تقريب مقرر علوم القرآن

‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﻟﻄﻼب ﻗﺴــــــﻢ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌــــــﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮم اﻟﻤﻜﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺟﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎن اﻟﻌﺒﻴﺪ‬ ‫إﻋﺪاد‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺑﻜﻠﻴــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮم اﻟﻤﻜﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻳـﻒ‬





‫‪40‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻬﺮس‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪة ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن وﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ‪4‬‬ ‫أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول)‪106 (2‬‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ)‪178 (1‬‬ ‫أﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻘﺮآن ‪230‬‬ ‫أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول)‪68 (1‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮم اﻟﻠﻔﻆ وﺧﺼﻮص اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ‪294‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺟﻮه واﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ ‪144‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ)‪204 (2‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ‪266‬‬

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‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺪﻟﻠﻪ اﻟﺬي أﻧﺰل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﺪه اﻟﻔﺮﻗﺎن ﻟﻴﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﺬﻳﺮ ًا‪ ،‬وﺻﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺮم ﺧﻠﻘﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻤ ًﺎ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ًا‪ ..‬أﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ أﻫﺪاف ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮم اﻟﻤﻜﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ اﻟﺪراﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﻘﺮرة ﻓﻲ أﻗﺴﺎﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮق ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬وأﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺎن ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻀﻌﻪ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﺪي اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻤﺠﺪ ﻟﻴﻘﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ‪ ،‬وﻳﻴﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺴﺮ وﻳﺬﻟﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺻﻌﺐ وﻳﻔﺘﺢ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺎ اﺳﺘﻐﻠﻖ ﺑﺈذن اﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ وﻗﻊ اﻹﺧﺘﻴﺎر ‪-‬وﻓﻖ ﺧﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪروﺳﺔ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺘﺎب اﻟﻮﺟﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﻤﻘﺮر دراﺳﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻼب ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﺪ ﻟﺆﻟﺆة ﺿﻤﻦ ﻋﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﻳﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﻧﻈﻤﻪ ﻗﺮﻳﺒ ًﺎ ﺑﺈذن اﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺤﺎط ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻖ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ وﻳﺮﺻﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎج اﻹﺗﻘﺎن‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺘﺨﺮج اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻌﻮن اﻟﻠﻪ وﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺳﻤﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك ﻣﻠﻜﺔ راﺳﺨﺔ وﻓﻬﻢ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ وﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤ ًﺎ‬ ‫أن اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻤﻘﺮر اﻵﻧﻒ اﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻟﻢ ُﻳﺘﺼﺮف ﻓﻲ أﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻨﻘﺺ أو زﻳﺎدة‪ ،‬وإﻧﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺈﺑﺮاز رؤوس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫وﺗﺸﺠﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬وﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻷﺻﻞ ووﺿﻊ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻟﺘﻤﺎرﻳﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ داﺋﺮة اﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎب اﻟﻤﻘﺮر‪ ،‬وﺗﺴﻬﻞ اﻹﺳﺘﺬﻛﺎر‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻛﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﺛﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻬﻮد اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺻﻠﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﺪؤوﺑﺔ واﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻟﺼﺎﺋﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻹدارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺄﻟﻮ ﺟﻬﺪ ًا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﺬل ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ رﺳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ وﻳﺮﺗﻘﻲ ﺑﻄﻼﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺑﻜﻠﻴــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮم اﻟﻤﻜﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻳـﻒ‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪرس اﻷول‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ وﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻘﺮآن )ﻟﻐﺔ(‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎدﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫)ﻟﻐﺔ واﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ(‬ ‫وأﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻘﺮآن)اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ(‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﻛﻔﻦ ﻣﺪ ّون‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻋﺒﺎرة \"أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ\" ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﻈﺘﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫أﺻﻮل‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻵﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬أﺻﻮل ‪ :‬ﺟﻤﻊ أﺻﻞ وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻏﻴﺮه ﻛﺎﺳﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪َ \" :‬أ َﻟ ْﻢ َﺗ َﺮ َﻛ ْﻴ َﻒ َﺿ َﺮ َب اﻟ �ﻠ ُﻪ َﻣ َﺜ ًﻼ َﻛ ِﻠ َﻤ ًﺔ َﻃ �ﻴ َﺒ ًﺔ‬ ‫َﻛ َﺸ َﺠ َﺮ ٍة َﻃ �ﻴ َﺒ ٍﺔ َأ ْﺻ ُﻠ َﻬﺎ َﺛﺎ ِﺑ ٌﺖ َو َﻓ ْﺮ ُﻋ َﻬﺎ ِﻓﻲ اﻟ �ﺴ َﻤﺎ ِء )‪\"(٢٤‬‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ \"ﻓﺴﺮ\" ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ أﺑﺎن وﻛﺸﻒ اﻟﻐﻄﺎء وأزال اﻟﺴﺎﺗﺮ ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪ِ \":‬إ �ﻻ ِﺟ ْﺌ َٰﻨ َﻚ ِبٱ ْﻟ َﺤ �ﻖ‬ ‫َو َأ ْﺣ َﺴ َﻦ َﺗ ْﻔ ِﺴﻴ ًﺮا\"‬ ‫وﻓﻲ اﻻﺻﻄﻼح ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﻳﻌﺮف ﺑﻪ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﺘﺎب اﻟﻠﻪ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺻﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ‪ ،‬وﺑﻴﺎن ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ ‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﺨﺮاج‬ ‫أﺣﻜﺎﻣﻪ وﺣﻜﻤﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﺻﺎر ﻋﻠﻤﺎ وﻟﻘﺒﺎ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻔﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺼﻮص ﻓﻬﻮ ‪ \":‬اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ واﻷﺳﺲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻮم ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮح ﻛﻼم اﻟﻠﻪ وﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮه\" وﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻔﺴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮوط وآداب وإﺗﻘﺎن ﻋﻠﻮم‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮق وﻣﺼﺎدر وﻗﻮاﻋﺪ وﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ‪ ...‬وﻧﺤﻮ ذﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻔﻈﻴﻦ‬ ‫أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫أﺻﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ واﻷﺳﺲ اﻟﺘـــﻲ‬ ‫اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻫـــﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻴــﻪ ﻏﻴـــﺮه‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮم ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﻳﻌﺮف ﺑﻪ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﺘــــﺎب‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻟﻠﻔﻌــــﻞ )ﻓ ّﺴﺮ(‬ ‫ﻛﺄﺳﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠــــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻪ اﻟﻤﻨــــــﺰل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﻴـــــﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨــــﻰ أﺑـــــﺎن وﻛﺸـــﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺷـــــﺮح ﻛــــــﻼم اﻟﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤــــﺪ ﺻﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴـــــﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫وﺳﻠﻢ وﺑﻴـــــــﺎن ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴــــــﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻄﺎء وأزال اﻟﺴﺘﺎﺋﺮ‬ ‫َأ َﻟ ْﻢ َﺗ َﺮ َﻛ ْﻴ َﻒ َﺿ َﺮ َب اﻟ �ﻠ ُﻪ َﻣ َﺜ ًﻼ‬ ‫وﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮه‬ ‫واﺳﺘﺨﺮاج أﺣﻜﺎﻣﻪ وﺣﻜﻤﻪ‬ ‫َﻛ ِﻠ َﻤ ًﺔ َﻃ �ﻴ َﺒ ًﺔ َﻛ َﺸ َﺠ َﺮ ٍة َﻃ �ﻴ َﺒ ٍﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫َأ ْﺻ ُﻠ َﻬﺎ َﺛﺎ ِﺑ ٌﺖ َو َﻓ ْﺮ ُﻋ َﻬﺎ ِﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﺗﻔﺴﻴــــﺮ اﻟﻘـــــﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﺒﺮﻫﺎن ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ِإ �ﻻ ِﺟ ْﺌ َﻨﺎ َك‬ ‫َو َﻻ َﻳ ْﺄ ُﺗﻮ َﻧ َﻚ ِﺑ َﻤ َﺜ ٍﻞ‬ ‫أﺻﻮل وﺿﻮاﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ‪13/1‬‬ ‫َﺗ ْﻔ ِﺴﻴ ًﺮا‬ ‫ِﺑﺎ ْﻟ َﺤ �ﻖ َو َأ ْﺣ َﺴ َﻦ‬ ‫اﻟ �ﺴ َﻤﺎ ِء‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫س‪ : 2‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮب؟‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ أﺻﻮل ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮب؟‬ ‫‪..............................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪...............................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪..............................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.............................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪ : 4‬ﻋﺮف ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ؟‬ ‫س‪ : 3‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ؟‬ ‫‪..............................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪...............................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪..............................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.............................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﻗﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺸﻒ‬ ‫اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ذﻛﺮ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﺑﺄن اﻷﺻﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻏﻴﺮه‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﺪل ﺑﺎﻵﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮرة ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺰرﻛﺸﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺑﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮب ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﺮي‬ ‫أﺻﻮل اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﺑﻦ ﺗﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫‪ -3‬اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺬي اﺧﺘﺎره اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺬي اﺧﺘﺎره ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ واﻷﺳﺲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻮم ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻟـ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن )‪(١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻋﺒﺎرة »ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن« ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﻈﺘﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫وﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻧﻌﺮف ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻻ ﺑﺪ أن ﻧﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻔﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﻔﺮاد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ‪ :‬اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﺟﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻢ وﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻔﻬﻢ واﻹدراك واﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ واﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺻﻄﻼح ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻦ اﻟﻤﺪون‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ واﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ ﺑﺠﻬﺔ واﺣﺪة ﺿﺒﻄ ًﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴ ًﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻜﻼم‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻢ اﻷرض‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺎت‪....‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫إﺻﻄﻼﺣ ًﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻔﻈﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻦ اﻟﻤﺪون‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻔﻬﻢ واﻹدراك‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ واﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﻬﺔ واﺣﺪة ﺿﺒﻄ ًﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴ ًﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻜﻼم وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ ‪....‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫س‪ : 2‬ﻋﺮف اﻟﻌﻠﻮم إﺻﻄﻼﺣ ًﺎ؟‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮب؟‬ ‫‪..............................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪...............................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪..............................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.............................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫اﻻدراك‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮب ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮب اﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻦ اﻟﻤﺪون وﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ واﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﻬﺔ واﺣﺪة ﺿﺒﻄ ًﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴ ًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎر ﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن )‪(٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻘﺮآن ‪ :‬اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﻆ »اﻟﻘﺮآن« ﻫﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ أو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ؟ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﻟﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻷول ‪ :‬أﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ‪ ،‬واﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺆﻻء ﻓﻲ اﺷﺘﻘﺎﻗﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻓﻘﻴﻞ إﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ »ﻗﺮأ« ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺗﻼ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺮادف ﻟﻠﻘﺮاءة ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎل ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪ِ ) :‬إ �ن َﻋ َﻠ ْﻴ َﻨﺎ َﺟ ْﻤ َﻌ ُﻪ َو ُﻗ ْﺮ َآ َﻧ ُﻪ )‪َ (١٧‬ﻓ ِﺈ َذا َﻗ َﺮ ْأ َﻧﺎ ُه‬ ‫َﻓﺎ �ﺗ ِﺒ ْﻊ ُﻗ ْﺮ َآ َﻧ ُﻪ )‪ ( (١٨‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﺼﺪري ﻓﺄﺻﺒﺢ اﺳﻤ ًﺎ ﻟﻜﻼم اﻟﻠﻪ اﻟﻤﻌﺠﺰ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﷺ وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎب‬ ‫إﻃﻼق اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا ﻓﻠﻔﻆ »ﻗﺮآن« ﻣﻬﻤﻮز‪ ،‬وإذا ﺗﺮﻛﺖ اﻟﻬﻤﺰة ﻓﻬﻮ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ‪ ،‬وﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺗﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﺎﻛﻦ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬وﻗﻴﻞ‪ :‬إﻧﻪ وﺻﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ وزن » ُﻓ ْﻌﻼن« ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟ َﻘ ْﺮء ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻊ‪ ،‬وﻣﻨﻪ ﻗﺮأت اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻮض إذا ﺟﻤﻌﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻟﻜﻼم اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﷺ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﺴﻮر واﻵﻳﺎت ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬أو ﻟﺠﻤﻌﻪ اﻟﻘﺼﺺ واﻷواﻣﺮ واﻟﻨﻮاﻫﻲ‪ ،‬أو ﻟﺠﻤﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺛﻤﺮات اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا ﻓﻠﻔﻆ »ﻗﺮآن« ﻣﻬﻤﻮز‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬وﻗﻴﻞ ‪ :‬إﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﻧﺖ اﻟﺸﻲء ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲء إذا ﺿﻤﻤﺘﻪ إﻟﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻤ ًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﻋﻠﻰ رﺳﻮل اﻟﻠﻪ ﷺ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ :‬ﻟﻘﺮان اﻟﺴﻮر واﻵﻳﺎت واﻟﺤﺮوف ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬وﻗﻴﻞ ‪ :‬إﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮاﺋﻦ‪ ،‬ﻷن اﻵﻳﺎت ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﺼﺪق ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻀ ًﺎ وﻳﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻀ ًﺎ‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﻗﺮاﺋﻦ أي‪ :‬أﺷﺒﺎه وﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ اﻟﻘﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﻔﻆ »اﻟﻘﺮآن« ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﻤﻮز وﻧﻮﻧﻪ أﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺨﻼف اﻟﻘﻮﻟﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﻴﻦ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻨﻮﻧﻪ زاﺋﺪة‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬وذﻫﺐ إﻟﻴﻪ اﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ وﻗﺎل ‪ :‬إن ﻟﻔﻆ »اﻟﻘﺮآن« اﻟﻤﻌﺮف ﺑﺄل ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻬﻤﻮز ًا وﻻ ﻣﺸﺘﻘ ًﺎ ﺑﻞ ‪ :‬وﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻤ ًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻼم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻮ اﺳﻢ ﻟﻠﻘﺮآن ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻮراة واﻹﻧﺠﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪16‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ وﻻ ﻣﻬﻤﻮز‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮآن وﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻼم اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ ﻓﻬﻮ اﺳﻢ ﻟﻠﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻮراة واﻹﻧﺠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻮز وﻧﻮﻧﻪ زاﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻮز وﻧﻮﻧﻪ زاﺋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺑﻐﺪاد ‪٦٢/٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮاﺋﻦ أي‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻧﺖ اﻟﺸﻲء ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲء‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮء ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﺮأ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺗﻼ‬ ‫»ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻻﻣﺎم اﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ«‬ ‫أﺷﺒﺎه وﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫روي ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﻮل‬ ‫ِإ �ن َﻋ َﻠ ْﻴ َﻨﺎ‬ ‫روي ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﻦ اﻷﺷﻌﺮي‪،‬‬ ‫روي ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﻮل‬ ‫َﺟ ْﻤ َﻌ ُﻪ َو ُﻗ ْﺮ َآ َﻧ ُﻪ )‪(١٧‬‬ ‫اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﻫﺎن ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ اﻟﺰﺟﺎج‪،‬‬ ‫َﻓ ِﺈ َذا َﻗ َﺮ ْأ َﻧﺎ ُه‬ ‫ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﺮاء‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ‪٢٧٨/١‬‬ ‫اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﻫﺎن‬ ‫َﻓﺎ �ﺗ ِﺒ ْﻊ ُﻗ ْﺮ َآ َﻧ ُﻪ )‪(١٨‬‬ ‫اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫‪٢٧٨/١‬‬ ‫‪٢٧٨/١‬‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪18‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬اﺧﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﻆ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﻟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬اذﻛﺮﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻪ اﻹﺟﻤﺎل؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪ : 2‬ذﻫﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﺸﺘﻖ‪ ،‬اذﻛﺮ أﻗﻮاﻟﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ؟‬ ‫‪.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪ : 3‬ذﻫﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ‪ ،‬وﺿﺢ ﻣﺎ ذﻫﺐ إﻟﻴﻪ ﻫﺆﻻء اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء وﻟﻤﻦ ﻳﻨﺘﺴﺐ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﻮل؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮب‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺮاءة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮاﺋﻦ‬ ‫ذﻫﺐ ﻗﺮأ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻗﻴﻞ أن اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪ -2‬اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻗﺮأ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺗﻼ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﺮادف‪:‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮء‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻗﻴﻞ أن اﻟﻘﺮآن وﺻﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ وزن ُﻓﻌﻼن ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺴﻮر واﻵﻳﺎت ﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻘﺼﺺ اﻷواﻣﺮ واﻟﻨﻮاﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻳﻄﻠﻖ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻷﻧﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻗﻴﻞ أن اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻟﺠﻤﻌﻪ ﺛﻤﺮات اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﺮي‬ ‫‪ -6‬اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮاﺋﻦ‪ ،‬ﻷن اﻵﻳﺎت ﻳﺼﺪق ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻀ ًﺎ وﻳﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀ ًﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﻮﻃﻲ‬ ‫‪ -7‬ذﻫﺐ اﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﻬﻤﻮز‪:‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫‪ -8‬ﻟﻔﻆ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻤﻌﺮف ﺑﺄل ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻬﻤﻮز ًا وﻻ ﻣﺸﺘﻘ ًﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ُوﺿـــــﻊ ﻋﻠﻤ ًﺎ ﻋﻠــــﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻼم اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ‪ ،‬ذﻫﺐ إﻟﻴﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -9‬ﻗﻴﻞ أن اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﻧﺖ اﻟﺸﻲء ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲء اذا ﺿﻤﻤﺘﻪ إﻟﻴﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -10‬ذﻫﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﻤﻮز‪ ،‬وذﻫﺐ اﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ أﻧﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﻮز‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن )‪(٣‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻓﻲ اﻹﺻﻄﻼح ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻓﻲ اﻹﺻﻄﻼح ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫»ﻛﻼم اﻟﻠﻪ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﷺ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻌﺠﺰ ﺑﻠﻔﻈﻪ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺒﺪ ﺑﺘﻼوﺗﻪ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮل ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮاﺗﺮ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﻒ ﻣﻦ أول‬ ‫ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻔﺎﺗﺤﺔ إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻨﺎس«‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻮﻟﻨﺎ »ﻛﻼم اﻟﻠﻪ« ﺧﺮج ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻮاه ﻣﻦ ﻛﻼم اﻟﺒﺸﺮ واﻟﺠﻦ واﻟﻤﻼﺋﻜﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ »اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﷺ« ﺧﺮج ﺑﻪ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻴﺮه ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎء ﻛﺎﻟﺘﻮراة واﻹﻧﺠﻴﻞ واﻟﺰﺑﻮر واﻟﺼﺤﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ »اﻟﻤﻌﺠﺰ ﺑﻠﻔﻈﻪ« ﺧﺮج ﺑﻪ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻘﺪﺳﻲ واﻟﻨﺒﻮي ﻓﺈن ﻛﻼ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻨﺰل ﻟﻺﻋﺠﺎز‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ »اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺒﺪ ﺑﺘﻼوﺗﻪ« ﺧﺮج ﺑﻪ اﻷﺣﺎدﻳﺚ اﻟﻘﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺘﻌﺒﺪ ًا ﺑﺘﻼوﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ »اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮل ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮاﺗﺮ« ﺧﺮج ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻮى اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺗﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺴﻮخ اﻟﺘﻼوة ﻣﺜﻞ »اﻟﺸﻴﺦ واﻟﺸﻴﺨﺔ إذا زﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﺎرﺟﻤﻮﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺘﺔ ﻧﻜﺎ ًﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻪ« واﻟﻘﺮاءات اﻟﺸﺎذة ﻛﻘﺮاءة اﺑﻦ ﻣﺴﻌﻮد ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻔﺎرة اﻷﻳﻤﺎن ) َﻓ ِﺼ َﻴﺎ ُم َﺛ َﻼ َﺛ ِﺔ َأ �ﻳﺎ ٍم(‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة ﻣﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪22‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮآن )اﺻﻄﻼﺣ ًﺎ(‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮل ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮاﺗﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺒﺪ ﺑﺘﻼوﺗﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺠﺰ ﺑﻠﻔﻈﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻼم اﻟﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﷺ‬ ‫ﺧﺮج ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻮى‬ ‫ﺧﺮج ﺑﻪ اﻷﺣﺎدﻳﺚ اﻟﻘﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺮج ﺑﻪ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻘﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺮج ﺑﻪ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﺮج ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻮاه ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺗﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺴﻮخ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺘﻌﺒﺪ ﺑﺘﻼوﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺒﻮي ﻓﺈن ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮه ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎء ﻛﺎﻟﺘﻮراة‬ ‫ﻛﻼم اﻟﺒﺸﺮ واﻟﺠﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻼوة واﻟﻘﺮاءات اﻟﺸﺎذة‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﻨﺰل ﻟﻺﻋﺠﺎز‬ ‫واﻹﻧﺠﻴﻞ واﻟﺰﺑﻮر واﻟﺼﺤﻒ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻼﺋﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻘﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫أي ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫َﻓ ِﺼ َﻴﺎ ُم َﺛ َﻼ َﺛ ِﺔ َأ �ﻳﺎ ٍم‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ أﺿﺎﻓﻪ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺮﻳﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺴﻼم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﻜﻼم اﻟﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻞ اﻟﺴﻼم ‪١٢/٤‬‬ ‫أي ﻟﻔﻆ وﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺨﻼف‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ‪١٢٣٥‬‬ ‫وﻣﻌﻨﺎه ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻠﻪ‪ ،‬وﻟﻔﻈﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﺎﺗﺮﻳﺪﻳﺔ إذ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮل ﷺ وﻗﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﻘﺮآن‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮن إن اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻛﻼم اﻟﻠﻪ‬ ‫أي ﻣﻌﻨﺎه‪ ،‬وﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮن ﺑﺄن‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻨﺒﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻼم ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ أﺿﻴﻒ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫أو ﻓﻌﻞ أو ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ أو وﺻﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺿﻊ دون اﻟﻠﻔﻆ‬ ‫وﻣﻌﻨﺎه ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻠﻪ وﻟﻔﻈﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪24‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬ﻋﺮف اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ اﺻﻄﻼﺣ ًﺎ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪ : 2‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻘﻴﺪ اﻟﺬي ﺧﺮج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪» :‬ﻫﻮ ﻛﻼم اﻟﻠﻪ«؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪ : 3‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻘﻴﺪ اﻟﺬي ﺧﺮج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪» :‬اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﷺ«؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪ : 4‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻘﻴﺪ اﻟﺬي ﺧﺮج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪» :‬اﻟﻤﻌﺠﺰ ﺑﻠﻔﻈﻪ«؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪ : 5‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻘﻴﺪ اﻟﺬي ﺧﺮج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪» :‬اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺒﺪ ﺑﺘﻼوﺗﻪ«؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪ : 6‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻘﻴﺪ اﻟﺬي ﺧﺮج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪» :‬اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮل إﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮاﺗﺮ«؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻼم اﻟﻠﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫‪ -2‬اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪا اﻟﻔﺎﺗﺤﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮاﺗﺮة‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫اﺑﻦ ﻣﺴﻌﻮد‬ ‫ﺷﺎذة‬ ‫‪ -3‬اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻘﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻌﺠﺰ ﺑﻠﻔﻈﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻨﺒﻮي ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺘﻌﺒﺪ ﺑﺘﻼوﺗﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫اﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس‬ ‫‪ -5‬اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ إﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮاﺗﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬اﻟﺸﻴﺦ واﻟﺸﻴﺨﺔ اذا زﻧﻴﺎ ‪ ،.......‬ﻗﺮاءة‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -7‬ذﻫﺐ اﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﻬﻤﻮز‪:‬‬ ‫‪» -8‬ﻓﺼﻴﺎم ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻳﺎم ﻣﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﺎت« ﻗﺮاءة ﺷﺎذة‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﻗﺮاءة ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪26‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪27‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن )‪ (٤‬اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﺻﺎر ﻋﻠﻤ ًﺎ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻔﻦ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻷول ‪» :‬ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎرف واﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ أي ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮاﺣﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫وﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻪ‪ ،‬وﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻪ‪ ،‬وﺟﻤﻌﻪ‪ ،‬وﻗﺮاءاﺗﻪ‪ ،‬وإﻋﺠﺎزه‪ ،‬وﻧﺎﺳﺨﻪ وﻣﻨﺴﻮﺧﻪ‪ ،‬وﻣﺤﻜﻤﻪ وﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﻪ‪ ،‬وﻏﺮﻳﺒﻪ‪ ،‬وإﻋﺮاﺑﻪ‪ ،‬وأﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ ﻏﻴﺮ ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻠﻮم اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎ«‪.‬‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﻪ‪ :‬أن ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺪرس اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻛﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ زاوﻳﺔ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ آﻳﺔ آﻳﺔ دراﺳﺔ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪» :‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﻳﻀﻢ أﺑﺤﺎﺛ ًﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺷﺘﻰ«‪.‬‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﻪ‪ :‬أﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم واﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ أي ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮاﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪ :‬ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ‪ ،‬وﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻪ‪ ،‬وﺟﻤﻌﻪ‪ ،‬وﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻪ‪ ،‬وﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮه‪ ،‬إﻟﺦ ‪ ...‬وﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻋﻨﺪ إﻃﻼﻗﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪28‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮﻣﻪ اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮﻣﻪ اﻟﺨﺎص‬ ‫ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎرف واﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ أي‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﻳﻀﻢ أﺑﺤﺎﺛ ًﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮاﺣﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻪ وﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻪ وﺟﻤﻌﻪ وﻗﺮاءاﺗﻪ ‪ .....‬إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺷﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫أﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم واﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ان ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺪرس اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻛﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ واﺗﻲ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ أي ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‪ :‬ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ وﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻪ وﺟﻤﻌﻪ وﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ زاوﻳﺔ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻴﺔ آﻳﺔ آﻳﺔ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮه إﻟﺦ ‪ ....‬وﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ إﻃﻼﻗﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻛﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻮن اﻷﻓﻨﺎن ‪٧١‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪29‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪30‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬اذﻛﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮﻣﻪ اﻟﻌﺎم؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪ : 2‬اذﻛﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮﻣﻪ اﻟﺨﺎص؟‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫س‪ : 3‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮﻣﻪ اﻟﺨﺎص‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﻜﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪31‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮﻣﻪ اﻟﻌﺎم أن ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺪرس اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ زاوﻳﺔ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻴﺔ دراﺳﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮﻣﻪ اﻟﺨﺎص‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻳﻀﻢ أﺑﺤﺎث ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻓﻨﻮن اﻷﻓﻨﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺷﻴﺦ اﻹﺳﻼم اﺑﻦ ﺗﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -3‬اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻷول ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮﻣﻪ اﻟﺨﺎص ﻧﻘﻠﻪ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬إن ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻳﺪرس اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﻦ زاوﻳﺔ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻴﺔ دراﺳﺔ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -5‬اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮﻣﻪ اﻟﺨﺎص‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫واﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪32‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪33‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎدﺳﺔ ‪ :‬اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن وأﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن وأﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﻴﻦ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ أن ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ وﺧﺼﻮﺻ ًﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﻋﺎم ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺧﺎص وﻻ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﺿﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻋﻠﻢ أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻛﺎﻟﺰرﻛﺸﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻫﺎن واﻟﺴﻴﻮﻃﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺗﻘﺎن‪ ،‬وﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ رأى ﺟﻮاز إﻃﻼق أﺻﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎب إﻃﻼق اﻟﺠﺰء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎل ﻣﻨﺎع اﻟﻘﻄﺎن‪» :‬وﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ‪ -‬أي ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ‪ -‬ﺑﺄﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺣﺚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨﺎد إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﺮآن« وﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑـــ ‪» :‬أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ« وذﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨﺎد إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪34‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫وأﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآم ﻋﻠﻢ ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﺧﺎص وﻻ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ أﺻﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫رأى ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫وﻗﺪ ﺿﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺟﻮاز إﻃﻼق أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻋﻠﻢ أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎب‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫إﻃﻼق اﻟﺠﺰء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﺰرﻛﺸﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻫﺎن‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻴﻮﻃﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺗﻘﺎن‬ ‫ﻗﺎل اﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻣﻨﺎع اﻟﻘﻄﺎن‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﺄﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺣﺚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨﺎد‬ ‫إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﺮآن‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ‪١٦‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪35‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪36‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬اذﻛﺮ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن واﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺰرﻛﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺧﺎص ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻋﻠﻢ أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻋﺎم وﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﺮي‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺿﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻋﻠﻢ أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫‪ -4‬رأى ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺟﻮاز إﻃﻼق ﻋﻠﻢ أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﺄﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺣﺚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎع اﻟﻘﻄﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻄﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻺﺳﺘﻨﺎد إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬ﻫﺬا ﻗﻮل ﻟﻠﺸﻴﺦ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬اذﻛﺮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬وﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪ : 2‬اذﻛﺮ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﺪرج ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‪ ،‬وﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪ : 3‬اذﻛﺮ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﺪرج ﺗﺤﺖ أﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‪ ،‬وﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪ : 4‬اذﻛﺮ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻨﺪرج ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ درﺳﺘﻬﺎ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪ : 5‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ اﻛﺘﺴﺒﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺪرس ﺑﺘﺨﺼﺼﻚ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪38‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪39‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪40‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪرس اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪة ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن وﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄة ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪41‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ‪ :‬ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪة ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ﻋﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ أﻫﻤﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬أﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬وﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﺣﻖ اﻟﻔﻬﻢ واﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط اﻷﺣﻜﺎم واﻵداب ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﻟﻤﻔﺴﺮ ﻛﺘﺎب اﻟﻠﻪ ودارﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺰل؟ وﻣﺘﻰ ﻧﺰل؟ وﻋﻠﻰ أي ﺣﺎل ﻛﺎن ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺳﻮره وآﻳﺎﺗﻪ؟ وﺑﺄي ﺷﻲء ﻛﺎن إﻋﺠﺎزه؟‬ ‫وﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺎﺳﺨﻪ وﻣﻨﺴﻮﺧﻪ‪ ،‬وأﺳﺒﺎب ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ ‪ ....‬وﻏﻴﺮ ذﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺴﺮ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺜﻞ »ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ« ﻟﻤﻦ أراد أن ﻳﺪرس‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ دراﺳﺔ ﺣﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬أن اﻟﺪارس ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻬﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ أﺛﺎرﻫﺎ أﻋﺪاء اﻹﺳﻼم ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺷﻨﻮه ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ زور ًا وﺑﻬﺘﺎﻧﺎ وﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺮد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺴﺮﻳﻦ وأﺳﺎﻟﻴﺒﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺎن ﻣﺸﺎﻫﻴﺮﻫﻢ‪ ،‬وﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺴﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬وﺷﺮوط اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ‪ ....‬وﻏﻴﺮ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ دﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪42‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪة ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫أن اﻟﺪارس ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺴﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻬﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬وﻓﻬﻤﻪ‬ ‫وأﺳﺎﻟﻴﺒﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ اﻟﻔﻬﻢ‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ أﺛﺎرﻫﺎ أﻋﺪاء‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻜﺎم واﻵداب ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻼم‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪43‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪44‬‬ ‫س‪ : 1‬ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ﻋﺪﻳﺪة‪ ،‬اذﻛﺮﻫﺎ؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫س‪ : 2‬ﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻄﺮق ﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﺒﺜﻮﺛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﻨﻔﺎت ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬اذﻛﺮ أﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﻳﺠﺎز؟‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ وﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﺣﻖ اﻟﻔﻬﻢ‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط اﻷﺣﻜﺎم واﻵداب ﻣﻨﻪ‪ :‬ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري ﻟﻤﻔﺴﺮ ﻛﺘﺎب اﻟﻠﻪ ودارﺳﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺰل؟ وﻣﺘﻰ ﻧﺰل؟ وﻋﻠﻰ أي ﺣﺎل ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺳﻮره وآﻳﺎﺗﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺴﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻟﻤﻦ أراد أن ﻳﺪرس ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ أن دارس ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻬﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ أﺛﺎرﻫﺎ أﻋﺪاء اﻹﺳﻼم وﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﺮد ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪45‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻧﺸﺄة ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬ ‫إن ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻇﻬﻮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﻧﺰل ﺟﺒﺮﻳﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺴﻼم ﻋﻠﻰ رﺳﻮل اﻟﻠﻪ ﺻ ّﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳ ّﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎر‬ ‫ﺣﺮاء‪ ،‬وﺗﻼ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪} :‬ا ْﻗ َﺮا ِﺑﺎ ْﺳ ِﻢ َر �ﺑ َﻚ ا �ﻟ ِﺬي َﺧ َﻠ َﻖ * َﺧ َﻠ َﻖ ا ِﻹ ْﻧ َﺴﺎ َن ِﻣ ْﻦ َﻋ َﻠ ٍﻖ *ا ْﻗ َﺮا َو َر �ﺑ َﻚ ا َﻷ َﻛ َﺮ ُم *ا �ﻟ ِﺬي َﻋ �ﻠ َﻢ ِﺑﺎ ْﻟ َﻘ َﻠ ِﻢ * َﻋ �ﻠ َﻢ‬ ‫ا ِﻹ ْﻧ َﺴﺎ َن َﻣﺎ َﻟ ْﻢ َﻳ ْﻌ َﻠ ْﻢ{ ]اﻟﻌﻠﻖ‪ [٥ - ١ :‬ﺑﺪأت اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﺎﻟﻈﻬﻮر ﺷﻴﺌ ًﺎ ﻓﺸﻴﺌ ًﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ُﻳﺴﺘﻨﺒ َﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﺳﻮل ﺻ ّﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳ ّﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎر ﺣﺮاء ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻮاع‪:‬‬ ‫• ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻ ًﺎ أول ﻣﺎ ﻧﺰل‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻗﺮاءﺗﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫• اﻟﻮﺣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛ �ﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻟﺒﺚ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻳ ْﻨﺰل ﻣﺮ ًة ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣ �ﺮ ٍة‪ ،‬وﻳﺤﺪ ُث ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮ ِﻣﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴ ِﺐ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت اﻵﻳﺎت وﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌ �ﻠ ُﻖ ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻻ رﻳﺐ أن ﻧﺸﺄة ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪأت ﻣﻊ ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮﻣﻪ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻋﺘﻨﻰ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫رﺿﻲ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ أﺣﺎدﻳﺚ اﻟﺮﺳﻮل ﺻ ّﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳ ّﻠﻢ وآﺛﺎر اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﺎ ُﻳﻨﺒ ُﺊ ﻋﻦ أن ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻋﻠﻮﻣ ًﺎ‬ ‫ُﻳﺤ �ﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬دﻋﺎء اﻟﺮﺳﻮل ﺻ ّﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳ ّﻠﻢ ﻻﺑﻦ ﻋ �ﻤﻪ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻠﻪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس رﺿﻲ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎل‪» :‬اﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﻋ �ﻠﻤﻪ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب« )‪ ،(١‬وﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮاءﺗﻪ‪ ،‬وﺣﻔﻈﻪ‪ ،‬وﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮه‪ ،‬وﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻧﺰوﻟﻪ وأﺣﻜﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬وﻧﺎﺳﺨﻪ وﻣﻨﺴﻮﺧﻪ‪ ،‬وﻏﻴﺮ ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮﻣﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪46‬‬ ‫وﻓﻲ رواﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻹﻣﺎم أﺣﻤﺪ‪» :‬اﻟﻠﻬﻢ َﻓ �ﻘ ُﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬وﻋ �ﻠﻤﻪ اﻟ �ﺘﺄوﻳﻞ« )‪(١‬؛ واﻟﻤﺮا ُد ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴ ِﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻫﻮ أﺟ �ﻞ ﻋﻠﻮ ِم اﻟﻘﺮآ ِن‬ ‫وأﻋﻈﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺗﺨﻠﻮ ﺗﻔﺎﺳﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ذﻛﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن؛ ﻛﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﺎﺳﺦ واﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮخ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻜﻲ واﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫واﻟﺨﺎص‪ ،‬وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺻ ّﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳ ّﻠﻢ‪» :‬ﺧﻴﺮﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌ �ﻠﻢ اﻟﻘﺮآن وﻋ �ﻠﻤﻪ« )‪ ،(٢‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺸﻤ ُﻞ ُﺟﻤﻠ َﺔ ﻋﻠﻮ ِم اﻟﻘﺮآ ِن ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮاءﺗﻪ وﺣﻔﻈﻪ‬ ‫وﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮه وﻏﻴ ِﺮﻫﺎ؛ ﻷ �ﻧﻪ ﺧﺒﺮ ﻣﻄﻠ ٌﻖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤ �ﺪ ٍد ﺑﻨﻮ ِع ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع ﺗﻌ �ﻠ ِﻢ اﻟﻘﺮآ ِن وﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬وروى اﺑﻦ أﺑﻲ ﺷﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﺴﻨﺪه ﻋﻦ أﺑﻲ اﻟﺒﺨﺘﺮي ﻋﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ رﺿﻲ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﻟﻮا‪» :‬أﺧ ِﺒ ْﺮﻧﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎل‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻘﺮآن واﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ اﻧﺘﻬﻰ‪ ،‬وﻛﻔﻰ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻤ ًﺎ« )‪.(٣‬‬ ‫‪ - ٤‬ﻋﻦ ﺳﻔﻴﺎن ﺑﻦ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ )‪ (٤‬ﻗﺎل‪» :‬ﺳﺄﻟﻨﻲ إﻳﺎس ﺑﻦ ﻣﻌﺎوﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎل‪ :‬إﻧﻲ أراك ﻗﺪ َﻛ ِﻠ ْﻔ َﺖ ﺑﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻘﺮآن‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗﺮأ ﻋﻠ �ﻲ ﺳﻮرة و َﻓ �ﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ أﻧﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎل‪ :‬ﻓﻔﻌﻠﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎل‪ :‬اﺣﻔﻆ ﻋﻨﻲ ﻣﺎ أﻗﻮل ﻟﻚ‪ :‬إﻳﺎك واﻟﺸﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ َﻗ �ﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻤﻠﻬﺎ أﺣ ٌﺪ إﻻ ذ �ل ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬وﻛﺬب ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻪ«‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻵﺛﺎر وﺟ َﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ًا ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺎب‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﻞ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺑﻪ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺮادﻫﻢ ﺑﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل آﺛﺎرﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬

‫‪47‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬