تقريب مقرر علوم القرآن

‫‪48‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄة ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫إن ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻇﻬﻮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﻧﺰل ﺟﺒﺮﻳﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺴﻼم ﻋﻠﻰ رﺳﻮل اﻟﻠﻪ ﷺ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎر ﺣﺮاء‪،‬‬ ‫وﺗﻼ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫»اﻗﺮأ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ رﺑﻚ اﻟﺬي ﺧﻠﻖ« ﺑﺪأت اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﺎﻟﻈﻬﻮر ﺷﻴﺌ ًﺎ ﻓﺸﻴﺌ ًﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺒﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﺳﻮل ﷺ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎر ﺣﺮاء‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻧﻮاع‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮاءﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ‬ ‫وﻻ رﻳﺐ أن ﻧﺸﺄة ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪأت ﻣﻊ ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ وﻗﺪ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮﻣﻪ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻋﺘﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ رﺿﻲ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ أﺣﺎدﻳﺚ اﻟﺮﺳﻮل ﷺ وآﺛﺎر اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﺊ ﻋﻦ أن ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻣ ًﺎ ﻳﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫أﺛﺮ ﺳﻔﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻘﺮآن واﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺮﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﻓﻘﻬﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻦ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ اﻧﺘﻬﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮآن وﻋﻠﻤﻪ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻤﻪ اﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪49‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪50‬‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺸﺄة ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن؟ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﻳﺠﺎز‪.‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -1‬إن ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻇﻬﻮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺒﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺰول اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ رﺳﻮل اﻟﻠﻪ ﷺ ﻧﻮع واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن وﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫أول ﻣﺎ ﻧﺰل ﻓﻘﻂ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬اﻋﺘﻨﻰ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن وﻣﻨﻬﻢ اﺑﻦ ﻣﺴﻌﻮد ﺣﻴﺚ دﻋﺎ ﻟﻪ اﻟﺮﺳﻮل ﷺ »اﻟﻠﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻪ اﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ«‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬إن ﻗﻮل اﻟﺮﺳﻮل ﷺ‪» :‬ﺧﻴﺮﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻘﺮآن وﻋﻠﻤﻪ«‪ ،‬ﻫﺬا ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﻗﺮاءﺗﻪ وﺣﻔﻈﻪ وﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮه‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪51‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪52‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺪ اﻟﺘﺪوﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺪ اﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪ ﻟﺘﺪوﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺘﺪوﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪53‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﺑﻌﺪة ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻋﻠﻤ ًﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻤ ًﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﻳﺠﺎز ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ ﺑﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ‪ :‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺘﺪوﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻳﻨﺰل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ‪ ،‬وﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺰل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻷﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺖ‪ ،‬أي‪ :‬ﻣﻬﻞ وﺗﺆدة ﻟﻴﺤﺴﻨﻮا أﺧﺬه‪ ،‬وﻳﺤﻔﻈﻮا‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻪ‪ ،‬وﻳﻔﻬﻤﻮا ﺳﺮه‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﺷﺮح ﻟﻬﻢ اﻟﺮﺳﻮل ﷺ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬وﺑﻌﻤﻠﻪ‪ ،‬وﺑﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮه‪ ،‬وﺑﺨﻠﻘﻪ‪ .‬أي ‪ :‬ﺑﺴﻨﺘﻪ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻷﻗﻮاﻟﻪ وأﻓﻌﺎﻟﻪ وﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮاﺗﻪ وﺻﻔﺎﺗﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ اﻣﺘﺜﺎ ًﻻ ﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺒﻴﺎن اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪» :‬وأﻧﺰﻟﻨﺎ إﻟﻴﻚ اﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻟﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻨﺎس ﻣﺎ ﻧﺰل إﻟﻴﻬﻢ وﻟﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﻔﻜﺮون(‪ ،‬وﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪\" :‬إﻧﺎ‬ ‫أﻧﺰﻟﻨﺎ إﻟﻴﻚ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻖ ﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﺎ أراك اﻟﻠﻪ\"‪.‬‬ ‫وﻛﺎن اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ ‪ -‬رﺿﻮان اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ‪ -‬ﻳﺤﺮﺻﻮن ﻏﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﺮص ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺰل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫وأﺳﺮاره اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻬﻢ ﻋﺮﺑ ًﺎ ﺧﻠﺼﺎ‪ ،‬وﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﺷﺎﻫﺪوا اﻟﻮﺣﻲ واﻟﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻤﻮا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻈﺮوف واﻟﻤﻼﺑﺴﺎت ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ‪ ،‬وﺳﻤﻌﻮا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﻤﻌﻪ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺳﻴﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ رﺿﻮان اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻳﺠﺪ أن ﻛﻞ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺘﺒﺤﺮ ًا وﺣﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ أﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜ ًﻼ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪54‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻠﻪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺴﻌﻮد )ت ‪٣٢‬ﻫـ( ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ أﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬وﻗﺮاءات اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬روى اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ﺑﺴﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ أﻧﻪ ﻗﺎل »واﻟﻠﻪ اﻟﺬي ﻻ إﻟﻪ ﻏﻴﺮه ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ آﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب اﻟﻠﻪ إﻻ وأﻋﻠﻢ أﻳﻦ ﻧﺰﻟﺖ؟ وﻓﻴﻢ ﻧﺰﻟﺖ؟ وﻟﻮ أﻋﻠﻢ أﺣﺪا أﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻲ ﺑﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﺒﻠﻐﻪ اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻳﺎ ﻟﺮﻛﺒﺖ إﻟﻴﻪ«‪.‬‬ ‫وأﺑﻲ ﺑﻦ ﻛﻌﺐ )ت ‪٣٠‬ﻫـ( ﻛﺎن ﻋﺎﻟﻤ ًﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮاءات‪.‬‬ ‫وﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻠﻪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس )ت ‪٦٨‬ﻫـ( ﻛﺎن ﺑﺤﺮ ًا ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻤ ًﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻗﺎل ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ ‪» :‬اﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﻓﻘﻬﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻳﻦ وﻋﻠﻤﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ« ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﺎل ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻠﻪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺴﻌﻮد‪» :‬ﻧﻌﻢ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺎن اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻠﻪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس«‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﺎل ﻫﻮ‪» :‬ﻟﻮ أردت أن أﻣﻠﻰ ِوﻗﺮ ﺑﻌﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺎﺗﺤﺔ ﻟﻔﻌﻠﺖ«‪.‬‬ ‫وﻛﺎن أﻏﻠﺐ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ اﻣﺘﺎزوا ﺑﻪ أﻣﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬وأدوات اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻴﺴﻮرة ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‪ ،‬واﻟﺮﺳﻮل ﷺ ﻧﻬﺎﻫﻢ أن ﻳﻜﺘﺒﻮا ﻋﻨﻪ ﺷﻴﺌ ًﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﺮآن ‪ ،‬وﻗﺎل ﻟﻬﻢ أول اﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﻨﺰول اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻓﻴﻤﺎ رواه ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﻪ ﻋﻦ أﺑﻲ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﺨﺪري رﺿﻲ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ »ﻻ ﺗﻜﺘﺒﻮا‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻲ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﻨﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻓﻠﻴﻤﺤﻪ ‪ ،‬وﺣﺪﺛﻮا ﻋﻨﻲ وﻻ ﺣﺮج‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﻛﺬب ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﻤﺪ ًا ﻓﻠﻴﺘﺒﻮأ ﻣﻘﻌﺪه ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎر« ﻓﻨﻬﺎﻫﻢ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺨﺎﻓﺔ أن ﻳﻠﺘﺒﺲ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﻐﻴﺮه‪ ،‬أو ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ دام اﻟﻮﺣﻲ ﻧﺎز ًﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮآن‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫إذن‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻌﻮل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻫﻮ اﻟﺮواﻳﺔ واﻟﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ واﻟﻤﺸﺎﻓﻬﺔ ﻻ اﻟﺨﻂ واﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪55‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪56‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺘﺪوﻳﻦ‬ ‫)اﻟﺘﻠﻘﻲ واﻟﻤﺸﺎﻓﻬﺔ(‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ رﺿﻗﺮاﻲ اءﻟﺗﻠﻪﻪ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﺤﺮﺻﻮن‬ ‫ﻛﺎن اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻳﻨﺰل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ‬ ‫وﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺰل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻷﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﺮص ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺰل ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺚ ﻟﻴﺤﺴﻨﻮا أﺧﺬه‬ ‫ﻛﺎن ﻣﺘﺒﺤﺮا وﺣﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬وﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫وﻳﺤﻔﻈﻮا ﻟﻔﻈﻪ وﻳﻔﻬﻤﻮا ﺳﺮه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ أﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮآن وأﺳﺮاره اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﺷﺎﻫﺪوا اﻟﻮﺣﻲ واﻟﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ‬ ‫وﺳﻤﻌﻮا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﻤﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫اﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس‬ ‫أﺑﻲ ﺑﻦ ﻛﻌﺐ‬ ‫اﺑﻦ ﻣﺴﻌﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮاءات‬ ‫ﻛﺎن ﺑﺤﺮا ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ أﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﻋﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول واﻟﻤﻜﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ وﻗﺮاءات اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪57‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪58‬‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﺈﻳﺠﺎز ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﻘﻲ واﻟﻤﺸﺎﻓﻬﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻛﺎن اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻳﻨﺰل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ وﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺰل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻷﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫اﺑﻦ ﻣﺴﻌﻮد‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫اﺑﻦ اﺑﻲ ﻛﻌﺐ‬ ‫اﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻛﺎن اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ رﺿﻲ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﺤﺮﺻﻮن ﻏﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﺮص ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺰل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻟﻢ‬ ‫اﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮا اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن وأﺳﺮاره‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ أﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول واﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ واﻟﻘﺮاءات‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻛﺎن ﺑﺤﺮ ًا ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ وﻋﺎﻟﻤ ًﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪59‬اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻋﻬﺪ اﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪ ﻟﺘﺪوﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﺟﺎءت ﺧﻼﻓﺔ ﻋﺜﻤﺎن ﺑﻦ ﻋﻔﺎن ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ اﺗﺴﻌﺖ رﻗﻌﺔ اﻹﺳﻼم‪ ،‬واﺧﺘﻠﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻮن ﺑﻐﻴﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻧﻔﺴﻪ أن ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻮن ﻓﻴﻪ إن ﻟﻢ ﻳﺠﺘﻤﻌﻮا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺤﻒ إﻣﺎم‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺧﻴﻒ أن ﺗﺬوب ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻌﺮوﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮاء ﻫﺬا اﻟﻔﺘﺢ واﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬا أﻣﺮ ﷺ أن ﻳﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺤﻒ إﻣﺎم وأن ﻳﻨﺴﺦ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﻒ ﻳﺒﻌﺚ ﺑﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ أﻗﻄﺎر اﻹﺳﻼم‪ ،‬وأن ﻳﺤﺮق ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪاﻫﺎ وﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺳﻮاﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﺿﻊ ﻋﺜﻤﺎن ﷺ اﻷﺳﺎس ﻟﻤﺎ ﻧﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ‪» :‬رﺳﻢ اﻟﻘﺮآن« أو »ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﺟﺎء ﻋﻠﻲ ﷺ ﻓﺄﻣﺮ أﺑﺎ اﻷﺳﻮد اﻟﺪؤﻟﻲ )ت ‪٦٩‬ﻫـ( أن ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ واﻟﻠﺴﺎن اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺠﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﻴﻞ إن اﻟﺬي وﺿﻊ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ﻧﺼﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺻﻢ )ت ‪٨٩‬ﻫـ(‪ .‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ذﻟﻚ أﺳﺎﺳ ًﺎ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪» :‬إﻋﺮاب اﻟﻘﺮآن«‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﺪ اﺷﺘﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ وﺗﺎﺑﻌﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻤﻦ ﻣﻬﺪوا ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺮواﻳﺔ واﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﻦ ﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﺘﺪوﻳﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ ‪ :‬اﻟﺨﻠﻔﺎء اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ‪ ،‬واﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس‪ ،‬واﺑﻦ ﻣﺴﻌﻮد‪ ،‬وزﻳﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬وأﺑﻲ ﺑﻦ ﻛﻌﺐ‪ ،‬وأﺑﻮ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ اﻷﺷﻌﺮي‪ ،‬وﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻠﻪ ﺑﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﺑﻴﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﻣﺠﺎﻫﺪ‪ ،‬وﻋﻄﺎء ﺑﻦ ﻳﺴﺎر‪ ،‬وﻋﻜﺮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬وﻗﺘﺎدة‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‪ ،‬وﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺟﺒﻴﺮ‪ ،‬وزﻳﺪ ﺑﻦ أﺳﻠﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻦ أﻧﺲ‪ ،‬وﻋﺒﺪاﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺑﻦ زﻳﺪ ﺑﻦ أﺳﻠﻢ‪ ،‬وأﺑﻮ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺆﻻء ﻫﻢ اﻟﻮاﺿﻌﻮن ﻟﻤﺎ ﻧﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻢ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﺎﺳﺦ واﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮخ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻏﺮﻳﺐ اﻟﻘﺮآن‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪60‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺪ اﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪ ﻟﺘﺪوﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﺟﺎءت ﺧﻼﻓﺔ ﻋﺜﻤﺎن ﺑﻦ ﻋﻔﺎن رﺿﻲ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬اﺗﺴﻌﺖ رﻗﻌﺔ اﻹﺳﻼم واﺧﺘﻠﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻮن ﺑﻐﻴﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫وﺧﻴﻒ أن ﺗﺬوب ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻌﺮوﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺮب‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻣﺮ رﺿﻲ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ أن ﻳﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺤﻒ واﺣﺪ وﻳﺤﺮق ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪاﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎء ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ رﺿﻲ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﺿﻊ ﻋﺜﻤﺎن اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫وأﻣﺮ أﺑﺎ اﻷﺳﻮد اﻟﺪؤﻟﻲ أن ﻳﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﻧﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ رﺳﻢ اﻟﻘﺮآن أو‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ وﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‪.‬‬ ‫واﻟﻠﺴﺎن اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺠﻤﺔ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ اﺷﺘﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ وﺗﺎﺑﻌﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻤﻦ ﻣﻬﺪوا ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺮواﻳﺔ واﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﻦ ﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﺘﺪوﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﺷﺘﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ أﺗﺒﺎع اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﺷﺘﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﺷﺘﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻦ أﻧﺲ‪ ،‬أﺑﻮ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺘﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻔﺎء اﻟﺮاﺷﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪61‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪62‬‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﺈﻳﺠﺎز ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺪوﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﺟﺎءت ﺧﻼﻓﺔ ﻋﻤﺮ رﺿﻲ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬اﺗﺴﻌﺖ رﻗﻌﺔ اﻹﺳﻼم‪ ،‬واﺧﺘﻠﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻮن ﺑﻐﻴﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺜﻤﺎن رﺿﻲ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ رﺿﻲ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬي أﻣﺮ ﺑﺄن ﻳﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺤﻒ واﺣﺪ وﻳﺤﺮق ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪاﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﺷﺘﻬﺮ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻤﻦ ﻣﻬﺪوا ﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﺎﻟﺮواﻳﺔ واﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﻦ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﺘﺪوﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻦ أﻧﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ اﺷﺘﻬﺮوا ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪63‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ :‬ﻋﻬﺪ اﻟﺘﺪوﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﺟﺎء اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻬﺠﺮي‪ ،‬وﺑﺪأ اﻟﺘﺪوﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﺎ روي ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ‪ ،‬أو ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺎﺑﺘﻪ‪ ،‬أو ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺑﺈزاء اﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬وﺳﺎر ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻷول‪ :‬اﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺄن أﻓﺮد ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع أو ﻧﻮع ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ‪:‬‬ ‫رأى ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء أن ﻳﺠﻤﻌﻮا ﻫﺬه اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻓﺎﺳﺘﺨﻠﺼﻮا ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﻋﻠﻤ ًﺎ واﺣﺪ ًا‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪64‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺪ اﻟﺘﺪوﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺑﺈزاء اﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﺟﺎء اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻬﺠﺮي وﺑﺪأ اﻟﺘﺪوﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﺎ روي ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ أو ﻋﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ أو اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫رﺿﻲ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ وﻣﻤﻦ اﺷﺘﻬﺮ ﺑﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫وﺳﺎر ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫أﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﺠﺎﻫﺪ واﻟﻀﺤﺎك‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫رأى ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء أن ﻳﺠﻤﻌﻮا‬ ‫أﻓﺮد ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع أو ﻧﻮع ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﺗﻼ ﻫﺆﻻء اﺑﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﺮي ﻓﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮه‬ ‫ﻫﺬه اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻬﻮر )ﺟﺎﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎن ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄوﻳﻞ آي اﻟﻘﺮآن(‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺳﺘﺨﻠﺼﻮا ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫أﻣﺜﺎل ﻗﺘﺎدة واﻟﺰﻫﺮي‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤ ًﺎ واﺣﺪ ًا‬ ‫أﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪65‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪66‬‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﺈﻳﺠﺎز ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻋﻬﺪ اﻟﺘﺪوﻳﻦ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺑﺪأ اﻟﺘﺪوﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ اﻟﻬﺠﺮي‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺳﺎر اﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼث اﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -3‬اﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ أﻓﺮد ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع أو ﻧﻮع ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬رأى ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء أن ﻳﺠﻤﻌﻮا ﻫﺬه اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ واﺳﺘﺨﻠﺼﻮا ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤ ًﺎ واﺣﺪ ًا‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻗﺘﺎدة واﻟﺰﻫﺮي اﺷﺘﻬﺮوا ﻓﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪67‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪68‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺪرس اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺔ ﻧﺰول اﻟﺴﻮر واﻵﻳﺎت‬ ‫أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول)‪(1‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﺰول‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺄﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ وﻋﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺰول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻢ ﻗﻮل اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎدﺳﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺰول‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪69‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ‪ :‬ﺻﻔﺔ ﻧﺰول اﻟﺴﻮر واﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺔ ﻧﺰول اﻟﺴﻮر واﻵﻳﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﺰل اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﺳﻮل ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﷺ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪة ﺛﻼث وﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻮل اﻟﺮاﺟﺢ ‪ -‬ﻓﻜﺎن ﻳﻨﺰل آﻳﺎت ﻣﻔﺮﻗﺎت وﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺻﺢ ﻧﺰول اﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﺨﻤﺲ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻌﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﺰل ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﺰول ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻤﺪﺛﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺻﺢ ﻧﺰول اﻟﻌﺸﺮ آﻳﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺔ اﻹﻓﻚ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻨﻮر‪ ،‬وﺻﺢ أﻳﻀ ًﺎ ﻧﺰول ﻋﺸﺮ آﻳﺎت ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻤﺆﻣﻨﻮن‪ ،‬وﺻﺢ ﻧﺰول »ﻏﻴﺮ أوﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﺮر« وﺣﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ آﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ أﺧﺮج اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﺒﺮاء ﺑﻦ ﻋﺎزب رﺿﻲ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻗﺎل‪ :‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﻧﺰﻟﺖ \"ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪون‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ \" دﻋﺎ رﺳﻮل اﻟﻠﻪ ﷺ زﻳﺪ ًا ﻓﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺠﺎء اﺑﻦ أم ﻣﻜﺘﻮم ﻓﺸﻜﺎ ﺿﺮارﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻧﺰل اﻟﻠﻪ »ﻏﻴﺮ أوﻟﻲ اﻟﻀﺮر«‪.‬‬ ‫وأﻳﻀ ًﺎ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪» :‬ﻳﺄﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ آﻣﻨﻮا إﻧﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﺸﺮﻛﻮن ﺗﺠﺲ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻘﺮﺑﻮا اﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ اﻟﺤﺮام ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﻫﺬا وإن ﺧﻔﺘﻢ ﻋﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﺴﻮف‬ ‫ﻳﻐﻨﻴﻜﻢ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﻠﻪ إن ﺷﺎء إن اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﻜﻴﻢ« ﻧﺰﻟﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﺰول أول اﻵﻳﺔ وﻫﻲ‪» :‬ﻳﺄﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ آﻣﻨﻮا إﻧﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﺸﺮﻛﻮن ﺗﺠﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ ﻳﻘﺮﺑﻮا اﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ اﻟﺤﺮام ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﻫﺬا« وﺑﻌﻀﻪ ﻧﺰل ﺳﻮر ًا ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ :‬ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻔﺎﺗﺤﺔ‪ ،‬واﻹﺧﻼص‪ ،‬واﻟﻜﻮﺛﺮ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺴﺪ‪ ،‬واﻟﻨﺼﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺮﺳﻼت‪ ،‬واﻟﺼﻒ‪ ...،‬وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺰﻟﺖ ﺳﻮرﺗﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻮذﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻌ ًﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﺤﺮ ﻟﺒﻴﺪ ﺑﻦ اﻷﻋﺼﻢ اﻟﻴﻬﻮدي ﻟﺮﺳﻮل اﻟﻠﻪ ﷺ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻧﺰل اﻟﻠﻪ ﺟﻞ ﺟﻼﻟﻪ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ اﻟﻤﻌﻮذﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺮأﻫﻤﺎ وﺗﻌﻮذ ﺑﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﺎﻧﺤﻞ اﻟﺴﺤﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪70‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺔ ﻧﺰول اﻟﺴﻮر واﻵﻳﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﺰل اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﷺ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪة ‪ ٢٣‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻮل اﻟﺮاﺟﺢ‬ ‫ﻧﺰل اﻟﻤﻌﻮذﺗﺎن ﻣﻌ ًﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻪ ﻧﺰل‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﻧﺰول اﻵﻳﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﺎن ﻳﻨﺰل آﻳﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﻮر ًا ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﺎت وﻫﻮ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﺤﺮ اﻟﻴﻬﻮد‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻔﺎﺗﺤﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮ آﻳﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮ آﻳﺎت‬ ‫اﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﺨﻤﺲ‬ ‫اﻹﺧﻼص‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮرة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮرة‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻼت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﻣﻨﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪71‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪72‬‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻧﺰول اﻟﺴﻮر واﻵﻳﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ رﺳﻮل اﻟﻠﻪ ﷺ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻧﺰل اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﷺ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪة ‪ ٢٥‬ﺳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻧﺰﻟﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻵﻳﺎت واﻟﺴﻮر ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻠﻖ واﻟﻨﺎس‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻣﺎ ﺻﺢ ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻵﻳﺎت ﺟﻤﻠﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﺸﺮ آﻳﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻤﺆﻣﻨﻮن‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺼﺮ واﻟﻔﻠﻖ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻮر اﻟﺘﻲ أﻧﺰﻟﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺳﻮرة اﻟﺼﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬اﻟﺴﻮرﺗﺎن اﻟﻠﺘﺎن ﻧﺰﻟﺘﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺴﺤﺮ اﻟﻴﻬﻮدي ﻟﻠﺮﺳﻮل ﷺ ﻫﻤﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪73‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ :‬أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ وﻋﺪﻣﻪ اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫اﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﺰول وﻋﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﺰول وﻋﺪﻣﻪ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻷول‪ :‬اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺰل اﺑﺘﺪاء ﺑﺪون ﺳﺒﺐ وﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﻘﺮآﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ اﺷﺘﻤﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺣﻜﺎم واﻵداب‪ ،‬أو‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﺑﺘﺪاء ﻫﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻖ وإرﺷﺎدﻫﻢ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺳﻌﺎدﺗﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ واﻵﺧﺮة‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ أﻳﻀﺎ ‪ :‬ﻗﺼﺺ اﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎء ﻣﻊ‬ ‫أﻣﻤﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ووﺻﻒ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬أو أﻧﺒﺎء اﻟﻐﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧﺰل أﻛﺜﺮ ذﻟﻚ اﺑﺘﺪاء ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﺳﺒﺒﻲ وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪم ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ‪ ،‬واﻟﺴﺒﺐ إﻣﺎ ﺳﺆال وﺟﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ ﻓﻴﺠﻴﺐ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬أو ﺣﺎدﺛﺔ وﻗﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺑﻴﺎن وﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮ‪ ،‬أو ﻓﻌﻞ واﻗﻊ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺣﻜﻤﻪ‪ .‬وﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‪.‬‬ ‫وﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ اﻟﻘﺴﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺎ أﺛﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻠﻪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس * أﻧﻪ ﻗﺎل ‪» :‬أﻧﺰل اﻟﻠﻪ اﻟﻘﺮآن إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء اﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺪر‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻪ إذا أراد أن ﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺷﻴﺌ ًﺎ أوﺣﺎه‪ ،‬أو أن ﻳﺤﺪث ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻷرض ﺷﻴﺌ ًﺎ أﺣﺪﺛﻪ« ﻓﻬﺬه اﻟﺮواﻳﺔ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﺎ أﺛﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻠﻪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺴﻌﻮد ﷺ أﻧﻪ ﻗﺎل‪» :‬واﻟﻠﻪ اﻟﺬي ﻻ إﻟﻪ ﻏﻴﺮه ﻣﺎ أﻧﺰﻟﺖ ﺳﻮرة ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب اﻟﻠﻪ‬ ‫إﻻ أﻧﺎ أﻋﻠﻢ أﻳﻦ أﻧﺰﻟﺖ؟ وﻻ أﻧﺰﻟﺖ آﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب اﻟﻠﻪ إﻻ أﻧﺎ أﻋﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻢ أﻧﺰﻟﺖ؟ وﻟﻮ أﻋﻠﻢ أﺣﺪ ًا أﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻲ ﺑﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﺒﻠﻐﻪ اﻹﺑﻞ ﻟﺮﻛﺒﺖ‬ ‫إﻟﻴﻪ«‪.‬‬ ‫وﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺬا أن ﻟﻜﻞ آﻳﺔ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﺑﻞ اﻟﻤﺮاد‪ :‬إن ﻛﺎن ﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪74‬‬ ‫أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ وﻋﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺒﻲ‬ ‫اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪم ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺰل اﺑﺘﺪاء ﺑﺪون‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﺒﺐ إﻣﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﻘﺮآﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ واﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺎدﺛﺔ وﻗﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال وﺟﻪ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ اﺷﺘﻤﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺣﻜﺎم واﻵداب‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﻲﷺ‬ ‫اﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻖ وإرﺷﺎدﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺣﻜﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎن وﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺠﻴﺐ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫اﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﻮت ﻗﺼﺺ اﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎء ﻣﻊ أﻣﻤﻬﻢ‬ ‫اﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ وﺻﻔﺖ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ أو أﻧﺒﺎء اﻟﻐﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫وﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ اﻟﻘﺴﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺎ أﺛﺮ ﻋﻦ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس وﻋﻦ اﺑﻦ ﻣﺴﻌﻮد‬

‫‪75‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪76‬‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬ﺣﺪد أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ وﻋﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬وﺗﺤﺪث ﺑﺈﻳﺠﺎز ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ وﻋﺪﻣﻪ إﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻗﺴﺎم‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -2‬اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺰل اﺑﺘﺪاء ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -3‬اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺴﺒﺒﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪم ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬اﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ اﺷﺘﻤﻠﺖ اﻷﺣﻜﺎم واﻵداب ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ان اﻟﺤﺎدﺛﺔ اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺑﻴﺎن وﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪77‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺄﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺄﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول‬ ‫اﻋﺘﻨﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع »أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول« ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻪ اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻء‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬أﺑﻮ اﻟﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﻲ ‪ -‬ﺷﻴﺦ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ‪ -‬اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ )‪٢٣٤‬ﻫـ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬أﺑﻮ اﻟﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ أﺣﻤﺪ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪي اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ )‪٤٦٨‬ﻫـ(‪ ،‬وﺳﻤﻰ کﺗﺎﺑﻪ »أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول«‪ ،‬وﻏﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ رواﻳﺔ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺳﺎﻧﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧﻪ ذﻛﺮ أﺷﻴﺎء ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺪون إﺳﻨﺎد‪ .‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﺒﻮع ﻋﺪة ﻃﺒﻌﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬أﺑﻮ اﻟﻤﻈﻔﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ أﺳﻌﺪ اﻟﺤﻠﻴﻤﻲ اﻟﻌﺮاﻗﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ )‪٥٦٧‬ﻫـ( وﺳﻤﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ »أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول« وﻻ ﻳﺰال ﻣﺨﻄﻮﻃﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ )‪ (١٥٢‬ورﻗﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻹﻣﺎم‪ ،‬وﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﻘﺮى‪ .‬وﻫﻮ ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول واﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﻘﺼﺺ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬إﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻌﺒﺮي اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ )‪٧٣٢‬ﻫـ( ﺣﻴﺚ اﺧﺘﺼﺮ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول ﻟﻠﻮاﺣﺪي‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٥‬اﻟﺤﺎﻓﻆ أﺣﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ ﺣﺠﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ )‪٨٥٢‬ﻫـ(‪ ،‬وﺳﻤﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ »اﻟﻌﺠﺎب ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺎن اﻷﺳﺒﺎب« وﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻤﻪ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‪ ،‬وﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ إﻟﻰ أواﺋﻞ ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻨﺴﺎء وﺗﺒﻠﻎ )‪ (٢٠١‬ورﻗﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻮرة ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﻃﺒﻊ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪١٤١٨‬ﻫـ ﺑﻤﺠﻠﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪ -٦‬ﺟﻼل اﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺴﻴﻮﻃﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ )‪٩١١‬ﻫـ(‪ ،‬وﺳﻤﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ \"ﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﻘﻮل ﻓﻲ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول«‪ ،‬ﺟﺮده ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺎﻧﻴﺪ‬ ‫إﻻ أﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺰو ﻛﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻟﻤﻦ أﺧﺮﺟﻪ دون أن ﻳﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮه‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٧‬اﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬وﺳﻤﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ »أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول ﻋﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﻤﻔﺴﺮﻳﻦ« وﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﺒﻮع ﺑﻤﺠﻠﺪ واﺣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٨‬اﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻣﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻮادﻋﻲ‪ ،‬وﺳﻤﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ »اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول« وﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﺒﻮع‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٩‬اﺑﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻮي‪ ،‬وﺳﻤﺎه »ﺟﺎﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﻘﻮل ﻓﻲ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول« وﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﺒﻮع‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١٠‬اﻟﻤﺤﺮر ﻓﻲ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﺔ د‪ .‬ﺧﺎﻟﺪ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﻨﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪79‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪80‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺄﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﺬﻳﻦ اﻋﺘﻨﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول‬ ‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﻮاﺣﺪي)اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﻰ ‪٤٦٧‬ﻫـ( وﻏﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ رواﻳﺔ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب ﺑﺄﺳﺎﻧﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﻲ )اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﻰ‪٢٣٤‬ﻫـ(‬ ‫‪ -٤‬اﻟﺠﻌﺒﺮي )اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﻰ ‪٧٣٢‬ﻫـ(‬ ‫‪ -٣‬اﻟﺤﻠﻴﻤﻲ اﻟﻌﺮاﻗﻲ )اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﻰ‪٥٦٧‬ﻫـ(‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺼﺮ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول ﻟﻠﻮاﺣﺪي‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول واﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ واﻟﻘﺼﺺ‬ ‫‪ -٦‬اﻟﺴﻴﻮﻃﻲ )اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﻰ‪٩١١‬ﻫـ( ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪ -٥‬اﻟﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺑﻦ ﺣﺠﺮ)اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﻰ‪٨٥٢‬ﻫـ(‬ ‫)ﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﻘﻮل ﻓﻲ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول( ﺟﺮده ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ )اﻟﻌﺠﺎب ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺎن اﻷﺳﺒﺎب(‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﻧﻴﺪ إﻻ أﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺰو ﻛﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻟﻤﻦ أﺧﺮﺟﻪ‬ ‫‪ -٧‬اﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫دون أن ﻳﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮه‬ ‫)أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول ﻋﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﻤﻔﺴﺮﻳﻦ(‬ ‫‪ -٨‬اﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻣﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻮادﻋﻲ‬ ‫‪ -٩‬اﺑﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻮي‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ )اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول(‬ ‫)ﺟﺎﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﻘﻮل ﻓﻲ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول(‬ ‫‪ -١٠‬د‪.‬ﺧﺎﻟﺪ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺮر ﻓﻲ أﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺰول ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪81‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪82‬‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬ﺳﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﺬﻳﻦ اﻋﺘﻨﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻟﻮاﺣﺪي واﻟﺴﻴﻮﻃﻲ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﺬﻳﻦ اﻋﺘﻨﻴﺎ ﺑﺄﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬اﻟﻮادﻋﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ اﺧﺘﺼﺮ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول ﻟﻠﻮاﺣﺪي‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -3‬إن ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻛﺘﺎب )ﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﻘﻮل ﻓﻲ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول( ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﻮﻃﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫‪ -4‬اﺑﻦ ﺣﺠﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻛﺘﺎب )اﻟﻌﺠﺎب ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺎن اﻷﺳﺒﺎب(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺸﻴﺦ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري‪:‬‬ ‫أﺑﻮ اﻟﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﻲ‬ ‫أﺑﻮ اﻟﻤﻈﻔﺮ اﻟﺤﻠﻴﻤﻲ اﻟﻌﺮاﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪83‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻨﻰ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﺰول‬ ‫ﻋﺮف اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﺰول ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‪» :‬ﻣﺎ ﻧﺰﻟﺖ اﻵﻳﺔ أو اﻵﻳﺎت ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬أو ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺤﻜﻤﻪ أﻳﺎم وﻗﻮﻋﻪ«‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ »أﻳﺎم وﻗﻮﻋﻪ« ﻗﻴﺪ ﺧﺮج ﺑﻪ اﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺰل اﺑﺘﺪاء ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ ﻗﺼﺺ اﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎء‬ ‫وأﺣﻮال اﻷﻣﻢ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫أي‪ :‬إن اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺳﺒﺒ ًﺎ إﻻ إذا ﻧﺰل اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻋﻘﺐ وﻗﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة أو ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﻴﺪ ﺧﺮج أﻳﻀﺎ ‪ :‬اﻟﺤﻮادث اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻛﻘﺼﺔ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻔﻴﻞ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪﻣﻮا إﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻟﻨﺰول ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻔﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻷن ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﺰول ﻣﻘﻴﺪ ﺑﻮﻗﻮﻋﻪ زﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺳﻮل ﷺ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬه اﻟﻘﺼﺔ وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎب اﻹﺧﺒﺎر ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺗﺬﻛﺮة وﻣﻮﻋﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺧﺮج أﻳﻀ ًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﻴﺪ‪ :‬اﻷﻣﻮر اﻟﻐﻴﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺄﺣﻮال اﻟﻴﻮم اﻵﺧﺮ وﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻌﻴﻢ وﻋﺬاب‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈن ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺼﻮص واﻷﺣﺪاث ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ أﺳﺒﺎب ﻧﺰول‪.‬‬ ‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﺑﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ أﺧﺮى وﻫﻮ‪» :‬ﻛﻞ ﻗﻮل أو ﻓﻌﻞ أو ﺳﺆال ـ ﻣﻤﻦ ﻋﺎﺻﺮوا اﻟﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ ‪ -‬ﻧﺰل ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ ﻗﺮآن«‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪84‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﺰول‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮف ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ أﺧﺮى‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﺮف اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﺰول ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‪» :‬ﻣﺎ ﻧﺰﻟﺖ‬ ‫أو ﻓﻌﻞ أو ﺳﺆال ﻣﻤﻦ ﻋﺎﺻﺮوا اﻟﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ‬ ‫اﻵﻳﺔ أو اﻵﻳﺎت ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ أو ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻜﻤﻪ أﻳﺎم وﻗﻮﻋﻪ«‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺰل ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‪ :‬أن ﺗﻘﻊ ﺣﺎدﺛﺔ أو ﻳﻮﺟﻪ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ ﺳﺆال ﻓﺘﻨﺰل اﻵﻳﺎت ﺑﺒﻴﺎن ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﺤﺎدﺛﺔ أو ﺑﺠﻮاب‬ ‫ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ )أﻳﺎم وﻗﻮﻋﻪ(‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺧﺮج ﺑﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻮر اﻟﻐﻴﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺄﺣﻮال‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮادث اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻛﻘﺼﺔ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻔﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺰل اﺑﺘﺪاء ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻮم اﻵﺧﺮ وﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻌﻴﻢ وﻋﺬاب‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬه اﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎب اﻹﺧﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ ﻗﺼﺺ اﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮة وﻣﻮﻋﻈﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫وأﺣﻮال اﻷﻣﻢ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪85‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪86‬‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬ذﻛﺮ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎن ﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﺰول‪ ،‬اذﻛﺮﻫﻤﺎ وﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪: 2‬إن ﻗﻮل اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ )أﻳﺎم وﻗﻮﻋﻪ( ﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎذا ﺧﺮج ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﻴﺪ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -1‬إن ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﺰول ﻫﻮ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻮل أو ﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻤﻦ ﻋﺎﺻﺮوا اﻟﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﺰل ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ اﻟﻘﺮآن‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -2‬إن اﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺰل اﺑﺘﺪاء ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل )أﻳﺎم وﻗﻮﻋﻪ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬إن اﻟﻘﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ)أﻳﺎم وﻗﻮﻋﻪ( ﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺧﺮج ﺑﻪ اﻟﺤﻮادث اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻛﻘﺼﺔ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻔﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪87‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ ‪ :‬أﻧﻮاع أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﺰول ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧﻮاع ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻷول‪ :‬أن ﺗﺤﺪث ﺣﺎدﺛﺔ ﻓﻴﻨﺰل اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﻐﺰوات‪ ،‬وﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻷﺣﻮال اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﻟﻨﻜﺎح‪ ،‬واﻟﻄﻼق‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﺪود‪ ...‬وﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬أن ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺣﻜﻤﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪ \":‬وﻗﺪ ﺳﻤﻊ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻗﻮل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﺎدﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ زوﺟﻬﺎ وﺗﺸﺘﻜﻲ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻪ واﻟﻠﻪ ﻳﺴﻤﻊ ﺗﺤﺎورﻛﻤﺎ إن اﻟﻠﻪ ﺳﻤﻴﻊ ﺑﺼﻴﺮ \"‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬أن ﻳﺴﺄل اﻟﺮﺳﻮل ﷺ ﻓﻴﻨﺰل اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﺒﻴﺎن اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬واﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ ﻻ ﺗﺨﻠﻮ إﻣﺎ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ‪ » :‬وﻳﺴﺄﻟﻮﻧﻚ ﻋﻦ ذي اﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﻦ«‪ .‬أم ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ‪» :‬وﻳﺴﺄﻟﻮﻧﻚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺮوح ﻗﻞ اﻟﺮوح‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أﻣﺮ رﺑﻲ وﻣﺎ أوﺗﻴﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ إﻻ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ \"‪ .‬أم ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ‪ » :‬ﻳﺴﺄﻟﻮﻧﻚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ أﻳﺎن ﻣﺮﺳﺘﻬﺎ \"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪88‬‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫أن ﻳﺴﺄل اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ‬ ‫أن ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫أن ﻳﺤﺪث ﺣﺎدﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻨﺰل اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﺒﻴﺎن‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺣﻜﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻨﺰل اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻐﺰوات وﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻷﺣﻮال‬ ‫} َﻗ ْﺪ َﺳ ِﻤ َﻊ اﻟ �ﻠ ُﻪ َﻗ ْﻮ َل ا �ﻟ ِﺘﻲ ُﺗ َﺠﺎ ِد ُﻟ َﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ وﻣﻌﻈﻢ أﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ِﻓﻲ َز ْو ِﺟ َﻬﺎ َو َﺗ ْﺸ َﺘ ِﻜﻲ ِإ َﻟﻰ اﻟ �ﻠ ِﻪ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺰول ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫َواﻟ �ﻠ ُﻪ َﻳ ْﺴ َﻤ ُﻊ َﺗ َﺤﺎ ُو َر ُﻛ َﻤﺎ{‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﺨﻠﻮ إﻣﺎ أن ﺗﻜﻮن‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﺎﺿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻣﺮ ﻣﻀﻰ‬ ‫َﻳ ْﺴ َﺄ ُﻟﻮ َﻧ َﻚ َﻋ ِﻦ اﻟ �ﺴﺎ َﻋ ِﺔ‬ ‫َو َﻳ ْﺴ َﺄ ُﻟﻮ َﻧ َﻚ َﻋﻦ ِذي ا ْﻟ َﻘ ْﺮ َﻧ ْﻴ ِﻦ‬ ‫اﻟ �ﺮو ِح‬ ‫ُﻗ»ِ َوﻞ َﻳاﻟْ �ﺮﺴ َﺄوُﻟ ُحﻮ َﻧ ِﻣَ ْﻚﻦ ََأﻋ ْﻣ ِﻦِﺮ‬ ‫َأ �ﻳﺎ َن ُﻣ ْﺮ َﺳﺎ َﻫﺎ‬ ‫َر �ﺑﻲ«‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪89‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪90‬‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬ﺣﺪد أﻧﻮاع أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول‪ ،‬وﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮع؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪: 2‬ﺣﺪد أﻧﻮاع اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -1‬إن ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول ﻫﻮ أن ﻳﺤﺪث ﺣﺎدﺛﺔ ﻓﻴﻨﺰل ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﺮآن‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬إن اﻟﻐﺰوات واﻷﺣﻮال اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ وﻗﻊ وﻳﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺣﻜﻤﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -3‬اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﷺ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -4‬اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ ﻻ ﺗﺨﻠﻮا أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻣﺮ ﻣﻀﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫وﻳﺴﺄﻟﻮﻧﻚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫وﻳﺴﺄﻟﻮﻧﻚ ﻋﻦ ذي اﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪» -5‬وﻳﺴﺄﻟﻮﻧﻚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺮوح ‪ «..‬ﻫﺬه اﻵﻳﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﺎﺿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪91‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎدﺳﺔ ‪ :‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﺰول اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﺰول‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﺰول ﻫﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﺔ رﺳﻮل اﻟﻠﻪ ‪ -‬ﻣﻤﻦ ﺷﺎﻫﺪوا اﻟﻮﺣﻲ واﻟﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫أن ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮا ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎء أﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺤﻤﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻤﺎﻋﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ أو ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺗﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺤﺎدﺛﺔ‪ ،‬أو ﺑﻘﺮاﺋﻦ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‪ .‬وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ًا ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﺰم ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻞ أو اﻟﺮأي أو اﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎد ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ إﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺮواﻳﺎت‪،‬‬ ‫أو اﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻇﺎﻫﺮه اﻟﺘﻌﺎرض‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎل اﻟﻮاﺣﺪي ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ »أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول« ‪» :‬وﻻ ﻳﺤﻞ اﻟﻘﻮل ﻓﻲ أﺳﺒﺎب ﻧﺰول اﻟﻜﺘﺎب إﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﺮواﻳﺔ واﻟﺴﻤﺎع ﻣﻤﻦ ﺷﺎﻫﺪوا‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ ووﻗﻔﻮا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب‪ ،‬وﺑﺤﺜﻮا ﻋﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﻬﺎ وﺟﺪوا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ«‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺸﺪد اﻟﺴﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول ﺣﺘﻰ ﻗﺎل اﻹﻣﺎم ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﺮﻳﻦ‪» :‬ﺳﺄﻟﺖ ﻋﺒﻴﺪة ﻋﻦ آﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻓﻘﺎل‪:‬‬ ‫اﺗﻖ اﻟﻠﻪ وﻗﻞ ﺳﺪاد ًا‪ ،‬ذﻫﺐ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻮن ﻓﻴﻢ أﻧﺰل اﻟﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮآن«‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪92‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﺰول‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة ﻫﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﺔ رﺳﻮل اﻟﻠﻪ ﷺ ﻣﻤﻦ ﺷﺎﻫﺪوا‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﻲ واﻟﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ أن ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮا ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎء أﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺤﻤﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺎﻋﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ أو ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺗﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺤﺎدﺛﺔ أو ﺑﻘﺮاﺋﻦ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ًا ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﺰم اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺒﺐ وﻻ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻞ‬ ‫أو اﻟﺮأي أو اﻹﺟﺘﻬﺎد ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ إﻻ‪:‬‬ ‫أو اﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺮواﻳﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻇﺎﻫﺮه اﻟﺘﻌﺎرض‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪93‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪94‬‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﺰول؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪: 2‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻘﻮل اﻟﺬي ذﻛﺮه اﻟﻮاﺣﺪي ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺪة ﻃﺮق ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪي‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻳﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ أن ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﻲ واﻟﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎء أﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﻮﻃﻲ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮا ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﺰم اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺒﺐ وﻻ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻞ أو اﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻗﻴﻞ ﻻ ﻳﺤﻞ اﻟﻘﻮل ﻓﻲ أﺳﺒﺎب ﻧﺰول اﻟﻜﺘﺎب إﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﺮواﻳﺔ واﻟﺴﻤﺎع‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ذﻛﺮ ذﻟﻚ؟‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﺗﺸﺪد اﻟﺴﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪95‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ‪ :‬ﺣﻜﻢ ﻗﻮل اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﻲ واﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول‪ :‬اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻢ ﻗﻮل اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﻲ واﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول‬ ‫اﺗﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻗﻮل اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﺰول ﻟﻪ ﺣﻜﻢ اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻮع‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻼﺟﺘﻬﺎد‪ ،‬وﻷن اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻳﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ وﻋﺎﺻﺮه‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎل اﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪» :‬إذا أﺧﺒﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﻲ اﻟﺬي ﺷﻬﺪ اﻟﻮﺣﻲ واﻟﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ ﻋﻦ آﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮآن أﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺰﻟﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺬا ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﻟﻪ حکم اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻮع\" أي ﻫﻮ ﻣﺤﻤﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻤﺎع واﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪة‪ .‬وﻗﺪ أﺧﺮج اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺛﻮن أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺒﻬﻢ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎري‬ ‫وﻣﺴﻠﻢ وﻏﻴﺮﻫﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎ ﻗﻮل اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻓﺬﻫﺐ اﻟﺴﻴﻮﻃﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺒﻮل رواﻳﺘﻪ ﺑﺸﺮوط أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻪ ﻧﺼ ًﺎ ﺻﺮﻳﺤ ًﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻹﺳﻨﺎد ﺻﺤﻴﺤ ًﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻣﻦ أﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ أﺧﺬوا ﻋﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﻛﻤﺠﺎﻫﺪ وﻋﻜﺮﻣﺔ وﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺟﺒﻴﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬أن ﻳﻌﺘﻀﺪ ﺑﺮواﻳﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ آﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪96‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈذا ﺗﻮاﻓﺮت ﻫﺬه اﻟﺸﺮوط ﻗﺒﻞ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ وﺻﺎر ﻟﻪ ﺣﻜﻢ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‪ .‬وﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ اﻟﺤﺬر واﻟﺘﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻲ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول ﻓﻼ ﻧﺨﻠﻂ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺴﺎﻧﻬﻢ ﻗﻮﻟﻬﻢ‪» :‬ﻧﺰﻟﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻵﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺬا« أو »ﻧﺰﻟﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﺬا« وﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺮاد ﺑﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻵﻳﺔ أو ﻣﺎ دﻟﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‪ ،‬وﻣﺜﺎل ذﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪» :‬وأﻧﻔﻘﻮا ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻠﻪ وﻻ ﺗﻠﻘﻮا ﺑﺄﻳﺪﻳﻜﻢ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ\"‪.‬‬ ‫أﺧﺮج اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ﻋﻦ ﺣﺬﻳﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻵﻳﺔ ﻗﺎل‪» :‬ﻧﺰﻟﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻔﻘﺔ«‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎل اﻟﺰرﻛﺸﻲ‪» :‬وﻗﺪ ﻋﺮف ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎدة اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ أن أﺣﺪﻫﻢ إذا ﻗﺎل‪ :‬ﻧﺰﻟﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻵﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺬا\"‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ أن ﻫﺬه‬ ‫اﻵﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻻ أن ﻫﺬا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺰوﻟﻬﺎ‪ ...‬إﻟﻰ أن ﻗﺎل‪ :‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ اﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻵﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻟﻤﺎ وﻗﻊ«‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪97‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬