RTIME 2K20 PROCEEDINGS

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 was due to the addition of graphite [6] Gopi Krishna, M., Praveen Kumar, K., which act as a lubricant. Naga Swapna, M., Babu Rao, J., & • Hardness, tensile strength decreased Bhargava, N. R. M. R. Metal-metal with increasing volume fraction of Composites-An Innovative Way for graphite as compared to cast Multiple Strengthening. Materials Today: AA6061 alloy. Proceedings, (2017). 4(8), 8085–8095. [7] Miroslava Klárová. (2015). Composite References materials, 43. 1.Hull D, Clyne TW. An Introduction to [8] Huang, S., Peng, W., Visic, B., & Zak, Composite Materials. New York: A. (2018). Materials Science & Engineering Cambridge University Press(1996) A Al alloy metal matrix composites [2] Krishan K. Chawla, Composite Materials reinforced by WS 2 inorganic Nano Science and Engineering. 3rd ed. New York: materials. Materials Science & Engineering Springer ( 2011). ,(2017), 290–300. [3] Dipti Kanta Das, Purna Chandra Mishra, [9] T.S Mohan kumar, S. Srinivas, M Saranjit Singh and Ratish Kumar Thakur Ramachandra, K.V Mahendra and Madeva Properties of ceramic-reinforced aluminum Nagaral. Effect of Fly ash and sic matrix composites - a review International Particulates Addition on Mechanical Journal of Mechanical and Materials Properties of Al -5wt.% Cu Alloy Engineering(2014), 1:12 Composites. IOSR-JMCE.(2015),12(4), 01- [4] Hashim J, Looney L, Hashmi MS. Metal 05. matrix composites: production by the stir [10]H.C. Anilkumar, H.S. Hebbar and K.S. casting method. J Mater Process Ravishankar Mechanical Properties Of Fly Technol(1999), 92:1–7. Ash Reinforced Aluminum Alloy (Al6061) [5] Kumar M, Gupta RK, Anand PA. Composites. IJMME(2011),6(1), 41-45. Review on Fabrication and Characteristics [11]N.Radhika, R. Subramanian, S. Venkat of Metal Matrix Composites Fabricated By Prasat Tribological Behavior of Stir Casting IOP Conf. Series. Material Aluminum/Alumina/Graphite Hybrid Metal Science Eng. (2018),377. Matrix Composite Using Taguchi’s ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 281 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG.

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 Techniques. Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering (2011),10(5),427-433. [12]. Manoj Singla, D. Deepak Dwivedi, Lakhvir Singh and Vikas Chawla Development of Aluminium Based Silicon Carbide Particulate Metal Matrix Composite. Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering (2009), 8(6), 455-467. ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 282 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG.

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 Experimental Investigation of a Magnetic Fuel Ionization Method in a DI Diesel Engine to Improve the Performance and Emissions Dr. A. Raj Kumar1 Dr. G. Janardhana Raju2 1 Associate Professor and Head of the Department, Guru Nanak Institutions Technical Campus. Hyderabad Institutions, Hyderabad. [email protected], 2 [email protected] Abstract: The increase in usage of the Neodymium N52 magnet with field automobiles day by day releases a huge intensity 8,000 Gauss that is fixed on fuel amount of exhaust emissions such as HC, intake manifold. This magnet creates a CO, CO2 and NOx etc. All these powerful magnetic field thereby the pollutants in exhaust emissions mainly hydrocarbons changes their orientation. depend on combustion phenomena which Due to this the molecules interlocked with occur in engine cylinder. The effect of the oxygen during combustion process and incomplete combustion releases a large produces better combustion in the engine amount of exhaust emissions as well as cylinder. The enhanced combustion leads low brake thermal efficiency. To address to increase in the performance and these problems a noval method of reduction in emissions of engine. magnetic fuel ionization method is adopted to condition the fuel. In the present Key words: Combustion, magnetic fuel investigation the experiments were ionization, exhaust emissions, diesel conducted by using permanent engine. ionization technique to improve the 1. INTRODUCTION molecular excitement and turbulence. The deficiency of conventional diesel fuel and huge exhaust emissions from diesel Magnetic fuel technique works on the engines induced the researchers and engine principle of high magnetic field intensity manufacturers to innovate various which interacts with the hydrocarbon techniques to address the fuel consumption molecules present in the fuel and and can reduce the exhaust emissions. One molecules of oxygen. All the liquid fuels of these techniques is ionizing the are the mixture of organic chemical hydrogen molecules in the fuel to create compounds, which mainly consists of the homogenous mixture and fine spray of hydro-carbons. Due to the various fuel in injection by using high magnetic attractive forces, these compounds form field intensity. Normally fuels for motor closely packed structures known as pseudo vehicles are compound molecules, these hydrocarbon compounds. During the molecules are not realigned so the diesel air/fuel mixing process these structures are fuel is not inter locked actively with the relatively stable, so it is not possible to oxygen during the reaction. Hence the penetrate into the oxygen atoms into their hydrocarbons molecules present in the fuel interior. The entry of suitable quantities of must be realigned through the magnetic oxygen to the interior of these associations ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 282 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG.

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 is therefore hindered [1]. This leads to 2.1 Magnetic device incomplete combustion of diesel fuel and Three Neodymium N52 permanent causes the formation of more exhaust magnets with different field intensity emissions. (8,000, 9,000, and 10,000 Gauss) devices were used in the present research work. Due to the high magnetic field, These magnets were fixed on fuel intake hydrocarbons which are present in the manifolds; Fig. 1.1 shows the arrangement diesel de-cluster and attain more contact of magnets. area, to react with oxygen [2]. According to Vander wall’s hypothesis weak Fig 1.1: Photograph of molecular forces of hydrogen molecules Neodymium N52 magnets fixed on cannot have a strong bond with oxygen. If the oxygen have a strong bond with fuel line hydrogen then the combustion rate can be 2.2 Experimental set up: enhanced due to this there is a reduction in The experimental setup consists of single fuel consumption and increase in brake cylinder, four stroke water cooled, variable thermal efficiency[3],[4]. The advantage of compression ratio Research engine polarity is that it creates the dipoles of the coupled to dynamometer with a bore of magnet which influence under huge 87.5mm and stroke of 110mm was used magnetic fields. This leads in improved for performance and emissions testing. brake thermal efficiency as well as less Complete engine specifications are given consumption of fuel [5]. The status of free in Table 1. association, directional order of and perfectly aligned hydrocarbons in the fuel is noticed after the ionization. This type of hydrocarbon molecules reacts very rapidly with oxygen molecules resulting better combustion [6][7]. The contact of oxygen in the correct quantity to the inner groups of particles is hindered and this deficiency oxygen to the group that delays the complete combustion [8]. Hydrocarbon molecules conditioned with the magnetic ionization method lean to de-cluster, developing smaller molecules readily penetrated with oxygen which leading to improved combustion [9]. 2. Methodology The influence of the magnetic ionization of fuel (diesel) utilized in the diesel engines and its effect on the fuel consumption as well as exhaust emissions and the suitable method was investigated. The equipment and description of the materials used in the present investigation is given below. ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 283 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG.

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 Table 2.1: Engine Specifications using orifice air flow meter. The engine exhaust gas was analyzed by using AVL Make and Model Research Engine Test DIGAS-444 infrared gas analyzer and setup code 240 PEX AVL 437 c smoke meter. The exhaust gases were sent to the gas analyzer directly Apex innovations from the exhaust pipe. The schematic pvt.Ltd. diagram of the experimental set-up is shown in Figure 2. Type of Engine Multi fuel Fig:2 Engine Setup Number of Single cylinder, Four Cylinders Stroke The experiments were conducted at a constant engine speed of 1500rpm with a Cooling Media water cooled, compression ratio of 18. Initial load condition begins with no load and an Rated Capacity 3.5 KW @ 1500 rpm, increment of 3kg with a maximum load of 15 kg. The magnetic fuel device was fixed Cylinder diameter 87.5 mm in between the fuel pump and fuel injector. The diesel passed through the fuel line Stroke length 110 mm, oriented at 900 with the magnet assembly. The same procedure was repeated for Compression ratio 12-18 different loads and performance graphs of range brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) were Injection variation 0- 25 o BTDC obtained for conventional and ionized Dynamometer diesel. Meanwhile, pressure transducers Eddy current displayed the reading of Indicated Mean Dynamometer Effective Pressure with a change in crank angle which was shown and plotted on Lab Overall W 2000 x D 2500 x H VIEW. The engine exhaust gas was flown dimensions 1500 mm from constant volume gas calorimeter with An eddy current dynamometer was attached with the diesel engine output shaft for generating loads. In-cylinder pressure variations were recorded by piezoelectric pressure transducer fixed on the head of the piston and charge encoder for every computer-aided design (C.A.D). Lab View software obtained the in-cylinder pressure data as a direct measurement of crank angle and heat release rate and Indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP). Analog data from Resistance temperature detector (RTD) thermocouple was measured by NI- USB Data acquisition. The diesel flow rate was recorded by using glass burette and the necessary air flow was measured by ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 284 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG.

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 temperature transducers and variation in Fig. 3.2 illustrates the variation in brake the temperature of the magnetized diesel thermal efficiency (BTE) with the change was recorded. Exhaust gas samples of in brake power. In all cases, brake thermal normal diesel and ionized diesel were then efficiency increases with an increase in passed through exhaust gas analyzer and brake power. This can be attributed to the readings of Nitrogen oxide (NOX), reduction in heat loss and increase in Carbon Monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide power with increase in load. (CO2), Un burnt hydrocarbon (UBHC) It is also observed that magnetized diesel were examined. fuel exhibits slightly higher thermal efficiency at most of the loads than diesel. 3. Results and discussion: The magnetic field intensities and diesel, 8,000 Gauss magnetic intensity has higher 3.1 Effect of Magnetic ionization of brake thermal efficiency at maximum diesel on fuel consumption power, which is 3.46 % higher than the diesel. The brake thermal efficiency Fig. 3.1 illustrates the variation in brake depends upon the combustion quality of specific fuel consumption with the change the fuel. in brake power. For magnetic field intensity 8000 Gauss and diesel tested, 40 BSFC decreased with increase in brake 35 power. In case of magnetized diesel fuel, 30 the BSFC values were determined to be 25 lower than that of diesel fuel at all loads. It 20 is well known that brake specific fuel 15 consumption is inversely proportional to 10 the brake thermal efficiency. The magnetic 5 field intensity 8,000 Gauss has the lowest 0 value of brake specific fuel consumption and the value is 0.26 Kg/Kw-hr at 3.5 Kw, 0 which is 14.68% when compared with normal diesel engine. Brake specific fuel NE consumption (kg/kW-hr) 8000 Gauss Brake thermal efficiency 123 4 (%) Brake power (kW) 3.3 Effect of Magnetic ionization of diesel on Brake thermal efficiency 1.2 NE The hydrocarbon emissions of the three 1.1 8000 Gauss different magnetic field intensities are lower than the diesel due to complete 1 123 4 combustion process. It is observed that 0.9 Brake power (kW) with increase in magnetic field intensities 0.8 the hydrocarbon emissions are decreases 0.7 accordingly. Fig 3.4 shows that the 0.6 magnetic field intensity 8,000 Gauss, has 0.5 15.73 % lower hydrocarbon emissions 0.4 than the normal diesel engine. 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 3.1 Effect of Magnetic ionization of diesel on brake specific fuel consumption ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 285 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG.

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 Hydrocarbons (PPM) 100 NE the combination of nitric oxide (NO) 90 8000 Gauss and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Nitrogen 80 and oxygen react relatively at high 70 123 4 temperature. Therefore high 60 temperature and availability of oxygen 50 Brake power (kW) are the two main reasons for formation 40 of NOx. It is observed that 8,000 30 Gauss magnetic intensity produces 3.3 20 % lower than normal diesel engine. 10 0 0 3.3 Effect of Magnetic ionization of diesel 1000 NE on Unburned Hydrocarbons 900 8000 Gauss 800 The major reason to the CO formation is NOx (ppm) 700 123 insufficient time and oxygen for oxidation 600 of CO to CO2. Fig. 3.5 illustrates the 500 Brake power (kW) 4 variation in Carbon monoxide with the 400 change in brake power. It can be observed 300 that CO emissions increase with increasing 200 engine load, due to increase in the peak combustion temperature and the associated 0 increase in the rate of dissociation reaction. From the graph it is observed thatCarbon monoxide (%vol) 3.5 Effect of Magnetic ionization 8,000 Gauss has 19.8% lower Carbon of diesel on NOx monoxide than diesel at peak load. Fig 3.6 represents the smoke emission measured in the engine exhaust. The 0.35 amount of soot formed depends upon the fuel ratio and type of fuel. If soot is 0.3 not burned in combustion cycle, it will NE pass through the exhaust, and it will become visible. It is observed from the 0.25 figure that smoke opacity is 12.88% 8000 Gauss lower for the 8,000 Gauss magnetic intensity when compared with the 0.2 normal diesel engine. 0.15 Smoke number (Bosch) 5 NE 4.5 8000 Gauss 0.1 4 0.05 3.5 0 3 01234 2.5 Brake power (kW) 2 1.5 3.4 Effect of Magnetic ionization of 123 4 diesel on Carbon monoxide. 1 0.5 Brake power (kW) 0 0 The variation in the NOx emissions at 3.6 Effect of Magnetic ionization different engine power is shown in Fig. of diesel on smoke opacity 3.6. Oxides in the engine exhaust are ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 286 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG.

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 4. Conclusions: Experiments for 3. Hricak RZ. Air fuel magnetizer. performance and exhaust emission Google Patents; 1994. characteristics are conducted on a single cylinder, Four stroke, constant speed DI 4. Govindasamy P, Dhandapani S. diesel engine at a compression ratio of 18. Experimental Investigation of The following conclusions are drawn Cyclic Variation of Combustion based on the experiments were conducted Parameters in Catalytically by using permanent Neodymium N52 Activated and Magnetically magnet with field intensity 8,000 Gauss Energised Two-stroke SI Engine. that is fixed on fuel intake manifold. All 2007;6(May):45–59. parameters are compared at full load with normal diesel engine. 5. Guo, H., Z. Liu, Y. Chen and R. Yao, A Study of Magnetic effects ➢ The brake thermal efficiency is on the Physicochemical Properties increased by 3.46% when of Individual Hydrocarbons. compared with normal diesel Logistical Engineering College, engine. Chongqing 400042, P.R China, 1994: p. 216-220. ➢ The brake specific fuel consumption is decreased by 6. Pera I. Magnetizing hydrocarbon 14.68% when compared with fuels and other fluids. Google normal diesel engine. Patents; 1987. ➢ The hydrocarbon emission is 7. Okoronkwo, Nwachukwu, Ngozi – reduced by15.73 % when Olehi, Igbokwe. The effect of compared with the normal diesel electromagnetic flux density on the engine. ionization and the combustion of fuel (An economy design project). ➢ The carbon monoxide is reduced Am J Sci Ind Res [Internet]. by 19.8% when compared with the 2010;1(3):527–31. Available from: normal diesel engine. http://www.scihub.org/AJSIR/PDF /2010/3/AJSIR-1-3-527-531.pdf ➢ The Nitrogen oxide is reduced by 3.3% when compared with the 8. .N. Nedunchezhian, S. Dhandapani, normal diesel engine. \"Experimental Investigation of Cyclic Variation of Combustion ➢ The smoke opacity is reduced Parameters in A Catalytically by12.88 % when compared with Activated Two Stroke SI Engine the normal diesel engine. Combustion Chamber\", SAE-India, Paper, (1999) , 990014, pp. 1-16. 5. References: 9. R. R. Bowker, \"Permanent Magnet 1. Bowker RR. Permanent magnet Design Guide\", Magnet Sales and design guide. Magn sales Manuf Manufacturing & Co, Co, USA. 2000;11–67. USA,(2000), pp. 11-67 2. Lisseveld W. Magnetic treatment of diesel fuel. (2):1–10. Available from: https://www.missioncriticalmagazi ne.com/ext/resources/whitepapers/ White-Paper-on-Magnetic-Fuel- Treatment.pdf . ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 287 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG.

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 AUTOMATIC FIRE EXTINGUISHER USED IN VEHICLES Dr.G. JANARDHANA RAJU1 PANDRALA SAI KALYAN 2 JIBIN ABRAHAM2 PODUPATI VISHAL2 1 Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering Nalla Narasimha Reddy Education Society’s Group of Instititions, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India. Abstract— 1. INTRODUCTION ABSTRACT Fire safety is the set of practices A fire extinguisher apparatus is provided intended to reduce the destruction caused for preventing and extinguishing fires in by fire. Fire safety measures include an engine compartment of a motor those that are intended to prevent ignition vehicle. The apparatus includes a thermocouple sensor assembly supported of an uncontrolled fire, and those that by the motor vehicle and a fire are used to limit the development and extinguisher module supported by the effects of a fire after it starts. motor vehicle. The fire extinguisher module includes a valve assembly. A Threats to fire safety are commonly valve control assembly is electrically referred to as fire hazards. A fire hazard connected to the thermocouple sensor may include a situation that increases the assembly, is supported by the fire likelihood of a fire or may impede escape extinguisher module, and is employed for in the event a fire occurs. controlling the valve assembly. A manifold assembly is supported by the The flaming stage of a fire will start motor vehicle and is connected to the with a rapid rise in heat levels, initially valve assembly. The manifold assembly along the room's ceiling, and then receives a quantity of fire extinguishing throughout the entire space. During the from the fire extinguisher module when first two to three minutes, ceiling the valve assembly is operated by the temperatures can reach 1,000°C valve control assembly. The manifold (1,800°F). Over the next few minutes, assembly includes a first manifold branch these temperatures will spread throughout which extends along a first side of the the room as the ceiling's layer of hot engine compartment and includes a gases migrates. Ultimately, this gas layer second manifold branch which extends acts like an oven's broiler, superheating along a second side of the engine and compartment. A plurality of nozzle igniting all combustibles in the room. assemblies are supported by and are At that point, the room and all within it arrayed along the manifold branches. The are completely destroyed. nozzle assemblies direct flow of a quantity of fire extinguisher toward an engine positioned between the first SOME COMMON FIRE HAZARDS: manifold branch and the second manifold branch. The thermocouple sensor Kitchen fires from unattended assembly is responsive to the temperature cooking, grease fires/chip pan of a vehicle . fires. ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 288 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 Electrical systems that are U.S. Parmelee called his invention the overloaded, poorly maintained or \"automatic fire extinguisher\". He then defective. traveled to Europe to demonstrate his method to stop a building fire before Combustible storage areas with total destruction. insufficient protection. Andy J. Rhines ,discloses an Combustibles near equipment that automatically activated, inertia-responsive, generates heat, flame, or sparks. under-hood fire extinguisher which is located in one location under the hood and Candles and other open flames. sprays a fire extinguisher from that one under-hood location to other regions under Smoking (Cigarettes, cigars, the hood. Because of the single location of pipes, lighters, etc.). the fire extinguisher, the concentration of the fire extinguisher received by under- Equipment that generates heat and hood fire decreases the farther away from utilizes combustible materials. the that the under-hood fire is. Because such a concentration gradient of fire Flammable liquids and aerosols. extinguisher under the hood of a motor vehicle is not desirable, it would be Flammable solvents (and rags desirable if a fire extinguisher system had soaked with solvent) placed in a plurality of fire extinguisher dispensers enclosed trash cans. under the hood so that reduced concentration gradients of the fire Fireplace chimneys not properly extinguisher are provided under the hood. or regularly cleaned. EXPERIMENTATION Cooking appliances - stoves, ovens. One automatic fire-extinguisher is placed at a desired location within a • heating appliances - region wherein automatic extinguishing fireplaces, wood-burning should be effected when fire occurs stoves, furnaces, boilers, therein, one fire-extinguisher including portable heaters, integrally a bomb containing a fire- extinguishing agent under pressure and a 2. LITERATURE REVIEW gas jetting nozzle connected through a valve ; one temperature sensor arranged at Philip .W. Pratt of Abinghton, M.A.in a desired location within said region; and 1872 first experimented with automatic an intermediate solenoid valve is sprinkler system, but was unable to sell connected to automatic fire- his idea and the patent expired. Henry S. extinguishing system. Fire extinguisher is Parmalee of New Haven, CT created and being provided with a temperature installed the first automatic fire sprinkler controller to receive an actuation signal system in 1874, using solder that melted from outside and an electro-mechanical in a fire to plug holes in the otherwise means for opening the valve. Here the open water pipes. At the time he was the solenoid valve is made to connect with president of Mathusek Piano Works. the extinguisher using a screw attachment Parmelee invented his sprinkler system between extinguisher and solenoid valve. in response to exorbitantly high Then, at the other end of the solenoid insurance rates. Parmelee patented his valve a temperature controller is idea and had great success with it in the connected. This temperature controller is ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 289 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 further connected with a thermocouple Fig System Flowchart which is used to detect the temperature from the outside medium. Here, the IMPLEMENTATION temperature is made to set in the thermocouple (ex: 80 degree celcius). COPPER TUBE Copper piping is a tube-like material First the thermocouple senses the made from copper, a red-brown metal temperature from the outter medium, then with the chemical symbol Cu and atomic the temperature signal from the number 29. It is used to convey water, thermocouple is received by temperature gas, oil or other fluid from one location to controller and displays the current another. There are two types of copper temperature in it. If the temperature from tubing. the thermocouple exceeds the value of recorded temperature, then the SOFT COPPER: temperature controller sends a power supply to the solenoid valve. This power Soft (or ductile) copper tubing can be is sent to the solenoid valve and this bent easily to travel around obstacles in electric power gets converted to electro- the path of the tubing. While the work magnetic forces. This electro-magnetic hardening of the drawing process used to forces makes the valve to open and makes way for the flow of extinguishing agent through the valve. When the solenoid valve gets open it allows the extinguishing agent to pass through the valve directly from the extinguisher cylinder. Once the temperature of the outside medium gets normal the solenoid valve gets closed. By this automatic fire extinguishment methodology the formation of fire occured in the automobile can be stopped effectively. ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 290 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 size the tubing makes the copper hard or soft and can be bent/formed without rigid, it is carefully annealed to make it cracking. soft again; it is therefore more expensive to produce than non-annealed, rigid Fig: Copper tube 6 MM copper tubing. It can be joined by any of the three methods used for rigid copper, FORMATION OF THE SETUP: and it is the only type of copper tubing suitable for flare connections. Soft copper STEP-1 is the most popular choice for refrigerant lines in split-system air conditioners and 1) First a car bannet is taken and heat pumps. with appropriate measurements the design for copper tube is RIGID COPPER: made. Rigid copper is a popular choice for water 2) The dimensions for the design of lines. Rigid or \"Hard\" copper tubing is copper tube are( Height:16 inch , generally referred to as \"pipe\". Copper Length:35.5 inch Distance \"piping\" is referred to by nominal pipe between the bendings are 10cm). size, or the inner diameter. It is joined using a solder/sweat, roll grooved, 3) By using this dimensions the 5m compression or crimped/pressed copper tube is bend and made connection. Rigid copper, rigid due to the similar to the design. work hardening of the drawing process, cannot be bent and must use elbow fittings 4) After the copper tube is bent, 10cm markings are made onto the copper tube. 5) After the markings are done, 1.5mm drill holes are made using drilling operation. to go around corners or around obstacles. Fig: Dimensions taken for the design of If heated and allowed to cool in a process copper tube called annealing, rigid copper will become ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 291 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 Fig: Bended copper tube as per dimensions STEP-2 1) In this step first a fire extinguisher is taken. 2) To that fire extinguisher a solenoid valve is fixed using some attachments. 3) Then the wires of the solenoid valve is connected to the two terminals of temperature controller. 4) After this a thermocouple is taken and the wires of the thermocouple is connected to the two terminals of temperature controller. 5) To this temperature controller the temperature limit is set to 80° Celsius fig 4.10 bended copper tube placed in Fig : Full Setup a car bonnet WORKING OF THE FULL SETUP . 1) In this setup the thermocouple is used as a sensor. 2) This thermocouple senses the temperature from outside medium. 3) As the thermocouple is connected to the temperature controller, the temperature controller receives the temperature signals from the thermocouple. 4) With this signals the temperature controller displays the current temperature in it. 5) As we have set the temperature limit to 80°C, the temperature ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 292 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 controller compares the current small amount of fire is able to damage temperature with the reference a huge part of a society. Although temperature. smoke detectors and fire alarms alert people of danger, they often have few 6) If the current temperature exceeds choices other than escaping from a car the reference temperature, then and calling the fire department. the temperature controller sends a Although waiting for fire fighters to electric current to the solenoid rescue people may not always be the valve. best choice. The modern day home and business should be equipped with at 7) The solenoid valve receives the least one fire extinguisher. Using electric current from the modern fire extinguisher is not so easy temperature controller,due to this and only a professional user can use it. current the valve of the solenoid Fire fighting is a highly technical gets open. profession which needs a lot of training and education to become a 8) When the valve gets open the professional. So using a fire extinguishing agent present in the extinguisher is not at all suitable for extinguisher come out from the people’s residence. For those purpose valve. automated fire fighting system will be the best choice. By the use of these 9) By the passage of extinguishing automatic fire extinguisher the agent from the valve the valuable life of the humans can be incrementation of temperature or saved. fire can be controlled/stopped. 10) When the outside temperature goes below the reference temperature the valve gets closed. CONCLUSION REFERENCES In our daily life, whether it’s an industry or domestic, the most 1) Ahrens, M.: U.S: Vehicle Fire common and fatal accidents occurred Trends and Patterns, Fire are due to fire. This results in both Analysis and Research Division, human loss and property loss. Fires NFPA, Quincy, MA 2008 claim the lives of innocent people around the world every single day. A 2) GIDAS German: In-Depth ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 293 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 Accident Study,www.gidas.org, Extinguisher System For A Hanover 2009. Vehicle.” 3) Lavelle J., Kononen D., Nelander J.: Field Data 10) David A.Scherbel, Darren Improvements for Fire Safety Gorman- “Fire Extinguishing Research; General Motors System.” Corporation, Paper Number 98- S6-W- 45. 11) Andres Kashnikow, David 4) Ragland, C.; His-Sheng, H.: A Deal-“ Fire Safety System”. case study of 214 Fatal Crashes Involving Fire, NHTSA Research 12) Frank Brown Cramer-“ Fire and Special Programs Control System.” Administration, US Paper Number 98-S4-O- 08; 1998. 13) Toshihiko Kameyama-“ 5) Fordyce, T.; van Selow, W.; Le- Resnick, H.: Crashes Automatic Fire Extinguisher.” Accompanied by Fire: What does the 14) Abdul Sitabkhan-“ Self- 6) Accident Data tell us? 2006 SAE Activated Fire Extinguisher.” World Congress, Paper 2006-01- 0790, Detroit 2006. 15) Goran Sundholm- “Sprinkler.” 7) Egelhaaf, M., Wolpert, D.: Vehicle Fires and the Danger to 16) Gary F.Holland, Paul Emergency Personnel, 2007 SAE H.Wierenga- “Vehicle Fire World Congress, Paper 2007-01- Extinguisher”. 0878, Detroit 2007. 8) Digges, K., Stephenson, R. 17) Orrett H.Thomas- “Fire Bedewi, G.: Research Programs Extinguishing System For in Crash-Induced Fire Safety¸ Automotive Vehicles.” 2005 SAE World Congress, Paper 2005-01-1425, Detroit 2005 18) Andy J.Rhines- “Vehicle Engine 9) Sherman Basinger, Stephen Fire Extinguisher Apparatus.” P.Avila – “Automatic Fire ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 294 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 Multi criteria optimization of process parameters using Taguchi based utility concept coupled with analytic hierarchy process in Turning process B.Singaravel K.Chandra Shekar Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Vignan Institute of Technology and Science Department of Mechanical Engineering Vignan Institute of Technology and Science Hyderabad, India [email protected] (Corresponding author) Hyderabad, India S.Deva Prasad N.Venkateshwaralu Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Vignan Institute of Technology and Science Department of Mechanical Engineering Vignan Institute of Technology and Science Hyderabad, India Hyderabad, India Abstract— High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) to find the significance effect of process is one of the medium carbon steels (EN25 steel) parameters on output variables. The results are which have good mechanical properties than showed that proposed method is capable for carbon steel. In this analysis, experimental solving multi objective optimization with investigation is carried out on turning of EN25 consideration of their relative importance. steel for the estimation of optimum combination of process parameters by using a novel approach Keywords— Turning; EN25steel; Process of Taguchi based utility concept coupled with parameters; Taguchi; utility concept; AHP Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The experiments are designed as per mixed level I. INTRODUCTION design of Taguchi L18 mixed level orthogonal array and the selected process parameters are The quality of the machined component is cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut in order estimated by surface roughness, which is influence to minimize micro hardness, surface roughness by machining parameters [1]. Surface roughness of and maximize Material Removal Rate (MRR). the machined components influences the fatigue Utility concept is used to transfer multi criteria strength, wear resistance and corrosion resistance optimization problem into equivalent single [2]. Micro hardness measurement is used to criteria problem. The result revealed that the characterize the functional attribute of the machined proposed method is appropriate for solving component and to calculate work hardening effect multi criteria optimization of process after machining operation [3]. The assessment of parameters. AHP is used to estimate the weight quality of the machined component is done usually criteria of each objective. Also, results showed by measurement of its surface roughness, micro that cutting speed of 179 m/min, feed rate of 0.26 hardness and residual stresses [4]. Increased mm/rev and depth of cut of 1.8 mm are the productivity of any machining operation material optimum combination of process parameters. removal rate plays a vital role [5]. The better Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) concept is used production rate in machining operation is acheived ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 295 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 by its rate of material removal [6]. The The method was used to optimize the process improvement of particular machining operation is parameters simultaneously and applicable to all an important task. This is acheived by the selection types of machining operations [13]. Multi objective of proper machining parameters [7]. This proper optimization is carried out in turning of AISI 202 machining parameters is selected by previous steel using utility concept. The result indicated that experiences and standard handbooks. It may or may proposed method has appropriate procedure to solve not be give good performance. Hence the better multiple objectives simultaneously [14]. machining parameters prediction by using proper ststistical procedure is an important one. The objective of this work is to calculate the optimum process parameters to minimize surface Taguchi method is an experimental approach, roughness, micro hardness and maximize MRR which uses orthogonal array and signal to noise using Taguchi based utility concept coupled with (S/N) ratio in order to estimate the optimal AHP and ANOVA in turning operation of EN25 parameter setting in a process. This method is steel using coated carbide tool. achieving optimum results with minimum number of experiments. The process is enhanced, when the II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP optimized results are used. Taguchi proved that if experimental runs are selected suitably there is no In this work EN25 steel is considered as the the necessity to consider full factorial experiments. But work piece material and the presence of elements of this method is most suitable for single objective EN25 steel is given in Table I. This material have optimization only, but the industrial products are high mechanical strength than carbon steel [15]. multi responsive. Hence Taguchi technique is Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) and Physical converted into multi response optimization Vapour Deposition (PVD) coated carbide inserts are technique [8]. The effect of individual parameters used as the cutting tool material. with percentage contribution can be determined by Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) [9]. In multi Table: I Chemical composition (wt %) of EN25 objective optimization, AHP method is used to find steel the relative importance of each criterion by pair- wise comparison matrix [10]. C Si Mn Ni Cr M S P Fe o Gaitonde et al. [11] studied the effect of machining parameters and minimum quantity 0.2 0.1 0.6 2.4 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 Bala lubrication in turning of brass using Taguchi based utility concept. The optimal parameter levels and 93 85 29 9 77 1 2 2 nce identifying the level of importance of the process parameters were identified using analysis of means Taguchi Orthogonal Array (OA) is used to and ANOVA. Datta and Mahapatra [12] used analyze the effect of process parameters on Taguchi method utility theory and PCA for performance characteristics with minimum number simultaneous optimization of multiple surface of experiments. The turning operations are carried quality characteristics. This technique was used to out in dry environment. This work considers mixed determine the process environment and optimal level design of L18 orthogonal array to turning machining parameters for achieving high surface operations with different combinations of input quality. Taguchi coupled with utility concept is used parameters. The levels of selected process to optimize the process parameters and minimum parameters are shown in Table II. amount of lubricant in turning operation of brass. Table II Machining parameters and their levels Factors Levels ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 296 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 Coated tool Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 CV 113 0.2 416 52. 3 D 179 6 1.8 413 2.09 88 Cutting speed CVD PVD --- 179 0.1 425 (m/min) coated tool coated tool 4 CV 179 0 0.6 431 10. Feed (mm/rev) 245 D 245 0.1 436 1.88 74 Depth of cut 113 179 245 8 1.2 447 (mm) 5 CV 245 0.2 428 38. 0.10 0.18 0.26 D 113 6 1.8 464 2.14 66 0.6 1.2 1.8 113 0.1 451 6 CV 113 0 1.2 457 83. In measurement of microhardness, the machined D 179 0.1 477 2.31 77 sample is cut, mounted and polished. The polishing 179 8 1.8 481 is used for obtaining mirror like surface then 7 CV 179 0.2 471 29. polished specimen is subjected to cloth polishing D 245 6 0.6 504 2.27 40 using fine alumina powder. Micro hardeness is 245 0.1 492 measured at three positions with the help of Vickers 8 CV 245 0 1.8 498 79. micro hardness tester and the average value D 0.1 2.56 38 considered for further analysis. The surface 8 0.6 roughness of the machined sample is measured by 9 CV 0.2 38. Mitutoyo surftest SJ 310 roughness tester. The rate D 6 1.2 2.68 22 of material removal in turning operation is is the 0.1 volume of the material that is removed per unit 10 0 1.2 20. time, which is estimated using the following PVD 0.1 2.02 34 equation. 8 1.8 11 0.2 12. Material removal rate = v×f×d (1) PVD 6 0.6 2.34 20 cm3/min 0.1 12 0 1.8 35. Where, 'v' is the cutting speed (m/min), 'f' is the PVD 0.1 2.53 25 feed rate (mm/rev), and 'd' is the depth of cut (mm). 8 0.6 Table III (Cutting speed - m/min; Feed rate - 13 0.2 21. mm/rev; Depth of cut – mm; Micro hardness – Hv; PVD 6 1.2 2.44 48 Surface roughness - µm; MRR - cm3/min) shows the results of experiments. 14 57. Table III Experimental results PVD 2.69 99 15 27. PVD 2.85 92 16 44. PVD 2.74 10 17 26. PVD 3.01 46 18 76. PVD 3.37 44 III. METHODOLOGY Taguchi based utility concept S. Coat Cutti Fe Dep Micro Surfac MR Taguchi method is a unique optimization tool No ed ng ed th hardn e R used for optimization of process parameter. This tool speed rat of ess roughn method uses orthogonal array and S/N ratio to e cut ess optimize process parameters. Orthogonal array is 1 CV 0.1 6.7 used to reduce the experiments and S/N ratio 1.41 8 indicates the standard deviation for the objective D 113 0 0.6 402 24. function. Generally Taguchi method considered 2 CV 0.1 D 113 8 1.2 409 1.81 40 ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 297 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 three types of objectives namely smaller-the-best, If Xi represents the measure of effectiveness of an attribute i and n represents number of objective larger-the-best, and nominal-the-best [8,9]. parameters, then the overall utility function can be stated as In this investigation, surface roughness is considered as the smaller-the-best type response. Therefore, equation (3) has been used to calculate U(X1, X2,…, Xn) = f [U1(X1), U2(X2), …, Un (Xn)] the S/N ratio values of experimental results. (5) For smaller-the-best: n Where, Ui (Xi) is represents the utility of the ith attribute. S = −10log10 1 ∑ yij2) (2) N ratio (n 1=1 In this investigation, micro hardness and MRR The overall utility function is the summation of are larger-the-best type responses. Therefore, each individual utility functions, equation (4) has been used to calculate the SN ratio U(X1, X2, … , Xn) = ∑in=1 Ui(Xi) (6) values of experimental results. The weight factor of each attribute is assigned by AHP method then the overall utility function can be For larger-the-best: stated as S 1n 1 ratio = −10log10 (n ∑ yij2) (3) ������(������1, ������2, … , ������������) = ∑������������=1 ������������������������(������������) N (7) i=1` Where ∑������������=1 Wi = 1 and Wi is the weight assigned If the nominal or target value and variation about to the attribute i. AHP method is used to calculate value are minimum nominal-the-better type is the weight criteria of each objective. The sum of the considered. weights for all attributes must be equal to 1. The overall utility function is of the “larger-the-best” For nominal-the-best: ������ µ2 type characteristics. When utility function is ������ ������������������������������ = −10 × ������������������10 (������2) (4) maximized, the objective functions are considered to be optimized. Table 4 shows the result of utility Where, ������������ = observed value of objective function, method. n= number of experiments, µ= mean and σ= standard deviation. The calculated S/N ratios for Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method each response are shown in Table 4. The weight (Wj) of each output parameter is Quality is the important factor, which is used for determined by AHP and procedure is described as estimation of product using customers. This quality follows [10] is used to control and improve their products more recognized by customers. A composite index is The objective functions C1.C2....,Cn are considered, obtained by combining different assessment in that n represents the number of objective attributes for improvement of rational decision making. This composite index also called as utility functions. A pair wise comparison matrix is formed of a product. Overall utility of a product is the summation of utility of each objective parameter. to find the weight criteria of each objective. The [12-14]. pair–wise comparison matrix expressed by n × n matrix, Table. 4 Results of S/N ratio and utility values S. Micro surface MRR Over ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 298 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 N Hardness Roughness all 330 07 320 96 0 343 o S/ Indi Indi Indi utilit 40 N vidu vidu S/N vidu y S/N Rat -- - - 21. - Rati io al al Rati al funct 24.4 1.63 730 19.1 utilit utilit o utilit ion 11 53. 7.3 184 19 0 6.93 185 o 083 84 188 y yy 53 -- - - 16. - -- - - 30. - 52. 2.9 23.9 0.65 624 19.3 24.4 1.78 944 16.3 1 084 84 589 95 5 5.30 152 12 53. 8.0 712 17 6 9.87 817 53 324 198 62 134 34 -- - - 27. - -- - - 26. - 52. 5.1 24.0 1.13 750 16.3 24.6 1.71 640 17.8 2 234 53 279 89 6 8.85 143 13 53. 7.7 424 22 6 8.49 563 55 245 570 47 837 48 -- - - 34. - -- - - 35. - 52. 6.4 24.0 1.41 466 14.5 24.6 1.89 267 15.3 3 381 02 957 50 4 10.9 159 14 53. 8.5 757 95 9 11.2 248 99 948 642 95 504 90 -- - - 20. - -- - - 28. - 52. 5.4 24.0 1.21 620 18.7 24.5 2.01 919 17.3 4 319 83 667 17 0 6.57 007 15 53. 9.0 918 04 5 9.22 769 01 780 460 96 533 49 -- - - 31. - -- - - 32. - 52. 6.6 24.1 1.46 746 15.5 24.8 1.93 888 16.3 5 567 08 812 04 1 10.1 146 16 54. 8.7 624 48 7 10.4 057 82 270 048 55 915 60 -- - - 38. - -- - - 28. - 52. 7.2 24.2 1.60 461 13.5 24.7 2.11 451 17.8 6 689 72 372 71 9 12.2 750 17 53. 9.5 661 52 8 9.07 052 52 693 839 71 612 33 -- - - 29. - -- - - 37. - 52. 7.1 24.2 1.57 366 16.4 24.8 2.33 666 15.1 7 789 20 833 36 9 9.36 889 18 53. 10. 145 21 4 12.0 31 75 805 944 55 155 62 -- - - 37. 12.1 - A= [������������������] = 53. 8.1 24.3 1.80 994 201 14.0 8 006 64 828 44 2 671 ������11 ������12 ������13 − − a1N 28 ������21 ������22 ������23 − − a2N -- ������31 ������32 ������33 − − a3N (8) 52. 8.5 628 62 - - 31. 10.0 - − − − −− − 97 24.2 1.89 645 950 16.0 9 093 23 8 066 − − − −− − [������������1 ������������2 ������������3 − − aNN] 10 - - - - 26. 8.34 - Where ������������������=1 and ������������������=1/������������������ 53. 6.1 24.5 1.34 167 727 17.5 ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 299 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 The major diagonal of pair-wise comparison MRR are 0.46, 0.221 and 0.319 respectively. The maximum Eigen value (λmax) obtained is 3.1356 and matrix is always 1 due to the comparison made on CR IS 0.0678.This CR value is less than 0.1, which shows good reliability in the formation of pair-wise attribute with itself. The numbers 3, 5, 7, and 9 comparison matrix. represents ‘moderate importance’, ‘strong importance’, ‘very strong importance’, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) ‘absolute importance’ respectively. (With 2, 4, 6, Taguchi technique can determine the effect of and 8 used for compromises between previous individual parameters for entire process using ANOVA. The ANOVA table contains the degrees values) of freedom (DOF), sum of squares (SS), mean square (MS) and percentage contribution (P). The Pair wise comparison matrix significant effects for controlling the responses, contribution of the parameters in terms of their 1 31 percentage error variance in the process are determined by ANOVA [16]. A n x n = [1/3 1 1] (9) 1 11 Table 5: ANOVA table for utility value Maximum Eigen value (λmax) and corresponding normalized Eigen vector are calculated using pair- wise comparison matrix. The weight factor of each objective functions are determined based on this normalized Eigen vector. Accuracy of decision matrix in pair-wise Source SS DOF MS F – Prob > P comparison matrix is difficult due to the presence of close consistency for construction of pair-wise Calculati F comparison matrix. Hence, the term consistency ratio (CR) is introduced to evaluate original on (e- consistency matrix and its deviation. CR value is obtained by the ratio of Consistency Index (CI) to 010) its Random Index (RI). Coated 3.806 1 3.806 721.95 1.18 8.048 tool Cutting 4.678 2 2.3392 437.45 1.843 9.87 speed CR= CI/RI (10) Feed 14.784 2 7.392 1382.37 6.070 30.82 rate Where CI represents the deviation of maximum Eigen value (λmax) from the number of criteria used Depth 24.591 2 12.295 2299.37 4.809 51.26 in the comparison process (i.e.) CI = (λmax - n) / (n - of cut 1). Error 0.0535 10 0.0053 0.1115 Total 47.967 17 100 Where n indicates the number of criteria, and λmax SS=Sum of square; DOF=Degree of freedom; MS= indicates the maximum Eigen value. Table 4 shows Mean square; P=Percentage contribution. the RI value and order of comparison matrix. The objectives selected in this investigation are The results of ANOVA for the utility and relative micro hardness, surface roughness and MRR in closeness values are as shown in Table 5. On which micro hardness, surface roughness are non examining the percentage contribution of the beneficial (i.e.) minimization values and MRR is different factors, it is observed that the depth of cut beneficial (i.e) maximization value. The calculated has the highest contribution of about 51.26 % weights of micro hardness, surface roughness and followed by feed rate at 30.82 %. ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 300 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS level L18 orthogonal array. Highest utility value indicated the optimum combination of machining In this investigation, multiple outputs are parameters. Based on the main effects plot (Fig.1) considered viz., micro hardness, surface roughness, and performance table the optimum machining and MRR. Table 3 shows the experimental results parameters are cutting speed of179 m/min, feed of obtained using L18 mixed level orthogonal matrix. 0.26 mm/rev and depth of cut of 1.8 mm. Taguchi based utility concept is used to investigate the experimental data with the help of utility value. The experimental results revealed that surface According to utility concept the highest value of roughness is increased at higher feed rate. This is utility value is the level of optimum combination of due to increased friction between work piece process parameters. In this experimental study material and cutting tool. In micro hardness micro hardness and surface roughness are taken as analysis, cutting speed is the important parameter, minimization output parameter and MRR is taken as which influences heat generation during machining. maximization type output parameters. Hence This heat generation leads to surface layer of the smaller-the-best concept for minimization objective machined component and this surface layer and larger-the-best concept for maximization influence functional attributes including micro objective are considered to achieve optimum hardness. Generally rate of material removal machining parameters and suitable coated tool. depends on higher feed rate and higher depth of cut. In this study, optimum process parameters show In the utility concept, the multi objective S/N higher level of feed rate and higher level of depth of ratio (������������) of the overall utility value is expressed by cut. Hence, better MRR is obtained at optimum conditions. CVD coated tool enables good ������������ = η 1w1+ η 2w2+ η 3w3 combination of process parameters at optimum conditions. The effects of machining parameters on Where, η1, η2, η3 and w1 w2, w3 are the S/N ratio responses with their percentage contribution are and weighting factors of micro hardness, surface determined by ANOVA. Depth of cut and feed rate roughness and MRR respectively. are the major influenced control factor. Figure 1 Main effects plot for utility value V. CONCLUSIONS The relative importance of every output is calculated with the help of AHP method. This study applied a novel approach of Taguchi Commonly these relative importance are assigned based uitlity concept coupled with AHP method for based on the engineer’s experience and priorities of the selection of optimum process parameters in the output. The calculated weight factors of surface turning operation for coated tools. The following roughness, micro hardness and MRR are 0.46, conclusions are obtained from this analysis: 0.221 and 0.319 respectively. Table 4 shows the calculated utility value of each output in the mixed • CVD coated tool gives better combination of process parameters than PVD coated tool. • The main effects plot of utility value shows the cutting speed of 179 m/min, feed rate 0.26 mm/rev and depth of cut 1.8 mm are the optimum combination of parameters with CVD coated tool. • This optimization method considered weight criteria of each objective for better and accurate evaluation of alternatives. AHP method is applied to estimate the weight ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 301 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 criteria of selected objective and the smoothed particle hydrodynamics” Prod Eng estimated weights are 0.46, 0.221 and 0.319 respectively. Res Devel, Vol.7(6), pp. 639-645, 2013. • The result of ANOVA shows that the depth of cut is the most significant parameter [8] V.N. Gaitonde, S.R. Karnik, J. Paulo Davim, followed by feed rate. “Multi performance Optimization in Turning of • The proposed experimental and statistical approach is simple, useful and reliable Free-Machining Steel Using Taguchi Method methodology to optimize turning process and Utility Concept” J.Mater.Eng.Perform, parameters efficiently. Vol.18, pp. 231–236, 2009. [9] B.R.Sankar, “ Analysis of Forces during Hard Turning of AISI 52100 Steel Using Taguchi Method” Materials Today: Proceedings, 4(2), REFERENCES pp.2114-2118, 2017. [10] R.V.Rao, “Machinability evaluation of work [1] C.Becker, G.Quintana, M.Hermes, B. Cavallini, materials using a combined multiple attribute A.E.Tekkaya, “Prediction of surface roughness decision-making method.” Int J Adv Manuf due to spinning in the incremental tube forming Technol Vo. 28(3-4), pp.221-227, 2006. process” Prod Eng Res Devel,Vol. 7(2-3), [11] V.N. Gaitonde, S.R. Karnik, J. Paulo Davim, pp.153-166, 2013. “Selection of optimal MQL and cutting [2] K.V.M.K.Raju, G.R.Janardhana, P.N.Kumar, conditions for enhancing machinability in V.D.P.Rao, “Optimizations of cutting conditions turning of brass” Journal of materials for surface roughness in CNC end milling” Int J processing technology, Vol.204, pp.454-464, 2008. Precis Eng Man, Vol.12(3), pp.383-391, 2011. [12] Saurav Datta, siba sankar mahapatra, “Simultaneous Optimization of Correlated [3] D.G.Thakur, B.Ramamoorthy, L.Vijayaraghavan, “Study on the machinability Multiple Surface Quality Characte ristics of Mild Steel Turned Product” Intelligent characteristics of superalloy Inconel 718 during high speed turning” Mater & Des, Vol.30(5), Information Management. Vol.2, pp.26-39, pp.1718-1725, 2009. 2010. [4] A. Devillez, G. Le Coz, S. Dominiak, D. [13] Rina Chakravorty, Susanta Kumar Gauri, Dudzinski “Dry machining of Inconel 718, Shankar Chakraborty, “A modified principal workpiece surface integrity” J Mater Process component analysis-based utility theory Tech, Vol. 211(10), pp.1590-1598, 2011. approach for optimization of correlated [5] V.N.Gaitonde, S.R.Karnik, J.P.Davim, “ responses of EDM process” International Multiperformance optimization in turning of Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology free-machining steel using Taguchi method and Vol. 4, pp. 55-61, 2011. utility concept” J Mater Eng Perform, Vol. [14] M. Kaladhar, K. V. Subbaiah, Ch. Srinivasa 18(3), pp.231-236, 2009. Rao, K. Narayana Rao, “Application of Taguchi [6] V.S. Sharma, S. Dhiman, R. Sehgal, S.K. approach and Utility Concept in solving the Sharma, (2008) Estimation of cutting forces and Multi-objective Problem when turning AISI 202 Austenitic Stainless Steel” Journal of surface roughness for hard turning using neural networks. J Intell Manuf, Vol.19(4), pp. 473- Engineering Science and Technology Review, 483, 2008. Vol.4, pp. 55-61, 2011. [7] U. Heisel, W. Zaloga, D. Krivoruchko, M. [15] P.Dineshbabu, G.Buvanashekaran, Storchak, L. Goloborodko, “Modelling of K.R.Balasubramanian, “Experimental orthogonal cutting processes with the method of investigation of laser transformation hardening of low alloy steel using response surface ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 302 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 methodology” Int J Adv Manuf Technol,Vol. 67 pp.1883-1897, 2013. [16] S.K.Khare, S.Agarwal “Optimization of Machining Parameters in Turning of AISI 4340 Steel under Cryogenic Condition using Taguchi Technique” Procedia CIRP, Vol.63, pp.610-614, 2017. ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 303 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF ADDITIVES ON THE IMPACT TEST OF GFRP COMPOSITES P.VINOD Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, VITS, Hyderabad. Abstract - Composites play a vital role in and out of themselves are of little use without the presence of a matrix material or binder. aerospace, land transportation and consumer Applications of Composites goods due to their high toughness and stiffness’s, leading to reduction in the mass of moving  Marine field objects. Some of the important aerospace hardware such as rocket motor casings makes  Air craft and Space extensive use of GFRP (Glass fiber reinforced polymer). Judicious choice of the matrix system  Automotives compatible with new generation high toughness of glass fabric is crucial in obtaining consistent  Sporting goods values of composite strength in impact strength as well as in shear. In the present investigation,  Storage vessels three different resin matrix systems were used in conjunction with fabric. The epoxy (L-12) 2. LITERATURE SURVEY (resin#1), The epoxy(L-12) with 10%of silica An investigation was conducted by Isaac M Daniel particles (resin#2) and The epoxy(L-12) with et.alon failure modes and criteria for their 10%of glass flakes (resin#3) and hardener(K-6) is occurrence in composite columns and beams. They used. The basic idea was to choose a compatible found that the initiation of the various failure resin system with glass fabric in such way that the modes depends on the material properties, best combination of impact properties are geometric dimensions and type of loading. They achieved. The impact properties were determined reported that the loading type or condition by carrying out tests on specimens and find the determines the state of stress throughout the toughness and impact strength. composite structure, which controls the location and mode of failure. The appropriate failure criteria 1. INTRODUCTION at any point of the structure account for the A composite material can be defined as a biaxiality or triaxiality of the state of stress. [1] macroscopic combination of two or more Jawad Kadhim Uleiwi : Studies Investigated the distinct materials, having a recognizable interface effect of fabric volume fraction on the impact between them. However, because composites are properties of the laminated composite constructed usually used for their structural properties, the of different layers, one of them having reinforced definition can be restricted to include only those glass fabric and the other layer reinforced with materials that contain reinforcement (such as Kevlar fabric has been investigated experimentally fibers or particles) supported by a binder (matrix) and the results illustrate that tension stress material. decreases with the increase in fabric volume Fibers fraction of glass fabric of the lower layer while it a) To carry the load. In a structural composite, 70- increases with the increase of Kevlar volume 90% of the load is carried by fibers fraction of the upper layer. [2] b) To provide stiffness, strength, thermal stability Slimane Metiche and Radhouane Masmoudi and other structural properties in the composites :Studied the impact behaviour of light weight Matrix fabric reinforced polymer (FRP) poles. A matrix material fulfils several functions in a Experimental results show that the use of low composite structure, most of which are vital to the linear density glass-fabric could provide an satisfactory performance of the structure. Fibers in increase of the ultimate load carrying capacity up to 38 % for some fabric reinforced polymer poles. ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 It is also observed that the positioning of the hole in the compression side compared to the tension side leads to an increase of the ultimate load carrying capacity up to 22 % for the 5.4m (18 feet) fabric reinforced polymer poles and it was learnt 304 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG.

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 that there was no significant effect (3,5%) for the thermal expansion, high toughness make them very 12m (40 feet) fabric reinforced polymer poles. This popular in aerospace, civil engineering, military, and is mainly due to the stacking sequence and the stress states generated around the hole. [3] motorsports, along with other competition sports. M.Davallo et.al: Investigated the Mechanical However, they are relatively less expensive when behaviour of bidirectional glass- polyester composites to identify performance differences of compared to E-glass fabric are usually combined with composites with different glass lay-ups and other materials to form a composite. When combined laminate thicknesses during impact testing with a plastic resin and wound or molded it forms E- formed b y hand lay-up moulding (HLU). The damage generated in the composites exhibited glass reinforced polymer which has a very high matrix cracking on the lower face followed by strength-to-weight ratio, and is extremely rigid the coalescence of delaminations formed within although somewhat brittle. However, fabric contains the reinforcing plies.[4] less properties when compared with the carbon Michel Espinosa Klymus et.al : Evaluated fabric. the fracture pattern of four composites for indirect dental restoration relating to three-point Epoxy Resin impact strength. Further the compressive Epoxy is a thermosetting polymer formed from strength and modulus of elasticity were also addressed. Composites polymerized under high reaction of an epoxide resin with polyamine temperatures (belle Glass and Targis) had higher hardener. The resin consists of monomers or short impact strength and elastic modulus values than chain polymers with an epoxide group at either end. composites polymerized by light temperatures Most common epoxy resins are produced from a (Artglass and Solidex). It was found that they reaction between epichlorohydrin and bisphenol A. failed earlier under compression because they were more rigid and showed partial fracture in the Epoxy resins are unique among all the thermo material bulk. [5] set resins due to several factors minimum S. Benjamin Lazarus et.al: Investigated the pressure is needed for fabrication of products mechanical properties of natural Fabric normally used for thermosetting resins; cure developed using a plant fabric which is used for shrinkage is much lower and hence lower residual green manuring called Sunhemp. Polyester is used as the matrix to prepare the composite. From the stress in the cured product than that encountered results the applications of the composite for in the vinyl polymerization is used to cure some specific purposes can be decided upon unsaturated polyester resins; use of a wide range of since the maximum value of strength is achieved temperatures by judicious selection of curing agents for a particular Fabric length and Fabric weight enables good control over the degree of cross ratio. [6] linking; and availability of the resin ranging from 3. MATERIAL PREPARATION low viscous liquid to tack-free solids. Because of 3.1 Material Used to Prepare a Composite these unique characteristics and useful properties of Laminate the network polymers, epoxy resins are widely used 1. E glass Fabric. in structural adhesives, surface coatings, 2. Epoxy Resin (LY556) 3. Hardener (K6) engineering composites, and electrical laminates. Most of the composite applications utilize conventional difunctional epoxy as a matrix. However, m a n y high-performance applications such as aerospace and critical defence applications require incorporation of epoxies of higher functionality, known as multifunctional epoxies. Tri- and tetra functional epoxy resins are available commercially. E-glass Fabric Fig.1 Resin E-glass fabric is a material consisting of fibers about 5–10 μm in diameter and composed mostly of glass Hardener The hardener used in Epoxy is polyamine. A atoms. To produce carbon glass fabric, the glass polyamine is an organic compound synthetic atoms are bonded together in crystals that are more or substances that are important feed stocks for the chemical industry, such as ethylene diamine H2N- less aligned parallel to the long axis of the fiber and they are arranged in ‘0 and 90 degree directions as the crystal alignment gives the fiber high strength-to- volume ratio (making it strong for its size). In both directions is having tensile strength. The properties of glass fabric, such as high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight, high chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance and low ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 305 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG.

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 CH2-CH2-NH2, 1,3-diaminopropane H2N-(CH2)3- Fig 5.1(b): Allen screws NH2, and hex methylenediamine H2N-(CH2)6-NH2. The amine groups react with the epoxide groups to Bolts and Nuts: This bolts and nuts is to fix the die form a covalent bond. Each NH group can react plate and punch plate to apply the constant force. Material of bolt is mild steel. All the materials are with an epoxide group, so that the resulting made from mild steel. polymer is heavily cross linked, and is thus rigid and strong. Fig.2: Hardener Fig.4: Bolt and nut Extrusion process: In this process firstly remove 4. PROCESS EQUIPMENT the bolts and nuts of die and punch plate, safely Equipments Used to Prepare a Composite Plate are remove the punch plate and next remove allen key, spacers. Last remove the laminate from die plate by  Die Plate using chisel and hammer and laminate is comes out from die plate.  Punch Plate Fig.5: Hand roller  Spacers 5.SPECIMENPREPARATIONAN D TESTING  Bolts And Nuts 5.1 ASTM Specifications  Allen Screws Die Plate Upon which laminas are placed one by one with 0- 900 orientations alternatively and each lamina should have a polythin cover. That cover should place always top side and remove the cover rub with the hand roller without getting air bubbles on laminate. After removing polythin cover it has a gum so another lamina stick to the this lamina. This procedure is done till end of laminas before going to place lamina one side spacer is fixed. Punch plate This applies force on the die plate continuously. This total preparation is manual process and room temperature. Spacers: The main function of spacers is to send the excess resin is sending out from the mould. It has holes to transfer the resin Fig.3: Die, Punch Plate and Spacers 5.2 Impact Test This test method determines the toughness property Allen screws of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced Allen screws attaching the die plate and spacers by high modules fabric. The composite material without any gap and Four sides are arranging to the die plate. forms are limited to continuous fabric reinforced composites in which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the direction ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 Fig.6: V – Notch 306 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG.

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 In this test a thin flat strip of material having a In impact testing machine the specimen is placed like simply supported beam, with the tool slide constant rectangular cross section resting on the reaction supports. Align and centre the specimen such that its longitudinal axis is 67mm×21mm×3mm is mounted in the impact test perpendicular to the loading nose and side supports. Adjust the span height is 162.2mm and of the machine and suddenly load is falling from from that hitting the specimen there absorb the the certain height then the absorbed energy is energy. noted. Fig.7: Impact Test Machine 6. CALCULATION The Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy V- notch test, is a standardized high strain-rate test 6.1 Impact Test which determines the amount of energy absorbed by Impact strength=U/A a material during fracture. This absorbed energy is a Where measure of a given material's notch toughness and U=absorbed energy in joules acts as a tool to study temperature-dependent ductile- A = average cross-sectional area, mm2 brittle transition. It is widely applied in industry, since it is easy to prepare and conduct and results can Resin #1 Data (Pure Composite Plate): be obtained quickly and cheaply. A disadvantage is Width =21mm that some results are only comparative. Thickness=3mm 5.3 Testing Display Reading=93 joules The specimen is placed like simply supported beam Total Reading=300 joules having “V” notch 45 degrees and the pendulum hitting the specimen with certain velocity and it Absorbed Energy =Total Reading-Display Reading absorb some energy and displaying the remaining =300-93 reading on the board. Toughness is obtained from the subscription of the Absorbed Energy=207 joules total energy to display energy. Impact strength is Area (A) =21×3 =63 mm2 obtained by the ratio of absorbed energy to area. Impact strength=U/A The height of the arm is 162.2cm and angle is 45 degrees, the weight of arm is 18kgs. Impact strength=207/63 Impact Strength=3.28 joules/ mm2 A .Test Condition Resin #2 Data (Silica Particle Additives of  The specimens were tested at a strain rate Composite Plate) (displacement) of 2mm/min Width =21mm  Co-axiality of the specimen axis and the Thickness=3mm machine loading axis was ensuring. Display Reading=84.2 joules Total Reading=300 joules  Two layers of emery cloth were used on either end of the specimen to hold Absorbed Energy =Total Reading-Display Reading between the grips. =300-84.2  Cognizes was taken in respect of the Absorbed Energy=215.8 joules results in which explosive failure within Area (A) =21×3 =63mm2 the gauge length was absorbed. Impact Strength=U/A =215.8/63 per mm2 B. Testing Impact Strength=3.42 joules/ mm2 In impact test the specimen is mountain in the grips of testing machine and monotonically loaded Resin #3 Data (Glass Particle Additives of in a sudden load applied while recording the force. Composite Plate) The strength can be determined from the maximum Width =21mm loading carried before failure. The maximum toughness determined by the strain transducer. Thickness=3mm Display Reading=72.8 joules Total Reading=300 joule Absorbed Energy =(Total – Display) Readings =300-72.8 Absorbed Energy=227.2 joules Area (A) =21×3=63mm2 Impact Strength=U/A =227.2/63 per mm2 Impact Strength=3.60 joules/mm2 ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 307 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG.

Proceedings of RTIME-2K20 4th National Conference on Recent Trends & Innovations in Mechanical Engineering 24th & 25th July, 2020 7. RESULTS 7.1 Resin#1 Properties: Pure Laminate Fig.9: Impact Strength Comparison Average Impact Strength =3.28 per mm2 CONCLUSION Average Toughness=207 Joules Impact properties of the new generation glass 7.2 Resin#2 Properties: Silica particles added fabric improved with addition of matrix system. Average Impact strength =3.42 per mm2 Among all the resin compositions tried out, Average Toughness =215.8 joules/ mm2 7.3 Resin #3 Properties: Glass Flakes Added Resin#3 (glass) is most preferred one since it has given consistent values of toughness, impact Average Impact strength =3.60 per mm2 strength at an average in excess of Average Toughness=227.2 Joules/mm2 227.2joules/mm2. 7.4 Comparison of 3 Resin Systems REFERENCES Fig.8: Toughness Comparison ISBN: 978-93-5268-241-6 1. Isaac M. Daniel, Emmanuel E. Gdoutos, Deformation and Failure of Composite Structures, Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 2003; 16; 345. 2. Dr. Jawad Kadhim Uleiwi, Experimental Study of Flexural Strength of Laminate Composite Material, Eng. & Technology, Vol.25, Suppl.of No.3, 2007, pp 454-466. 3. Slimane Metiche and Radhouane Masmoudi, Full-Scale Flexural Testing on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Poles, The Open Civil Engineering Journal, , 1, 37-50, 2007. 4. M. Davallo, H. Pasdar and M. Mohseni, Effects of Laminate Thickness and PlyStacking Sequence on the Mechanical Properties and Failure Mechanism of Unidirectional Glass-Polyester Composites, International Journal of ChemTech 41 Research, CODEN( USA): IJCRGG ISSN : 0974-4290, Vol.2, No.4, Oct-Dec 2010, pp 2118-2124. 5. Michel Espinosa Klymus, Rosemary Sadami Arai Shinkai, Eduardo Gonzales Moat, Influence of the mechanical properties of composites for indirect dental restorations on pattern failure, Stomatologija, Baltic Dental and Maxillofacial Journal, Vol. 9, 2007, pp. 56-60. 6. S.Benjamin Lazarus, V. Vel Murugan, Experimental Investigation for Mechanical Properties of Chopped Random Fibre Compression Moulded Sunnhemp Polyester Composites, European Journal of Scientific Research, ISSN 1450-216X Vol.82 No.3, 2012, pp.366-380. 308 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NNRG.