡qi euva Ab¨v‡qi gy‡Lvgwy L †jwbb cÖ_g cÖwZev` 3. KweZvs‡ki †jwb‡bi mv‡_ ÒnvoÓ KweZvq Kvi mv`„k¨ L‡yu R cvIqv hvq? K. eM©xi L. wgiRvd‡ii M. wZZzwg‡ii N. ¯^qs Kwei 4. †h †PZbvMZ w`K †_‡K Zviv mv`k„ ¨cY~ © Zv n‡jv− i. ¯^v‡`wkKZv ii. wek¦vmNvZKZv iii. cÖwZev`gLy iZv wb‡Pi †KvbwU wVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii mR„ bkxj cÖkœ wWg cv‡o nvu ‡m, Lvq evMWv‡k eySQwb fvB eySQwb, Avmj K_v eySQwb GK †Miv‡gi Mwie Pvwl Kvjv wgqv bvg mevi †c‡U fvZ RyUvB‡Z †ÿ‡Z Sivq Nvg I Zvi QvIqvj Kv‡›` ÿaz vi R¡vjvq gnvRbiv nv‡m| wWg cv‡o nuv‡m, Lvq evMWv‡k| K. eM©xi Ak¦Ly‡i Kx Kvu ‡c? L. ÔKv‡jv ivwÎi hvwÎK n‡jÕ ej‡Z Kwe Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb? M. KweZvs‡ki evMWvk I gnvRb ÒnvoÓ KweZvq Kv‡`i mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© − e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Pvwl Kvjv wgqvi `vwi`ª¨ve¯’v †_‡K DËi‡Yi cÖwZkÖæwZ cvIqv hvq ÒnvoÓ KweZvq −gšÍe¨wUi hv_v_©¨ hvPvB Ki|

Avwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQ Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn Kwe-cwiwPwZ Avey Rvdi Ievq`jy øvn ewikvj †Rjvi eveMy Ä Dc‡Rjvi AšÍM©Z e‡niPi-ÿz`ªKvwV MÖv‡g 1934 wLªóv‡ãi 8B †deªæqvwi Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ weG (m¤§vb)-mn GgG cvm K‡i wKQzw`b XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨vcbv K‡ib| c‡i wmwfj mvwf©‡m †hvM`vb K‡ib Ges miKv‡ii wewfbœ D”Pc‡` `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| wZwb 1982 wLªóv‡ã evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Kw… l I cvwbm¤ú` gš¿x Ges 1984-†Z hy³iv‡óª evsjv‡`‡ki ivóª`~Z wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Zvu i Ae¯’vb we‡klfv‡e ¯^vZš¿¨wPwýZ| Zvu i KweZvi wel‡q we‡klfv‡e cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vjb I gwy ³h×y | ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vjb Ges GB welqK mvwn‡Z¨ we‡kl Ae`vb ivLvi Rb¨ wZwb GKz‡k c`‡K f‚wlZ nb| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ Zvu ‡K 1979 wLªóv‡ã evsjv GKv‡Wwg ciy ¯‹vi cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvni D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’¸‡jv n‡jv : ÔmvZ bixi nviÕ, ÔKL‡bv is KL‡bv myiÕ, ÔKg‡ji †PvLÕ, ÔAvwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQÕ, Ôe„wó I mvnmx cyiæ‡li Rb¨ cÖv_©bvÕ, ÔAvgvi mgqÕ cÖfw… Z| GQvov Bs‡iwR fvlvqI Zvu i GKvwaK MÖš’ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| 2001 wLªóv‡ãi 19G gvP© wZwb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| Avwg Avgvi c~e©ciy æ‡li K_v ejwQ| Zuvi KiZ‡j cwjgvwUi †mŠif wQj Zuvi wc‡V i³Revi g‡Zv ÿZ wQj| wZwb AwZµvšÍ cvnv‡oi K_v ej‡Zb AiY¨ Ges k¦vc‡`i K_v ej‡Zb cwZZ Rwg Avev‡`i K_v ej‡Zb wZwb Kwe Ges KweZvi K_v ej‡Zb| wRnŸvq D”PvwiZ cÖwZwU mZ¨ kã KweZv Kwl©Z Rwgi cÖwZwU km¨`vbv KweZv| †h KweZv ïb‡Z Rv‡b bv †m S‡oi AvZ©bv` ïb‡e| †h KweZv ïb‡Z Rv‡b bv †m w`M‡šÍi AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ n‡e| †h KweZv ïb‡Z Rv‡b bv †m AvRb¥ µxZ`vm †_‡K hv‡e| Avwg D”PvwiZ m‡Z¨i g‡Zv

Avwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQ 319 ¯^‡cœi K_v ejwQ| D‡bv‡bi Av¸‡b Av‡jvwKZ GKwU D¾¡j Rvbvjvi K_v ejwQ| Avwg Avgvi gv‡qi K_v ejwQ, wZwb ej‡Zb cÖengvb b`x †h mvu Zvi Rv‡b bv Zv‡KI fvwm‡q iv‡L| †h KweZv ïb‡Z Rv‡b bv †m b`x‡Z fvm‡Z cv‡i bv| †h KweZv ïb‡Z Rv‡b bv †m gv‡Qi m‡½ †Ljv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †h KweZv ïb‡Z Rv‡b bv †m gv‡qi †Kv‡j k‡y q Mí ïb‡Z cv‡i bv| Avwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQ Avwg Avgvi ce~ ©cyiæ‡li K_v ejwQ| Avwg wePwjZ †¯œ‡ni K_v ejwQ Mf©eZx †ev‡bi gZ„ ¨z i K_v ejwQ Avwg Avgvi fv‡jvevmvi K_v ejwQ| fv‡jvevmv w`‡j gv g‡i hvq h×y Av‡m fv‡jv‡e‡m gv‡qi †Q‡jiv P‡j hvq, Avwg Avgvi fvB‡qi K_v ejwQ| †h KweZv ïb‡Z Rv‡b bv †m mšÍv‡bi Rb¨ gi‡Z cv‡i bv| †h KweZv ïb‡Z Rv‡b bv †m fv‡jv‡e‡m hy‡× †h‡Z cv‡i bv| †h KweZv ïb‡Z Rv‡b bv †m m~h©‡K ürwc‡Ð a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| Avwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQ Avwg Avgvi ce~ ©ciy æ‡li K_v ejwQ| Zvu i wc‡V i³Revi g‡Zv ÿZ wQj KviY wZwb µxZ`vm wQ‡jb|

320 mvwnZ¨ cvV kãv_© I UxKv †h Kl©Y K‡i wKse`wšÍ k‡m¨i m¤¢vi Zv‡K mg„× Ki‡e| †h grm¨ jvjb K‡i wc‡V i³Revi g‡Zv ÿZ cÖengvb b`x Zv‡K ciy ¯‹Z… Ki‡e| †h Mvfxi cwiPh©v K‡i Rbbxi Avkxe©v` Zv‡K `xN©vqy Ki‡e| †h †jŠnLЇK cÖR¡wjZ K‡i B¯úv‡Zi Zievwi Zv‡K mk¯¿ Ki‡e| `xN©‡`n cyÎMY Avwg †Zvgv‡`i ejwQ| Avwg Avgvi gv‡qi K_v ejwQ †ev‡bi gZy ¨z i K_v ejwQ fvB‡qi h‡y ×i K_v ejwQ Avwg Avgvi fv‡jvevmvi K_v ejwQ| Avwg Kwe Ges KweZvi K_v ejwQ| mk¯¿ m›y `‡ii Awbevh© Afz¨Ìvb KweZv mcy yiæl fv‡jvevmvi myKÉ msMxZ KweZv wRnŸvq D”PvwiZ cÖwZwU gy³ kã KweZv i³Revi g‡Zv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai D”PviY KweZv| Avgiv wK Zuvi g‡Zv KweZvi K_v ej‡Z cvi‡ev Avgiv wK Zvu i g‡Zv ¯^vaxbZvi K_v ej‡Z cvi‡ev| [ms‡ÿwcZ] − RbkÖæwZ| †jvKci¤úivq kÖæZ I Kw_Z welq hv GKwU RvwZi HwZ‡n¨i cwiPqevnx| − gvby‡li Ici AZ¨vPv‡ii BwZnvm Z‡z j aiv n‡q‡Q GLv‡b| †mB AZ¨vPv‡ii AvNvZ †h GLbI ZvRv i‡q‡Q Zv †evSv‡ZB i³Revi cÖm½ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| AviI jÿYxq, AvNvZ i‡q‡Q wc‡V| A_©vr, kÎæiv fxiæ Kvcyiæ‡li g‡Zv wcQb †_‡K AvµgY K‡i‡Q wKsev ew›` µxZ`v‡mi Ici Suvwc‡q c‡o‡Q, g³y gvb‡y li m‡½ m¤§Ly jovB‡qi ex‡ivwPZ mvnm †`Lvqwb|

Avwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQ 321 k¦vc` − wns¯ª gvsmvkx wkKvwi Rš‘| D‡bv‡bi Av¸‡b Av‡jvwKZ GKwU D¾¡j Rvbvjv − Av¸‡b mewKQz ïwP n‡q I‡V| ZvB Av¸‡bi DËv‡c cwiï× n‡q mKj Møvwb g‡y Q †d‡j Av‡jvq fiv gy³Rxe‡bi cÖZ¨vkv Rvbv‡Z D¾¡j Rvbvjvi Abyl½ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| wePwjZ †¯œn − AvcbR‡bi DrKÉv| gyw³cÖZ¨vkx gvby‡li Avmbœ wec‡`i Avk¼vq Zv‡`i ¯^Rbiv DwØMœ nb| fv‡jvevmv Avi k¼v GKm‡½ wg‡k hvq| m~h©‡K ürwc‡Ð a‡i ivLv − mh~ © mKj kw³i Drm| ZvB GB me©kw³i Avavi‡K ü`‡q aviY Ki‡Z cvi‡j gyw³ Awbevh©| Kwei g‡Z, GB mvg_©¨ AR©‡bi GKgvÎ Dcvq n‡jv KweZv †kvbv; KweZv‡K AvZ¥¯’ Kiv| †Kbbv, Kwei Kv‡Q ïay KweZvB mZ¨ Avi mZ¨B kw³| cvV-cwiwPwZ KweZvwU Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvni weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’ ÔAvwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQÕ-i bvg KweZv| iPbvwU‡Z welq I Avw½KMZ AwfbeZ¡ i‡q‡Q| Av‡jvP¨ KweZvwU‡Z D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q HwZn¨m‡PZb wkKomÜvbx gvb‡y li me©v½xY gyw³i `ß„ †NvlYv| cÖKZ… c‡ÿ, iPbvi †cÖÿvc‡U Av‡Q evOvwj ms¯‹w… Zi nvRvi eQ‡ii BwZnvm; GB RvwZi msMÖvg, weRq I gvbweK D™¢vm‡bi Awb›`¨ Abyl½mgn~ | wZwb GB KweZvq †cŠbtcywbKfv‡e gvbegwy ³i AvKv•ÿvq †mv”Pvi nb| Kwei GKvšÍ cÖZ¨vwkZ gyw³i cÖZxK n‡q Dc¯’vwcZ nq GKwU we‡kl kãeÜ ÔKweZvÕ| Kwe Zvu i c~e©cyiæ‡li mvnmx I †MŠi‡ev¾¡j BwZnv‡mi K_v Dc¯’vc‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Zvu i e³e¨‡K GwM‡q wb‡q P‡jb| Kwei ewY©Z GB BwZnvm gvwUi KvQvKvwQ gvby‡li BwZnvm; evsjvi f‚wgRxex Abvh© µxZ`v‡mi jovB K‡i wU‡K _vKvi BwZnvm| ÔKweZvÕ I m‡Z¨i A‡f`Kíbvi ga¨ w`‡q Kwe wb‡q Av‡mb gv‡qi K_v, †ev‡bi K_v, fvB‡qi K_v, cwiev‡ii K_v| Kwe G-I Rv‡bb gwy ³i ce~ ©kZ© h×y | Avi †mB h‡y × cwievi †_‡K `‡~ i m‡i †h‡Z nq| fv‡jvevmvi Rb¨, Zv‡`i‡K gy³ Kievi Rb¨B Zv‡`i †Q‡o †h‡Z nq| GB A‡gvN mZ¨ Kwe †R‡b‡Qb Avgv‡`i ¯^vaxbZvh‡y ×i BwZnvm †_‡K| KweZvwUi i‡mvcjwäi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask n‡jv Gi Avw½K we‡ePbv| G‡ÿ‡Î, cÖ_‡gB †h welqwU cvVK‡K bvov †`q Zv n‡jv, GKB avu ‡Pi ev‡K¨i evisevi e¨envi| Kwe GKw`‡K ÒAvwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQÓ cO&w³wU evisevi cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb, Aciw`‡K Ò†h KweZv ïb‡Z Rv‡b bv/ †m...Ó KvVv‡gvi cO&w³gvjvi avivevwnK Dc¯’vc‡bi ga¨ w`‡q KweZv Avi gwy ³i Av‡eM‡K GK‡Î wkíiƒc cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b ÔwKse`wšÍÕ kãeÜwU n‡q D‡V‡Q HwZ‡n¨i cÖZxK| Kwe GB bv›`wbK †KŠk‡ji m‡½ mgwš^Z K‡i‡Qb MfxiZvmÂvix wPÎKí| GKwU KweZvi wkímv_©K n‡q IVvi ce~ ©kZ© n‡jv ü`q¯úk©x wPÎK‡íi h‡_vch³y e¨envi| wPÎKí n‡jv Ggb kãQwe hv Kwe M‡o †Zv‡jb GK Bw›`ª‡qi KvR Ab¨ Bw›`ª‡qi mvnv‡h¨ Kwi‡q wKsev GKvwaK Bw›`ª‡qi mw¤§wjZ AvkÖ‡q; Avi Zv cvVK-ü`‡q ms‡e`bv RvMvq Bw›`ªqvZxZ †ev‡ai

322 mvwnZ¨ cvV cÖKvkm‡~ Î| wPÎKí wbg©v‡Yi Av‡iKwU kZ© n‡jv AwfbeZ¡| G mKj †gŠj kZ© ci~ Y K‡iB Av‡jvP¨ KweZvq wPÎKímg~n wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q| Kwe hLb e‡jb : ÒKwl©Z Rwgi cÖwZwU km¨`vbv KweZvÓ; ZLb GB Bw›`ªq †_‡K Bw›`ªqvZx‡Zi †`¨vZbvB mÂvwiZ nq| wbweo cwikÖ‡g K…l‡Ki djv‡bv km¨ GKvšÍB Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ GKwU Abyl½| wKš‘ Gi m‡½ hLb KweZv‡K A‡f` Kíbv Kiv nq ZLb †Kej Bw›`ªq w`‡q G‡K Abay veb Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| mvwe©K we‡ePbvq KweZvwU welq I Avw½‡Ki †mŠK‡h© evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i GK Abb¨ ms‡hvRb| KweZvwU M`¨Q‡›` iwPZ| cÖPwjZ Q‡›`i evB‡i wM‡q GwU cÖvK…wZK Z_v ¯^vfvweK Q›`| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. Kwei c~e©ciy æ‡li KiZ‡j wK‡mi †mŠif wQj? K. i³Revi L. cwjgvwUi M. km¨`vbvi N. k¦vc‡`i 2. ÒAvwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQÓ− ej‡Z Kwe †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb i. evOvwji nvRvi eQ‡ii BwZnvm-HwZn¨ ii. evOvwji my`xN©Kv‡ji †kvlY-eÂbvi BwZK_v iii. Ab¨vq-AZ¨vPv‡ii weiæ‡× evOvwji kvk¦Z cÖwZev`x mËv wb‡Pi †KvbwU wVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wb‡Pi KweZvskwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| Avwg R‡b¥wQ evsjvq, Avwg evsjvq K_v ewj, Avwg evsjvi Avjc_ w`‡q nvRvi eQi Pwj| Pwj cwjgvwU †Kvg‡j Avgvi Pjvi wPý †d‡j| †Z‡ivkZ b`x ïavq Avgv‡K, Ô†Kv_v †_‡K Zzwg G‡j?Õ 3. KweZvs‡ki Òevsjvi Avjc_ÓÑGi mv‡_ ÔAvwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQÕ KweZvi mv`„k¨cY~ © †PZbv n‡jv- i. BwZnvmgb¯‹Zv ii. HwZn¨wcÖqZv iii. msMÖvgkxjZv wb‡Pi †KvbwU wVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

Avwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQ 323 4. DÏxc‡K cÖwZdwjZ †PZbv e¨³ n‡q‡Q wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y? K. mk¯¿ m›y `‡ii Awbevh© Afz¨Ìvb KweZv L. mcy iy æl fv‡jvevmvi mKy É msMxZ KweZv M. Avwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQ N. †h Kl©Y K‡i/k‡m¨i m¤¢vi Zv‡K mg„× Ki‡e mR„ bkxj cÖkœ †gviv GKwU djz ‡K evu Pv‡ev e‡j hy× Kwi †gviv GKwU g‡y Li nvwmi Rb¨ A¯¿ awi †gviv bZbz GKwU KweZv wjL‡Z h×y Kwi †gviv bZbz GKwU Mv‡bi Rb¨ h×y Kwi †gviv GKLvbv fv‡jv Qwei Rb¨ h×y Kwi †gviv mviv we‡k¦i kvwšÍ evu Pv‡Z AvR‡K jwo K. cÖengvb b`x Kv‡K fvwm‡q iv‡L? L. Ôfv‡jvevmv w`‡j gv g‡i hvqÕ ej‡Z Kwe Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb? M. ÔD‡bv‡bi Av¸‡b Av‡jvwKZ GKwU D¾¡j Rvbvjvi K_viÕ mv‡_ DÏxc‡Ki †PZbvi HK¨ wb‡`©k Ki| N. D³ H‡K¨i †cÖÿvcU ÒAvwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQÓ KweZvq KZUKz z mv_©K− gšÍe¨wU gj~ ¨vqb Ki|

b~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvq ˆmq` kvgmyj nK Kwe-cwiwPwZ ˆmq` kvgmjy nK 1935 wLªóv‡ãi 27G wW‡m¤^i Kwz oMÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg ˆmq` wmwÏK ûmvBb| wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i QvÎ wQ‡jb| ˆmq` nK cÖ_‡g mvsevw`KZv‡K †ckv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q wb‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb wewewm evsjv wefv‡Mi cÖ‡hvRK wQ‡jb| c‡i wZwb c‡y ivcwy i mvwnZ¨mvabvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| GKvav‡i Mí, Dcb¨vm, KweZv, bvUK, Kve¨bvU¨ I wkï mvwn‡Z¨i †jLK nIqvq wZwb me¨mvPx †jLK wn‡m‡e we‡kl L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i‡Qb| wPÎbvU¨ iPwqZv I MxwZKvi wn‡m‡eI wZwb L¨vZ| gvb‡y li RwUj RxebcÖevn Ges gb¯ÍvwË¡K we‡kølY Zuvi mvwnZ¨K‡g©i g~j cÖeYZv| mvwn‡Z¨i MVb‰kjxi †ÿ‡Î wZwb me©`vB wbixÿvwcÖq| Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ n‡jv : Ôˆekv‡L iwPZ cO&w³gvjvÕ, ÔcÖwZaŸwbMYÕ, Ôciv‡Yi Mnxb wfZiÕ, Ôi¾yc‡_ P‡jwQÕ| Ôcv‡qi AvIqvR cvIqv hvqÕ, ÔMYbvqKÕ, Ôb~ij`x‡bi mvivRxebÕ, ÔGLv‡b GLbÕ, ÔCl©vÕ cÖf…wZ Zvu i Kve¨bvUK| ˆmq` kvgmjy nK evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi, Av`gwR mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vi, bvwmiDwÏb ¯^Y©c`K, RvZxq Pjw”PÎ cyi¯‹vi Ges GKz‡k c`Kmn wewfbœ m¤§vbbvq f‚wlZ n‡q‡Qb| wZwb 2016 wLªóv‡ãi 27G †m‡Þ¤^i XvKvq gZ„ ¨z eiY K‡ib| wbjÿv AvKvk bxj, nvRvi nvRvi Zviv H bx‡j AMwYZ Avi wb‡P MÖvg, MÄ, nvU, Rbc`, †jvKvjq Av‡Q DbmËi nvRvi| aej `‡y ai g‡Zv †R¨vr¯œv Zvi Xvwj‡Z‡Q Pvu `-cw~ Y©gvi| bó †ÿZ, bó gvV, b`x bó, exR bó, eo bó hLb msmvi ZLb nVvr †Kb †`Lv †`q wbjÿvi bx‡j Zxeª wkm w`‡q GZ eo Pvu `? AwZ AK¯§vr ¯ÍäZvi †`n wQu‡o †Kvb aŸwb? †Kvb kã? wK‡mi cÖcvZ? †Mvj n‡q Avmby mK‡j, Nb n‡q Avmby mK‡j, Avgvi wgbwZ AvR w¯’i n‡q emby mK‡j| AZxZ nVvr nv‡Z nvbv †`q gvby‡li eÜ `‡ivRvq| GB Zxeª ¯^”Q cw~ Y©gvq b~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvq| KvjNgy hLb evsjvq Zvi `xN© †`n wb‡q Avevi bi~ j`xb †`Lv †`q giv AvwObvq| b~ij`x‡bi evwo iscy‡i †h wQj, iscy‡i bi~ j`xb GKw`b WvK w`‡qwQj 1189 m‡b|

b~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvq 325 Avevi evsjvi ewy S c‡o hvq g‡b, b~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvq hLb kKbz †b‡g Av‡m GB †mvbvi evsjvq; b~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvq hLb Avgvi †`k †Q‡q hvq `vjv‡jiB AvjLvjøvq; b~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvq hLb Avgvi ¯^cœ jUy n‡q hvq; b~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvq hLb Avgvi KÉ ev‡Rqvß K‡i wb‡q hvq; b~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvq hLb AvgviB †`‡k G Avgvi †`n †_‡K i³ S‡i hvq BwZnv‡m, cÖwZwU cô„ vq| Avmby , Avmyb Z‡e, AvR GB cÖk¯Í cÖvšÍ‡i; hLb ¯§w„ Zi `ya †R¨vr¯œvi mv‡_ S‡i c‡o, ZLb †K _v‡K N‡y g? †K _v‡K †fZ‡i? †K GKv wbtm½ e‡m AkÖæcvZ K‡i? mg¯Í b`xi AkÖæ Ae‡k‡l eªþcy‡Î †g‡k| bi~ j`x‡biI K_v †hb mviv †`‡k cvnvwo X‡ji g‡Zv †b‡g G‡m mg¯Í fvmvq, AfvMv gvbyl †hb †R‡M I‡V Avevi G Avkvq †h, Avevi bi~ j`xb GKw`b Avwm‡e evsjvq, Avevi b~ij`xb GKw`b Kvj c~wY©gvq w`‡e WvK, ÒRv‡Mv, ev‡n, †Kvb‡V mevq?Ó kãv_© I UxKv wbjÿv Ñ `w„ ómxgv AwZµgx| aej `y‡ai g‡Zv †R¨vrmœv Ñ mv`v `‡y ai g‡Zv †R¨vrmvœ | †R¨vrmvœ i iO‡K `‡y ai m‡½ Zjz bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ¯ÍäZvi †`n Ñ GLv‡b bxie wb¯Íä cwi‡ek †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| cÖcvZ Ñ wbS©‡ii cZ‡bi ¯’vb| RjcÖcvZ| nvbv †`q Ñ AvµgY K‡i| Avwef©~Z nq A‡_© e¨eüZ| KvjNgy Ñ g„Z¨z ; wPiwb`ªv| giv AvwObvq Ñ gZ„ ¨z wb_i A½‡b| ev‡n Ñ evcy‡n| w`bvRciy , isciy GjvKvi m‡¤^vabwe‡kl|

326 mvwnZ¨ cvV †Kvb‡V Ñ †Kv_vq| cvV-cwiwPwZ Òb~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvqÓ KweZvwU ˆmq` kvgmyj n‡Ki weL¨vZ Kve¨bvUK Ôbi~ j`x‡bi mvivRxebÕ kxl©K Kve¨bvUK †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| GwU GB bvU‡Ki cÖ¯Ívebv Ask| bvUKwUi c¯Ö vÍ ebv As‡k mÎ~ ai Av‡eMNb Kvwe¨K eYb© vi gva¨‡g `kK© ‡`i m‡½ bvU¨Kvwnwbi ms‡hvM ¯v’ cb K‡i‡Qb| bi~ j`xb GK HwZnvwmK PwiÎ| isciy -w`bvRciy A‡j mvgšeÍ v`-mv¤vª R¨ev`we‡ivax mvnmx Kl… K‡bZv bi~ j`x‡bi msMvÖ ‡gi K_v BwZnv‡m wjwce× i‡q‡Q| ˆmq` kvgmjy nK wewª Ukwe‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b bi~ j`x‡bi mvnm Avi †ÿvf‡K Amvgvb¨ ˆbc‡y Y¨ wgwk‡q w`‡q‡Qb evOvwji gwy ³msMvÖ ‡gi m‡½| 1971 mv‡ji 25G gvP© KvjivZ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i `xN© bq gvm hLb GB evsjv g„Z¨z ciy x‡Z iƒc †bq, hLb kKbz iƒcx `vjv‡ji AvjLvjøvq †Q‡q hvq †`k; hLb evOvwj nvivq Zvi ¯^cœ I evK&-¯^vaxbZv, hLb ¯^R‡bi i‡³ †f‡m hvq BwZnv‡mi cÖwZwU c„ôv− ZLb g‡b c‡o BwZnv‡mi cÖwZev`x bvqK b~ij`xb‡K − GB †PZbvB KweZvwU‡Z ˆmq` kvgmyj nK Z‡z j ai‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| 1189 e½v‡ã [1782 wLªóvã] b~ij`x‡bi Wv‡K gvbly †hfv‡e †R‡M D‡VwQj, GLbI wVK †mBfv‡e †R‡M DV‡e evsjvi Rb-gvbyl− GUvB Kwei wek¦vm| Gfv‡e Kwei wkífvebvq b~ij`xb µgvš^‡q GK wPivqZ cÖwZev‡`i cÖZx‡K cwiYZ nq| BwZnv‡mi cvZv †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m b~ij`xb wg‡k hvq evsjvi kÖgRxex mvaviY gvby‡li wf‡o− AskMÖnY K‡i mgKvjxb mKj Av‡›`vjb-msMÖv‡g| ZvB Kwei g‡b nq− AfvMv gvbly †R‡M D‡V cvnvwo X‡ji g‡Zv fvwm‡q †`‡e mKj Ab¨vq hLb b~ij`xb †`‡e WvK− ÒRv‡Mv, ev‡n, †Kvb‡V mevB|Ó eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. bi~ j`x‡bi Wv‡K KZ wLªóv‡ã evsjvi gvbly †R‡M D‡VwQ‡jb? K. 1782 L. 1787 M. 1857 N. 1971 2. Òb~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvqÓ KweZvq d‡z U D‡V‡Q i. b~ij`x‡bi cÖwZev`x †PZbvq D™¢vmb ii. wech©¯Í Ae¯’v †_‡K DËi‡Yi AvnŸvb iii. evsjvi mvs¯‹w… ZK HwZ‡n¨i cÖwZdjb wb‡Pi †KvbwU wVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wb‡Pi KweZvskwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| evsjvi Avc‡` AvR jÿ †KvwU exi †mbv N‡i I evB‡i nuv‡K iYaŸwb, GKwU kc‡_ AvR n‡q hvq †kŠh© I exiMv_vi gnvb

bi~ j`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvq 327 ˆmwbK, †hb mh~ ©‡mb, †hb ¯úvU©vKvm ¯^qs mevB| 3. DÏxc‡K mevi mh~ ©‡mb I ¯úvU©vKvm nIqvi e¨vcviwU Òb~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvqÓ KweZvi †h w`K¸‡jvi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z Zv n‡jv− i. AwaKvi Av`v‡q beRvMiY ii. ce~ ©mw~ ii AvnŸvb iii. mK‡ji mgwš^Z cÖqvm wb‡Pi †KvbwU wVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 4. m¤úwK©Z w`‡Ki †cÖÿvcU wbg©v‡Y †Kvb PiYwU e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q? K. aej `y‡ai g‡Zv †R¨vr¯œv Zvi Xvwj‡Z‡Q Puv`-cw~ Y©gvi| L. AZxZ nVvr nv‡Z nvbv †`q gvby‡li eÜ `‡ivRvq| M. bi~ æj`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvq| N. Rv‡Mv, ev‡n, †Kvb‡V mevq? mR„ bkxj cÖkœ GKwU KweZv †jLv n‡e Zvi Rb¨ A‡cÿvi D‡ËRbv wb‡q jÿ jÿ Db¥Ë Aaxi e¨vKjz we‡`ªvnx †kÖvZv e‡m Av‡Q †fvi †_‡K Rbmg‡y `ªi D`¨vb ˆmK‡Z : ÔKLb Avm‡e Kwe?Õ kZ eQ‡ii kZ msMÖvg †k‡l, iex›`ªbv‡_i g‡Zv `ß„ cv‡q †nu‡U AZtci Kwe G‡m RbZvi g‡Â `vu ov‡jb| ZLb cj‡K `viæY Sj‡K Zix‡Z DwVj Rj, ü`‡q jvwMj †`vjv, Rbmgy‡`ª RvwMj †Rvqvi mKj `qy vi †Lvjv| K. bi~ j`x‡bi evwo †Kv_vq wQj? L. ÔhLb kKbz †b‡g Av‡m GB †mvbvi evsjvqÕ− ej‡Z Kwe Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb? M. KweZvs‡ki Kwei †PZbvi m‡½ bi~ j`x‡bi †PZbvMZ mv`k„ ¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| N. †cÖÿvcUMZ mv`k„ ¨ _vK‡jI KweZvskwU‡Z Òb~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvqÓ KweZvq Kwei Awfe¨w³i mv_©K iƒcvqY N‡Uwb− gšÍe¨wUi hv_v_©¨ hvPvB Ki|

Qwe Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj Kwe-cwiwPwZ Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj 1936 wLªóv‡ãi 12B gvP© wmivRMÄ (ZrKvjxb cvebv) †Rjvi AšÍM©Z Djøvcvovi †Mvwe›`v MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvu i wcZvi bvg Gg. kvnRvnvb Avjx, gvZv Lv‡jKbz ‡bmv| wewkó †ivgvw›UK Kwe Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj wQ‡jb GKB m‡½ L¨vwZgvb Aa¨vcK, mdj MxwZKvi, m‡¤§vnbÿg evM¥x I gbbkxj mvwnZ¨-mgv‡jvPK| mgMÖ wkÿvRxe‡b wZwb mcy wiwPZ wQ‡jb KZ… x QvÎ wn‡m‡e| 1959 wLªóv‡ã XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ wel‡q cÖ_g †kÖwY‡Z cÖ_g ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i wZwb GgG wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| 1969 wLªóv‡ã wZwb jÛb wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wcGBPwW wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib| cvebvi GWIqvW© K‡j‡R Aa¨vcbv w`‡q ïiæ n‡qwQj Zuvi Kg©Rxeb| wZwb XvKv, ivRkvnx I PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨vcbvq wbhy³ wQ‡jb| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK _vKvKv‡j wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wwg I evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wwgi gnvcwiPvjK-Gi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb| Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgv‡ji †ivgvw›UK Kwe¯^fve Zuvi KweZv‡K K‡i‡Q b›`b‡kvfb| k‡ãi eûgLy x †`¨vZbv I wPÎawg©Zv Zuvi KweZvi cÖavb m¤ú`| Zvu i iwPZ MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Kve¨MÖš’ : ÔAvcb †hŠeb ˆeixÕ, Ô†h‡nZz Rb¥vÜÕ, ÔAvµvšÍ MRjÕ; MxwZ-msKjb : ÔAvwg mvM‡ii bxjÕ; cÖeÜMÖš’ : Ôwkíxi iƒcvšÍiÕ, ÔK_v I KweZvÕ| mvwnZ¨mvabvi ¯^xK…wZ¯^iƒc wZwb jvf K‡i‡Qb ÔAvjvIj mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹viÕ I evsjv‡`k miKvi cÖ`Ë ÔGK‡z k c`KÕ| Kwe Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj 1989 wLªóv‡ãi 23G †m‡Þ¤^i 53 eQi eq‡m XvKvq gZ„ y¨eiY K‡ib| Avcbv‡`i mevi R‡b¨ GB D`vi Avgš¿Y Qwei g‡Zv GB †`‡k GKevi †ewo‡q hvb| Aek¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv g‡bvnvix ¯úU Avgv‡`i †bB, wKš‘ Zv‡Z wKQz Av‡m hvq bv− Avcbvi ùxZ mÂq †_‡K Dc‡P-cov Wjvi gvK© wKsev ÷vwj©s‡qi wewbg‡q hv cv‡eb Wvjøvm A_ev †gwçm A_ev Kvwj‡dvwb©qv Zvi Zzjbvq wkï‡Zvl! Avmby , Qwei g‡Zv GB †`‡k †ewo‡q hvb i‡Oi Ggb e¨envi, wel‡qi Ggb ZxeªZv Avcwb †Kv‡bv wkíxi Kv‡R cv‡eb bv, e¯‘Z wkí gv‡bB bKj bq wK? A_P †`Lyb, GB wekvj Qwei R‡b¨ e¨eüZ me DcKiY AK…wÎg; Avcbv‡K AviI L‡y j ewj : GUv, A_©vr Avgv‡`i GB †`k,

Qwe 329 Ges Avwg hvi ch©Ub `dZ‡ii Ab¨Zg cÖavb, Avcbv‡`i Ly‡jB ewj, m¤úY~ © bZzb GKwU Qwei g‡Zv K‡i m¤úªwZ mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q : Lvu wU Avh©esk m¤¢~Z wkíxi K‡Vvi ZË¡veav‡b wÎk jÿ KvwiMi `xN© bÕwU gvm w`bivZ cwikÖg K‡i evwb‡q‡Qb GB Qwe| GL‡bv A‡bK RvqMvq is KuvPv− wKš‘ Kx Avðh© Mvp †`‡L‡Qb? f¨vb MM&−whwb AvKvk †_‡K bxj Avi km¨ †_‡K †mvbvwj Z‡z j G‡b e¨envi Ki‡Zb− KL‡bv, kc_ K‡i ej‡Z cvwi, Ggb MvpZv `¨v‡Lb wb : Avi †`Lby , GB †h big‡y Ði µgvMZ e¨envi− Ii †fZ‡iI GKUv Mfxi mv‡Rkvb Av‡QÑ Avm‡j IUvB GB Qwei− A_©vr GB Qwei g‡Zv †`‡ki− w_g! kãv_© I UxKv g‡bvnvix ¯úU Ñ wPËvKl©K ch©Ub¯’j| ùxZ mÂq Ñ dz‡j †d‡u c IVv mwÂZ A_©| Wjvi Ñ Av‡gwiKv, A‡÷ªwjqvmn BD‡ivc I Gwkqvi wewfbœ †`‡ki miKvwi gy`ªvi bvg| gvK© Ñ wewfbœ RvwZiv‡óªi g`y ªvi bvg ev wnmv‡ei GKK| †mvbv I iæcvi IRb cwigv‡c gvK© wnmv‡ei GKK n‡q KvR K‡i| ÷vwj©s Ñ cvDÛ ÷vwj©s| cvDÛ bv‡g we‡klfv‡e cwiwPZ h³y iv‡R¨i miKvwi gy`ªv| Wvjøvm Ñ gvwK©b h³y iv‡óªi †U·vm A½iv‡R¨i Ab¨Zg RbvKxY© bMi| †gwçm Ñ gvwK©b h³y iv‡óªi `wÿY-cwðgv‡ji A½ivR¨ †Uwbwmi GKwU bMi| bMiwU wgwmwmwc b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z| Kvwj‡dvwb©qv Ñ AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi Z…Zxq e„nËg A½ivR¨| wkí gv‡bB bKj bq wK? Ñ Kve¨ZvwË¡K A¨vwi÷Uj e‡j‡Qb, mvwnZ¨ ev wkí n‡”Q Rxe‡bi ev NUbvi AbKy iY| G A‡_©B Kwe wkí‡K ÔbKjÕ e‡j‡Qb| LuvwU Avh©esk m¤¢~Z Ñ Avh© gv‡b Aryan| gvbeRvwZwe‡kl| GLv‡b Lvu wU evOvwj †PZbvi aviK GK gnvgvbe‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wÎk jÿ KvwiMi Ñ evsjv‡`‡ki gnvb gwy ³h‡y ×i wÎk jÿ kwn`|

330 mvwnZ¨ cvV f¨vb MM Ñ wek¦weL¨vZ WvP wPÎwkíx wfb‡m›U DB‡jg f¨vb MM (1853-1890)| Bwb †cv÷-B‡¤úªkwb÷ wkíx wn‡m‡e mgwaK cwiwPZ| Av‡e‡Mi mZZv, iƒp †mŠ›`h© I Mvp is e¨env‡ii KzkjZvq wek kZ‡Ki wPÎwk‡í cÖf‚Z cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡iwQ‡jb wZwb| The Potato Eaters, self portraits, wheat fields Ges sunflowers Zvu i Ab¨Zg weL¨vZ Qwe| big‡y Ði µgvMZ e¨envi Ñ evsjv‡`‡ki gwy ³hy‡× AvZ¥`vbKvix AmsL¨ kwn‡`i K‡ivwU KweKw_Z Qwe‡Z evievi e¨env‡ii K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| mv‡Rkvb Ñ GKwU we‡kl wPšÍv hv bZzb wKQiz D‡b¥l NUvq| w_g& Ñ Avu Kv Qwe‡Z mÂvwiZ we‡kl †Kv‡bv wPšÍv ev evYx‡KB wPÎwk‡í w_g& ejv nq| mvaviYZ IB evYx Rxeb, mgvR I gvbexq cÖKw… Z‡K Aej¤^b K‡i cÖKvk †c‡q _v‡K| w_g&-Gi gva¨‡g GKwU Qwei †gŠwjK I wek¦Rbxb g~j¨ cÖwZfvZ nq| cvV-cwiwPwZ ÒQweÓ KweZvwU Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgv‡ji cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ ÔAvcb †hŠeb ˆeixÕ †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| G KweZvq †ivgvw›UK Kwe bZbz ¯^vaxbZvcÖvß evsjv‡`k‡K gnvb wkíxi Zzwj‡Z AuvKv GKwU KvjRqx Qwe wn‡m‡e Kíbv K‡i‡Qb| Kwe wbcyY k‡ãi Qwe Gu‡K eywS‡q †`b wÎk jÿ Lvu wU evOvwj-wkíx Z_v kwn‡`i `xN© bq gv‡mi kÖ‡g-AvZ¥`v‡b m„wRZ n‡q‡Q GB Qwe| Zvu i wbwðZ aviYv, i‡Oi Rv`yKi wkíx f¨vb MMI QwewU‡Z Qov‡bv i‡Oi Avðh© MvpZv KL‡bv †`‡Lbwb| Kwe g‡b K‡ib, QwewU‡Z e¨eüZ AmsL¨ bigy‡Ði e¨envi wÎk jÿ kwn‡`i AvZ¥`v‡bi msMÖvgx †PZbv‡K aviY K‡i Av‡Q, hv GB Qwei g‡Zv †`kwUi †MŠiegq ¯§viK| wÎk jÿ kwn‡`i i³¯œvZ my›`i GB †`k cwi`k©‡bi Rb¨ Kwe we‡`wk‡`i Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡q‡Qb KweZvq| KweZvwU M`¨Q‡›` iwPZ| M`¨Q‡›` †Kv‡bv mwy bw`©ó ce© I gvÎvmvg¨ _v‡K bv| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. †KvbwU Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgv‡ji MxwZ msKjb? K. AvµvšÍ MRj L. Avwg mvM‡ii bxj M. †h‡nZz Rb¥vÜ N. wkíxi iƒcvšÍb 2. Ô†gwçm A_ev Kvwj‡dvwb©qv Zvi Zzjbvq wkï‡ZvlÕ− ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q− i. G‡`‡ki AZzjbxq †mŠ›`h© ii. †`‡ki cÖwZ Kwei ggZ¡‡eva iii. †gwçm, Kvwj‡dvwb©qvi †mŠ›`h© wkï‡`i Dc‡hvMx wb‡Pi †KvbwU wVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

Qwe 331 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| G‡mwQ Avevi wd‡i...ivZRvMv wbe©vmb †k‡l G‡mwQ Rbbx e‡½ ¯^vaxbZv Dwo‡q Dwo‡q 3. DÏxc‡K ÒQweÓ KweZvi †h fve¸‡jv cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv− i. my`xN© bq gv‡mi i³ÿqx msMÖvg ii. hy×Kvjxb gvb‡y li wech©¯Í Rxeb iii. evOvwji ¯^vaxbZv AR©b wb‡Pi †KvbwU wVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 4. D³ fve‡K Kwe Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj ÔbZzb GKwU QweÕ wn‡m‡e Kíbv K‡i‡Qb †Kb? K. Qwei g‡Zv m›y `i †`k e‡j L. LuvwU evOvwj wkíxi AuvKv e‡j M. AKw… Îg iO e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q e‡j N. wÎk jÿ KvwiM‡ii i‡³ iwÄZ e‡j mR„ bkxj cÖkœ kwn‡`i cYy ¨ i‡³ mvZ †KvwU evOvwji cÖv‡Yi Av‡eM AvR cyw®úZ †mŠif| evsjvi bMi, e›`i MÄ, evlwÆ nvRvi MÖvg Ÿsm¯Í‡~ ci †_‡K mvZ †KvwU dzj n‡q †dv‡U| cÖvYgq gnr KweZv Avi †Kv_vI †`wL bv Gi †P‡q| K. Kwe Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj G‡`k‡K wK‡mi m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb? L. Kwe wb‡R‡K G‡`‡ki ch©Ub `dZ‡ii Ab¨Zg cÖavb e‡j‡Qb †Kb? M. DÏxc‡K evOvwji cÖv‡Yi Av‡eM cyw®úZ nevi welqwU ÒQweÓ KweZvq Kxfv‡e evO&gq n‡q D‡V‡Q −e¨vL¨v Ki| N. ˆemv`k„ ¨ _vK‡jI DÏxcK I ÒQweÓ KweZv †hb GKB m‡~ Î Muv_v− Dw³wU gj~ ¨vqb Ki|

†jvK-†jvKvšÍi Avj gvngy` Kwe-cwiwPwZ Avj gvng`y 1936 wLªóv‡ãi 11B RyjvB eªvþYevwoqv †Rjvi †gŠovBj MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui cÖK…Z bvg wgi Ave`my ïKiz Avj gvng`y | Zvui wcZvi bvg Ave`yi ie wgi I gvZvi bvg iIkb Aviv wgi| wZwb eªvþYevwoqvq gva¨wgK ¯Íi ch©šÍ cov‡kvbv K‡ib| `xN©w`b wZwb mvsevw`KZv †ckvi m‡½ RwoZ wQ‡jb| Ôˆ`wbK MYKÉÕ I Ôˆ`wbK KY©dzjxÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb wZwb| c‡i wZwb evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wwg‡Z †hvM`vb K‡ib Ges cwiPvj‡Ki c` †_‡K Aem‡i hvb| Avawy bK evsjv KweZvq Avj gvngy` Abb¨ GK RMr ˆZwi K‡ib| †mB RMr hš¿Yv`» kniRxeb wb‡q bq− wmœ»-k¨vgj, cÖkvšÍ MÖvgRxeb wb‡q| MÖvgxY Rxeb I cÖKw… Zi wPivqZ iƒc wbR¯^ Kve¨fvlv I msMV‡b wkwíZ K‡i †Zv‡jb Kwe Avj gvng`y | Zvui cÖKvwkZ MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q− Kve¨MÖš’ : Ô†jvK-†jvKvšÍiÕ, ÔKv‡ji KjmÕ, Ô†mvbvjx KvwebÕ, Ôgvqvwe c`©v `‡y j D‡VvÕ, ÔA`ó„ ev`x‡`i ivbœvevbœvÕ, ÔeLwZqv‡ii †NvovÕ, ÔAvie¨ iRbxi ivRnvu mÕ; wkï‡Zvl Kve¨MÖš’ : ÔcvwLi Kv‡Q d‡z ji Kv‡QÕ; Dcb¨vm : ÔWvûKxÕ, ÔKwe I †KvjvnjÕ, Ôwbwk›`v bvixÕ, ÔAv¸‡bi †g‡qÕ BZ¨vw`; †QvUMí : Ôcvb‡KŠwoi i³Õ, Ô†mŠi‡fi Kv‡Q civwRZÕ, ÔMÜewYKÕ| wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi, GKz‡k c`Kmn AmsL¨ cyi¯‹vi I m¤§vbbvq fw~ lZ nb| Avgvi †PZbv †hb GKwU mv`v mwZ¨Kvi cvwL, e‡m Av‡Q meyR Ai‡Y¨ GK P›`‡bi Wv‡j; gv_vi Ic‡i wb‡P ebPvix evZv‡mi Zv‡j †`v‡j eb¨ cvbjZv, myMÜ civ‡M gvLvgvwL n‡q Av‡Q †Vvu U Zvi| Avi `wy U †Pv‡Li †KvU‡i KvUv mcy vwii is, cv meyR, bL Zxeª jvj †hb Zvi Z‡š¿ g‡š¿ f‡i Av‡Q P›`‡bi Wvj †PvL †h ivL‡Z bvwi GZ eb¨ †Sv‡ci Ic‡i| ZvKv‡Z cvwi bv Avwg iƒ‡c Zvi †hb GZ fq hLwb D¾¡j nq Avgvi G †PZbvi gwY, g‡b nq †K‡U hv‡e, wQu‡o hv‡e mg¯Í evu awy b msmvi mgvR ag© Zz”Q n‡q hv‡e †jvKvjq| †jvK †_‡K †jvKvšÍ‡i Avwg †hb ¯Íä n‡q ïwb AvnZ Kwei Mvb| KweZvi Avmbœ weRq| kãv_© I UxKv Kwe Zvui Kve¨‡PZbv‡K mv`v GK mwZ¨Kvi cvwLi cÖwZgvq Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| Avgiv †PZbv... Kwei GB †PZbv-cvwL e‡m Av‡Q meyR Ai‡Y¨i †Kv‡bv GK P›`‡bi Wv‡j| GB P›`‡bi Wv‡j Ñ P›`b myMwÜ Kv‡Vi MvQ| Avi Gi djz Svj-wgwó je½| Kwei Kve¨mËvi gayiZvi m‡½ P›`‡bi m¤úK© wbwnZ|

†jvK-†jvKvšÍi 333 gv_vi Ic‡i wb‡P... n‡q Av‡Q †VvUu Zvi Ñ P›`‡bi Wv‡j e‡m _vKv Kwei †PZbv-cvwLi Ic‡i-wb‡P ebPvix evZv‡mi m‡½ †`vj Lvq cvbjZv| cÖKw… Zi GB inm¨gq I †mŠ›`h©gq cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ myMwÜ civ‡M gvLvgvwL n‡q I‡V Kwei †PZbviƒc cvwLi †Vvu U, Zvui Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ¯^iƒc I Kve¨fvlv| Avi `wy U †Pv‡Li †KvU‡i...†Sv‡ci Ic‡i Ñ Kwei Aw¯ÍZ¡ Ry‡o wPivqZ MÖvgevsjv, evsjvi AdzišÍ is Zvui †PZbviƒc cvwLi †Pv‡Li †KvU‡i KvUv mcy vwii is, Zvi cv meRy , bL Zxeª jvj| G †hb gvwU Avi AvKv‡k †g‡j aiv Kwei mgMÖ ˆPZb¨ R‡y oB cÖvK„wZK i‡Oi ˆewPΨ Ges wbmM©-DcjwäiB GK Awb›`¨cÖKvk| ZvKv‡Z cvwi bv Avwg... KweZvi Avmbœ weRq Ñ m„wói †cÖiYvq Kwe wPiKvjB DØy× nb, D¾¡j nq Zvui †PZbvi gwY| cw„ _exi †Kv‡bv wewaweavb, †Kv‡bv wbqgKvbby , †Kv‡bv ag©, †Kv‡bv mgvR-ms¯‹vi ev †jvKvj‡qi Aaxb wZwb Avi ZLb _v‡Kb bv| ZLb mewKQz Zz”Q n‡q hvq| GKgvÎ mZ¨ n‡q I‡V †PZbvi RMr, †PZbvi is-iƒc-†iLv, kãeªþ| wZwb kã w`‡q M‡o †Zv‡jb †PZbvi RMr, kã‡mŠa| Zviu †mB m„wói c_ Kzmygv¯ÍxY© bq| wewPÎ Uvbvc‡ob I Rxeb-msMÖv‡gi †fZi w`‡q Zv‡K DËxY© n‡Z nq KweZvi mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡; Ges Rq nq KweZvi| cvV-cwiwPwZ G KweZvwU Avj gvngy‡`i Ô†jvK-†jvKvšÍiÕ Kv‡e¨i bvg-KweZv| GwU Kwei AvZ¥cwiPqg~jK KweZv| Kwei †PZbv †hb mwZ¨Kv‡ii mcÖvY GK Aw¯ÍZ¡−cvwLZzj¨ †mB KwemËv m›y `‡ii I inm¨gqZvi ¯^cœ‡mŠ‡a weivRgvb| cÖv‡Yi g‡a¨, cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ m„wói g‡a¨ Zvi emevm| Kwe wPÎK‡íi gvjv †M‡u _ Zviu Kve¨ †PZbv‡K g~Z© K‡i Zjz ‡Z Pvb| G KweZvq GK mMy fxi wew”QbœZv‡ev‡ai hš¿Yv Kwe‡K KvZi K‡i, AvnZ K‡i| Zey Kwe m„wói Avb›`‡K Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z AvMÖnx| Zviu m„wói weRq Aek¨¤¢vex Ñ GB cÖZ¨q Zvui wew”QbœZv‡ev‡ai †e`bv‡K cÖkwgZ K‡i| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ L. Wv‡j 1. Kwei †PZbviƒc cvwL †Kv_vq e‡m Av‡Q? N. mcy vwi cvZvq K. cvbjZvq M. †Sv‡ci Ici

334 mvwnZ¨ cvV 2. Ò†jvK-†jvKvšÍiÓ KweZvq Kwe cvwLwUi w`‡K ZvKv‡Z cv‡ib bv †Kb? K. D¾¡j is e‡j L. †PvL-auvav‡bv †mŠ›`‡h©i Rb¨ M. mKj evu ab wQbœ K‡i m„wói RM‡Z P‡j hvevi Rb¨ N. i‡Oi evnv‡ii Rb¨ Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| AvR‡K Avgvi iæ× cÖv‡Yi cj¦‡j evb Wv‡K H RvMj †Rvqvi `qy vi-fvOv K‡jøv‡j| 3. DÏxc‡K Ò†jvK-†jvKvšÍiÓ KweZvi †h fv‡ei AbyiYb N‡U‡Q, Zv n‡jvÑ i. Kwe-ü`‡qi wenŸjZv ii. m„wói Db¥v`bv iii. cÖKw… Zi RvMiY wb‡Pi †KvbwU wVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 4. DwjøwLZ w`KwU †Kvb Pi‡Y cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q? K. Avgvi †PZbv †hb GKwU kv`v mwZ¨Kv‡ii cvwL L. †hb Zvi Z‡š¿ g‡š¿ f‡i Av‡Q P›`‡bi Wvj M. ZvKv‡Z cvwi bv Avwg iƒ‡c Zvi †hb GZ fq N. msmvi mgvR ag© Z”z Q n‡q hv‡e †jvKvjq mR„ bkxj cÖkœ AvgviI gb ˆP‡Î cjvZK, cjv‡k Avi Av‡gi Wv‡j Wv‡j meRy gv‡V gvSeqmx jv‡j `Ð `yB gyw³-my‡L wRivq: gvwUi Kv‡Q me gvbyl LvZK| ... ... ... ... GKwU Mv‡b Mnb ¯^vÿ‡i| Rv‡bv wK †mB Mv‡bi Avwg PvZK? K. Ò†jvK-†jvKvšÍiÓ †Kvb RvZxq KweZv? L. ÔAvgvi †PZbv †hb GKwU mv`v mwZ¨Kvi cvwLÕÑ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? M. DÏxcK I Ò†jvK-†jvKvšÍiÓ KweZvi mv`k„ ¨cY~ © w`KwU e¨vL¨v Ki| N. D³ w`K KwemËvi cÖKvk wePvi Ki|

fw‚ gnxb Kw… lRxex B‡”Q Zvi †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb Kwe-cwiwPwZ †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb h‡kvi †Rjv kn‡ii cwðg cÖv‡šÍ LowK MÖv‡g 1936 wLªóv‡ãi 15B AvM÷ Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvu i wcZvi bvg †gvnv¤§` kvnv`vr Avjx Ges gv‡qi bvg iv‡njv LvZzb| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K 1958 wLªóv‡ã evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨ m¤§vb I Gi c‡ii eQi GgG cixÿvq DËxY© nb| GKB wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K 1969 wLªóv‡ã wZwb wcGBPwW wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib| Gi Av‡M wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q evsjv wefv‡M wkÿKZvq †hvM`vb K‡ib| 1969-70 wLªóv‡ã wZwb jÛb wek¦we`¨vj‡q †cv÷ W±ivj M‡elYv K‡ib| GQvovI we‡k¦i wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vj‡q AwZw_ Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e wZwb h³y wQ‡jb| QvÎRxeb †_‡KB ¯^‡`k I mgKvj m‡PZb GB Kwei mvwnZ¨-cÖwZfvi mwe‡kl cwiPq cvIqv hvq| FRy e³e¨, Q›` m‡PZbZv Ges MxwZgqZv Zuvi KweZvi cÖavb ˆewkó¨| mvwn‡Z¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb 1972 wLªóv‡ã evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi Ges 1987 wLªóv‡ã GKz‡k c`‡K f‚wlZ nb| Zvu i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q : Ô`yj©f w`bÕ, Ôkw¼Z Av‡jv‡KÕ, Ôwecbœ welv`Õ, ÔcÖZby cÖZ¨vkvÕ, Ôfw‚ gnxb Kw… lRxex B‡”Q ZviÕ, Ôaxi cÖev‡nÕ cÖfw… Z| †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb 2008 wLªóv‡ãi †Zmiv †m‡Þ¤^i gZ„ ¨z eiY K‡ib| b`xi a‡mi wb‡P evZv‡mi g‡a¨ Av‡Q wKQUz v AvkÖq; Mv‡bi e`‡j cvwL Pwz cmv‡i K_v e‡j k‡•Li cwifvlv wk‡L, †XD n‡q †M‡Q evjgy q| †f‡m hvIqv Wvjcvjv Kzwo‡q Kvwo‡q Av¸b R¡vwj‡q Zvi cv‡k e‡m Av‡Q f~wgnxb K…wlRxex, B‡”Q Zvi †R‡j n‡q wKQz gvQ a‡i| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv w`b hLb R‡ji †Zvo cvo †f‡O Xz‡K c‡o †ÿ‡Zi DRv‡b dvU‡j, `wjZ Nvm dm‡ji †kvfv †Vuv‡U

336 mvwnZ¨ cvV Avevi †m wd‡i hvq Kv`vq Aÿi Gu‡K w`‡q; ZLb †m gvQ †Lvu ‡R Kv`v‡LuvPv cvwLi gZb| me gvV, nj`y meyR Kv‡jv dm‡ji me gvV, mg‡qi cÖZxÿvq _v‡K ïay| KLb †g‡Ni iO mv`v †_‡K Kv‡jv n‡e R‡g DV‡e †g‡Ni cvnvo KLb †ÿ‡Zi KvR ïiæ n‡e K…l‡Ki mg‡qi cÖZxÿvq _vKv ïay| jvOj wbovwb †i‡L GLb †Kej †KuvP nv‡Z †Mvu R n‡q gvQivOv MvgQv c‡i GKV¨vOv e‡Mi gZb †P‡q _v‡K| gvwUi wUjvi c‡i Zvi N‡i wXjvXvjv dZqz vi g‡a¨ e‡m gvQfvZ †L‡Z †L‡Z GKw`b AvKv‡ji MíK_v ejvewj Ki‡e Zvi ¯^R‡bi mv‡_ GB ¯^cœ †Pv‡L wb‡q cÖZxÿvq _vKv ïay gvQivOv MvgQv c‡i GKV¨vOv e‡Mi gZb| †Pv‡Li jeY R‡g †PvL R¡‡j ïay R¡‡j| †Kvu P nv‡Z †MuvR n‡q mg‡qi cÖZxÿvq _vKv ïa|y kãv_© I UxKv Ñ cvnvo, b`xi cvo cÖf…wZ †_‡K gvwU ev cv_i L‡m cov| am Ñ R‡ji Pvc| R‡ji †Zvo `wjZ Nvm dm‡ji †kvfv Ñ R‡j Nvm dmj Wz‡e hvIqvi ci Avevi hLb Rj †b‡g hvq ZLb †Vvu ‡U Avevi †m wd‡i hvq †ewi‡q Avmv K`©gv³ fw‚ gi eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kv`vq Aÿi G‡u K w`‡q

fw‚ gnxb Kw… lRxex B‡”Q Zvi 337 Kv`v‡LuvPv Ñ GK ai‡bi cvwL| nj`y meRy Kv‡jv dm‡ji me gvV Ñ meRy dmj _v‡K, †c‡K †mvbvwj ev njy` nq, dmj KvUvi ci bvov †cvov‡j gvV Kv‡jv eY© aviY K‡i| †KuvP †Pv‡Li jeY R‡g Ñ gvQ-wkKv‡ii Rb¨ †jvnvi QuyPv‡jv djv jvMv‡bv nvwZqvi we‡kl| †PvL R¡‡j Ñ Kl… ‡Ki †e`bv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †eu‡P _vKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b K…lK †R‡j n‡q‡Q| ZeIy Zvi Kó jvNe nq bv| gv‡Qi Rb¨I Zv‡K cÖZxÿv K‡iB †h‡Z nq| GB K‡ói Rxeb Zv‡K AkÖæwm³ K‡i †Zv‡j| cvV-cwiwPwZ KweZvwU †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgv‡bi Ôf‚wgnxb K…wlRxex B‡”Q ZviÕ MÖš’ †_‡K msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖKw… Zwbweo gvb‡y li cwieZ©gvb RxebcÖev‡ni GK bv›`wbK ¯^cœ-DcvL¨vb GB KweZvwU| Rj‡ewóZ GB evsjvi Rbc‡`i GKRb mvaviY K…wlRxex gvby‡li K_v Av‡Q G‡Z, Av‡Q Zvi ¯^cœmva| R‡ji †Zv‡o GB Kl… K n‡q I‡V f‚wgnxb| wKš‘ Avkvev`x gvby‡li GB †`‡k mn‡R †KD n‡Zv`¨g nq bv| ZvB f‚wg nviv‡bv GB gvbly wU Rj‡K wN‡iB evu P‡Z Pvq| †m †R‡j n‡Z Pvq| LoK‡z Uv Wvjcvjv AvkÖq K‡i Av¸b R¡vwj‡q †m Rxe‡bi DËvc‡K wd‡i †c‡Z Pvq| GiB m‡½ †m wgwj‡q †bq Zvi PvIqv− †R‡j n‡q gvQ aivi| †Kbbv, RjgMœ GB Pvicvk fw‚ gKl©‡Yi Abcy ‡hvMx| Zv‡K cÖZxÿv Ki‡Z nq fvex mg‡qi Rb¨| Avi GB AšÍe©Zx© mg‡q †mB K…lK eiY K‡i wb‡Z Pvq †R‡jRxeb| RxweKvi GB iƒcvšÍi Zv‡K ¯^cœkb~ ¨ K‡i bv| †m my›`i fwel¨‡Zi Kíbvq we‡fvi nq| weMZ K‡ói `ty L¯§w„ Z †ivgš’‡bi g‡a¨ †h Avb›` jwy K‡q _v‡K †mB Avb›` GB K…lKI GKw`b jvf Ki‡e − GB Avkv wb‡q KweZvi GB K…lK Zvi Rxeb‡K mRxe K‡i iv‡L| †m gvQ aivi cÖZxÿv K‡i| wKš‘ Kwe GB mij KvVv‡gvq KweZvwU web¨¯Í K‡ib bv| Zuvi †ev‡ai eûgvwÎKZvq DwjøwLZ fw‚ gnxb Kl… K‡K cvwLi Av`j w`‡Z Pvb| g~jZ cvwLi cÖZx‡KB Kwe DwjøwLZ Kl… K PwiÎwU‡K iƒcvqY K‡ib| ZvB b`xi R‡j f‚wg wbgw¾Z n‡j †mB Kl… K evZv‡m AvkÖq †Luv‡R; wVK †hgb GKwU cvwL Wvbv Gwj‡q †f‡m †eovq evZv‡m| ïay ZvB bq, IB K…lK ZLb cvwLi fvlvI †ev‡S| ZvB cvwLi KR‚ b‡K ZLb Mvb g‡b bv n‡q msÁvcb‡hvM¨ K‡_vcK_b e‡jB Zvi †eva nq| Avevi gvQivOv cvwLi g‡ZvB Zvi †cvkvK, e‡Ki fw½‡ZB P‡j Zvi gvQ aivi cÖZxÿv| Gfv‡e cvwLi m‡½ wg‡k hvq †mB fw‚ gnxb K…wlRxexi AvcvZ-Db¥~wjZ Rxeb| cvwLi fw‚ g‡Z AvkÖq nq bv, GB Kl… ‡Ki f‚wgwbf©i AvkÖq nvwi‡q †M‡Q| grm¨ wkKvwi gvQivOv wKsev eK †hgb K‡i gv‡Qi cÖZxÿv K‡i, GB Kl… KI †Zgwb †R‡jRxeb MÖnY K‡i gv‡Qi A‡cÿv K‡i| GZ †h cwieZ©b, RxebKvVv‡gvi iƒcvšÍi − Gme m‡Ë¡I IB gvbylwU cÖK…wZjMœ n‡q †e‡u P _v‡K, ¯^cœ †`‡L, AwgZ Rxebxkw³i D‡Øvab NUvq| GB Awbt‡kl cÖvYgqZv‡KB Kwe Dc¯’vcb K‡ib Av‡jvP¨ KweZvi m~‡Î| AÿieË„ Q‡›` iwPZ GB KweZvwU‡Z Kwe ce© wbg©v‡Y cÖ‡qvRb Abmy v‡i ¯^vaxbZv MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| Avevi e¨wZµgx PiY web¨v‡mi Kvi‡YI Q‡›`i †`vjvq we‡klZ¡ †hvwRZ n‡q‡Q|

338 mvwnZ¨ cvV eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. Òfw~ gnxb Kw… lRxex B‡”Q ZviÓ KweZvi fw~ gnxb Kw… lRxexi Kx B‡”Q Rv‡M? K. †R‡j n‡q gvQ aivi L. mg‡qi cÖZxÿvq _vKvi M. Pzwcmv‡i K_v ejvi N. AvKv‡ji Mí ejvi 2. f~wgnxb Kw… lRxex †jvKwU‡K ÔgvQivOv MvgQv c‡i GKV¨vOv e‡Mi gZbÕ Kíbv Kivi KviY n‡jvÑ i. cÖvK…wZK ˆewiZvq Zvi AmnvqZ¡ ii. wech©¯ÍZvq beRxe‡bi Avkvev` iii. iƒcvšÍ‡ii mv‡_ Awf‡hvRb cÖqvm wb‡Pi †KvbwU wVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| KZ K_v AvR g‡b c‡o Zvi, Mwi‡ei Ni Zvi, †Qv‡UvLv‡Uv KZ evqbv †Q‡ji cv‡i bvB wgUvevi| 3. DÏxc‡K Òf~wgnxb Kw… lRxex B‡”Q ZviÓ KweZvq †h fv‡ei cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q, Zv n‡jvÑ K. wejvmx Rxeb L. msMÖvgkxjZv M. my‡Li Avkvev` N. `ty LfvivµvšÍ Rxeb 4. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †PZbvi w`KwU †h Pi‡Y cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zv n‡jvÑ K. b`xi a‡mi wb‡P/evZv‡mi g‡a¨ Av‡Q/wKQzUv AvkÖq; L. Av¸b R¡vwj‡q Zvi cv‡k e‡m Av‡Q/fw~ gnxb Kw… lRxex, M. †Pv‡Li jeY R‡g †PvL R¡‡j/ïay R¡‡j| N. ...gvQivOv MvgQv c‡i/GKV¨vOv e‡Mi gZb †P‡q _v‡K|

f‚wgnxb Kw… lRxex B‡”Q Zvi 339 mR„ bkxj cÖkœ MÖv‡gi ci MÖvg Kvj-K‡jivq DRvo! wbixn Zv‡je gv÷v‡ii e‡y KI eRª coj! K‡jivq †Q‡jwU gviv †Mj webv c‡_¨, webv ïkÖƒlvq! Kvd‡bi Kvco †Rv‡Uwb, ZvB webv Kvd‡b evBk eQ‡ii e‡y Ki gvwbK‡K Ke‡i ïB‡q w`‡qwQ GLv‡b! GB-B †kl bqÑ ïbby : ewj †g‡qUv‡K we‡q w`‡qwQjvg cjvkZjx †mLv‡bI AvKvj! gvby‡l gvbly Lvq| wZbw`‡bi Dcevmx Avi j¾ve¯¿nxb n‡q wb`viæY e¨_vq `wo Kjwm †e‡u a cKy z‡ii R‡j W‡z e g‡iwQj GKw`b mܨvq| K. Òf~wgnxb Kw… lRxex B‡”Q ZviÓ KweZvi fw~ gnxb Kw… lRxex wXjvXvjv dZzqvi g‡a¨ e‡m Kx Lvq? L. Ômg‡qi cÖZxÿvq _vKv ïaÕy ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? M. Zv‡je gv÷v‡ii RxebwPÎ Òf~wgnxb K…wlRxex B‡”Q ZviÓ KweZvi K…wlRxexi mv‡_ †Kvbw`K †_‡K mvRyh¨cY~ © Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. mvRyh¨cY~ © n‡jI Òfw~ gnxb K…wlRxex B‡”Q ZviÓ KweZvi K…wlRxexi g‡Zv Zv‡je gv÷vi Awf‡hvRb cÖqvmx bb− GB Dw³i †hŠw³KZv wePvi Ki|

i‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’ w`jIqvi Kwe-cwiwPwZ w`jIqvi 1937 wLóª v‡ãi c‡njv Rvbqy vwi wm‡jU knimsjMœ miy gv b`xi `wÿY ZxieZx© fv_L© jv MvÖ ‡g Rb¥MnÖ Y K‡ib| Zviu c‡y iv bvg w`jIqvi Lvb| wKš‘ Kwe-Rxe‡bi ïiæ †_‡KB wZwb Rbg‡bi mv‡_ GKvZ¥Zv cKÖ vk K‡i cvwievwiK ÔLvbÕ c`we eRb© K‡ib| Zviu wcZvi bvg †gŠjfx †gvnv¤§` nvmvb Lvb, Rbbx iwng‡y bmœ v| w`jIqvi mvavi‡Y¨ ÔMYgvb‡y li KweÕ wn‡m‡e mgwaK cwiwPZ| †ckvRxe‡b c_Ö ‡g `By gvm wkÿKZv Ki‡jI 1967 wLóª v‡ã Ôˆ`wbK msev`Õ cwÎKvq Ges 1973-74 wLóª v‡ã Ôˆ`wbK MYK‡ÉÕ mnKvix m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e wZwb KvR K‡ib| wKš‘ ¯v^ ¯¨’ MZ Kvi‡Y IB †ckv Zvu ‡K cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z nq| wZwb wQ‡jb gj~ Z mveÿ© wYK Kwe-†jLK I QovKvi| Zviu KweZvi gj~ miy †`k, gvwU I gvb‡y li cwÖ Z Av¯v’ I `vqe×Zv| MYgvb‡ei gwy ³ Zviu jÿ¨; we‡f`g³y Kj¨vYx cw„ _exi wZwb ¯v^ wcKœ | Zviu c_Ö g Kve¨MšÖ ’ ÔwRÁvmvÕ cKÖ vwkZ nq 1953 wLóª v‡ã| Zviu cKÖ vwkZ Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨MšÖ ’ : ÔHKZvbÕ, ÔDw™b¢ œ Djvø mÕ, Ô¯w^ bô m‡bUÕ, Ôi‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯Õ’ , Ômcw„ _ex iB‡evmRxeÕ, Ô`By †giæ `By WvbvÕ, ÔAbZxZ cOw& ³gvjvÕ| Zviu ceÖ Ü MšÖ ’ : Ôevsjv‡`k Rb¥ bv wb‡jÕ Ges QovMšÖ ’ : Ôw`jIqv‡ii kZQovÕ, ÔQovq A Av K LÕ| mvwnZ¨mvabvi ¯x^ Kw… Z¯i^ ƒc wZwb jvf K‡i‡Qb evsjv GKv‡Wwg ciy ¯‹vi I ÔGK‡z k c`KÕ| w`jIqvi 2013 wLªóv‡ãi 10B A‡±vei gZ„ ¨z eiY K‡ib| cÙv †Zvgvi †hŠeb PvB hgybv †Zvgvi †cÖg miy gv †Zvgvi KvRj e‡y Ki cwj‡Z MwjZ †ng| cÙv hgby v miy gv †gNbv M½v KY©djz x, †Zvgv‡`i e‡y K Avwg wbiewa MYgvb‡ei Zzwj! KZ wewPÎ Rxe‡bi is Pviw`‡K K‡i †Ljv, gy» giY evu ‡K euv‡K N‡y i KvUvq gviY †ejv! †i‡LwQ Avgvi cÖvY ¯^cœ‡K e‡½vcmvM‡iB, fqvj Nw~ Y© †m Avgvi †µva Dcgv †h Zvi †bB! GB †µva R¡‡j Avgvi ¯^Rb MYgvb‡ei ey‡K− hLb †evSvB cÖv‡Yi RvnvR

i‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’ 341 bi`vb‡ei g‡y L! cÙv myigv †gNbv hgby v ... A‡kl b`x I †XD i‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’, we‡`‡k Rv‡b bv †KD! [ms‡ÿwcZ] kãv_© I UxKv †ng Ñ mey Y©| †mvbv| cwj‡Z MwjZ †ng Ñ MwjZ †mvbv †gkv‡bv cwjgvwU| MYgvbe Ñ cÖvwšÍK RbMY| MYgvb‡ei Zzwj Ñ wkíx-RbZvi Zwz j| Kwe GLv‡b MYgvb‡ei wkíx wn‡m‡e wb‡Ri cwiPq Ávcb K‡i‡Qb| gviY †ejv Ñ nbb Kvj| webvk Kvj| Nw~ Y© Ñ NY~ ©¨gvb Rjivwk| AvewZ©Z Rjivwk| cÖv‡Yi RvnvR Ñ GLv‡b RbZv I Rbm¤ú` †evSv‡Z ÔcÖv‡Yi RvnvRÕ K_vwU e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| bi`vbe Ñ bicï| gvbyliƒcx `vbe| GLv‡b we‡`wk biwckvP‡`i †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| A‡kl b`x I †XD Ñ Avengvb Qz‡U Pjv b`x I †XD| i‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’ Ñ RvwZmËvi †kvwYZ Ges Aw¯’ †h Kwe wb‡Ri Aw¯Í‡Z¡ aviY K‡i Av‡Qb, GLv‡b †m-K_vB AvjsKvwiK fvlvq e¨³ n‡q‡Q| cvV-cwiwPwZ Òi‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯Ó’ KweZvwU Kwei GKB bv‡gi Kve¨M‡Ö ši’ bvg-KweZv| Ôi‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯Õ’ 1981 wLóª v‡ã wm‡jU †_‡K c_Ö g cKÖ vwkZ nq| msKwjZ KweZvwU Kexi †PŠaiy xi D‡Ï‡k DrmwMZ© | Òi‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯Ó’ KweZvq w`jIqvi mvMi`wy nZv I b`xgvZK… evsjv‡`‡ki e›`bv K‡i‡Qb Ges MYgvb‡ei wkíx wn‡m‡e wb‡Ri cZÖ ¨q I cwÖ ZkæÖ wZ †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| Kwe e‡j‡Qb, GB evsjvq Rxebiƒc †hme b`x wbišiÍ e‡q P‡j‡Q, MYwkíxi Zwz j nv‡Z †mB wewPÎ Rxe‡biB wZwb iƒcKvi| Z‡e, engvb Rxeb GLv‡b evavnxb bq| ceÖ ngvb b`xi evu ‡K evu ‡K cvZv i‡q‡Q gZ„ ¨z i dvu `| wKš‘ Kwe GK_v Rvbv‡Z †fv‡jb bv †h, wZwb Zviu ¯c^ ‡œ K wekvj e‡½vcmvM‡ii kw³i Kv‡Q AvgvbZ †i‡L‡Qb| GB kw³B mvM‡ii NY~ ¨© gvb fqvj Rjivwki g‡Zv Zviu †µva‡K kw³gvb K‡i‡Q| Avi GB †µva †Kej Kwei GKvi bq, mgMÖ Rb‡Mvôxi m¤ú‡` cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡Y we‡`wk bi`vb‡ei AvMvÖ mb G Rb‡Mvôx‡K `gv‡Z cv‡i bv| we‡`wkiv nqZ Rv‡b bv †h, Avengvb Q‡y U Pjv b`xi g‡ZvB Kwe wb‡Ri Aw¯‡Í Z¡ aviY K‡i Av‡Qb IB RvwZmËvi †kvwYZ I Aw¯|’ KweZvwU Qq gvÎvi gvÎveË„ Q‡›` iwPZ| cwÖ Z cOw& ³ 6+6 gvÎvi cY~ c© ‡e© Ges 2 gvÎvi AcY~ © c‡e© web¨¯|Í eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. Òi‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’Ó KweZvi ÔcÖvY ¯^cœÕ‡K †Kv_vq †i‡L‡Qb? K. fqvj N~wY©‡Z L. e‡½vcmvM‡i M. MYgvb‡ei ey‡K N. bi`vb‡ei g‡y L