تقريب مقرر علوم القرآن

‫‪198‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬اذﻛﺮ ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ دراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -1‬إذا وردت آﻳﺘﺎن ﻣﻜﻴﺔ واﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻨﺴﺦ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺪﻋﻮة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺣﺚ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻦ أراد أن ﻳﻔﺴﺮ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪199‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ وﻫﻮ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ‪ ،‬أو ﻋﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪون أﺣﻮال‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﻲ واﻟﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ اﻵﺧﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ اﺷﺘﻬﺮ ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ رﺿﻮان اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻠﻪ ﺑﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻌﻮد ﷺ ﻓﻘﺪ روى اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ﻋﻨﻪ أﻧﻪ ﻗﺎل‪» :‬واﻟﻠﻪ اﻟﺬي ﻻ إﻟﻪ ﻏﻴﺮه ﻣﺎ أﻧﺰﻟﺖ ﺳﻮرة ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب اﻟﻠﻪ إﻻ أﻧﺎ أﻋﻠﻢ أﻳﻦ أﻧﺰﻟﺖ؟ وﻻ‬ ‫أﻧﺰﻟﺖ آﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب اﻟﻠﻪ إﻻ أﻧﺎ أﻋﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻢ أﻧﺰﻟﺖ؟ وﻟﻮ أﻋﻠﻢ أﺣﺪا أﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻲ ﺑﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﺒﻠﻐﻪ اﻹﺑﻞ ﻟﺮﻛﺒﺖ إﻟﻴﻪ«‪.‬‬ ‫وورد أﻳﻀ ًﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ أﺑﻲ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﷺ ﻣﺜﻞ ذﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫وذﻛﺮ اﻟﺴﻴﻮﻃﻲ أن رﺟ ًﻼ ﺳﺄل ﻋﻜﺮﻣﺔ * ﻋﻦ آﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻓﻘﺎل ‪ :‬ﻧﺰﻟﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻔﺢ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺠﺒﻞ وأﺷﺎر إﻟﻰ ﺳﻠﻊ ‪ -‬وﻫﻮ ﺟﺒﻞ ﻗﺮب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻮرة ‪..‬‬ ‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎد واﻻﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺿـﻮاﺑـﻂ وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ‪ ،‬وﺿﻮاﺑﻂ وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺮواﻳﺎت اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪200‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ اﻵﺧﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪون‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ وﻫﻮ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﻲ واﻟﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮف اﻹﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻹﺟﺘﻬﺎد‬ ‫واﻻﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط ﻓﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺮواﻳﺎت اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪201‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪202‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬ﻋﺪد ﻃﺮق ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪ : 2‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻹﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻹﺟﺘﻬﺎد واﻹﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -1‬إن ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮق ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ اﻵﺧﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻹﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻹﺟﺘﻬﺎد واﻹﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ وﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪203‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪204‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪرس اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ )‪(2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺴﻮر‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻮر‬ ‫أﻗﺴﺎم ﺳﻮر اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪205‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ‪ :‬ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﻨﺒﻄﻮا ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺨﺮﺟﻮا ﺑﻘﻮاﻋﺪ وﻣﻤﻴﺰات ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ واﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﺠﺪة ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ ﺳﻮى اﻟﺤﺞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮل إﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻔﻆ »ﻛﻼ« ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻟﻢ ﺗﺮد إﻻ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬وذﻛﺮت ﺛﻼﺛ ًﺎ وﺛﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﻣﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻋﺸﺮة‬ ‫ﺳﻮرة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻔﻆ »ﻳﻨﺒﻨﻲ ادم ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺼﺔ آدم وإﺑﻠﻴﺲ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ ﺳﻮى اﻟﺒﻘﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٥‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺼﺺ اﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎء واﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺮة ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ ﺳﻮى اﻟﺒﻘﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٦‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ \" ﻳﺎ أﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺎس \" ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ وﻫﺬا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ وإﻻ ﻓﻘﺪ وردت ﻋﺪة ﺳﻮر ﻓﻴﻬﺎ »ﻳﺄﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺎس\" وﻫﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺳﻮرة اﻟﺒﻘﺮة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ آﻳﺘﺎن \" ﻳﺎ أﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺎس اﻋﺒﺪوا رﺑﻜﻢ«‪ ،‬وﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪» :‬ﻳﺎ أﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻛﻠﻮا ﻣﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷرض ﺣﻼﻻ ﻃﻴﺒﺎ\" ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺴﺎء ﺛﻼث آﻳﺎت )‪ ،(١٧٤ ،١٧٠ ،١‬واﻟـﺤـﺞ آﻳـﺔ واﺣـﺪة »ﻳﺄﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺎس اﺗﻘﻮا رﺑﻜﻢ إن زﻟﺰﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺷﻲء ﻋﻈﻴﻢ \" واﻟﺤﺠﺮات آﻳﺔ واﺣﺪة‬ ‫\" ﻳﺎ أﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺎس إﻧﺎ ﺧﻠﻴﻨﺎﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ذﻛﺮ واﻧﺜﻰ\" ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪206‬‬ ‫‪ -٧‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﺗﻔﺘﺘﺢ ﺑﺤﺮوف اﻟﻬﺠﺎء ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬اﻟﻢ‪ ،‬اﻟﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻢ‪ ،‬ق‪ ،‬ن‪ ،‬ص‪ ... ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ ﺳﻮى اﻟﺰﻫﺮاوﻳﻦ اﻟﺒﻘﺮة وآل ﻋﻤﺮان‪ ،‬واﺧﺘﻠﻔﻮا ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻋﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ أﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ اﻣﻨﻮا« ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ذﻛﺮ اﻟﺤﺪود واﻟﻔﺮاﺋﺾ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ذﻛﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻘﻴﻦ وأﺣﻮاﻟﻬﻢ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺳﻮى ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒﻮت ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ إﻻ إﺣﺪى ﻋﺸﺮة آﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺪرﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ وﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻘﻮن‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺎدﻟﺔ أﻫﻞ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٥‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻹذن ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻬﺎد ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺳﻮى ﺳﻮرة اﻟﺤﺞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮى أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪207‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪208‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫أﻫﻢ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺟﻮه واﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ )ﻳﺎ أﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ آﻣﻨﻮا(‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﺠﺪة ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﺳﻮى ﺳﻮرة اﻟﺤﺞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮل أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ(‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻔﻆ )ﻛﻼ( ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ذﻛﺮ اﻟﺤﺪود واﻟﻔﺮاﺋﺾ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻔﻆ )ﻳﺎ ﺑﻨﻲ آدم( ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺼﺔ آدم وإﺑﻠﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ذﻛﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻘﻴﻦ وأﺣﻮاﻟﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ )ﺳﻮى اﻟﺒﻘﺮة(‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ )ﺳﻮى اﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒﻮت ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺼﺺ اﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎء واﻷﻣﻢ‬ ‫إﻻ إﺣﺪى ﻋﺸﺮة آﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺪرﻫﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ(‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺮة ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ )ﺳﻮى اﻟﺒﻘﺮة(‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺎدﻟﺔ أﻫﻞ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ )ﻳﺎ أﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺎس( ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ وإﻻ ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫وردت ﻋﺪة ﺳﻮر ﻓﻴﻬﺎ )ﻳﺎ أﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺎس( وﻫﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻹذن ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻬﺎد ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﺗﻔﺘﺘﺢ ﺑﺤﺮوف اﻟﻬﺠﺎء ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﺳﻮى اﻟﺤﺞ( ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮى أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﺳﻮى اﻟﺒﻘﺮة وآل ﻋﻤﺮان واﺧﺘﻠﻔﻮا ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻋﺪ(‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪209‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪210‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬ﻋﺪد ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﺠﺪة ﻓﻬﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺎﻟﺪﻟﺔ أﻫﻞ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻓﻬﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ )ﻳﺎ أﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺎس( ﻓﻬﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﺗﻔﺘﺘﺢ ﺑﺤﺮوف اﻟﻬﺠﺎء ﻓﻬﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ذﻛﺮ اﻟﺤﺪود واﻟﻔﺮاﺋﺾ ﻓﻬﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪211‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﺳﺘﻨﺒﻄﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻴﺔ واﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻤﻜﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺗﻤﻴﺰه ﻋﻦ ﻏﻴﺮه وﻫﺬه اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‪ ،‬واﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ أدل وأدق وأﺷﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻮاﺑﻂ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻔﻆ واﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫وأﻫﻢ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ آﻳﺎت اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻋﻮة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ وﻋﺒﺎدة اﻟﻠﻪ وﺣﺪه‪ ،‬واﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺒﻌﺚ‪ ،‬واﻟﺠﺰاء‪ ،‬وذﻛﺮ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﻣﺔ وﻫﻮﻟﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻨﺎر‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ إﺛﺒﺎت ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻷدﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﺮاﻫﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺘﺤﺪث آي اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻤﺸﺮﻛﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﻐﻴﻀﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﺎداﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﻜﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﺑﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﻖ‪ ،‬ووأد اﻟﺒﻨﺎت‪ ،‬وأﻛﻞ أﻣﻮال‬ ‫اﻟﻴﺘﺎﻣﻰ ﻇﻠﻤ ًﺎ‪ ،...‬إﻟﻰ ﻏﻴﺮ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺑﻘﺎت ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬وﺿﻌﺖ اﻷﺳﺲ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ‪ ،‬واﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻮم ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻴﺎن اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺜﺒﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪة‪،‬‬ ‫واﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻼة واﻟﺼﺪﻗﺔ واﻟﺼﺪق‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﻔﺎف‪ ،‬وﺑﺮ اﻟﻮاﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬وﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﺮﺣﻢ‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﻔﻮ‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﺪل‪ ،‬واﻹﺣﺴﺎن‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻖ واﻟﺨﻴﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﺼﺒﺮ‪...‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪212‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ذﻛﺮ ﻗﺼﺺ اﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎء واﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ زﺟﺮا ﻟﻬﻢ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮوا ﺑﻤﺼﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﺬﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﻢ‪ ،‬وﺗﺴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﺳﻮل اﻟﻠﻪ ﷺ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫أذاﻫﻢ وﻳﻄﻤﺌﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻻﻧﺘﺼﺎر ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٥‬ﻗﺼﺮ اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺜﺮﺗﻬﺎ وﻗﻮة أﻟﻔﺎﻇﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وإﻳﺠﺎز اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﻘﻞ اﻷﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎرﺿﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫وﺗﺪع ﺳﺎﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺮة ودﻫﺸﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎل اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﻦ اﻟﻤﻐﻴﺮة اﻟﻘﺮﺷﻲ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺳﻤﻊ اﻟﻘﺮآن‪» :‬واﻟﻠﻪ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺳﻤﻌﺖ ﻛﻼﻣ ًﺎ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺮ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺤﺮ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻬﺎﻧﺔ‪ ،‬وأن ﻟﻪ ﻟﺤﻼوة‪ ،‬وإن ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻄﻼوة‪ ،‬وأن أﻋﻼه ﻟﻤﺜﻤﺮ‪ ،‬وأن أﺳﻔﻠﻪ ﻟﻤﻐﺪق‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻘﻮل ﺑﺸﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫وأﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﻌﻠﻮ وﻻ ﻳﻌﻠﻰ«‪ .‬وﻛﺎن اﻟﻘﺮﺷﻴﻮن ﻳﺘﻮاﺻﻮن ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ أن ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﻌﻮا ﻟﻠﻘﺮآن وأن ﻳﻀﻌﻮا آذاﻧﻬﻢ‪ ،‬وﻳﺴﺘﻐﺸﻮا ﺛﻴﺎﺑﻬﻢ ﺣﺬر ًا‬ ‫أن ﻳﻨﻔﺬ إﻟﻰ ﻗﻠﻮﺑﻬﻢ ﻓﻴﺆﻣﻨﻮا ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎت اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ واﻷﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺒﺎدات ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﺪود‪ ،‬وﻧﻈﺎم اﻷﺳﺮة‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻮارﻳﺚ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎد وأﺣﻜﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬واﻟﻜﻔﺎرات‪ ...‬وذﻟﻚ ﻷن ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺪأت ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار وأﺻﺒﺢ ﻟﻺﺳﻼم ﻛﻴﺎن ودوﻟﺔ‬ ‫وﺳﻠﻄﺎن ﻓﻬﻲ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار وأﺻﺒﺢ ﻟﻺﺳﻼم ﻛﻴﺎن ودوﻟﺔ وﺳﻠﻄﺎن ﻓﻬﻲ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ دﻳﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ودﻧﻴﺎﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ أﻫﻞ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴﻬﻮد واﻟﻨﺼﺎرى ودﻋﻮﺗﻬﻢ إﻟﻰ اﻹﺳﻼم وﺑﻴﺎن ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻠﻪ‪ ،‬وﺗﺠﻨﻴﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻖ‪،‬‬ ‫واﺧﺘﻼﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎءﻫﻢ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻐﻴﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺑﻴﺎن ﺿﻼل اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻘﻴﻦ واﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻬﻢ وإﻇﻬﺎر ﻣﺎ ﺑﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺒﺚ وﺳﻮء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﺎع واﻟﺠﺒﻦ واﻟﻬﻠﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﻃﻮل أﻛﺜﺮ آﻳﺎﺗﻪ وﺳﻮره ﻓﻲ أﺳﻠﻮب ﻳﻘﺮر اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ وﻳﻮﺿﺢ أﻫﺪاﻓﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﺴﻂ واﻹﻃﻨﺎب‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪213‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪214‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻤﻜﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎت اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ واﻷﺣﻜﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ آﻳﺎت اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻋﻮة إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺒﺎدات واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ وﻋﺒﺎدة اﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪ ،‬وإﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ أﻫﻞ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴﻬﻮد واﻟﻨﺼﺎرى‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻌﺚ واﻟﺠﺰاء واﻟﺠﻨﺔ ‪.....‬‬ ‫ودﻋﻮﺗﻬﻢ إﻟﻰ اﻹﺳﻼم وﺑﻴﺎن ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻔﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺪث آي اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻠﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮﻛﻴﻦ وﻋﺎداﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﻜﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﻖ وأﻛﻞ أﻣﻮال اﻟﻴﺘﺎﻣﻰ ‪.....‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎن ﺿﻼل اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻘﻴﻦ واﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﺖ اﻷﺳﺲ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ واﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻬﻢ وإﻇﻬﺎر ﻣﺎ ﺑﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺒﺚ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻮم ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻴﺎن اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﻮل أﻛﺜﺮ آﻳﺎﺗﻪ وﺳﻮره ﻓﻲ أﺳﻠﻮب‬ ‫ذﻛﺮ ﻗﺼﺺ اﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎء واﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ زﺟﺮ ًا ﻟﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮوا ﺑﻤﺼﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﺬﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﻢ وﺗﺴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺮر اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ وﻳﻮﺿﺢ أﻫﺪاﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺳﻮل اﻟﻠﻪ ﷺ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ أذاﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺮ اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺜﺮﺗﻬﺎ وﻗﻮة أﻟﻔﺎﻇﻬﺎ وإﻳﺠﺎز‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﻘﻞ اﻷﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎرﺿﺔ ‪.....‬‬

‫‪215‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪216‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬اذﻛﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻋﻮة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ أﻫﻞ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴﻬﻮد واﻟﻨﺼﺎري ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪ -3‬اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎت اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ واﻷﺣﻜﺎم ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ذﻛﺮ ﻗﺼﺺ اﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎء واﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻃﻮل أﻛﺜﺮ آﻳﺎت اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪217‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ :‬أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻮر اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟـﻜـﺮﻳـﻢ ﺟﺎءت ﻋﻠﻰ أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻜﻴﺘﻬﺎ وﻣﺪﻧﻴﺘﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻣﻜﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‪ ،‬ﻛﺴﻮرة اﻗﺮأ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺪﺛﺮ‪ ،‬واﻟﻘﻴﺎﻣﺔ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‪ ،‬ﻛﺴﻮرة اﻟﺒﻘﺮة‪ ،‬وآل ﻋﻤﺮان‪ ،‬واﻟﻨﺴﺎء‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺎﺋﺪة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﻣﻜﻲ وﺑﻌﻀﻪ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺴﻮرة اﻷﻋﺮاف ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ إﻻ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪ \":‬وﺳﺄﻟﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮة اﻟﺒﺤﺮ\" ﺧﻤﺲ آﻳﺎت‬ ‫أو ﺛﻤﺎن‪ ،‬وﺳﻮرة اﻹﺳﺮاء إﻻ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪» :‬وﻳﺴﺌﻠﻮﻧﻚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺮوح ﻗﻞ اﻟﺮوح«‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﻣﺪﻧﻲ وﺑﻌﻀﻪ ﻣﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺴﻮرة اﻷﻧﻔﺎل ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ إﻻ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪» :‬وإذ ﻳﻤﻜﺮ ﺑﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﻔﺮوا \"‪.‬‬ ‫واﻋﺘﻤﺎد اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ وﺻﻒ اﻟﺴﻮرة ﺑﻜﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ أو ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ إﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻓﺎﺗﺤﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺣﺚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ وﻳﺒﺤﺜﻬﺎ أﻫﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ‪ :‬اﻟﺤﻀﺮي واﻟﺴﻔﺮي‪ ،‬اﻟﻨﻬﺎري واﻟﻠﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺼﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺸﺘﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﻔﺮاﺷﻲ واﻟﻨﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻧﺰل ﻣﻔﺮﻗﺎ وﻣﺎ ﻧﺰل ﺟﻤﻌ ًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻧﺰل ﻣﺸﻴﻌ ًﺎ وﻣﺎ ﻧﺰل ﻣﻔﺮد ًا‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻧﺰل ﺑﻤﻜﺔ وﺣﻜﻤﻪ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ ﻧﺰل‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ وﺣﻜﻤﻪ ﻣﻜﻲ‪ ...،‬إﻟﻰ ﻏﻴﺮ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪218‬‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻧﻲ وﺑﻌﻀﻪ ﻣﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻲ وﺑﻌﻀﻪ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬ ‫ﺳﻮرة اﻷﻧﻔﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﻮرة اﻷﻋﺮاف‬ ‫ﺳﻮرة اﻟﺒﻘﺮة‬ ‫ﺳﻮرة إﻗﺮأ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻮرة آل ﻋﻤﺮان‬ ‫إﻻ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫إﻻ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻨﺴﺎء‬ ‫ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻤﺪﺛﺮ‬ ‫»وإذ ﻳﻤﻜﺮ ﺑﻚ‬ ‫»وﺳﺄﻟﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻘﻴﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﻔﺮوا«‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮة اﻟﺒﺤﺮ«‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪219‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪220‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬اذﻛﺮ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﺧﻤﺴﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻟﻠﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻤﺪﺛﺮ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﻤﻜﻲ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﺺ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺳﻮرة اﻷﻋﺮاف ﻫﻲ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ آﻳﺔ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺳﻮرة اﻷﻧﻔﺎل ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﺺ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ أﺧﺮى ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﺤﻀﺮي واﻟﺴﻔﺮي‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪221‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ‪ :‬أﻗﺴﺎم ﺳﻮر اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫أﻗﺴﺎم ﺳﻮر اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻟﻄﻮال‪ :‬وﻫﻲ ﺳﺒﻊ ﺳﻮر‪ :‬اﻟﺒﻘﺮة‪ ،‬وآل ﻋﻤﺮان‪ ،‬واﻟﻨﺴﺎء‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺎﺋﺪة‪ ،‬واﻷﻧﻌﺎم‪ ،‬واﻷﻋﺮاف‪ ،‬واﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻫﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ‪،‬‬ ‫أو اﻷﻧﻔﺎل وﺑﺮاءة وﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ أﻃﻮل ﺳﻮر اﻟﻘﺮآن‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﻤﺌﻮن‪ :‬وﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻲ اﻟﺴﺒﻊ اﻟﻄﻮال إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ ﺳﻮرة اﻟﺴﺠﺪة‪ ،‬وﻟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻷن أﻏﻠﺐ ﺳﻮرﻫﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ آﻳﺔ أو‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎرﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬وﻫﻲ اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﺌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ أول ﺳﻮرة اﻷﺣﺰاب إﻟﻰ أول ﺳﻮرة ق‪ ،‬أو أول ﺳﻮرة اﻟﺤﺠﺮات‪ ،‬وﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺜﻨﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﺜﻨﻰ اﻟﻄﻮال واﻟﻤﺌﻮن‪ ،‬أو ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﺌﻴﻦ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺛﻮان‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻨﻮن ﻟﻬﺎ أواﺋﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﻲ إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ .‬واﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ أوﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻴﻞ أول ق‪ ،‬وﻗﻴﻞ أول اﻟﺤﺠﺮات‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻗﺴﺎم ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻟﻄﻮال‪ :‬ﻣﻦ أول اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ أول ﺳﻮرة )اﻟﻨﺒﺄ(‪.‬‬ ‫ب‪ -‬اﻷوﺳﺎط‪ :‬ﻣﻦ أول ﺳﻮرة )اﻟﻨﺒﺄ( إﻟﻰ أول ﺳﻮرة )اﻟﻀﺤﻰ(‪.‬‬ ‫ج‪ -‬اﻟﻘﺼﺎر‪ :‬ﻣﻦ أول ﺳﻮرة )اﻟﻀﺤﻰ( إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ اﻟﻘﺮآن‪.‬‬ ‫وﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ‪ :‬ﻟﻜﺜﺮة اﻟﻔﺼﻮل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻮر ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺴﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪222‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫أﻗﺴﺎم ﺳﻮر اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮال‬ ‫ﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻲ‬ ‫وﻫﻲ ﺳﺒﻊ ﺳﻮر‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ أول‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﻊ اﻟﻄﻮال إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻘﺮة‪ ،‬آل ﻋﻤﺮان‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﻲ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﺰاب إﻟﻰ ﺳﻮرة ق‬ ‫آﺧﺮ ﺳﻮرة اﻟﺴﺠﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺪة‪ ،‬اﻷﻧﻌﺎم‪،‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮ اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫واﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﺎر‬ ‫اﻷوﺳﺎط‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮال‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻞ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺤﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أول اﻟﻨﺒﺄ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أول اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻧﺲ أو اﻷﻧﻔﺎل‬ ‫إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﻀﺤﻰ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ أول اﻟﻨﺒﺄ‬ ‫وﺑﺮاءة‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪223‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪224‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬اذﻛﺮ أﻗﺴﺎم ﺳﻮر اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬وﻣ ّﺜﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﺧﻤﺲ أﻗﺴﺎم ﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻘﺮآن‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -2‬اﻟﻤﺌﻮن ﻫﻲ اﻟﺴﺒﻊ ﺳﻮر اﻷول ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -3‬اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮرة ق إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ اﻟﻘﺮآن‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬اﻟﻄﻮال ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮرة اﻷﺣﺰاب إﻟﻰ ﺳﻮرة ق‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ إﻟﻰ ﺛﻼث أﻗﺴﺎم‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪225‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮون ﺳﻮرة ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻘﺮة‪ ،‬آل ﻋﻤﺮان‪ ،‬اﻟﻨﺴﺎء‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺪة‪ ،‬اﻷﻧﻔﺎل‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻨﻮر‪ ،‬اﻷﺣﺰاب‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‪ ،‬اﻟﻔﺘﺢ‪ ،‬اﻟﺤﺠﺮات‪ ،‬اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺠﺎدﻟﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺤﺸﺮ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺤﻨﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻘﻮن‪ ،‬اﻟﻄﻼق‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬اﻟﻨﺼﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫وأن اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻴﻪ اﺛﻨﺘﺎ ﻋﺸﺮة ﺳﻮرة ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺗﺤﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺮﻋﺪ‪ ،‬اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ‪ ،‬اﻟﺼﻒ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻐﺎﺑﻦ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻄﻔﻴﻒ‪ ،‬اﻟﻘﺪر‪ ،‬اﻟﺒﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺰﻟﺰﻟﺔ‪ ،‬اﻹﺧﻼص‪ ،‬اﻟﻔﻠﻖ‪ ،‬اﻟﻨﺎس‪.‬‬ ‫وأن ﻣﺎ ﺳﻮى ذﻟﻚ وﻫﻮ اﺛﻨﺘﺎن وﺛﻤﺎﻧﻮن ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﻜﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪226‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺳﻮى ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ أن‬ ‫ﻫﻮ اﺛﻨﺎن وﺛﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺘﺎ ﻋﺸﺮة ﺳﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮون ﺳﻮرة‬ ‫ﺳﻮرة ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﻜﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻋﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺗﺤﺔ‬ ‫آل ﻋﻤﺮان‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻘﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﺎﺑﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻔﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻔﻔﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪر‬ ‫اﻷﺣﺰاب‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮر‬ ‫اﻹﺧﻼص‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻠﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﺮات‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺤﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻼق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻢ‬

‫‪227‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪228‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -1‬أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺧﻤﺲ وﻋﺸﺮون ﺳﻮرة‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -2‬اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺛﻨﺘﺎ ﻋﺸﺮة ﺳﻮرة‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -3‬اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺧﻤﺲ وﺛﻤﺎﻧﻮن ﺳﻮرة‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -4‬آل ﻋﻤﺮان ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬اﻟﻔﺎﺗﺤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪229‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪230‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪرس اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫إﻫﺘﻤﺎم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮآن وأﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎدﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ذﻛﺮ وﺿﺮب‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻢ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ واﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪231‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ واﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻓﻲ ﺿﺮوب ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻪ وإﻇﻬﺎر ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻘﻪ وﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ اﻟﺨﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺮرﻫﺎ ﻟﻴﻬﺘﺪي ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺪاه اﻟﻠﻪ إﻟﻰ ﻓﻮزه وﺑﻐﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ واﻵﺧﺮة ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮب اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻠﻨﺎس‪ ،‬وإﺑﺮاز اﻟﻤﻌﻘﻮل ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮرة اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮس‪ ،‬وﻋﺮض اﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮض اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬وﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻨﻈﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﻴﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺳﺒﻴﻠﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻹﻗﻨﺎع ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ واﻟﻤﻮﻋﻈﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ واﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪ :‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ واﻟﻨﻈﻴﺮ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺜﻞ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺜﻞ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻛﺎﻟﺸﺒﻪ واﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻟﻔﻈ ًﺎ وﻣﻌﻨﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﺮد‪ :‬اﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺄﺧﻮذ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻗﻮل ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎل اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻷول‪ ،‬واﻷﺻﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻮﻟﻬﻢ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﺪﻳﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫إذا اﻧﺘﺼﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻨﺎه أﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺼﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﺎل اﻟﺮاﻏﺐ‪» :‬واﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮل ﻓﻲ ﺷﻲء ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻗﻮ ًﻻ آﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺒﻴﻦ أﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ اﻵﺧﺮ وﻳﺼﻮره\"‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪232‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ :‬وﻟﻠﻤﺜﻞ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻت ﻋﺪة ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻟﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺮ وﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﻜﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺣﺎل اﻟﺬي ﺣﻜﻲ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺤﺎل اﻟﺬي ﻗﻴﻞ ﻷﺟﻠﻪ‪ .‬أي‪ :‬ﻳﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺮﺑﻪ أﻣﺜﻠﺘﻪ ‪» :‬اﻟﺼﻴﻒ ﺿﻴﻌﺖ اﻟﻠﺒﻦ« ﻓﻬﺬا ﻗﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ أول اﻷﻣﺮ ﻻﻣﺮأة ﺗﺰوﺟﺖ ﺷﻴﺨ ًﺎ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ًا ذا ﻣﺎل‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺮﻫﺘﻪ وﻃﻠﺒﺖ اﻟﻄﻼق‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻄﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﺘﺰوﺟﺖ ﺷﺎﺑ ًﺎ ﻓﻘﻴﺮ ًا‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ أﺻﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺳﻨﺔ وﺣﺎﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄرﺳﻠﺖ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﻴﺦ اﻷول ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﻟﺒﻨ ًﺎ وذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺘﺎء ﻗﺎرس‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﺳﻮل‪ :‬ﻗﻞ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ :‬اﻟﺼﻴﻒ ﺿﻴﻌﺖ اﻟﻠﺒﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﺮﺳﻮل ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬وﺿﻌﺖ ﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ زوﺟﻬﺎ اﻟﺸﺎب ﻓﻘﺎﻟﺖ ‪ :‬ﻣﺬق ﻫﺬا ﺧﻴﺮ\"‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ أﻣﺮ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺸﻲء ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻴﺎﻋﻪ‪ .‬وﻣﺜﻞ‪» :‬رب رﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ رام« ﻳﻀﺮب ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻄﺊ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ وﻣﻌﻨﺎه‪ :‬رب إﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺪف ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻣﻦ رام ﺷﺄﻧﻪ أن ﻳﺨﻄﺊ‪ .‬وﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺮد واﻟﻤﺜﻨﻰ واﻟﺠﻤﻊ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ واﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺘﻪ اﻟﺘﻲ ورد ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪.‬واﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻨﻪ وﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ‪ :‬أن اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ إذا ﺷﺎﻋﺖ واﻧﺘﺸﺮت‬ ‫وﻛﺜﺮ دوراﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺜ ًﻼ‪ .‬أﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺻﺎﺋﺒﺔ وﺻﺎدرة ﻋﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻢ ﺗﺪر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﺘﺴﻤﻰ ‪ :‬ﺣﻜﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬أﻧﻪ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎل واﻟﻘﺼﺔ واﻟﻮﺻﻒ واﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﻌﺠﻴﺐ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ورد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪» :‬ﻣﺜﻠﻬﻢ ﻛﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺬي اﺳﺘﻮﻗﺪ ﻧﺎرا« أي‪ :‬ﺣﺎﻟﻬﻢ اﻟﻌﺠﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﺸﺄن ﻛﺤﺎل اﻟﺬي اﺳﺘﻮﻗﺪ ﻧﺎرا‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪» :‬وﻟﻠﻪ اﻟﻤﺜﻞ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ« أي‪ :‬اﻟﻮﺻﻒ اﻟﺬي ﻟﻪ ﺷﺄن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﺔ واﻟﺠﻼﻟﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪» :‬وذﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻮراة« أي‪ :‬ﺻﻔﺘﻬﻢ وﺷﺄﻧﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ,‬وﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪» :‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ وﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ أﻧﻬﺎر ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎء ﻏﻴﺮ آﺳﻦ« أي ‪ :‬ﺣﺎﻟﻬﺎ وﻗﺼﺘﻬﺎ وﺻﻔﺘﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ اﻟﺬي وﺟﻪ اﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ‪ ،‬وﻳﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺿﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺄول‪ ،‬وﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ اﻟﺤﺠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻤﺲ وﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ أﻟﻔﺎظ اﻟﻜﻼم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻼﺳﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻗﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﻌﺴﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻼوة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎرة اﻟﺘﻲ وﺟﻪ اﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ‪ ،‬وﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮس واﻟﻐﺮاﺋﺰ واﻟﻄﺒﺎع‪ .‬وﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ‪ :‬ﺿﺮب اﻟﻨﻮر ﻣﺜﻼ ﻟﻠﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ\"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪233‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪234‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ واﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ واﻟﻨﻈﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻜﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﺮد‪:‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎل اﻟﺬي ﺣﻜﻰ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺤﺎل اﻟﺬي‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻗﻮل ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎل اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻞ ﻷﺟﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷول واﻷﺻﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎل واﻟﻘﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎل اﻟﺮاﻏﺐ‪:‬‬ ‫واﻟﻮﺻﻒ واﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﻌﺠﻴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ اﻟﺬي وﺟﻪ اﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮل ﻓﻲ ﺷﻲء‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻠﻲ وﻳﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺿﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺄول‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻗﻮ ًﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻲء آﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎرة اﻟﺘﻲ وﺟﻪ اﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻠﻲ وﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮس‬ ‫واﻟﻐﺮاﺋﺰ واﻟﻄﺒﺎع‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪235‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪236‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪ : 2‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫آﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻢ اﺻﻟﺢﺨﻤﺮ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ واﻟﻨﻈﻴﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻫﻮ ﻗﻮل ﺳﺎﺋﺪ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎل اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻷول‪ ،‬واﻷﺻﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎل ذﻟﻚ‪ :‬ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ أﻧﻪ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎل واﻟﻘﺼﺔ واﻟﻮﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫واﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﻌﺠﻴﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪237‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن وأﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫إذا وردت اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻘﺼﺪون ﺑﻬﺎ ‪ :‬اﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺣﺎل أﻣﺮ ﺑﺤﺎل أﻣﺮ‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮاء وردت ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ اﻟﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ اﻟﻀﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﺜ ًﻼ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ وﻻ ﺿﻤﻨﻲ‪ ،‬أم وردت‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﻌﺠﻴﺐ ﺻﻔﺔ أو ﺣﺎﻻ أو ﻗﺼﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﺪ ﻋﺮف اﺑﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‪» :‬ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ اﻟﺸﻲء ﺑﺸﻲء ﻓﻲ ﺣﻜﻤﻪ‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﻘﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮس‪ ،‬أو أﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺧﺮ واﻋﺘﺒﺎر أﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻵﺧﺮ«‪ .‬أو ﺑﻌﺒﺎرة أﺧﺮى ‪ :‬إﻧﻪ إﺑﺮاز اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮرة راﺋﻌﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺰة ﻟﻬﺎ وﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻬ ًﺎ أو ﻗﻮ ًﻻ ﻣﺮﺳﻼ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا أﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺣﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺻﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﻮي اﻟﺬي ﻫﻮ اﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ واﻟﻨﻈﻴﺮ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺣﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﺪارﺟﺔ‪ ،‬إذ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ أﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻘﺮآن أﻗﻮا ًﻻ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ وأرﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺧﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻪ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﻀﺮﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﻮردﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺣﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﺒﻴﺎن‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ أﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﺎرة وﻟﻢ ﻳﻔﺶ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪238‬‬ ‫أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ذﻛﺮ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ اﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ أﻧﻪ ﻳﻀﺮب اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎل‪» :‬وﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻧﻀﺮﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﺎس ﻟﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﻔﻜﺮون« وﻗﺎل‪\" :‬وﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻧﻀﺮﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﺎس وﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻘﻠﻬﺎ إﻻ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻮن \" وﻗﺎل‪:‬‬ ‫\"وﻟﻘﺪ ﺿﺮﺑﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﺮءان ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﺬﻛﺮون \" وﻗﺎل رﺳﻮل اﻟﻠﻪ ﷺ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ رواه أﺑﻮ ﻫﺮﻳﺮة وأﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﻴﻬﻘﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫»إن اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻧﺰل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ أوﺟﻪ‪ :‬ﺣﻼل وﺣﺮام‪ ،‬وﻣﺤﻜﻢ وﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬وأﻣﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻋﻤﻠﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻼل‪ ،‬واﺟﺘﻨﺒﻮا اﻟﺤﺮام‪ ،‬واﺗﺒﻌﻮا اﻟﻤﺤﻜﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫وآﻣﻨﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬واﻋﺘﺒﺮوا ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺜﺎل«‬ ‫وﻗﺪ ﻋﺪه اﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻬﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ .‬وﻗﺎل اﻟﻤﺎوردي ‪» :‬ﻣﻦ أﻋﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻋﻠﻢ أﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ ﻏﻔﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻻﺷﺘﻐﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺜﺎل وإﻏﻔﺎﻟﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻼت‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﻼ ﻣﻤﺜﻞ ﻛﺎﻟﻔﺮس ﺑﻼ ﻟﺠﺎم‪ ،‬واﻟﻨﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﻼ زﻣﺎم«‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪239‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪240‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن وأﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ذﻛﺮ اﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ اﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ واﻟﻨﻈﻴﺮ‬ ‫إذا وردت اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫أﻧﻪ ﻳﻀﺮب اﻷﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎل اﻟﺮﺳﻮل ﷺ اﻋﺘﺒﺮوا ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺜﺎل ‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ أﺻﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﻮي‬ ‫وﻗﺪ ﻋﺪه اﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﺪارﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪون ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺣﺎل أﻣﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻬﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺎل أﻣﺮ آﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮاء وردت‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ اﻟﺒﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫وﻗﺎل اﻟﻤﺎوردي‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ اﻟﻀﻤﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أﻋﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻋﻠﻢ أﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺎه ﻣﺜ ًﻼ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ وﻻ ﺿﻤﻨﻲ‬ ‫وردت ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺸﻲء‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺠﻴﺐ ﺻﻔﺔ أو ﺣﺎ ًﻻ ﻗﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪241‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪242‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬إذا وردت اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎذا ﻳﻘﺼﺪون ﺑﻬﺎ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪ : 2‬اذﻛﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ‬ ‫آﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻢ اﺻﻟﺢﺨﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎوردي‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻳﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺣﻤﻞ أﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻋﻠﻰ أﺻﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﻮي‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻬﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻫﻮ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎل ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -3‬إذا وردت اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻘﺼﺪون اﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺣﺎل أﻣﺮ ﺑﺤﺎل أﻣﺮ آﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪243‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ :‬إﻫﺘﻤﺎم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺬﻛﺮ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫إﻫﺘﻤﺎم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺬﻛﺮ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻫﺘﻢ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺎﺗﺖ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻤ ًﺎ ﺧﺎﺻ ًﺎ أﻓﺮدوا ﻟﻪ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﺎت ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻪ وﺣﺼﺮ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻮاﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ أﻟﻔﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫* اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب واﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﺑﻲ ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻠﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﺮﻣﺬي اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ )‪٣٢٠‬ﻫـ(‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﺒﻮع ﺑﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺠﺎوي ﺳﻨﺔ )‪١٣٩٥‬ﻫـ(‪.‬‬ ‫* أﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬ﻷﺑﻲ اﻟﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﻤﺎوردي اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ )‪ ٤٥٠‬ﻫـ(‪.‬‬ ‫* أﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬ﻻﺑﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﺠﻮزﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ )‪٧٥١‬ﻫـ(‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﺒﻮع وأﺻﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ أﻋﻼم اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻌﻴﻦ )ﺣـ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ ص ‪ ١٥٠‬إﻟﻰ ‪.(١٩٠‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫* اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺑﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺒﻮع‪.‬‬ ‫* اﻷﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻘﺮآﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺣﺒﻨﻜﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﺪاﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺒﻮع‪.‬‬ ‫* اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻨﺼﻮر ﺑﻦ ﻋﻮﻳﺪ اﻟﻌﺒﺪﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺒﻮع‪..،‬‬ ‫وأﻳﻀ ًﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﺼﻮل ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺮﻫﺎن ﻟﻠﺰرﻛﺸﻲ‪ ،‬واﻹﺗﻘﺎن ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻮﻃﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻛﻤﺎ اﻫﺘﻤﻮا ﺑﺄﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻫﺘﻤﻮا أﻳﻀ ًﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻨﺒﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻟﻬﺎ أﺑﻮ ﻋﻴﺴﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﻣﺬي ﺑﺎﺑ ًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‪ ،‬وﻗﺎل ﻋﻨﻪ اﺑﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪» :‬ﻟﻢ أر ﻣﻦ أﻫﻞ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻒ ﻓﺄﻓﺮد ﻟﻸﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﺎﺑ ًﺎ ﻏﻴﺮه«‪ .‬وأﻳﻀﺎ ﻛﺘﺎب »أﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ« ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻤﺠﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد‪،‬‬ ‫وﻫﻮ أﺟﻤﻊ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻓﻲ أﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﺒﻮع‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪244‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫إﻫﺘﻤﺎم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺬﻛﺮ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ أﻟﻔﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب واﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫)ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺑﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ(‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻘﺮآﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻣﺬي(‬ ‫)ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺣﺒﻨﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺪاﻧﻲ(‬ ‫أﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻟﻠﻤﺎوردي‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ‬ ‫أﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻘﺮآن )اﺑﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﺠﻮزﻳﺔ(‬ ‫)اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻨﺼﻮر ﺑﻦ ﻋﻮﻳﺪ اﻟﻌﺒﺪﻟﻲ(‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﺼﻮل ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎب اﻟﺒﺮﻫﺎن ﻟﻠﺰرﻛﺸﻲ‬ ‫واﻹﺗﻘﺎن ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻮﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪245‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪246‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬اذﻛﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ أﻟﻔﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﻣﺬي‬ ‫اﺑﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ أﻟﻔﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن »اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب واﻟﺴﻨﺔ«‬ ‫اﺑﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎوردي‬ ‫ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻟــ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫‪ -2‬أﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻫﻮ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻟــ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن »ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺑﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ« ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪247‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ‪ :‬أﻧﻮاع اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧﻮاع ‪ :‬اﻟﻨﻮع اﻷول‪ :‬اﻷﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻤﺼﺮﺣﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫وﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺻﺮح ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﻤﺜﻞ‪ ،‬أو ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن‪.‬‬ ‫*وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺻﺮح ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫*ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻘﻴﻦ‪» :‬ﻣﺜﻠﻬﻢ ﻛﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺬي اﺳﺘﻮﻗﺪ ﻧﺎرا ﻓﻠﻤﺎ أﺿﺎءت ﻣﺎ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ذﻫﺐ اﻟﻠﻪ ﺑﻨﻮرﻫﻢ وﺗﺮﻛﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻠﻤﺎت‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﺒﺼﺮون * ﺻﻢ ﺑﻜﻢ ﻋﻤﻲ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺮﺟﻌﻮن\"‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬا ﻣﺜﻞ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﻦ ﺣﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬وﺣﻀﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺣﻲ اﻟﺬي أﻧﺰﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨ ًﺎ ﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻘﻠﻮب واﺳﺘﻨﺎرﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺠﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﺑﻤﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻮﻗﺪ ﻧﺎر ًا ﻟﻺﺿﺎءة واﻟﻨﻔﻊ ﺣﻴﺚ دﺧﻠﻮا ﻓﻲ اﻹﺳﻼم واﻧﺘﻔﻌﻮا ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎدﻳ ًﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﻪ أﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﻮﺑﻬﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺬﻫﺐ اﻟﻠﻪ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺎر ﻣﻦ اﻹﺿﺎءة‪ ،‬وأﺑﻘﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺣﺮاق‪ ،‬وﺗﺮﻛﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻠﻤﺎت ﻻ ﻳﺒﺼﺮون‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬا ﺣﺎل ﻣﻦ أﺑﺼﺮ ﺛﻢ ﻋﻤﻲ‪ ،‬وﻋﺮف ﺛﻢ أﻧﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ودﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺳﻼم ﺛﻢ ﻓﺎرﻗﻪ ﺑﻘﻠﺒﻪ‪ .‬وﻟﻬﺬا ﻗﺎل‪» :‬ﻧﻬﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺮﺟﻌﻮن« أي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫*ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻘﻴﻦ أﻳﻀ ًﺎ‪» :‬أو ﻛﺼﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﻓﻴﻪ ﻇﻠﻤﺎت ورﻋﺪ وﺑﺮق ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻮن أﺻﺎﺑﻌﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ آذاﻧﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮاﻋﻖ ﺣﺬر اﻟﻤﻮت واﻟﻠﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻔﺮﻳﻦ (‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻘﻴﻦ وﺷﺒﻬﻬﻢ ﺑﺤﺎل ﻣﻦ أﺻﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﻓﻴﻪ ﻇﻠﻤﺔ ورﻋﺪ‬ ‫وﺑﺮق‪ ،‬ﻓﺨﺎرت ﻗﻮاه‪ ،‬ووﺿﻊ أذﻧﻴﻪ وﻏﻤﺾ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﻪ ﺧﻮﻓ ًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﻋﻘﺔ ﺗﺼﻴﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷن اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﺰواﺟﺮه وأواﻣﺮه وﻧﻮاﻫﻴﻪ ﻧﺰل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻧﺰول‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮاﻋﻖ)‪.(٣‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬