Multi-Level-Eng-Gra2

Husband and Vife Go To Rotne @ You have to complete these sentences with BE T0 or G0 T0. Make sure you use the right tense. 1 I . ..... Rome for my holidays next week! 2 How exciting! ...... you ...... Rome before? 3 No, but I ..... . Florence, tnd I speak a little Italian. 4 And . ..... you ...... Rome with your wife? 5 Oh, she ...... Rome yesterday. She has friends there. She .. .... Italy many times before. Mixed B\"g @ You have to choose between AT and lN in these six sentences (sometimes you can use either, but one is usually better than the other). 1 On the flight from Rome to San Francisco. we stopped ... ... Kennedy Airport in New York Ciry for fuel. 2 I was standing ...... the bus station rvhen I saw Brian. 3 -We stayed ...... a lot of different hotels on our trip. 4 The nicest one was in Cordoba, where -uve slept ...... a beautiful room rvith a view. 5 -We arrived ..... . the crossroads at midday, and waited. 6 -We arrived ..... . London on the 15th, in time for the wedding. Robert's African Journey @ Now you have to complete these sentences with appropriate prepositions. You can use AT, 0N, lN, BY or T0. Robert spent his long sununer holiday trauelling in A-frica. 1 First. he went ...... Cairo ..... . boat. 2 He arrived ..... . Cairo on 15thJuly, and from there he went ...... river steamer ...... 'Wadi Haifa, which is .... .. the Sudan. 3 ...... the steamer, he met two Australians who were going to go ...... Wadi Haifa ..... Khartoum ...... foot, and he decided to go with them. 4 They started the journey, but it was a long way. An old bus came along the road, and they decided to travel ...... Dagash ... ... the bus. They got .. .... Dagash late in the evening. They spent the night ...... a cheap hotel. 5 They decided not to continue ...... foot, and they went ...... j..p to Atbarah. The Australians had been ...... Atbarah before, and had stayed ..... . a nice hotel there. But the hotel was full, so they went ..... another one. 6 In Atbarah there was a train, and they travelled ...... the trarr_ ...... Khartoum, which the Australians hadn't been ...... before. By this time they were tired, and they went back ...... Caito ..... . plane. It was a good journey. 7 When they were back ...... Cairo, they stayed at a small inexpensive hotel ...... the centre of the town. The next day, they went ...... the pyramids. They went ...... bus, but they did part of the journey ...... a camel! They travelled the lait few hundred yards ...... foot. 97

How long? For Frotn...to During Vhile (prepositions of tirne - 5) Look at these sentences. How long did you stay in Cornwall? How much time did you spend there? We stayed there for a weeh. We stayed there the second time from Monday to Thursday. We stayed there twice during the children's sutttmer holidays. We stayed there twice while the children u)ere on holiday. O Now you have to complete each sentence with a word from the box. 1 I metJohn ...... I was having lunch in the canteen. 2 I usually work ...... nine ...... five. 3 I have been working here . ..... a year and ahalf . 4 I metJohn ...... my lunch break. 'We use HOV, LONG. . .? to ask about length of time: i How long did you stay there? For three months. We can also use HOW MUCH TIME . . ? to ask a question about the time available or needed: How much time have you gotldo you need? Half an hour. B 'We use FOR to describe a period of time: 'We stayed there for three months. C We use FROM . . . TO to describe the beginning and end of a period of time: We stayed there fromJune to August. D 'We use DURING to describe an event or events which happened inside a period of time, but not for all of the period: -We went there for the summer (we stayed the whole summer). -We went there during the summer (we were there for a perhaps a few days in summer, but not the whole summer). E DURING and VHILE are similar in meanrng. However, DURING is a preposition, and takes a noun: . . .during the summer . . . during working hours WHILE is a conjunction, and is followed by a subject and a verb: . . .while I was waiting . . .while he was in the cafe :.-_ Good English? @ Two of the underlined phrases are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones and rewrite the others. 1 I stayed during a week in Turin, from the 7th to the 1,4th. 2 How long time did you live in Spain? For many )zears. 3 'We saw plenry of sun during we were away. 98

Surnrner Breaks Look at this table. The Surnrrer August June J\"lv Robert 1 week Greece 2 weeks ItalY 2 weeks Greece 1 week Scotland Carol 2 months summer camP (SPain) Fred Dennis & Victoria Staying home in Hampton (make 3 or 4 day trips) o Now complete the statements, using the information above and for from to prepositions from the box. during 1 Robert is going to Greece ... ... and Italy . ..... . He will be in Greece ..-...24th ......31stJuly, then go directly to ltaly. She will 2 Carol is going away twice. She is going to Greece ...... and Scotland be in Scotland ...... 13th .. ....20th of the month. In all, she will be away three weeks; two r,veeks ..... .J\"ly and a week ...... August. ......2ndJrly . .....29th August. -i'iil?r;;.;,;3 Fred is going to a camp in Spain ...... , er' thev are pranning to so out 4 ':\"':: 1\",15'i;:'ixl;:].1\" ,T;il' For, During Or Vhile? @ You have to complete these sentences with FOR, DURING or WHILE. 1. a Robert was at university ...... three years. b ...... his time there, he met all kinds of people. c .. .... he was at universiry he met all kinds of people. .... they were on holiday 2 a Dennis and Victoria met a nice couple from Birmingham .. in Dorset. b They met the couple ...... their holiday in Dorset. c They were in Dorset ...... three weeks. 3 a (Jncle Victor fell asleep twice ...... the concert. b The concert went on ... ... three hours and a half. c .Auntie Mabei tried to stay awake ...... the musicians were playing. A Business Trip To St Petersburg (/AU Here is a conversation. You have to fill each blank with an appropriate word. 1, .. ... did you spend in St Petersburg? 2 I was there ...... ten days. It was a business trip. 3 ...... did you come back? 4 Very recently. I've only been back ...... three days. 5 Did you do lots of business .... .. you were there? 6 ...... my stay I visited five factories. . ..... two of my visits, I signed good contracts. 7 -Well done! ..... time did you spend in each factory? 8 I stayed ...... half a day at most of them. 'We had to travel a long way . ..... one factory ...... another. . ..... I was in one of them, the President-came on a visit. 9 Ho'uv exciting! ..... did he staY? 10 Oh, he just stayed...... half an hour. But. ..... he was there he said hello to us. 99

In ink (prepositions and nouns - 1) There are many expressions in English where we use a preposition and a noun together. Here is a list of useful ones. They are in groups, and you will see that sometimes the meanings of the phrases are connected. (See also Unit 51.) USE A IN a group / tearn / club / class. FIe was in the tearn for the whole season. IN ink / pencll Dont sign the cheque in pencil; sign it in ink. B IN stock OUT OF stock Have you got this kind of disk in stock? No, I'm sorry it's out of stock. IN trouble OUT OF trouble FIe was in trouble with his boss. He did some extra work to get out of trouble. C IN time (: with enough time; before the time agreed) He arrived in tirne to catch the train. ON time (: ,t the time agreed) The lecturer arrived on tirne, and the class started punctually. D ON a trtp / journey / flight 'Wheret Jane? Shet on a trip to Honolulu. E ON purpose BY accident She didn't break the glass on purpose; she broke it by accidelnt. F BY sight / narne I know her by sight but not by narne. BY letter / post / rrLarl / fax / hand / phone If a document is urgent, send it by fax; otherwise send it by prost. If it's very urgent, you can send it by hand. G FOR breakfast / lunch etc. 'W.hat would you like to eat for lunch? FOR good (: permanently, forever) He's emigruting to Canada; he's leaving this country for good1.. FOR sale My car is for sale; does anybody want to buy it? Also practised in these exercises: in a mess bY train in trouble by heart on duty at home in danger by mistake on business at school (from Level 1) on holiday at the office 100

rarnily e You have to complete these sentences with lN, 0N or BY. 1 Fred's ...... trouble with his teacher; he's never . time for class. 2 Carol broke a vase. I'm sure she did it .............. accident, but her mother's furious. 3 Fredt school is quite small, and the head teacher knows all the pupils .. name. 4 'When Carol was ... . the play, she had to learn her part ...... heart. 5 Robert sends urgent documents .... . fax, and sends the others .............. post. 6 'When Carol was .. ... holiday, she sent postcards to all the family. 7 'W-hen Fred is ..... . school, he has to wear the school uniform. 8 \"Fred, your room is .... .. a mess; tidy it up!\" 9 Robert was ..... . the company football team last year. @ You have to complete these sentences with lN, 0N, OUT 0F, BY or FOR. 1 The plane leaves at7.!5, so make sure you get to the airport .... . good time. 2 \"They tell me you won't be here next week. Are you going .............. holiday?\" \"No, I'm leaving the company ...... good.\" 3 I think I'm going to have kippers . breakfast tomorrow mornlng. 4 He1lo, I'm looking for a copy of \"Ordeal by Firing\" by Deborah Wainwright. Have you any ...... stock? 5 Itt more fun to go .... .. a picnic .... a big group. 6 \"Pry your debts and keep ...... trouble.\" 7 \"-Would you like to go to 'Maximino's' ..-... e meal?\" 8 Doctors in hospital are sometlmes .'.... drty fot 24 hours. 9 Robert sent the report to the wrong person ...... mistake. 10 'W-hen he worked in the mines he was often .\"... danger. 1,1, \"Is Mr Smith there?\" \"No, het . ..... the ofiice today.\" 1,2 I know him. ..... sight; we met ...... a trip in Germany. @ Now you have to complete each space with a preposition from one box and a noun from the other. in out of at stock train sale on for by ink home purpose t \"Be careful!\" \"I'm sorry, I didn't do it ...... .\" 2 \"Do you have a book called 'The Adapted Mind'?\" \"I'm tfraid not, madam; it's ...... .\" 3 Please write your answers 4 \"Flouse Good price.\" 5 The quickest way to go from Paris to Lyon is ........ 6 I think I'11 stay ...... today; I'm not feeling well. trouble lunch dinner mistake the plane business 7 \"Let's meet ...... at 1 o'clock at the restaurant.\" 8 'When you travel ...... , the company will pay your expenses. 9 I met Sue . ..... flying from London to New York. 10 .What would you like . this evening? 1,1 I picked up somebody else's suitcase 1,2 Fred, please try and keep ..... today!

uuE In public (prepositions and nouns - 2) 51 These prepositions and nouns are in groups, and you will see that sometimes the meanings of the phrases are similar or contrasting. (See also Unit 50.) USE AT present/that time/the same time At that time he was the Director, and at present he is Chairman (you can't be both at the same tirne). IN public /prlate Some people say you shouldn't comb your hair in public; you should only do that in private. IN tears IN love'WITH She was in tears, because she was in love with a man who didn't like her. C IN a surt/a coat/a red blouse (: wearing) ('WITH a suit/a coat/a red blouse : wearing or carrying) Look at that man in a grey coat (wearing). Look at that man with a grey coat (wearing or carrying). IN black She was speaking to a girl in black. .WITH a suitcase / a htndbag Look at that man with a suitcase. \\[/ITH brown hairlblue eyes She was a lovely girl with brown hair and blue eyes. Note: -We cannot say X in a suitcase, or X in brown hair D IN person/ON the phone \"John Parks would like to speak to you.\" \"Is he on the phone?\" \"No, he's here in person.\" ON foot (similar to by bicycle, by car etc.) He usually goes to the office by car, but it's not far and he sometimes goes on foot. ON dutyloFF drry You must wear a jacket when you're on duty, but you can take it off when you're off duty. FOR the first/second/last time -We went to Rome for the second tirne this year. FOR the time being You can stay here for the tirne being, but not for good. FOR example/instance There are some very smal1 countries in Europe; Luxembourg, for example. Red is FOR danger (: means, or indicates). -What's an English word for ennui? .W'ITH interest/pleasure/ dis gust/horror I looked at the pictures with interest,/horror. 102

Queen Victoria O Complete these sentences with suitable prepositions. 1, .. .... that time the Queen was seldom seen ...... public. Her husband had died that year, and she spent much of her time . ..... tears, because she had been very much ...... love ...... him. 2 People came many miles ...... foot to see her, but no one saw the Queen person, except her loyal Scottish servantJohn Brown, who saw her .. .... private every day. 3 ...... the same time, the Industrial Revolution was transforming the country. Many people now travelled ...... train, and wealthy people were no'w \" ...... the telephone\". The New Police Oflicers: the First Duy @ Complete these sentences with suitable prepositions. 1 \"Pay attention, everybody. Tomorrow you'll be ... ... drry ...... uniform .. the first lme. 2 \"In six months you can start using police cars, but ...... the time being you'll patrol the c1ry. ..... foot. 3 \"'Watch out for car thieves. .... .. example, if you see a young man trying the door ...... a car, ask him who the owner is. ...... ordering cofTee when you are 4 \"Your radio is .... . getting help; its NOT s ,;;;;; :Fxl:;Hiln: ::i'\"\"', o,o you,re still a police officer, even if you,re not . uniform.\" In Or \\Vith? @ Complete these sentences with suitable prepositions. 1 He reacted to the film about cannibalism . ..... disgust. 2 \"Look at that girl dressed..... . white.\" \"-Which one?\" \"The one over there, ...... a white dress. That one, the one . ..... blue eyes.\" 3 \"Hewas speakingto aman ...... ablue coat.\" \"The one. ..... the hat?\" \"No, the one ...... the umbrella.\" ...... white for funerals, and they go to a happy 4 Tiaditionally, many Chinese people dress iion . ..... red. Mixed Bug @ Now you have to make up phrases by combining a preposition in the box on the left with a word or words in the box on the right to complete the sentences. rn 0n public horror duty for with suitcase a suit person the first time private brown hair L \"I'n ...... at the ticket counter from 8 am to 4 pm.\" 2 Itt a formal reception; you'd better go ... 3 A man ...... got on the bus; he put the suitcase down in front of me. 4 Politicians often say one thing ...... and something quite different 5 'We had been to Milan once before, and we went last summer .... 6 \"'What is she like?\" \"She a tall woman ...... and green eyes.\" 7 \"Can we discuss this on the phone?\" No, itt very hush-hush; I'd rather see you 8 She stared ...... as the man slowlypulled a gun out of his pocket. 103

Aware of (adjectives and prepositions) There are many expressions in English where we use an adjective and a preposition together. Here is a list of useful ones. They are in groups, and sometimes you will see that the phrases in the same group are related in meaning. A aware OF People are much more aware of the environment today. careful OF Be careful of the cars when you cross the street! sure OF I am not sure of what I am doing; can you help? full OF This jar is full of rice. B kind / nice / polite / rude OF It was nice of you to help me. It was rude of him to say that! kind / nrce / pohte / rude TO You should be nice to people when they visit you. He was very rude to me, so I won't go back there! C engaged / rnarcied TO She is engaged to Peter, but they are not married. Susan got married to John last year. close TO She was standing close to the door when I opened it D surprised/shocked AT/BY I was surprised at (by) what he said. E pleased/disappointed/annoyedWITH You are pleased etc. 'W.ITH a person; I was pleased with Simon; he did very well. pleas edl disapp ointe d / annoyed AB OUT You are pleased etc. ABO(JT something: I was pleased about what happened; thatt good news. F sorry ABOUT You can say: Sorry I'm sorry! I'm sorry about what happened. I'm sorry I said that. Also practised in these exercises: good at good for aftaid of generous to friendly to bad at bad for fond of rude to cruel to terrible at ready for suspicious of jealous of (from Level 1) L04

O Here are six words and three prepositions. Put the most suitable word on the left, with a preposition on the right, into each blank. good married aware to at of engaged full suspicious 1 Dennis is ... Victoria; they have been together for many years. 2 Robert is .... Sue, and they will get married later this year. 3 These desk drawers are ..... old papers; isn't it time you cleaned them out? 4 I am not . any serious problems still to be solved. 5 Some people are always ..... ...... strangers. 6 Robert is .... football; he plays for his company's team. @ Here are six more words and three prepositions. Put the most suitable word on the left, with a preposition on the right, into each blank. sure close good of to for generous afraid ready 1 Milk is ........ ..... babies. 2 'When I was a child I was . the dark. 3 I was standing ....... the President when the gun went off. 4 \"Are you ...... ....... the answer to this question?\" \"No, I'm doubtful.\" 5 \"Are you . .... the next course?\" \"Ooh, I couldn't eat any more!\" @ You have to complete the second sentence to mean approximately the same as the first, using the word given. .! BAD .! CAREFUL 1 Stop smoking! . FOND 2 Don't throw your money away! .! CRUEL 3 She'll be a good mother. . BAD 4 Treat that dog nicely! . NICE 5 I can't draw. .! NICE 6 He treated me well. . SURPRISED 7 You were very kind! (ThaQ 8 I was not expecting what he said. @ You have to complete each sentence with the most suitable word on the left and a preposition on the right. pleased annoyed disappointed with about 1 Dennis was ....... Carol, because she got a very good exam result.. 2 FIe was 3 FIe was ....... the burglary because they lost their new video, TV and hi-fi. 4 He was .... Robert's new job, which was a promotion. he wasnt angry. ..... his secretary Helen, because she could have been more helpful, but 5 He was the Council, because they never answered his letters. 6 He was ....... Fred's exam results. Fred did his best, but the results weren't good! 105

NE 53 Review: all prepositions ln Units 45 to 52, we presented the following: to fromThese prepositions of place: towards under above between behind in front of for toThese prepositions of time: how long? from during expressions: These and other similar These verbal atexpressions: at the front arrive at the top get to go to arrive in on the left on one side be to in the front row in the middle in front by train fthoeotrtain by car on in my car on in/on time on duty at home in tarmouebslse by heart for lunch on in dpaenngciel r mistake for good on business at the office in private by for on holiday at present in by sight sale on in apturirpposaet the time by name out of trouble in tears by post out of stock by hand please abouTwith ofaware surprised al/by ofcareful engaged to close to e Complete these sentences with appropriate prepositions from the box (sometimes there is more than one possibility). above under in front of behind between 1 Your shoes are on the floor the bed. 2 you and me, I don't like this class very much! 3 'We can't see the plane; it's flying the clouds. 4 The duck was swim*irg along the river with five little ducklings .. her. 5 Look, there's Susie; shet hiding ...... ...... the door. 6 She was standing in the street . the cinema. 7 The library is on the first floor. The director's office in on the second floor the library. 8 You can't see my house from here; it's .... ....... those trees. 9 I'11 buy it if the price is .... ....... ten pounds! 0 I want a hanging lamp ... that table. 1 She was sitting ..... ....... her brother and her sister-in-1aw. 2 There was a black car parked ...... ...... the restaurant. 3 Adrian is in the front row and Richard is sitting .... him, in the second row. 4 The teacher stood .... the class and showed them a big picture. 5 \"-W-here are my gloves?\" \"They're on that chair, .. my coat.\" 6 \"That's me in the middle of the photo, ... John andHarcy.\" 7 If it's . ten pounds, I cerr't buy it. 8 The conductor stood . the orchestra and raised his arms. 9 I parked the car .... a black Ford Sierra and a white Jagaar. 0 I'm sorry my pencil had rolled 106

@ Complete these sentences with AT, 0N, lN or 0F. ... the five, four were smiling. ...... the right and Dennis was A 1 In the family photograph there were five people. ... There were two people ..... . the left, two were ...... the middle between the others. 2 There were three people in the back row: Carol was ..... the left, Fred was .. the right, and Robert was ...... the middle. 3 -Winston was sitting on the floor ...... front ...... everyone. B 1 Look atpage 3 of the newspaper. .... .. the top . ..... the page there is a title: FOREIGN NE'WS. .... .. the middle ...... the left there is a big photograph .. Bill Clinton. 2 ...... the bottom ...... the page there is an advertisement for very expensive Swiss watches. ..... the advertisement there is a short article, and . ..... the 3 ...... one side . other side there is a picture .... .. Lady Thatcher. @ Now you have to fill in the blanks with prepositions (BY, lN, ON) or verbs and prepositions (ARRIVE ATlN, BE T0, G0 T0). 1 They decided to go to Manchester ...... train. They ...... the railway station at7 arn, ...... good time for the train. Lt7.15 am the train left, exactly ... ... time. 2 \"Shall we have breakfast .... the ttarrt?\" said Mr Simpson. 3 \"-What a good idea! Have you ever ...... Manchester before?\" 4 \"No, I haven't. My wife ...... Manchester last year'\" Manchester at 8.45 am, and a young man from the office met them at 5 The train the station. ---... foot. 6 \"Shall we go ...... taxi?\" asked Mr Simpson. 7 \"No, we can go ... ... my car,\" said the young man, \"unless you prefer to go Iti not far.\" @ Now you have to complete these expressions with 0N, AT, lN, BY FOR, OUT 0F, T0, WITH or ABOUT. 1 Fred's ...... trouble; he hasn't done his homework. 2 Phone me this evening; I'11 be .... home. 3 \"I'ryrsorry, Mrs'W'illiams. Fred didn't hit you ...... purpose; he did it ...... accident.\" 4 This House is . .... Sale. 5 If you send the documents . ..... post, they won't get there until Monday. I'11 deliver them ..... hand. 6 \"Are you in Cyprus ...... business or ..... holiday?\" 7 Robert was .. .... universiry for three years. 8 \"I'm sorry, madam. I'm afraid the book you asked for is ...... stock. I'm sorry that.\" 9 \"Let's ask that woman over there ..... . the briefcase.\" 10 I know her . ..... sight, but not ...... name. 1.1. You should fil1 in the form ..... ink, not . ..... pencil' t2 \"'W-here's Victoria?\" \"She must be ... ... the ofiice, but I'm not sure -..... hel4 movements today.\" 13 I'11 buy you the new CD if it s .....- stock. t4 You have to learn this ... ... heart before tomorrow. 15 Fred's room is usually .... a mess. t6 I think we should have our meetit g .... . prlvate. 17 ...... present we only have three people working here' 18 \"I'm falling ...... love ... you.\" \"I'm pleased \"\"\" that'\" 1,9 The little boy was ...... tears because he couldn't find his ball. 20 ..... that time Carol was only 13 years old. 107

A The Sorne (articles - 1) Look at these pictures, and study the sentences below. He bought a n, apple )) and sofite banaruas. Unfortunately the apple had a maggot irt it and the bananas were rotten. e Now complete these sentences with A, THE or SOME. In the garden there was . .... pear tree and ...... apple trees. ..... pear tree was in flower. .... teacher and ...... young students walking by I looked up and saw .. teacher was a woman about 35 years old. @ lnthese sentences, five of the parts underlined are correctandfourarewrong. Tick({) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 I saw man and a woman outside; a ryLet was about 50. 2 He was carrvins some book and an overcoat. 3 Is that a tiser? No I think it's the lion. 4 I have to buy some shirts and a pair of shoes. -

the answers? Tip: is Washington a city or a state (or both)? 1. city capital state country continent island 2 Peru is ..... . in South America. Ja Europe is .... 4 ..... between Holland and France is Belgium. 5 Sio Paolo is .... biggest ..... in Brazll. 6 Corsica is ...... in the Mediterraflean. 7 Texas is ..... . American .... 8 Asia is ...... biggest .... in the world. 9 Edinburgh is ..... . of Scotland. 10 .. of Washington is on the West Coast of the USA. 1,1, St Helena is .............. where Napoleon died. T2 Stockholm is .... of Sweden. t3 Luxembourg is .... smallest .... .. in the European I.Jnion. t4 Barcelona is .............. in Spain, but it is not ...... of the country. ihopping - and an Accrcident @ You have to complete these sentences with A(N) or SOME. My husband and I went shopping in the High Street today to buy ...... clothes for our holiday. He bought .............. T-shirts and ...... straw hat, and I bought ..... blouse, . comfortable shoes. 'We are planning to go for ..... skirt and .. ..... long wa1ks, and I shall need . comfortable pair of shoes. It sometimes rains in Scotland, so we are taking ..... umbrella and .. extra shoes. There was ... ... accident in the High Street when we were there. .... lorry transportirg ..... cows to market crashed into .. . house on the corner of Potter's Road. people were standing there, and they saw the accident. One of them said: \"I saw children standing on the corner. Then I heard ..... noise and saw ...... 1orry going too fast.\" The cows were not hurt, but ... of them rarr away down the road. ..... man and .. ... boys stopped the cows and brought them back. @ This is a story about two people who went to visit the Komodo dragons. Complete each blank with A(N), THE or SOME. dragon is .... animal in fairy stories which breathes fire. They don't exist, but there are ...... animals like dragons which live on .. island called Komodo. Douglas and Mark went to visit ...... Komodo dragons. They took ..... small boat from Labuan to Komodo island ..... boat was quite small, and .... journey took 4 hours. There were chickens on the boat, and .............. small boys who'looked after . boat. They arrived at ..... . island in the afternoon, and soon saw ...... small dragon. It ate one of chickens! Later they saw big dragons in ...... field near the village. .............. dragons ate ..... goats and ..... other smal1 animals. Mark and Douglas didn't enjoy the experience! 109

A Sorne A.y (articles - 2) Look at the picture, and study the sentences below. I'ue got a cahe, sonte biscuits and son.e coffee. Haue you got (some) any milh? No, I hauen't got any milh. Didn't you bring (some) any? No, and I didn't bring a cup. o Now complete these sentences with A, SOME or ANY. 1 There's ..... . tiger in the cage, with ...... tiger cubs' 2 Are there .... clients waiting for us? 3 FIe doesn't have ..... time to spare. 4 And I haven't got ... .. minute! A 'We use A(N) with singular nouns: a book an animal We use SOME/ANY with 1) plural nouns: some books any apples 2) uncountable nouns: some time any milk Note:-We cannot count MILK (for example), so MILK is an uncountable noun. 'We can count BOTTLES, so they are countable, and can be singular or plural. B 'We use SOME in afErmative sentences, and ANY in interrogative and negative sentences . @ut see C below). Here are some examples: We bought sorne rnilk. Have you got any (sorne) rnoney? We haven't seen any planes. C -We usually use ANY in interrogative sentences, but not if we expect the answer \"yes\": Would you like sorre coffee? (\"Yes, please.\") Can you show me sotale sweaters? (\"Yes, here they ere.\") D Here is the same information in a table: plural srngular uncountable ffirmatiue a book some books some time Interrogatiue a book? any (some) books? any (some) time? I'{egatiue (not) a book (not) any books (not) any time E -We use \"a\" with professions and activities: John Smith is a pianist. ( X John Smith is pianist.) ln these sentences, two of the phrases underlined are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 I haven't got any Pen. 2 Would you like some cream in your coffee? 3 I haven't got some coffee Yet. 4 Flave you got anlr free time this week? 110 5 John is dentist.

@ First you must choose between A and ANY. 1 I don't want .... sandwich, and I don't want ..'. tea either! 2 I need something to write on. Have you got ... old pieces of paper, or ..... notebook? ...... bite to eat all day! . trees, and soon there won't be ..... 3 Did you bring ...... food? I haven't had 4 There isn't.. .... grass and there aren't single inhabitant left. ... word from her in 5 \"Flave you had ..... letters fromJane?\" \"No, I haven't heard over two weeks.\" .. money left?\" \"No, there isn't . 6 \"Is there ..... penny.\" 7 \"Do you have . ..... children?\" \"Yes, I have ...... son and . daughter.\" @ Now you have to complete these sentences with A, SQME or ANY in the dialogue between Dennis and Victoria. D Victoria, I'm just going to the shops. Do you need anything? .. bread, please. Oh, and we don't have ... V Yes, Dennis. Buy tomatoes. D OK. And I'11 buy ... coffee too. V Thereb . coffee in the cupboard, isn't there? D There's a coffee jar here, but there isn't . ... coffee in it. What about sugar? V I bought .... sugar the day before yesterday. D I want to buy ..... mushrooms. V There aren't ...... mushrooms in Sainsbury's; I looked this morning. D Oh. And we haven't got '..... milk. V 'What would you like for supper tonight D I could grill ...... sausages and fry .... potatoes' V But there aren't ...... potatoes left, are there? D You're right. I'11 buy V 'Will you be long? ...... potatoes and a lettuce. D 'We11, I'11 have to go to the cash point before I go shopping for food; I haven't got ...... money. phone calls hospital stamps restaurant umbrella 1 Please put . ..... on this parcel for me. 2 \"It's rainiflg.\" \"It doesn't matter; there's ...... in the ha11.\" 3 I'm working as a waiter in ... .. at the moment. 4 Do you mind not making .............. ? I'm waiting for Dennis to phone. 5 Carols is not feeling at all well, but I'm tfrard there isn't . .... in this town. trains parking spaces food milk books 6 I d like ...... in my coffee, please. 7 Here are .............. for you to read. 8 The railway station is closed today. There aren't .... on Sundays. 9 Let's park here; I can see ...... t0 Don't leave ...... in the fridge when you go away. It7

Trees The trees 'W'ood The woods (articles - 3) Look at these pictures, and study the sentences below. Water is good for you. e (-)Complete these sentences with THE or (nothing). 1 I like ...... hotels, but ...... hotel we stayed at was bad. 2 ...... music last night was lovely, didn't you think? 3 I can't stand ...... cats, but I love .. ... dogs. USE Notice the difference between these pairs: \\a \"People who live in glasshouses shouldn't throw stones.\" STONES IN PEOPLE IN GLASSHOUSES GENERAL GENERAL IN GENERAL 1b \"The people who live in the big house own the red car-\" THE PARTICULAR THE PARTICULAR PEOPLE HOUSE 2a I love children. This means \"a11 children\", or \"children in general\". 2b I'rn taking the children \"My children\", or \"certain to school. children\", not\"alL children\" 3a She doesn't like rnusic. \"All music\", or \"music in general\" 3b I couldn't stand the rnusic No/ \"a11 music\" last night! GENERAL SPECTFIC Plural children the children the music lUncountable music (For Countable and lJncountable, see Unit 55.) Good English? @ ln these sentences, four of the phrases underlined are correct and five are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 -Women are different from men. 2 The doctors who work in this hospital are the nice people. 3 -Women in the play were wonderful actresses. 4 \"Did you see man who came to see Julia?\" 5 The eagles are the beautiful birds. 112

No Article In These Sentences! o Complete these sentences with words from the box. Don't use THE. L__lu | eglqo_Ler_ ! ug.' marriage good weather 9 1 For many young people ...... is still an important aim; very few people want to live alone. 2 'Where there is ..... , a country will never progress as it should. 3 People who come to England from the tropics dream about ...... ! 4 ...... can bring great benefits, but it's also a danger. Food and Drink @ Here are some sentences about food and drink. You have to complete each sentence using THE if necessary. 1 You make ...... cheese from milk. 2 \"Can you pass ...... sugar, please? I want some for my cofTee.\" 3 You usually have ...... pasta in an Italian meal. 4 Isn't it true that ...... bread is made in a bakery? 5 \"Can you pour ...... wine while I serve the vegetables?\" 6 In many parts of Asia, ...... rice is the staple food. 7 \"Can you get ...... cheese out of the fridge?\" B \"'W'here do you keep ...... bread? I want to make a sandwich.\" 9 In large amounts, ...... sllgar is bad for you. 10 \"I'11 do the stir fry if you boil . ..... rice.\" General and Specific @ You have to use each word twice, once with THE and once without. coffee music children 1 I usually like but . ..... in this class are very difficult to manage. 2 ...... we had for breakfast was too strong. I hate ...... in the morning anyway; I prefer tea. I often listen to but I didn't like at the concert last night. I classes tyres__ U.okt 4 ...... on rt)r cx need changing. But ...... are very expensive! 5 These are.. .... I need to read this month. I can'tlive without.............. ! 6 usually start in September, but ...... you're taking don't start until October. Putting Back the Articles @ ln this passage, the word THE has been taken out. You have to put it back six times in passage A, and five times in passage B. A LJniversiry students usually buy books, but number of books they buy depends on course. I have asked five students: students in Maths Department don't buy many books, but students in Literature Department buy dozens. Terrorism is becoming more common these days. Reasons for this are complicated, but perhaps most important reason is that people are hungry in some pa(ts of world. Another important reason is that people want freedom. They want government of a country to be elected by people who live there. 113

The blind The French Big ones (articles - 4) \"I'd like a green one and two red ones, please.\" ----\\- o USE SINGIJLAR *noun : A + adjective + ONE : adjective A (+adjective) Things: It's a big truck. It's a big one Itt big People: She's a nice girl. She's nice PLURAL They're big. Adjective f noun = Adjective * ONES = adjective Things: They're big trucks. They're big ones. People: They're nice girls. They're nice. THE * adjective 'We use \"the blind\" to mean \"a11 blind people\" (plus plural verb). the disabled the handicapped Also: the deaf the injured the unemployed the living the young the dead the old the rich the poor NATIONALITIES \"Nationality words\" are sometimes adjectives only: Adjective: Shet French. (Shet a French woman.) Also: English Spanish Portuguese Swiss Sometimes they are both adjectives and nouns: Adjective: She's Italian. Noun: They're Italians. Also: Russian(s) Italian(s) Mexican(s) African(s) , To describe the nationaliry in general, we use the adjective (if there isn't a noun) or the noun (if there is one): The English eat a lot of beef. People say that the ttalians love going to the opera. Notice the verbs: they are always plural. Good English? Three of the underlined parts of these sentences are correct and four are wrong. Tick (/) the correct onttl.::o thel'nTi. i:-iite r\"rr*, need good education, especiany the verlr youns ones. 2 There's an old bus coming.\" \"Is it a big?\" \"No, it's a small.\" 3 \"Bry two second-hand ones and 1eewone.\"

@ Rewrite these sentences twice, as in the example. Example: They're big books '* \",*,,* *,,,\",*,. 1 Thatt a large house. : :::::::....'......' ..........::..:..:.:.... 2 She's a tall girl. 3 This is an old picture. ::::::::::::::::: 4 Those are nice flowers. 5 He's an interesting man. 6 Those boys are fast runners. 7 They're good apples. 8 He's a cute little baby. @ You have to use each of these words twice, once with THE, and once without. rich deaf blind poor od y0ung Louis Braille, who was ... a system of writing for .... called \"Braille\". 2 I was invited to go to a disco, but I'm Discos are for .... . John went; he's only 18. FIe's , and to television; programmes should have .... are looked 3 Auntie Mabel is ..... in many places if you are subtitles for .. who is ...... . She 4 ln some countries don't mix with ...... you have to live alone. 5 Peter Craddock is a millionaire. He hasn't got a penny! This is unusual. @ You have to complete each sentence with a word from the box. Use THE, and make the word plural if necessary. European German American British French 1 .... are slowly developing a single economic communify. 2 are the only people in the Common Market who live on an island. are said to make the best food in the world. 3 4 In 1991, ...... .... knocked down the walI which divided their country. 5 have the largest economy in the world. Japanese Swiss Chinese Norwegian Russian 6 .... have changed the named of Stalingrad to St Petersburg. 7 .... make more electronic goods than any other country. 8 In 1955, ........ . decided not to join the European LJnion. 9 .... form the largest population in the world. 1L5

The Alpt Lake Victoria Argentina (articles - 5) This unit is about geographical names. Some kinds of names never take an article, some kinds always take an article and some kinds sometimes take an article. USE A 'WORDS'WHICH HAVE NO ARIICLE Continents, cities and towns do not take articles: Asia Rome HamPton Africa Edinburgh Stratford Lakes and mountains do not take articles: Lake Victoria Mount Everest Lake Michigan Mont Blanc Windermere Aconcagua B 'WORDS WHICH HAVE AN ARTICLE Oceans, seas, rivers and mountain ranges take articles: The Atlantic The Thames The AlPs The Baltic The Nile The PYrenees The Pacific The Danube The Andes Canals, channels and tunnels take articles: The English Channel The Panama Canal The Simplon Tunnel The Channel Tunnel Many unique items take articles: the world the sun the stars the earth the moon the sky C WORD ORDER Notice the different word order in these three names taken from the lists above: Lake Victoria The Atlantic Ocean The River Nile D WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS WHICH MAY FIAVE AN ARIICLE Most nations do not take an article, but a few do: (\"the I-JSA\") France India The United States Braztl. China The United Kingdom (\"the LIK\") Argentina Mexico etc. Regions of the world, and regions in countries, sometimes take an article; it depends on how you say the name: The Middle East The Far East South East Asia -Western Canada Southern Africa The South of England Northern France The West of Canada South Africa The Highlands/Midlands West Germany The Lake Distrrct Groups of islands take an article, but single islands do not: The British Isles Mallorca The West Indies Iceland ]ood English? Four of the underlined parts of these sentences are correct, and four of them are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 I live in South of England, in London Andes are in the South America. ....... 2 Mount Fujiyama is in the Far East The Rhine flows through the Germany.

1 The main religion of .............. Middle East is Islam. . 'Western Canada has a much milder climate than . 2 ..... East. 3 The fast growing economies in .. world are in .. South East Asia. 4 ...... Higtrlands are in .... .. north of .... .. Scotland. 5 Poets like to talk about ...... sun, .............. moon and . stars. 6 ...... Lyons and .. Marseilles are cities in .............. France. 7 ..... Aconcaglra is the highest mountain in ... ... South America. 8 ... Jamaica is an island in ...... West Indies. 9 .... Pyrenees lie berween ..... France and ..... Spain. @ You have to complete each sentence with a name from the box, and THE if necess ary (you need to use THE seven times in the 12 sentences). Lake Michigan Thames Alps Mount Everest 1 SirEdmund Hillary andTenzing Norgay climbed..... . for the first time in1953. 2 Switzerland is a small country in ... 3 .. flows from Hampton Court to London. 4 Chicago is on the edge of ........ 5 is in Llganda, Kenya andTanzanua. Brussels Andes 6 The mountains of South America are called Seine Lake Victoria 7 The river in Paris is called 8 The capital of Belgium is called United Kingdom United States Russia Pacific Luxembourg 9 il. i;;;;i ...,,,ii,tr:Tfffl:'::* ::i::: i:1 t.'-'\"' 10 1,1 1,2 London is the capital of .... @ Now you have to complete these sentences with words from both boxes in the right order, and THE if necessary. lake isles North Victoria river sea Atlantic English ocean channel Nile British Mediterranean 1. The \"chunnel\" is a tunnel which goes under ...... from Britain to France. 2 . , which consist of two big islands, Britain and Ireland, and several smaller islands, is surrounded by water. Ja ...... is befween Britain and Norway. 4 ...... flows from the Sudan through Egypt, and comes out in ..... . It has its origin in a big lake, called ..... We flew over ..... from London to New York. Lt7

THE and OF with names of institutiofls, streets etc. (articles - 6) For the use of articles with countries, cities, rivers, oceans etc., see Unit 58. When we talk about a famous institution (a museuffi, o newspaper, a theatre), or a city street or a monument, there are several ways of doing it: with or without THE, and with or without 0F. Here are the most common ways, with examples. With ciry streets etc., the most common way is to give the name and the description, and no article: Streets etc: Fifth Avenue Trafalgar Square Oxford Street Cavendish Road -Waterloo Bridge Tower Bridge 'We don't normally use the article with roads and streets, but we must use the word road or street etc: Oxford is a ciry. Oxford Street is a road in London. However, in London and New York etc., there are some famous exceptions to these rules: The Mail; The Strand; Broadway Parks and markets: Hyde Park Covent Garden Camden Market Public buildings: Westminster Abbey Buckingham Palace Universities: 'Wembley Stadium Kings Cross (station) Shops and banks: Lancaster LJniversity Oxford (Jniversiry Bridges: Harrods National-Westminster -Waterloo Bridge Tower Bridge For theatres, cinemas, concert halls etc., use THE, a name and a description (the description is sometimes omitted): The Festival Hali The Royal Opera House The Drury Lane Theatre The Coliseum (theatre) The Odeon (cinema) The Barbican Hall The Royal Albert Hall lJote with cinemas and theatres, we sometimes omit the word cinerna/theatre. But if you're not sure, use it! C 'When the first word is an adjective (or sometimes a noun used as an adjective), we use THE: The British Museum The National Gallery The'White House The Ford Foundation The Eiffel Tower The Smithsonian D We usua\\ use THE with political parties, organisations, newspapers, nagazrrres etc: The Labour Parfy The Royal Sociery of . . . The Republican Parry The National Association of . . . The Daily Mail The National Geographic The New York Times The Readert Digest (But notice: Time, Newsweek, Options, Cosmopolitan, Hello) 'We use THE * noun * of * noun for a few famous places: The House of Commons The Tower of London The Museum of Mankind The Bank of England For universities, we can also say (or usually write): The Universiry of Lancaster The University of Oxford 118

Vhere Are They? o Here are some notes made by Robert to say where the places are. Write out the notes in full, as in the example. Self rid ges/Oxford Street Hse Commons/Parliament Sq. Roy. Soc. Arts/Adam St. Nat Galle ry /Trafalgar Sq. Tb g\";dkl\" l'l rur,o\"n h b^ P,r^+til.l. Sl,'ruZ. @ Each of the phrases is given in short form, for notes. Write out the complete form in the blanks. (Trafalgar Sq) to 1 I walked across ....... (Nat. Gallery). On my way I bought a copy of ..... ... (Time$. If you go to Washington, you must visit.. ....... fltrhite House) and ...... (Nat Art Gallery). And you should read (Time) or .... ...... (New York Times) to keep up to date with the news. l:]:: :: ll London)' vo\" w,l see i**.;u;; '**'r 4 .... (Nat Assoc Teachers) has its ofhces in ... (Lambeth St), next door to the ofEces of .... ...... (Liberal Party). Giving Directions \\/9/n/ Look at the map, and complete these directions. 'r€r \\;*-:- 3}16 E|EN Tourist Excuse me, could you tell me the way to Buckingham Palace, please? Londoner Yes, it\\ a long way. Do you want to walk? Tourist Yes. Londoner Right. You go over ..... .. and you come to a big street called You walk along there, passing a theatre on your right, called ;;;;; i;;;J;;,;;;;;;,L\";\"1*:H;':T:::i:1 o;;.;; right you will see .. .... . 'Walk across the square, and yo, *ill ,.. an archway on your left. Walk through the arch, and you are in a wide avenue called . At the end you will see you are near the palace, you.will see ...... ......... on your left. @ Now write a new set of directions to go from the Aldwych Theatre to The National Gallery. L19

Singular, plural and uncountable nouns A Most nouns form their plural with -s: cup cups tree trees house houses A few nouns form their plural with -es or -ies: bus buses sandwich sandwiches opportuniry opportunities A few nouns ending in -f form their plural with -ves: shelf shelves thief thieves knife knives wife wives Here is a list: Hfe lives leaf leaves half halves scarf scarves 'We can count many things: a house two houses There are also many things we cannot count: music X two musics Here is a list of nouns which are usually uncountable in English. Read the list carefully, because some of the words may be countable in your first language: traffic accommodation furniture information nature news age hair love travel beaury health luggage paper weather food homework marriage permission work Some nouns are always plural: e.g. clothes: His clothes are expensive. stairs: The stairs up to my room are very steep. Here is a list: congratulations savings tropics (kind) regards (many) thanks These nouns arc always plural: People: The people were waiting. Police: The police are always busy. They have singular equivalents: person > people A few nouns have a finaI -s, but are singular: e.g. The news is good this week. Aerobics keeps you healthy. Here is a list: news aerobics economics mathematics physics politics Some nouns are normally plural because they exist in pairs: e.g. These trousers need washing. 'Where are my glasses? Here is a list (th.y are all things you wear except one): trousers jeans tights leggings shorts pyjamas glasses sunglasses scissors Here are some of the ways we use these words: Cloth (singular or plural) : a piece of material often used to clean something I need a cloth to wipe up the milk I dropped. Clothes (plural only) : things we wear \"'W'ear some nice clothes; we're going to a parqr.\" Clothing (uncountable) : clothes in general Modern clothing is different from what it was 50 years ago. 120

Singular, Plural and LJncountable O ln each of these sentences, one of the words is plural and one is uncountable. Complete each sentence with the two words, making them plural if necessary. 1 I need several ...... of (paperlsheet) 2 Itt tiring to make so many ...... , but unfortunately foreign ...... is part of my job. Qourney/ travel) ...... ? I hope you've done the three ...... I asked you to do. 3 Can you all hand in your (homework/exercise) 4 ...... seems to be getting more popular; I've been to three ...... this month! (wedding /narnage) 5 Most of the people at football matches are .. .... , but in cinemas the ...... is mixed. (public/man) 6 You need ...... to visit the factory, but itt not diffrcult; you go to the office and ask for a (permit/permission) 7 Lookatthosetwo. ..... andthatcoffeetable; the.. .... intheroomisverynice. (armchair/furniture) B There are several ...... available at the bottling company, so if you're looking for you should go and see them. (oblwork) @ Complete these sentences with MUCH or MANY or the correct verb form from the two given. 1 .. .... congratulations on your success! 2 I didn't study ...... mathematics at school. 3 -We sent him . ..... kind regards. 4 There isn't . ..... news today; nothing has happened. 5 Economics .... (islare) a very difficult subject. 6 His savings .... .. (was/were) lost in the stock market crash. 7 I think her clothes .... .. (is/are) quite unusual. 8 Politics ..... (play/plays) alarge part in his life. @ Replace the part in brackets in each sentence with a word from the box, making it plural if necessary. I information thief food accommodation i lrggag1 manner traffic half _ i 1 We are looking for ...... (a place to stay). __l i 2 The . ..... (p.ople who stole the TV) broke into the house during the night. 3 The . ..... (quantiry of vehicles) made it difficult to drive across the ciry. 4 5 I wonder if you could give us some ...... (facts that we need)? made one. 6 were joined together, the two ...... (parts) of the picture 'When they 'We found plenry of .... .. (things ro ear) in the fridge. 7 I was very pleased with his .. .... (behaviour ar the table). 8 He brought a lot of ..... . (suitcases and brgr). @ Complete each sentence with a word from the box, without changing it. cloth clothes clothing po..ihce l i tt- policeman polircewoman I 1 Men's ...... has usua\\ been different from woment. 2 I need a ..... to dry these cups with. 3 You don't wear the same ..... in the evening as you do in the office. 4 'When we had a break-in, the .. .... were there in two minutes. 5 You can always recognise an English .... .. ; they wear distinctive helmets. 6 A .... was hurt during the arrest; she is still in hospital. 121

uuE A little A few A lot of Plenty of Not. . .nluch 61 Not. . .ranany (quantifiers - 1) Look at these pictures, and study the sentences below. He has a little moruey, She has plenty of money, and she has apd he has a lot of friends! a few friends (but she doesn't lenow it). O Now complete each sentence with a suitable phrase from the box. 1 He had . ... luggage; he took six suitcases with him! 2 'We had .... rain yesterday, but not much. 3 Can you bry . ... cokes?'We need two or three more. 4 He lives in a big house with .... rooms. Now look at the picture, and study the comments of the two people. \"There's a little tea and a few \"Loolt, there's not much tea and not many sandwiches. There isn't going to be enouglt.\" sandwiches; would you like some?\" @ Now complete each sentence with a suitable phrase from the box. not much a little not many a few L 1 There are .. .. envelopes left; we can't send the letters. 2 'Wait a minute, here are .... more envelopes. -We'11 manage. 3 \"-Would anyone like some more coffee? There's .... here in the pot. But I'm afratd there is .... milk, so you may have to drink it black.\" USE We use A LOT OF or PLENTY OF for large amounts or numbers: He listens to a lot of music. (uncountable or countable; see lJnit 60) He's got plenty of records. In questions we often use MLICH or MANY: Have you played much tennis lately? Did you visit many places while you were there? -We use A LITTLE for smail amounts (but enough): He has a little money and he manages quite well. (uncountable) I like to have supper with a few close friends. (countable) -We use NOT . . .MUCH or NOT . . . MANY for small amounts (and not enough): 'We didn't have rnuch time and we didn't finish. (uncountable) Not rnany people came to my pa;tf , it was a flop. (countable) 122

A Little Or a Few? @ Complete these sentences with A LITTLE or A FEW. 1 'SWheitohnly speaks ... \".. words of English. 2 they'll be here on time. ...... 1uck, 3 \"...... knowledge is a dangerous thing.\" (old proverb) 4 \"-W'hat's she like?\" \"I've only seen her .. .... times.\" 5 LJncle Victor retired ...... years ago. 6 He finishes the job with ...... help from his friends. Much Or Many? @ Complete these sentences with (NOT)...MUCH or (NOT)...MANY. 1 It was a quiet d^y; . ..... people came into the shop. 2 Has there been ...... snow this winter? 3 \"There are .. .... cars on the.road today; it's very quiet.\" 4 'We will ..... see ...... sun this afternoon; it's going to rain. 5 \"Did you see ...... camels when you were in Egypt\"? 6 I don't think we've got .. .... time; it's already late. Mixed Bug @ Make sentences using the word in brackets, and PLENTY 0F, NOT MANY or NOT MUCH. 1 'We can only stay here for another hour. (time) We . 2 We may have difficulry finding somewhere to stay. (hotels) There 3 I don't think we can make a meat stew. (meat) There 4 Don't buy anything at the supermarket. (food) -We . 5 I don't think Carol can do the job. (experience) She 6 I don't know why he hasn't asked her out! (opportunities) He's had 7 I can't make a Spanish omelette. /\\-o.b'.b'5. ) I .... A Foolish Young Man else. r=@ Complete these sentences using suitable words from the box. Use A LOT 0F only if you cannot use anything 1 'When Uncle Victor was young, he won d5,000 in a lottery. That was ... .. money to him, but it didn't do him ...... good! 2 FIe went to the Riviera, where he found that .. .... people soon became his close friends. However, these new friends consumed ... ... food and drink, and they didn't pay bills because they didn't have . ..... money. His friends paid . ..... bills, but Victor paid most of them. 3 But he didnlt have. ..... time to think about that. There were ...... parties to go to, and Victor didn't have . ..... worries, although he did sometimes think about the future. 4 After three weeks he had spent ...... money, but he sti1l had . ..... of it left. He noticed, however, that now he only had . ..... friends. That is life (sometimes)! 123

All of Most of None of (quantifiers - 2) Look at the picture, and study the text below. Most people leaue home when they are 78 years old. most of most none of s0me I dont agree; most of the people I know stay with their parents until they are in their twenties. o Put the four phrases in the box into the right blanks in these sentences, 1 My students are all Italian; ...... them are English. 2 .... parents love their own children. 3 ...... our friends haven't got children; the majority are still single. 4 ...... babies cry a lot and others don't. USE A 'We can use these words in a general way without OF: All drivers must report to reception. Most people go to the cinema from time to trme. Sorne dogs bark a lot; others don't. A few dogs bite people; most don't. He's got no money (general only). He hasn't got any money. B 'We can also use these words in a specific way, with OF THE, MY etc: A11 (o0 the people I spoke to wanted to come. Most of these rnen are willing to work. Sorne of your plants need watering. A few of his friends took him out for the evenlng. None of rny friends wrote to me (specific only). I didn't send postcards to any of rny friends. C NO or NONE : NOT . . . Af{Y. We use no in general sentences , and none of the in specific sentences. Good English? @ Three of the underlined parts in these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 Most people get married. 2 Manlr mlr friends are French. 3 A few of houses in my street are for sale. 4 A few birds stay in Europe in the winter. 5 He's got anlr clothes to wear! 6 He has been a student all his life.

... British people speak English, although a small number are speakers of other languages. \".............. men are mortal.\" (proverb) \".............. dogs are allowed in this shop.\" There were ..... people present at the lecture, but the room was nearly empty. . men are between 1m 50 and 7rn 90 in height. . men are more than l-m 90 in height. @ Complete the second sentence using the words underlined in the first sentence, and 0F etc. 1 Most like chocolate. Yes, that's true. ... I kn like chocolate. 2 All office workers are punctual. I don't agree. .. I know are sometimes late! 3 All Scotsmen wear kilts. Thatt nonsense! ...... ..... I know wear trousers, except perhaps when they go dancir g. 4 Most complain about their bosses. Yes that's true. . ... rn my company complain about the boss from time to time. 5 Some women wear skirts and some wear trousers. Yes, that's true. ...... ln my ofhce wear skirts and ....... ....... wear trousers. The Hampton Police Force has a total of 223 officers. Study this table. Sex Men total1.87 'Women total36 Height 83 over 5'9\" tall 31. over 5t6tt 89 516'r _ 5'9', medium 5 5r3il _ 5r6il 15 under 5'6\" under 5'3\" Ag, (all officers) over 60 s0-60 15 35-50 63 20_35 1,45 under 20 @ Now complete these sentences according to the information given in the table, using NO/NONE, A FEW, SOME, M0ST or ALL, and 0F (THE). 1, .............. ofEcers are men, but . .... them are women. 2 . men are tall. and . .... them are of medium height. men are ....... them are under 5t6\". 3 ... women are tall, and .............. them are medium height under 5'3\". 4 officers are over 60 years old. 5 over 50 years old. 6 between 35 and 50 years old. 7 between 20 and 35 years old. 8 under 20 years old. 125

uuE Sornebody Anythirg Everywhere (quantifiers - 3) 63 Look at the picture, and study the text below. I'm sure there's sotnebody here. Hello, is anybody at home? I thiruh eaerybody's gone out. Now study these two dialogues. \"Can I haue something to eat?\" \"I can't find my glasses anywhere.\" nNo, there isrt't anything left. \"They must be somewhere.\" They'ue eaten eaerythirtg.\" nNo, they aren't. I'ue loolzed euerywhere.\" O Now you have to complete these sentences, using one of the words in the box for each blank. 1 I've left my pen . ..... ; I can't find it everywhere anybody 2 Have you got ...... ? Money, ticket, passport? 3 \"'Watch what you say; there are spies ...... !\" somewhere somebody anywhere everything 4 Is .... .. driving to Hampton? I need ...... to give me a lift. Like SOME and ANY, we use SOMEBODY etc. in afTirmative sentences and ANY.WHERE etc. ln negatlve sentences. In questlons we usually use ANY-, except when \\,ve are offering something, when we use SOME-: I'm not going anywhere. Would you like sornething to eat? Can you see anybody? -We use SOMEBODY etc. for people: There are enough seats for everybody. I think sornebody is coming - I wonder who? I don't want to see anybody tonight -We use SOMETHING etc. for things: Everything I do is wrong! I need sornething to do. I don't want anything else to eat. -We use SOMEWHERE etc. for places: Let's go sornewhere different for our holidays! There are papers everywhere! I don't want to go anywhere! Let's stay at home. Good English? @ ln these sentences, two of the underlined words are correct and two are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 Would you like something to drink? 2 I don't want an)rbod), else to eat. 3 FIe didn't want to see somebodlr. 4 You can find shopkeepers everlzwhere. 126

Mixed Brg @ Complete these sentences with SOMEBODY EVERWHERE etc. 1 She's very nice; .............. likes her. 'Why would ...... want to harm her? 2 ...... there must be a place where people like me; here, ..... I say is wrong! 3 I don't know I swear; ..... must have told you I know something, but I don't! 4 I've looked ..... . , but I can't find my boots 5 Could you give us ... ... to drink please? Two Burglar - One Of Thern Nervous! @ Now you have to complete this conversation with SOMEBODY EVERWHERE etc. Burglar 7 Is there ...... in the house? I don't want to break in if there's .............. there. Burglar 2 No, don't worry. (they enter the house). There isn't . ..... here. And there isn't Burglar 7 ...... to steal, either. under the bed. It's a suitcase. Burglar 2 Burglar I 'Wait a minute! I've found ..... Is there ...... in it? No, it's empry. The whole room is empry. I've looked ....... and I can't find ...... to steal. Burglar 2 'Well, look ...... different. There must be some money Burglar 7 Shhh! I think I can hear .... .. in the kitchen! Burglar 2 I was in the kitchen fwo minutes ago; there isn't ... . there. Oh!! Policeman Good evening gentlemen. -Were you looking for .... in particular? Advertising For \"superstore\" (Do You Believe It?) @ Now complete these sentences using SOMEBODY EVERWHERE etc. 1 You can buy .... you want in \"Superstore\"! 2 ... is welcome in \"Superstore\"! 3 There are \"Superstores\" ...... you go! 4 Every second of the d^y, . ..... is buying ..... in \"Superstore\"! 5 There's isn't a better store than \"Superstore\" ...... ! 6 Itt \"service with a smile\" in \"Superstore\". We make .... happy! Finishing Sentences @ Now complete the second sentence to follow the first. Use SOMEBODY EVERWVHERE etc. in each. 1 I don't know what to do. ..... to do! -We11, you'd better think ......... ? 2 This room is absolutely full of books. .......... ! . place! There are ...... is! 3 There isn't a place to park. help me. I can't. 4 The house is empry. -Where has 5 I don't know who to give this to. 'We11, please 6 Don't leave the office in a mess! Put . 7 Somebody has moved all my things! Now I don't 8 I've got to do this alone. I don't. 127

,S S' and OF (possession) Look at the picture, and study the phrases below. The legs of the table Fred's legs The boys' heads Tbo hours'work o Now complete these sentences with 'S, S' or 0F THE. 1 The roof . ..... house is leaking. 2 Let's have breakfast atJohn '..... cafe. 3 He goes to an excellent boy . ..... school. 4 I'11 see you in half an hour ...... time. We use 's for singular and s' for plural: the student's place the students' places For irregular plurals, rve use 's for singular and plural: a childt coat the children's coats -We use 's especially for people: Not: X the table's leg the man's leg 'We use of for things: the leg of the table the door of the car Here are some examples of \"human groups\": companies, organisations, societies, cltles, governments, countrles. 'With these, we can use 's or of: this country's resources the resources of this country the institute's aims the aims of the institute -We use 's or s' for periods of time: three months' effort a weekt holiday We often use 's for the names of shops, restaurants Jim's cafe Luigit the nern'sagent's No/e: Apostrophe 's is only used in two ways in English: 1 For possession, as in this unit. 2 For contractions: he's she's it's (is/has) Let's (let us) 3 It is not used in these cases: Not: X my sandwich's X this is your's X it's tail Good English? @ ln these sentences, three of the underlined phrases are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 The women's clothes have been washed. 2 The coat of Sa11), is in the cupboard. 3 France public transport is very good. 4 He took six weeks' holiday. 5 The back seat of mlr car is full of papers. 6 The room's door is open. 128

Mixed Bug @ You have to complete these sentences using 'S or S'. 1 Let's go to Peter....... place for an hour or so. 2 The boy....... bedrooms are in such a mess! 3 Can you tell me the way to the gentlemen....... toilet? 4 Careful, don't catch the baby....... fingers in the door! 5 This is the best girl....... school in the town. Can You tlse 'S or OF? @ a) Rewrite the underlined part of these sentences using 0F ,f you can. b) Which sentences cannot be rewritten? t Japant hi$qy is very diff,erent from rhat of Europe. 2 We had better prepare a list of the Societlz's members. 3 Johnt children are delightful. are. 4 I wish I knew what the @ 5 The driver's coat was caught in the door. 6 Londont Bolicemen are the envy of many other cities. Carol's Friends' Addresses @ Complete each sentence with the two words or phrases given in brackets, using'S, S'or 0F. Be careful of word order! 1 Carol was checking the list of .. (her friends/addresses) 2 She noticed that .. (Susan/address) was wrong. 3 The . . (street/name) was spelt wrongly. 4 The . . (house/number) was wrong too! 5 Carol went to ... ....... (her parents/room). 6 She wanted to ask her mother for .. (her friend/address) 7 But the .. (her room/door) was shut. She knocked. B Her mother said: \"Don't open the door; I've got .. (Fred/new puppy) in here!\" 9 Carol could hear the .. (, p,rpp),/sound) as he ran about the room. She opened the door slowly. 10 \"oh, look!\" said her mother, \"He's got .. (father/slippers)!\" Selecting the Right Phrase @ Now you have to choose the right pair of words from the box for each sentence, then write them in using the correct form a weekAoliday three days/work the children/bedroom the house/back the company/intentions 1 You can park your car at the .. 2 Before working for Smith and Son Ltd, we need to find out . 3 I'il pay you d200 for 4 .. is in such a mess, I can't even open the door! 5 I'm tired; I need her new dress,/colour Carol/boyfriend three weeklime citylmiddle the schoo/facilities 6 -We drove into the .. and had lunch. 7 I can't see you this week, but I'11 see you in 8 .. was pale pink. 9 The sports fieids are large, and in general . are good. 10 \"-What is the name of .... ..... ?\" \"I think it's Stephen.\" 129

Mine Myself Yours Yourself (possessive, reflexive and ernphatic) and study the dialogue and sentence below. \"Are these yours?\" He wanted to open the tin. himself, oNo, they're not mine; they're Peter's.\" but he cut himself doing it O Look at this table, and complete them with the words given in the box. hers myself themselves his herself himself our yours ourselves theirs I me my mine yourself you your You him hs itself He her her yourselves She it its ours It y0urs We US y0ur You their They you them A 'We use rnine etc. like this: Those are tnine. Are these yours? Those trainers are tnine. Are these trainers yours? Notice the word order in the questions. B 'We use rnyself etc. with reflexive verbs: Did you hurt yourself when you fell down? I shook hands and introduced rnyself. C 'We also use rnyself etc. for emphasis: I did the work rnyself (nobody else did it). She carried the boy upstairs herself (nobody helped her). Notice that rnyself etc. goes at the end of the sentence. D 'We use each other when both people do the action: We understood each other (he understood me and I understood him) They helped each other (he helped hea and she helped him). @ ln these sentences, three of the underlined phrases are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 This is my bathing costume; where's )rours? 2 She bought myself a very nice watch. 3 They want to wash themselves. 4 I liked him and we understood ourselves. . 5 She tried to do the work herself. 6 Is this book )zour? 130

W'hose Property Is It? o Rewrite these sentences in two different ways, as in the example, using MINE etc. Example: Are these your books? Are these your (books)? 1 a Is this my pen? b Is this my (pen)? 2 a Is that their house? b Is that their (house)? 3 a Are these your shoes? b Are these your (shoes)? 4 a 'Was that her passport? b 'Was that her (passport)? 5 a Are these our tickets? b Are these our (tickets)? @ Complete these sentences MY MINE etc. The personal pronoun is given for each sentence, as in the example. Example: He left his coat and took ..f*.t.... by mistake (yor) 1 What did you do r,vith ...... pen? (D 2 Is that your coat? No, it's. ...... sandwiches. (h.) 3 -We don't know where we ieft (*.) 4 This is your ticket, Sue, and this is John. (yor) 5 The boys took ...... rucksacks with them. (they) 6 -We nor,v have two towel racks at home: \"His and \" (she) 7 \"Don't w-orry, Jane; I've got ...... handbrg.\" (yor) O Complete these sentences with MYSELF etc., or EACH OTHER. 1 I'm sure history sometlnles repeats .... 2 \"Did you like .... ?\" \"Yes, we made friends at once.\" 3 I asked .... a big question: \"Can I do it?\" 1 We thought we'd be bored, but we enJoyed ... 5 They spoke to ... . on the telephone. 6 \"FLed, be careful not to cut .... w'ith that knife.\" 7 The two dogs clinrbed or-rt of the river and shook ..... 8 'We saw .... last week and had a cup of coflee together. 9 She prides ..... ....... on always getting her work done. 10 \"Have you two met?\" \"No, we don't know .... .\" Reflective Or Emphatic? @ Now you have to 1) select a suitable pronoun (MYSELF etc.) for each sentence, and 2) mark where it goes in the sentence, as in the example. 1 \"Shall I help?\" \"No, I can do it .\" 2 \"Be careful not to cut .\" 3 \"Don't wor.ry, Mum. I can cut it .\" 4 They carried the heaw suitcased upstairs 5 \"I'm going to give a holiday .\" 6 I think they can finish that job 7 \"Help to some more food .\" 8 She car, save trouble with this machine 9 \"I delivered the parcel .\" 137

Review: nouns I ln Units 54 -65, we presented the following: a/the disk a book some books some time some/the disks book?a anylsome books? anylsome time? booksnot..a book not..any children/the children not..any time music/the music the young the old the rich the poor Names of countries, towns, places, street, buildings, institutions, newspapers etc. with or without THE a lot of ofplenty a little few peoplea all customers all (of) your friends most most of these friends not...much not...many some friends some of your friends a few friends a few of his friends no friends none of my friends not...any friends not...any of my friends Nouns with 'S and S'; nouns with 0F Countable and uncountable, singular and plural nouns. Mixed B.g O Complete these sentences with A, THE, SOME or ANY. 1 \"Have you got ...... money?\" \"No, I haven't got ...... money, but I've got time. .W.ill that help?\" 2 \"I'd like ...... apple and . ..... pears, please. You can put . ..... apple in this brg.\" 3 I've bought you ...... shoes.\" \"But I don't need ...... shoes.\" 4 Today we've got .. .... new cashier. ...... previous cashier left to get married. 5 \"Haveyou got ...... tapes?\" \"I've got.. .... CD's, but I haven't ...... tapes. I borrowed ...... CD's from Charlie.\" 6 He needs ...... pen and . ..... paper, but he doesn't need ..... books. @ Now you have to complete these sentences with THE and a suitable word from the box. Read all the sentences before starting the exercise. blind unemployed young 1, ... ... are more physically active than . poor rich old deaf 2 .... can use hearing aids; ...... need guide dogs. 3 ...... need government help, while ...... can look after themselves. 4 It is hard to find enough jobs for @ Now you have to complete these names of countries, towns etc. with THE if necessary. 1, ... . Egypt is a large country in ... ... Middle East. 2 3 ...... Avon is a river in ... ... England. It runs through ..... Stratford. ...... Panama. It joins ...... Atlantic and ...... Panama Canal is in Pacific oceans. England. 4 ...... Brighton is on ...... south coast of ...... 5 ...... sun always shines in ... ... North Africa! 132

@ Now complete these names of streets and buildings with THE if necessary. 1 ... ... Covent Garden is near ... Royal Opera Flouse. 2 ...... Selfridges is a big department store; it's in ..... Oxford Street. 3 ......-Westminster Abbey is near ...... House of Commons and 'Westminster Bridge. 4 A man from ...... National Gallery went to ... ... Buckingham Palace to evaluate the pictures. 5 Times\" is an English newspaper published in ... .. London, and Time is a news rnagazine published in ... ... United States of America. @ Now complete each sentence with a suitable word or words from the box. Read all the sentences before starting the exercise. not many not any 1 We'd better hurry; we have ..... got ...... time. most not much 2 ...... Italians eat pasta every day. 3 \"Canyou iend me d5?\" \"I'm sorry, I have ......got ...... money.\" 4 There were ...... people in the cinema; it was practically empry. some of the all the thenone of all 5 \"My baby is crying!\" \"That's normal; ..... babies cry from time to time.\" 6 \"You can fool all of the people ..... . time. . .\" (old saying) 7 I don't think anybody is going to the dance; ...... people I spoke to are going. 8 ...... students who have finished the examination may leave. ofa lot a little most of the some 9 \"-Would you like a drop of lemonade? There's .. .... left in the bottle.\" 10 I can give you ...... cake, if you like. 11 \"...... men go to football matches on Saturday afternoons in England.\" 12 \"Do you think so? .. ... men in my family stay at home and watch football on TV\" @ Now complete these sentences with S, ES, 'S, S'or 0F. 1 In two year ...... time, he'll have obtained his degree. 2 The handle .... .. this suitcase is broken. 3 I'd like to buy two ham sandwich ...... , please. 4 Germany ...... economy was deeply affected by the reunion of East and West. 5 He sells clock ...... and watch 6 I think they sell men . ..... clothes here, and women ... ... clothes upstairs. 7 There is a student... ... cafeteria at the corner ...... the street. 8 She's got some lovely cloth ...... ; I really like what she wears. Singular Or Plural? @ Complete these sentences with lS or ARE. 1 The news on crime ...... bad, but the police ...... doing their best to keep it under control. 2 I think your new trousers . ..... nice, but the cloth ..... not very good qualiry. 3 Politics .. sometimes a frustrating subject. 4 \"A lot of people ...... waiting to see you, doctor.\" 5 \"Your luggage ...... in the hall, madam.\" 133

Older The rnost interesting (cornparison of adjectives - 1) Look at the picture, and study the sentences below. Victoria is slim, The sofa is the most comfortable but Carol is a lot slimmer of the three chairs (she's slimmer than her mother) ! O Now complete these sentences with comparative or superlative forms of the adjectives in the box. 1 Lewis is tall, but Uncle Victor is .... .. Lewis. i fast beautiful 2 Sit here; this is ...... chair in the room. i 3 John wins all the races; het . ..... runner in the school. 4 I think Paris is .... .. London, but it's a matter of opinion. i - g-gmfgi-t1|. tgrL- -l This unit is about using adjectives to compare items. USE ,i A One syllable adjectives. We use -er and -est for the comparative and superlative: i Victoria is tall, but Dennis is taller. Also: long short tall big small fat thin etc. i This jacket is OK, but I prefer the bigger one. She's the tallest girl I know. -We often use THAN to complete the \"-er\" comparison: Uncle Victor is older than Auntie Mabel. B Adjectives ending in -y. -We use -er and -est for the comparative and superiative: Jane is intelligent, but Sue is prettier. ALso: easy early prety silly tidy untidy etc. Frances is the prettiest of the three girls. C Three syllable adjectives. 'We use MORE and MOST for the comparative and super-lative: FIe was more intelligent than I expected. Also: beautiful intelligent interesting This is the most interesting book I've read for years. comfortable. D Ail adjectives ending in -ed or -ing. -We use MORE and MOST for the comparative and superlative. Dracula was more frightening than Frankenstein. Brian was the most excited of all of us. Also: bored interested embarrassed excited amused frightened etc. And: boring interesting embarrasing etc. Notice the meaning difference between -ed adjectives and -ing adjectives: The film was slow and boring; I was rrlore bored than usual. _______l I Good English? @ Three of the underlined parts of these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 Het the biggest bo). in the class. 4 You are rnore experienced than me. 2 This is the more interesting book I have read. 5 Carol is taller that Fred. 6 This is easlrer than I thought. 3 She is the most intelligent person in the office. 134

@a@ Complete these sentences with the comparative or superlative of the adjective, using MORE, MOST, -ER, -lER, -EST and THAN as necessary. 1 The Victoria Falls is one of sights in the world. (arnazing) 2 Asia is ..... Europe. (big) 3 The Ukraine has ... climate Russia. (temperate) 4 The Atacama desert is one of ..... . and ..... places in the world. (hot, dry) 5 Southern Spain has a dry climate, but Lybia is .... .. . (d.y) 6 New Guinea is one of .... .. places in the world. (wet) 1 Robert's room is .... Carolt; infact itt the ... room in the house. (tidy) 2 Carol is ..... Fred. (ta11) 3 Dennis is ..... person in the family. (faQ 4 The ..... . room in the Johnson's house is the living room. (comfortable) 5 Robert usually gets up .... Carol. (.r.ly) 6 TheJohnson's house is not very tidy, but they think comfort is ..... appearance. (important) @ Complete each sentence with a comparative or superlative form of one of these adjectives. bad tall small crowded early expensive 1 You're 1ate. I thought you d be here .. of all! [Jgh!\" 2 Fred is tall for his age, but Carol is .... .. and Robert is .... 3 Bed and breakfast places are cheap; hotels are usually 4 Fred: \"I hate broccoli, cabbage is .............. and spinach is .... 5 These shoes are too large. I need a .............. s1ze. 6 There arerr't many people here. I expected it to be ... Complete these sentences with the adjective given, in either -ing or -ed form. 1 I was very ..... . when I read that story. It's a .... book. (boring/-ed) 2 The ending of the story is unusual and ..... . I was very ..... ! (surprising/-ed) 3 'W.hen Carol went to'W.imbledon with Robert, she felt very . .... . Tennis is an sport to watch. (exciting/-ed) 4 It's ...... to watch the news on TV I am always ...... in world affairs. (interesting/-ed) @ Complete these sentences with a comparative or superlative form of the adjective in brackets. Use each adjective twice. TheJohnson family went skiing last winter. It was ...... going to the beach. Fred was ..... of all (exciting/-ed) Carol fell down when she was dancing. It was ...... thing that has ever happened to her. She has never been ..... in her 1ife. (embarrassing/-ed) Fred thinks Chemistry is .............. subject on the curriculum. He gets ...... in Chemistry classes in Mathematics. (boring/ed) Carol thought Peter was . ... than his friend Simon, but Sarah was . . by Simon. (amusing/ed) \"I think Spanish is ..... . subject in school, but Simon is ..... . in French,\" (interesting/ -ed) 135

As big as Not as big as (cornparison of adjectives - 2) Look at the picture, and study the dialogue. \"Da,d, is Auntie Mabel old?\" 'Yes.\" \"Is she as old as Uncle Victor?\" oNo, she's not as old as your Uncle Victor. He's 92, and she's only 70.' O Now complete these sentences with VERY NOT, AS or ONLY. 1 \"Is a hippopotamus ...... big, Dad?\" \"Yes, it is.\" 2 \"Is it ...... big ...... an elephant?\" big .. .... elephants; they 3 \"No, hippopotamuses are ... ...... weigh about 4 tons.\" @ Three of the underlineel parts in these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 Peter is the same age as Susan. 2 Finish the work as quicker as )rou can. 3 \"It wasn't as bad as you expected, was it?\" 4 Fred is as big like his cousin. 5 Come and see me as soon as you can. 6 Your new house is the samelha! the old one. 136

@ First you have to complete these sentences with AS or THAN. 1 The test was not as difficult ...... I expected it to be. 2 But it was longer ...... I thought. ...... Peter. 3 -When we got the results, I did as well 4 I did better ..... George. 5 But I didn't do ...... well . ..... Joanna. @ Now rewrite these sentences with NOT AS . . . AS, using the same adjective and keeping the same meaning. General De Gaulle was taller than'Winston Churchill. -Winston Churchill Tea is usually cheaper than coffee in England. Coffee Moscow is generally colder than London. London @ Now rewrite these sentences with NOT AS . . . AS, keeping the same meaning, and using the adjective in brackets. Example: Fred is younger than Carol. (old) 1 Carol is shorter than Robert. (ta11) 2 Victoria is slimmer than Dennis. (plump) 3 Dennis is more hardworking than LJncle Victor. (lazy) 4 Sally is faster than'Winston. (slow) @A Complete these sentences appropriately, as in the example. Example: Southern Spain is dry, but it's not .. .../4i*1,il,44\" the Sahara Desert. 1 It can be hot in Naples, but it's not . . Central America. 2 It's cold in St Petersburg, but it's not ..... lceland. Now write four sentences of the same kind, using this information: 1 Germany - snowy - Switzerland 2 Northern France - foggy - London 3 'Wales - wet - Zaire 4 British Columbia - warm - California @ Combine these two sentences into one, using THE SAME . . . AS in each sentence. Example: You ordered a salad. I ordered a salad.' . . . .l on\"/uzllL.n.W.\".qnf+-. . 1 Dennis arrived at7.30. Victoria arrived at7.30. 2 Robert is 24. His friend Peter rs 24. 3 Your dress is green. My dress is green. 4 He took the 8.10 train. Susan took the 8.10 trarn. 5 Your coat is blue. My coat is identical. @ Rewrite these five sentences, using one of the expressions from C in the USE box on the previous page in each one. 1 Mother likes hearing from you, so please write whenever it is possible for )zou. 2 You car looks like a new car now that you've washed and polished it. 3 Come to the parry at the earliest time possible. 4 We understand that you are not experienced on computers, but do the work to the best of ).our abiliry. 5 We would aooreciate a resDonse to our request at vour earliest convenlence. 137

Faster and faster The sooner the better (comparison of adjectives - 3) Here are some other ways in which we use adjectives and adverbs to compare items. lusEj A faster and faster -We can use two comparative adjectives to show that something is getting steadily bigger (or smaller): The noise in the disco got louder and louder. Food is becoming rnore and rnore expensive as time goes by. B the sooner the better -We can use this structure to say that the second adjective changes as a result of the first adjective being more (or less): The older I get, the happier I am. The rnore you earn the lalore you spend. C more than less than -We :, can use THAN without an adjective: MORE/LESS This coat cost rrore than d50! This one was amazingly cheap; we paid less than {5. D good bad old GOOD and BAD have irregular comparative forms: GOOD BETTER THAN THE BEST (of all) BAD WORSE THAN THE .WORST (of all) Your work is better than mine; rn fact itt the best in the whole group. Behave yourself'! You're worse than a child! We also use BEST in some common expresslons: Let's hope for the best (:..g. let's hope the bus arrives). I'll do/try my best (: ..g. I'11 do the job as well as I car). All the best! (= Goodbye, I hope everything goes well). Vith best wishes (used at the end of a letter). OLD has two comparative forms: 1 OLD OLDER THAN THE OLDEST (of all) -We use this one for most meanings, with or without a noun: John is older than me. Your car is older than me! (Jncle Victor is an older man. 2 OLD . MY ELDER BROTHER THE ELDEST DAUGHTER -We -We use use ELDER and ELDEST to show difGrences in age within a family. these words with nouns only, and without THAN: Robert is Carolt elder brother. He is the eldest boy in the family. -We cannot say: X He is elder than Carol. Good English? o Three of the parts underlined of these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 4 My brother is elder than me. 5 Susan is stronger as Mary. 1 At midday the room got hotter and hotter 6 This is mlr eldest son. 2 He waited for more than two hours. 3 She is growing taller the taller every day. 138

Bigger and Bigger @ You have to choose the right adjective from the box, and put it in, as in the example. diffi(ult hard good interested thin fast bad Exarnple: As the years went on, I found the work !Yf.d.y.f. difEcult. 1 He drove ...... until she told him to slow down. 2 As I get older, I find climbing the stairs 3 'We had a wonderful parry last night. It started well, and it got .. 4 Poor Fred didn't do well at Chemistry last year. He started badly, and his grades got.............. I 5 She ate less every day, and every day she got .. 6 He became ..... . in her, and started to telephone her every day. Better Or'W'orse? @ Complete these sentences with BETTER, BEST, WORSE or WORST. Use THAN and THE if necessary. 1 John slept well last night, and he is . ..... today, thank you. 2 The weather is really bad; it is .... .. it was previously. 3 Let me do the job; I'11 do it ..... Michael will. 4 These buses are always late; this must be ... ... bus company in the world. 5 The food is not very good, but itt ... ... you'll find in this town. The Bigger They Corne, the Harder They Fall @ Now you have to fill the blanks with an appropriate form of an adjective from the box. bie soon old busy small Example: T/,4 k-/-, a job is, the more interesting it is. 1 ... ... the parcel is, the cheaper it is to send. 2 ...... we finish this job, the sooner we'll get paid. 3 ...... he is, the happier he is. 4 5 ...... the house is, the more it will cost. ...... I get, the younger I feell The Ages Of Brothers and Sisters @ Complete these sentences with OLDER, ELDER, OLDEST or ELDEST, and THAN if necessary. 1 I have three children, and my ..... son is eighteen years old. 2 My brothers are ...... me; I am the youngest in the family. 3 I also have an ...... sister; she is three years ...... me. 4 Of my three children, the .. .... is Luke. More Than Or Less Than? @ Now you have to match the two halves of the sentence, and fill the blanks with MCRE THAN or LESS THAN. 1 It's been ...... 5 years . . . A ....... in my little car. 2 'we paid ...... dl for this book . . . 3 This is ...... a hobby . . . B ....... itt a way of life. 4 You can't fit ... .. four people . . . 5 They stayed here for ...... a week . . . C ....... since I last saw him in 1987. 6 I can do that in .... .. two days . . . D ....... in fact they stayed for a fortnight. E ....... if I work fast. F ....... it was amazingly cheap. 139

Big Quickly (adjectives and adverbs - 1) A 'We use adjectives after verbs like BE or LOOK: Peter looks healthy. Susan is clever. Also: sound taste smell feel (Not: X This tastes deliciously.) 'We also use adjectives after GEI in sentences like these: The road suddenly got wider. Look at Fred; he's getting talIer every day! It usually gets cold in October. Also after GO, in sentences like these: This food has gone bad. The milk has gone sour. She went white with fear. (Not: X The milk has gone badly.) Also after BECOME, in sentences like these: In the 50's and 60's Japan becarne rich. The course becornes more difficult as it advances. C With most other verbs, we use adverbs: It is raining heavily. Please speak loudly and clearly. She ran quickly to school. (Not: X She sings good. X He ran slow.) D Most adverbs go after the verb, and after the object (if there is one): She plays welI. She plays the violin well. A few adverbs (\"frequency adverbs\") go before the main verb and after the verb BE: He has often come to see us. He is usually early. Also: never always E 'We often form adverbs from adjectives by adding -1y: FIe was generous. He gave money generously. F Some words are both adjectives and adverbs without changing: late wrong He has a fast car. (adjective) He drives fast. (adverb) Also: first second etc. next early right hard last A group of these words end in -ly: He buys a daily paper. He goes there daily. Also: weekly fortnightly monthly yearly G Note on'WELL and GOOD WELL is sometimes an adverb (: \"in a good way\"): He did the work well. She plays well. It is also sometimes an adjective (: \"healthy\"): I am well, thank you. She looks well. 'We use GOOD as an adjective: He's a good worker. We also use GOOD to tell somebody they have done something well: \"I've done it!\" \"Goodll' O Four of the underlined phrases in these sentences are correct and four are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 5 I need a monthly magazine. 6 They often came to see me. 1 He went h\"ppy to the ofiice. 2 It's settins warm this week. 7 That music sounds nicel).. 3 He did ver). well his work. 8 I'm sorry, I did this wrong. 4 He did the work good. 140 -

Mixed Bug @ Complete each sentence with a word from the box, changing the word to an adverb if necessary._- i iri1 He spoke French o.rutifui I i stow2 I'd better eat less; I'm getting ..... 3 The sun was shining, so they strolled home fluent j ) L __-.,___ 4 Your new stereo equipment sounds ...... 5 Your blue suit looks very . red nice i I 6 The girls were playing ...... in the garden. 7 lYt:f_ lllry _ : 8 She was very embarrassed, and went bright ...... ! 'When you're enjoying yourself, the time goes ... 9 Oh dear, I'm afraid the butter has gone i- --.*it.o _. g;;;.ui- -l 10 He always gave ...... to the poor. L__ i3:v_!4__ __ _ _i 1,1, Listen to -Winston barking! Het getting very . 12 She was a fast runner, and she won the race .. @ Mark the place in the sentence where these adverbs normalty go. 1 Carol comes to visit us SOMETIMES 2 She likes playing the violin LOUDLY 3 Robert has arrived late at his office NEVER 4 He enjoys his work 5 \"I love you !\" he declared VERY MUCH 6 He has treated me very well PASSIONATELY AL'WAYS @ ln some of these sentences, you must put in a word from the box as an adjective, and in some as I an adverb. i last wrong right late next early hard Adjective or adverb? 1 2 He obviously enjoyed the partfi he arrived .... , and he stayed Ja Michael earns his money; he's a ..... . worker. 4 \"This is the ...... time I sha1l wait for you if you're late. ...... time, I'11 leave you here.\" @ Complete these sentences with G00D or WELL, and say whether the word is used as an adjective or an adverb. 1 \"How are you, Dennis?\" \"I am . , thank you.\" 2 I think Dennis is a very ..... cook. 3 Fred answered the question ..... 4 At the end of the day, his teacher said: \".............. done, Fred!,, @ Complete these sentences with an expression of time (see F in the USE box on the previous page), and say whether the word is used as an adjective or an adverb. 1 They deliver the milk (every day) 2 He buys a .............. sports magazine. (published every 7 dayg 3 In this office we pay salaries (12 times a year) 4 I like to read a ...... newspaper. (sold every morning) 5 You'll have to come to the clinic for your treatment ..... 6 Wages are usually paid .. (every 2 weeks) (every 7 days) 141

Still Already Yet Just (adjectives and adverbs - 2) Look at the picture, and study the text below. Haue you typed the letters I gaue you? I hauen't started yet. I'm still doing it. I'ue just finished. I'ue already finished. O Now complete these sentences with YET, STILL, JUST or ALREADY. 1 I'm ...... waiting for you to give me back my money. 2 Peter andJohn have . ..... heard the results of their test. 3 He hasn't ironed my shirts 4 \"Where'sJim?\" \"F{e's here; het . ..... arrived.\" USE A -We use ALREADY to emphasise that something has happened or is happening, and sooner than we expected: 'When is Robert leaving? He's already left. 'We only had lunch an hour ago, and he's already hungry! See also Unit 11 for form of present per{ect. B -We useJUST for something which happened a few moments before or at the time of speaking (see also Unit 12): The president has just walked in. (2 seconds before) I'm just coming! (now) C 'We use STILL for an event which continues at the time of speaking: Has he finished his lunch? No, he's still eating rt. I haven't spoken French for many years, but I can still speak it. D 'We use YET in questions and negatives only: Has he done the work yet? He hasn't done rt yet. E WORD ORDER -We always putJUST or STILL before the main verb and after the verb BE, like frequency adverbs (see also Unit 12): I just saw him. I've just seen him. I can still see him. He'.s stil1 there. We usually use ALREADY in the same way, but not always: He's already finished the job (he's finished the job already). -We usually put YET at the end of the sentence: He hasn't finished yet. Good English? @ Three of the words underlined in these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. (Tip: lt may be the wrong word, or it may be in the wrong position in the sentence.) 4 I've done everything yg! 5 FIave you alread), had lunch? 1 She has finished alread), all the work. 6 t:US! have seen Peter! Het over there! 2 I haven't had a chance to see mv boss )ret. 3 I'm still waiting for an answer to my question. 142

@ You have to complete these sentences, using STILL, YET or ALREADY. 1 HasJohn left .. ? No, he's . ..... here. 2 Isn't she quick! She's ..... finished all the cleaning. 3 I can't understand this ... . I need to check the manual. 4 Is Peter ...... there? No, he's . ..... left. 5 I can't see the runners They're .... hidden behind the trees. 6 \"I'm only halfway through my lunch and you've ...... finished!\" @ Now you have to unscramble these sentences. Make sure you put STILL, YET, ALREADY and JUST in the right place in the sentence. 1 arrive d/I/ don't/yet/has/Marylthink 2 driving/you/ old/ are/ car/that/st1ll/? 3 i^i';y et / her/ h. /, ; ;; i;'i i ii^' r''\"^'r'r, t' 4 ro oml de c oratirg/ fi rstlfi nishe d / the / just/ they've @ You have to respond to these sentences as in the example, but this time using ALREADY. Example: \"-What time is the plane due to land, please?\" (land) \"Hb larfu.ll\" (finish) (leave) 1 Sue won't get the job done in time. (win two medals) Well, the fact is, she ........... ! (start) 2 If we hurry we'Il catch the train. (be 2t) I'm afraid not, sir, it ....... ............. ! 3 \"If he continues like this, he'll win a gold medal.\" \"Didn't you know? He ....... !\" 4 \"I suppose your little boy will be starting school soon.\" \"Soon? He .. ........ !\" 5 \"You'll soon be 2l years old, won't you?\" \"Oh, come on, LIncle, I ... ......... !\" Five of the sentences in these dialogues are incomplete. Complete them, putting in the missing words and the tense of the verbs. 1 \"Have you moved to your new house?\" \"No, I:re / one / the/ I / sttll,/ old/ rn. I'11 be moving next week.\" 2 \"'When will you start painting the office?\" \" tt/ men/ abeady / the / parnt.\" .... \"'We hope they'll finish the work some time next week.\" 3 \" get/Peter / office / to /yet/hts?\" . . . . \"No, come/he /yet/not.\" ...... \" inl Susan / her / y et / offtce / b e? \" \"Yes, shet sitting there talking to a client.\" 143

The watch she gave me (relative clauses - 1) Study the sentences below. C)Oo. She must be the nicest person This is the watch she gaue me Itue euer met. (OR; This is the watch that she (OR; She must be the nicest gane me.) person who/that lbe euer met.) This is the watch that was Uing She must be the nicest person on my ilesk. who/that euer liueil. O Now complete these sentences with WHO or THAT. lf there is more than one alternative, put all of them. There are four possible answers:.ryUOIHAT), (THAT), WHO/-HAT or THAT. Example:Most of the people h\"l'\"/il4a)--.... I know have left. 1 You must report anything looks unusual' 2 These are the people amuse her most. 3 PeterJones is a man I dislike. 4 That's the coat .. I want. Relative clauses tell you more about the noun: A man . 'Which man? The man WHO CAME TO DINNER . . . The fi.lm.'Which film? The film (THAT) I SAW LAST NIGHT . . . A -We often use WHO for people, but we can also use THAT: People who/that live in new houses look after them. 'We use THAT for \"non-PeoPle\": There are many things that are wTong with this cornpany. B We must use WIIO/THAT when it is the subject of the relative clause: It was Simon who/that did it. I went to a parry that lasted until 2 atn- It ts common to omitIVHO/THAT when it is the object of the relative clause: I d like to introduce some people I rnet in Greece- That was one of the things I'll never forget- (/@ In the underfined parts in these sentences, one is correct, three are right but also have other alternatives, and two are wrong. Tick the correct ones, rewrite the wrong ones, and write in the alternatives. 1 This is the book thatJohn gave me. 2 Flere are tvvo men want to go to the football match. 3 J'Wohhneraenids Sarah were the two people that I invited. 4 the mug that was on this table? 5 I spoke to the woman who was sitting in front of me. 6 Thecat@wasfat. 144

@ You have to complete each sentence with the right sentence from the box. Make changes, but don't use WHO or THAT. girl. here.we met a man. song.I know a You left the keys You saw a woman. I have always loved the lt needs water. 1 You must give the plant the water 2 The girl ... was quite nlce. 3 'We found the keys 4 I'll speak to a man 5 That's a song 6 The woman ... is my elder sister. @ Complete these sentences, but this time you must use WHO or THAT. Again, make changes. He was playing the guitar. The woman came into the room. Films are too violent. Students arrive late. The company sells insurance. The man came up to her. 1 Students .... .. will not be admitted. 2 I work for a company . was ta1l and slender. 3 The woman ....... 4 She didn't recognise the man .. 5 I saw a young man with a beard 6 I don't like films @ Join these pairs of sentences together, using WHO or THAT if necessary. 1 He is the only person. He can help us now. 2 The man had broken into the house. The man was arrested a few minutes later. 3 The man *r, ori, t6 ,.r., old. Th;y rr..rr.a , -\"n. 4 Who owns the bracelet? It's lying on the table. 5 pi,, i, ;;-.\"\"; , rrr.r', ,..rr;rii; ;; , iorrg it-.. 6 A report has been produced. We are very pleased with the report. 7 w.;r; ,r.., pi.rr.a *l; rh. *o-rrr. Th. *o-r, rr^ u.., ,pporrr.a io ,rr. p;rr. 8 She wears the finest clothes. Money can buy the finest clothes. g Th\";; p.opt. *rr, ,rr. ir* .rrrrg.a. rh. p.op; ;; ,,rn r.a r.o- th. .ff..t, \"rir-ri, .;;;. 10 Anyone may be in danger. Anyone lives in this area. 1,1 Look, ,hr;i irr. gtri. Sh. -rrrtJ *t.nr.i;onrrror. 1,2 Your health is the thing. The thing matters most of all.

Vhich /That 'W'here (relative clauses - 2) Look at the pictures, and study the sentences. These are the things whichlthat annuse her most. These are the people wholthat amuse her most. I'll show you where he worhed. She asked for a rlewspdper. Is this the newspaper she asked for? O Now complete these sentences with wHlCH, WHERE or nothing (-)' Use (-) if possible' 1 Do you know.............. he comes from? 2 I would like to speak to the man . ..... you came with. 3 This is a company ..... makes big profits. 4 That's the man ...... I would like to meet- USE A We often use WHICH for THAT when we are talking about \"non-peop1e\": I heard something yesterday THAf/WHICH made me cry; the company THAI/WHICH looks after our machines has gone broke! B We use WHERE in relative clauses when we are talking about places: Thatt the chwrch where they have lunchtime concerts. ' This rs the place where she was born. Notice that \"THE PLACE\" is often omitted: This is where she was born. (\"the place\" is understood) Be careful when it is a question: 'We say: Do you know where he comes from? Not: X Do you know where does he come from? C Prepositions usua\\ stay with the word that comes before them in the simple sentence: I gave my keys to a rnan That's the man I gave my keys to. (. . . keys to . . .) I am looking for a man. Is that the man you're looking for? (. . . looking for . . .) Notice the difference between these two pairs of sentences: The girl spoke to me. Thatt the girl who spoke to me. I spoke to a gir1. That's the girl I spoke to. @ One of the underlined parts of these sentences is correct and four are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1. Japan is the country which has the biggest credit balance. 2 Do you know where does she live? 3 This is the man which came to see me. 4 There are the people with who we went. 5 I d like you to meet the people I am working with.