["contagious:\tUnless\tyou\tresist\tthem\tthey\twill\tinfect\tyou\twith\tthe\tinsecure\tfeeling that\t you\t should\t have\t looked\t harder\t to\t find\t a\t cheaper\t price.\t Don't\t argue\t with them\t or\t try\t to\t change\t diem.\t Just\t mentally\t add\t up\t the\t cost,\t in\t time\t and\t inner peace\tif\tnot\tin\thidden\tfinancial\texpense,\tof\tthe\tirrational\tpursuit\tof\ta\tbargain. from\t their\t inability\t to\t make\t a\t living\t and\t their\t laziness\t in\t this\t respect.\t They should\tnot\toccupy\tthemselves\twith\tabsurdities\tand\tuntrue\tstories. THE\tMUOADDIMAH,\tIBN\tKhALDUN, 1332-1406 The\tSadist.\tFinancial\tsadists\tplay\tvicious\tpower\tgames\twith\tmoney\tas\ta\tway of\tasserting\ttheir\tpower.\tThey\tmight,\tfor\texample,\tmake\tyou\twait\tfor\tmoney\tthat is\towed\tyou,\tpromising\tyou\tthat\tthe\tcheck\tis\tin\tthe\tmail.\tOr\tif\tthey\thire\tyou\tto work\tfor\tdiem,\tthey\tmeddle\tin\tevery\taspect\tof\tthe\tjob,\thaggling\tand\tgiving\tyou ulcers.\t Sadists\t seem\t to\t think\t that\t paying\t for\t something\t gives\t them\t the\t right\t to torture\t and\t abuse\t the\t seller.\t They\t have\t no\t sense\t of\t the\t courtier\t element\t in money.\t If\t you\t are\t unlucky\t enough\t to\t get\t involved\t with\t this\t type,\t accepting\t a financial\t loss\t may\t be\t better\t in\t the\t long\t run\t than\t getting\t entangled\t in\t their destructive\tpower\tgames. The\t Indiscriminate\t Giver.\t Generosity\t has\t a\t definite\t function\t in\t power:\t It attracts\tpeople,\tsoftens\tdiem\tup,\tmakes\tallies\tout\tof\tdiem.\tBut\tit\thas\tto\tbe\tused strategically,\t with\t a\t definite\t end\t in\t mind.\t Indiscriminate\t Givers,\t on\t the\t other hand,\tare\tgenerous\tbecause\tthey\twant\tto\tbe\tloved\tand\tadmired\tby\tall.\tAnd\ttheir generosity\tis\tso\tindiscriminate\tand\tneedy\tmat\tit\tmay\tnot\thave\tthe\tdesired\teffect: If\tthey\tgive\tto\tone\tand\tall,\twhy\tshould\tdie\trecipient\tfeel\tspecial\tAttractive\tas\tit may\tseem\tto\tmake\tan\tIndiscriminate\tGiver\tyour\tmark,\tin\tany\tinvolvement\twith this\ttype\tyou\twill\toften\tfeel\tburdened\tby\ttheir\tinsatiable\temotional\tneeds. TRANSGRESSIONS\tOF\tTHE\tLAW Transgression\tI After\t Francisco\t Pizarro\t conquered\t Peru,\t in\t 1532,\t gold\t from\t the\t Incan Empire\t began\t to\t pour\t into\t Spain,\t and\t Spaniards\t of\t all\t classes\t started\t dreaming of\t the\t instant\t riches\t to\t be\t had\t in\t the\t New\t World.\t The\t story\t soon\t spread\t of\t an Indian\tchief\tto\tthe\teast\tof\tPeru\twho\tonce\teach\tyear\twould\tritually\tcover\thimself in\t gold\t dust\t and\t dive\t into\t a\t lake.\t Soon\t word\t of\t mouth\t transformed\t El\t Dorado, the\t \u201cGolden\t Man,\u201d\t into\t an\t empire\t called\t El\t Dorado,\t wealthier\t than\t the\t Incan, where\tthe\tstreets\twere\tpaved\tand\tthe\tbuildings\tinlaid\twith\tgold.\tThis\telaboration of\t die\t story\t did\t not\t seem\t implausible,\t for\t surely\t a\t diief\t who\t could\t afford\t to waste\t gold\t dust\t in\t a\t lake\t must\t rule\t a\t golden\t empire.\t Soon\t Spaniards\t were searching\tfor\tEl\tDorado\tall\tover\tnorthern\tSouth\tAmerica. THE\tMISKR A\t miser,\t to\t make\t sure\t of\t his\t property,\t sold\t all\t that\t he\t had\t and\t converted\t it","into\t a\t great\t lump\t of\t gold,\t which\t he\t hid\t in\t a\t hole\t in\t the\t ground,\t and\t went continually\t to\t visit\t and\t inspect\t it.\t This\t roused\t the\t curiosity\t of\t one\t of\t his workmen,\twho,\tsuspecting\tthat\tthere\twas\ta\ttreasure,\twhen\this\tmaster's\tback\twas turned,\t went\t to\t the\t spot,\t and\t stole\t it\t away.\t When\t the\t miser\t returned\t and\t found the\tplace\tempty,\the\twept\tand\ttore\this\thair.\tBut\ta\tneighbor\twho\tsaw\thim\tin\tthis extravagant\t grief,\t and\t learned\t the\t cause\t of\t it,\t said:\t \u201cFret\t thyself\t no\t longer,\t but take\ta\tstone\tand\tput\tit\tin\tthe\tsame\tplace,\tand\tthink\tthat\tit\tis\tyour\tlump\tof\tgold; for,\tas\tyou\tnever\tmeant\tto\tuse\tit,\tthe\tone\twill\tdo\tyou\tas\tmuch\tgood\tas\tthe\tother.\u201d The\tworth\tof\tmoney\tis\tnot\tin\tits\tpossession,\tbut\tin\tits\tuse. FABLES, Aesop, sixth\tcentury\tb.c. There\tis\ta\tpopular\tsaying\tin\tJapan\tthat\tgoes\t\u201cTada\tyori\ttakai\tmono\twa\tnai,\u201d meaning:\t\u201cNothing\tis\tmore\tcostly\tthan\tsomething\tgiven\tfree\tof\tcharge.\u201d THE\tUNSPOKEN\tWAY,\tMlCHIHIRO Matsumoto,\t1988 Yusuf\tlbn\tJafar\tel-Amudl\tused\tto\ttake\tsums\tof\tmoney,\tsometimes\tvery\tlarge ones,\t from\t those\t who\t came\t to\t study\t with\t him.\t A\t distinguished\t legalist\t visiting him\tonce\tsaid:\t\u201cI\tam\tenchanted\tand\timpressed\tby\tyour\tteachings,\tand\tI\tam\tsure that\t you\t are\t directing\t your\t disciples\t in\t a\t proper\t manner.\t But\t it\t is\t not\t in accordance\t with\t tradition\t to\t take\t money\t for\t knowledge.\t Besides,\t the\t action\t is open\t to\t misinterpretation.\u201d\t El-Amudi\t said:\t \\\"I\t have\t never\t sold\t any\t knowledge. There\tis\tno\tmoney\ton\tearth\tsufficient\tto\tpay\tfor\tit.\tAs\tfor\tmisinterpretation,\tthe abstaining\t from\t taking\t money\t will\t not\t prevent\t it,\t for\t it\t will\t find\t some\t other object.\tRather\tshould\tyou\tknow\tthat\ta\tman\twho\ttakes\tmoney\tmay\tbe\tgreedy\tfor money,\tor\the\tmay\tnot.\tBut\ta\tman\twho\ttakes\tnothing\tat\tall\tis\tunder\tthe\tgravest In\t February\t of\t 1541,\t the\t largest\t expedition\t yet\t in\t diis\t venture,\t led\t by Pizarro's\t brother\t Gonzalo,\t left\t Quito,\t in\t Ecuador.\t Resplendent\t in\t their\t armors and\tcolorful\tsilks,\t340\tSpaniards\theaded\teast,\talong\twith\t4,000\tIndians\tto\tcarry supplies\t and\t serve\t as\t scouts,\t 4,000\t swine,\t dozens\t of\t llamas,\t and\t close\t to\t 1,000 dogs.\tBut\tthe\texpedition\twas\tsoon\thit\tby\ttorrential\train,\twhich\trotted\tits\tgear\tand spoiled\tits\tfood.\tMeanwhile,\tas\tGonzalo\tPizarro\tquestioned\tdie\tIndians\tdiey\tmet along\tthe\tway,\tdiose\twho\tseemed\tto\tbe\twidiholding\tinformation,\tor\twho\thad\tnot even\t heard\t of\t die\t fabulous\t kingdom,\t he\t would\t torture\t and\t feed\t to\t the\t dogs. Word\t of\t the\t Spaniards'\t mur-derousness\t spread\t quickly\t among\t the\t Indians,\t who realized\tthat\tthe\tonly\tway\tto\tavoid\tGonzalo's\twrath\twas\tto\tmake\tup\tstories\tabout El\t Dorado\t and\t send\t him\t as\t far\t away\t as\t possible.\t As\t Gonzalo\t and\t his\t men followed\t die\t leads\t die\t Indians\t gave\t diem,\t dien,\t they\t were\t only\t led\t farther\t into deep\tjungle.","The\t explorers'\t spirits\t sagged.\t Their\t uniforms\t had\t long\t since\t shredded;\t their armor\t rusted\t and\t they\t threw\t it\t away;\t their\t shoes\t were\t torn\t to\t pieces,\t forcing Uiem\tto\twalk\tbarefoot;\tthe\tIndian\tslaves\tthey\thad\tset\tout\twith\thad\teither\tdied\tor deserted\t them;\t diey\t had\t eaten\t not\t only\t the\t swine\t but\t the\t hunting\t dogs\t and llamas.\tThey\tlived\ton\troots\tand\tfruit.\tRealizing\tthat\tthey\tcould\tnot\tcontinue\tthis way,\t Pizarro\t decided\t to\t risk\t river\t travel,\t and\t a\t barge\t was\t built\t out\t of\t rotting wood.\t But\t die\t journey\t down\t die\t treacherous\t Napo\t River\t proved\t no\t easier. Setting\t up\t camp\t on\t die\t river's\t edge,\t Gonzalo\t sent\t scouts\t ahead\t on\t the\t barge\t to find\tIndian\tsettlements\twith\tfood.\tHe\twaited\tand\twaited\tfor\tthe\tscouts\tto\treturn, only\tto\tfind\tout\tthey\thad\tdecided\tto\tdesert\tthe\texpedition\tand\tcontinue\tdown\tthe river\ton\ttheir\town. The\train\tcontinued\twithout\tend.\tGonzalo's\tmen\tforgot\tabout\tEl\tDorado;\tdiey wanted\tonly\tto\treturn\tto\tQuito.\tFinally,\tin\tAugust\tof\t1542,\ta\tlittle\tover\ta\thundred men,\tfrom\tan\texpedition\toriginally\tnumbering\tin\tthe\tthousands,\tmanaged\tto\tfind their\tway\tback.\tTo\tthe\tresidents\tof\tQuito\tthey\tseemed\tto\thave\temerged\tfrom\thell itself,\t wrapped\t in\t tatters\t and\t skins,\t dieir\t bodies\t covered\t in\t sores,\t and\t so emaciated\tas\tto\tbe\tunrecognizable.\tFor\tover\ta\tyear\tand\ta\thalf\tdiey\thad\tmarched in\t an\t enormous\t circle,\t two\t tiiou-sand\t miles\t by\t foot.\t The\t vast\t sums\t of\t money invested\tin\tdie\texpedition\thad\tyielded\tnothingno\tsign\tof\tEl\tDorado\tand\tno\tsign of\tgold.\tInterpretation Even\t after\t Gonzalo\t Pizarro's\t disaster,\t the\t Spaniards\t launched\t expedition after\t expedition\t in\t search\t of\t El\t Dorado.\t And\t like\t Pizarro\t the\t conquistadors would\t burn\t and\t loot\t villages,\t torture\t Indians,\t endure\t unimaginable\t hardships, and\t get\t no\t closer\t to\t gold.\t The\t money\t they\t spent\t on\t such\t expeditions\t cannot\t be calculated;\tyet\tdespite\tdie\tfutility\tof\tthe\tsearch,\tthe\tlure\tof\tthe\tfantasy\tendured. Not\t only\t did\t die\t search\t for\t El\t Dorado\t cost\t millions\t of\t livesboth\t Indian\t and Spanishit\t helped\t bring\t the\t ruin\t of\t die\t Spanish\t empire.\t Gold\t became\t Spain's obsession.\t The\t gold\t diat\t did\t find\t its\t way\t back\t to\t Spainand\t a\t lot\t didwas reinvested\t in\t more\t expeditions,\t or\t in\t die\t purchase\t of\t luxuries,\t ratiier\t dian\t in agriculture\t or\t any\t other\t productive\t endeavor.\t Whole\t Spanish\t towns\t were depopulated\tas\tdieir\tmenfolk\tleft\tto\thunt\tgold.\tFarms fell\tinto\truin,\tand\tdie\tarmy\thad\tno\trecruits\tfor\tits\tEuropean\twars.\tBy\tthe\tend of\tthe\tseventeenth\tcentury,\tthe\tentire\tcountry\thad\tshrunk\tby\tmore\tthan\thalf\tof\tits population;\t the\t city\t of\t Madrid\t had\t gone\t from\t a\t population\t of\t 400,000\t to 150,000.\tWith\tdiminishing\treturns\tfrom\tits\tefforts\tover\tso\tmany\tyears,\tSpain\tfell into\ta\tdecline\tfrom\twhich\tit\tnever\trecovered. Power\t requires\t self-discipline.\t The\t prospect\t of\t wealdi,\t particularly\t easy, sudden\t wealth,\t plays\t havoc\t with\t the\t emotions.\t The\t suddenly\t rich\t believe\t that more\tis\talways\tpossible.\tThe\tfree\tlunch,\tdie\tmoney\tthat\twill\tfall\tinto\tyour\tlap,\tis","just\taround\tthe\tcorner. In\tthis\tdelusion\tthe\tgreedy\tneglect\teverything\tpower\treally\tdepends\ton:\tself- control,\t the\t goodwill\t of\t others,\t and\t so\t on.\t Understand:\t Widi\t one exceptiondeathno\tlasting\tchange\tin\tfortune\tcomes\tquickly.\tSudden\twealdi\trarely lasts,\tfor\tit\tis\tbuilt\ton\tnothing\tsolid.\tNever\tlet\tlust\tfor\tmoney\tlure\tyou\tout\tof\tthe protective\t and\t enduring\t fortress\t of\t real\t power.\t Make\t power\t your\t goal\t and money\twill\tfind\tits\tway\tto\tyou.\tLeave\tEl\tDorado\tfor\tsuckers\tand\tfools. Transgression\tII In\t the\t early\t eighteenth\t century,\t no\t one\t stood\t higher\t in\t English\t society\t than the\t Duke\t and\t Duchess\t of\t Marlborough.\t The\t duke,\t having\t led\t successful campaigns\t against\t die\t French,\t was\t considered\t Europe's\t premier\t general\t and strategist.\t And\t his\t wife,\t the\t duchess,\t after\t much\t maneuvering,\t had\t established herself\tas\tdie\tfavorite\tof\tQueen\tAnne,\twho\tbecame\truler\tof\tEngland\tin\t1702.\tIn 1704\t die\t duke's\t triumph\t at\t die\t Battle\t of\t Blenheim\t made\t him\t die\t toast\t of England,\t and\t to\t honor\t him\t die\t queen\t awarded\t him\t a\t large\t plot\t of\t land\t in\t die town\t of\t Woodstock,\t and\t die\t funds\t to\t create\t a\t great\t palace\t mere.\t Calling\t his planned\thome\tdie\tPalace\tof\tBlenheim,\tdie\tduke\tchose\tas\this\tarchitect\tthe\tyoung John\tVanbrugh,\ta\tkind\tof\tRenaissance\tman\twho\twrote\tplays\tas\twell\tas\tdesigned buildings.\tAnd\tso\tconstruction\tbegan,\tin\tdie\tsummer\tof\t1705,\twith\tmuch\tfanfare and\tgreat\thopes. Vanbrugh\t had\t a\t dramatist's\t sense\t of\t architecture.\t His\t palace\t was\t to\t be\t a monument\t to\t Marlborough's\t brilliance\t and\t power,\t and\t was\t to\t include\t artificial lakes,\t enormous\t bridges,\t elaborate\t gardens,\t and\t other\t fantastical\t touches.\t From day\tone,\thowever,\tdie\tduchess\tcould\tnot\tbe\tpleased:\tShe\tthought\tVanbrugh\twas wasting\t money\t on\t yet\t another\t stand\t of\t trees;\t she\t wanted\t die\t palace\t finished\t as soon\t as\t possible.\t The\t duchess\t tortured\t Vanbrugh\t and\t his\t workmen\t on\t every detail.\t She\t was\t consumed\t with\t petty\t matters;\t aldiough\t die\t government\t was paying\tfor\tBlenheim,\tshe\tcounted\tevery\tpenny.\tEventually\ther\tgrumbling,\tabout Blenheim\tand\tother\tthings\ttoo,\tcreated\tan\tirreparable\trift\tbetween\ther\tand\tQueen Anne,\t who,\t in\t 1711,\t dismissed\t her\t from\t the\t court,\t ordering\t her\t to\t vacate\t her apartments\t at\t the\t royal\t palace.\t When\t die\t duchess\t left\t (fuming\t over\t the\t loss\t of her\t position,\t and\t also\t of\t her\t royal\t salary),\t she\t emptied\t die\t apartment\t of\t every fixture\tdown\tto\tthe\tbrass\tdoorknobs. Over\tthe\tnext\tten\tyears,\twork\ton\tBlenheim\twould\tstop\tand\tstart,\tas\tthe\tfunds became\tharder\tto\tprocure\tfrom\tdie\tgovernment.\tThe\tduchess suspicion\tof\trobbing\tthe\tdisciple\tof\this\tsoul.\tPeople\twho\tsay,\t'I\ttake\tnothing,' may\tbe\tfound\tto\ttake\taway\tthe\tvolition\tof\ttheir\tvictim.\\\" the\tdermis\tprobe,\tIdries\tShah,\t1970 TDK\tMAIS\tWHO","LOVED\tMONEY\tBETTEK THAN\tLIFE In\t ancient\t times\t there\t was\t an\t old\t woodcutter\t who\t went\t to\t the\t mountain almost\t every\t day\t to\t cut\t wood.\t It\t was\t said\t that\t this\t old\t man\t was\t a\t miser\t who hoarded\this\tsilver\tuntil\tIt\tchanged\tto\tgold,\tand\tthat\the\tcared\tmore\tfor\tgold\tthan anything\t else\t in\t all\t the\t world.\t One\t day\t a\t wilderness\t tiger\t sprang\t at\t him\t and though\the\tran\the\tcould\tnot\tescape,\tand\tthe\ttiger\tcarried\thim\toff\tin\tits\tmouth. The\twoodcutter's\tson\tsaw\this\tfather's\tdanger,\tand\tran\tto\tsave\thim\tif\tpossible. He\tcarried\ta\tlong\tknife,\tand\tas\the\tcould\trun\tfaster\tthan\tthe\ttiger,\twho\thad\ta\tman to\tcarry,\the\tsoon\tovertook\tthem.\tHis\tfather\twas\tnot\tmuch\thurt,\tfor\tthe\ttiger\theld him\tby\this\tclothes.\tWhen\tthe\told\twoodcutter\tsaw\this\tson\tabout\tto\tstab\tthe\ttiger he\tcalled\tout\tin\tgreat\talarm:\t\\\"Do\tnot\tspoil\tthe\ttiger's\tskin!\tDo\tnot\tspoil\tthe\ttiger's skin!\tIf\tyou\tcan\tkill\thim\twithout\tcutting\tholes\tin\this skin\twe\tean\tget\tmany pieces\tof\tsilver\tfor\tit. Kill\thim,\tbut\tdo\tnot\tcut his\tbody.\\\" While\tthe\tson\twas listening\tto\this\tfather's instructions\tthe\ttiger suddenly\tdashed\toff into\tthe\tforest,\tcarrying the\told\tman\twhere\tthe son\tcould\tnot\treach him,\tand\the\twas\tsoon killed. \u201cChinese\ttable,\u201d various\tkables from\tvarious\tplaces, Diane\tdi\tPrima,\ted., It\t is\t written\t in\t the\t histories\t of\t the\t prophets\t that\t Moses\t was\t sent\t to\t Pharaoh with\t many\t miracles,\t wonders\t and\t honors.\t Now\t the\t daily\t ration\t for\t Pharaoh's table\t was\t 4,000\t sheep,\t 400\t cows,\t 200\t camels,\t and\t a\t corresponding\t amount\t of chickens,\tfish,\tbeverages,\tfried\tmeats,\tsweets,\tand\tother\tthings.\tAll\tthe\tpeople\tof Egypt\t and\t all\t his\t army\t used\t to\t eat\t at\t his\t table\t every\t day.\t For\t 400\t years\t he\t had claimed\t divinity\t and\t never\t ceased\t providing\t this\t food.\t When\t Moses\t prayed, saying,\t \u201cO\t Lord,\t destroy\t Pharaoh,\u201d\t God\t answered\t his\t prayer\t and\t said,\t \u201c\/\t shall destroy\thim\tin\twater,\tand\tI\tshall\tbestow\tall\this\twealth\tand\tthat\tof\this\tsoldiers\ton you\tand\tyour\tpeoples.\t\u201d\tSeveral","thought\t Vanbrugh\t was\t out\t to\t ruin\t her.\t She\t quibbled\t over\t every\t carload\t of stone\t and\t bushel\t of\t lime,\t counted\t every\t extra\t yard\t of\t iron\t railing\t or\t foot\t of wainscot,\t hurling\t abuse\t at\t the\t wasteful\t workmen,\t contractors,\t and\t surveyors. Marlborough,\told\tand\tweary,\twanted\tnoming\tmore\tthan\tto\tsettle\tinto\tthe\tpalace in\t his\t last\t years,\t but\t the\t project\t became\t bogged\t down\t in\t a\t swamp\t of\t litigation, the\t workmen\t suing\t the\t duchess\t for\t wages,\t the\t duchess\t suing\t the\t architect\t right back.\t In\t die\t midst\t of\t this\t interminable\t wrangling,\t the\t duke\t died.\t He\t had\t never spent\ta\tnight\tin\this\tbeloved\tBlenheim. After\t Marlborough's\t death,\t it\t became\t clear\t mat\t he\t had\t a\t vast\t estate,\t worm over\t\u00a32\tmillionmore\tman\tenough\tto\tpay\tfor\tfinishing\tdie\tpalace.\tBut\tthe\tduchess would\tnot\trelent:\tShe\theld\tback\tVanbrugh's\twages\tas\twell\tas\tthe\tworkmen's,\tand finally\t had\t the\t architect\t dismissed.\t The\t man\t who\t took\t his\t place\t finished Blenheim\t in\t a\t few\t years,\t following\t Vanbrugh's\t designs\t to\t the\t letter.\t Vanbrugh died\t in\t 1726,\t locked\t out\t of\t the\t palace\t by\t the\t duchess,\t unable\t to\t set\t foot\t in\t his greatest\tcreation.\tForeshadowing\tthe\tromantic\tmovement,\tBlenheim\thad\tstarted a\t whole\t new\t trend\t in\t architecture,\t but\t had\t given\t its\t creator\t a\t twenty-year nightmare.\tInterpretation For\t die\t Duchess\t of\t Marlborough,\t money\t was\t a\t way\t to\t play\t sadistic\t power games.\tShe\tsaw\tthe\tloss\tof\tmoney\tas\ta\tsymbolic\tloss\tof\tpower.\tWith\tVanbrugh her\tcontortions\twent\tdeeper\tstill:\tHe\twas\ta\tgreat\tartist,\tand\tshe\tenvied\this\tpower to\tcreate,\tto\tattain\ta\tfame\toutside\ther\treach.\tShe\tmay\tnot\thave\thad\this\tgifts,\tbut she\tdid\thave\tthe\tmoney\tto\ttorture\tand\tabuse\thim\tover\tthe\tpettiest\tdetailsto\truin his\tlife. This\tkind\tof\tsadism,\thowever,\tbears\tan\tawful\tprice.\tIt\tmade\tconstruction\tthat should\t have\t lasted\t ten\t years\t take\t twenty.\t It\t poisoned\t many\t a\t relationship, alienated\tthe\tduchess\tfrom\tthe\tcourt,\tdeeply\tpained\tthe\tduke\t(who\twanted\tonly to\t live\t peacefully\t in\t Blenheim),\t created\t endless\t lawsuits,\t and\t took\t years\t off Vanbrugh's\tlife.\tFinally,\ttoo,\tposterity\thad\tthe\tlast\tword:\tVanbrugh\tis\trecognized as\t a\t genius\t while\t the\t duchess\t is\t forever\t remembered\t for\t her\t consummate cheapness. The\t powerful\t must\t have\t grandeur\t of\t spiritthey\t can\t never\t reveal\t any pettiness.\t And\t money\t is\t the\t most\t visible\t arena\t in\t which\t to\t display\t either grandeur\t or\t pettiness.\t Best\t spend\t freely,\t then,\t and\t create\t a\t reputation\t for generosity,\twhich\tin\tthe\tend\twill\tpay\tgreat\tdividends.\tNever\tlet\tfinancial\tdetails blind\t you\t to\t the\t bigger\t picture\t of\t how\t people\t perceive\t you.\t Their\t resentment will\tcost\tyou\tin\tthe\tlong\trun.\tAnd\tif\tyou\twant\tto\tmeddle\tin\tthe\twork\tof\tcreative people\t under\t your\t hire,\t at\t least\t pay\t diem\t well.\t Your\t money\t will\t buy\t their submission\tbetter\ttiian\tyour\tdisplays\tof\tpower. OBSERVANCES\tOF\tTHE\tLAW","Observance\tI Pietro\t Aretino,\t son\t of\t a\t lowly\t shoemaker,\t had\t catapulted\t himself\t into\t fame as\ta\twriter\tof\tbiting\tsatires.\tBut\tlike\tevery\tRenaissance\tartist,\the\tneeded\tto\tfind\ta patron\twho\twould\tgive\thim\ta\tcomfortable\tlifestyle\twhile\tnot\tinter- fering\t with\t his\t work.\t In\t 1528\t Aretino\t decided\t to\t attempt\t a\t new\t strategy\t in the\tpatronage\tgame.\tLeaving\tRome,\the\testablished\thimself\tin\tVenice,\twhere\tfew had\t heard\t of\t him.\t He\t had\t a\t fair\t amount\t of\t money\t he\t had\t managed\t to\t save,\t but little\t else.\t Soon\t after\t he\t moved\t into\t his\t new\t home,\t however,\t he\t threw\t open\t its doors\t to\t rich\t and\t poor,\t regaling\t them\t with\t banquets\t and\t amusements.\t He befriended\t each\t and\t every\t gondolier,\t tipping\t mem\t royally.\t In\t the\t streets,\t he spread\t his\t money\t liberally,\t giving\t it\t away\t to\t beggars,\t orphans,\t washerwomen. Among\t the\t city's\t commoners,\t word\t quickly\t spread\t that\t Aretino\t was\t more\t than just\ta\tgreat\twriter,\the\twas\ta\tman\tof\tpowera\tkind\tof\tlord. Artists\tand\tmen\tof\tinfluence\tsoon\tbegan\tto\tfrequent\tAretino's\thouse.\tWithin a\t few\t years\t he\t made\t himself\t a\t celebrity;\t no\t visiting\t dignitary\t would\t think\t of leaving\t Venice\t without\t paying\t him\t a\t call.\t His\t generosity\t had\t cost\t him\t most\t of his\tsavings,\tbut\thad\tbought\thim\tinfluence\tand\ta\tgood\tname\ta\tcornerstone\tin\tthe foundation\tof\tpower.\tSince\tin\tRenaissance\tItaly\tas\telsewhere\tthe\tability\tto\tspend freely\t was\t the\t privilege\t of\t the\t rich,\t the\t aristocracy\t thought\t Aretino\t had\t to\t be\t a man\t of\t influence,\t since\t he\t spent\t money\t like\t one.\t And\t since\t the\t influence\t of\t a man\t of\t influence\t is\t worth\t buying,\t Aretino\t became\t the\t recipient\t of\t all\t sorts\t of gifts\t and\t moneys.\t Dukes\t and\t duchesses,\t wealthy\t merchants,\t and\t popes\t and princes\tcompeted\tto\tgain\this\tfavor,\tand\tshowered\thim\twith\tall\tkinds\tof\tpresents. Aretino's\tspending\thabits,\tof\tcourse,\twere\tstrategic,\tand\tthe\tstrategy\tworked like\t a\t charm.\t But\t for\t real\t money\t and\t comfort\t he\t needed\t a\t great\t patron's bottomless\t pockets.\t Having\t surveyed\t the\t possibilities,\t he\t eventually\t set\t his sights\ton\tthe\textremely\twealthy\tMarquis\tof\tMantua,\tand\twrote\tan\tepic\tpoem\tthat he\tdedicated\tto\tthe\tmarquis.\tThis\twas\ta\tcommon\tpractice\tof\twriters\tlooking\tfor patronage:\tIn\texchange\tfor\ta\tdedication\tthey\twould\tget\ta\tsmall\tstipend,\tenough to\t write\t yet\t another\t poem,\t so\t that\t they\t spent\t their\t lives\t in\t a\t kind\t of\t constant servility.\t Aretino,\t however,\t wanted\t power,\t not\t a\t measly\t wage.\t He\t might dedicate\ta\tpoem\tto\tthe\tmarquis,\tbut\the\twould\toffer\tit\tto\thim\tas\ta\tgift,\timplying by\tdoing\tso\tthat\the\twas\tnot\ta\thired\thack\tlooking\tfor\ta\tstipend\tbut\tthat\the\tand\tthe marquis\twere\tequals. Aretino's\tgift-giving\tdid\tnot\tstop\tthere:\tAs\ta\tclose\tfriend\tof\ttwo\tof\tVenice's greatest\t artists,\t the\t sculptor\t Jacopo\t Sansovino\t and\t the\t painter\t Titian,\t he convinced\tthese\tmen\tto\tparticipate\tin\this\tgift-giving\tscheme.\tAretino\thad\tstudied the\tmarquis\tbefore\tgoing\tto\twork\ton\thim,\tand\tknew\this\ttaste\tinside\tand\tout;\the was\t able\t to\t advise\t Sansovino\t and\t Titian\t what\t subject\t matter\t would\t please\t the","marquis\tmost.\tWhen\the\tthen\tsent\ta\tSansovino\tsculpture\tand\ta\tTitian\tpainting\tto the\tmarquis\tas\tgifts\tfrom\tall\tthree\tof\tthem,\tthe\tman\twas\tbeside\thimself\twith\tjoy. Over\tdie\tnext\tfew\tmonths,\tAretino\tsent\tother\tgiftsswords,\tsaddles,\tthe\tglass that\t was\t a\t Venetian\t specialty,\t tilings\t he\t knew\t the\t marquis\t prized.\t Soon\t he, Titian,\tand\tSansovino\tbegan\tto\treceive\tgifts\tfrom\tthe\tmarquis\tin\treturn.\tAnd\tthe strategy\twent\tfurther:\tWhen\tthe\tson-in-law\tof\ta\tfriend\tof\tAretino's\tfound\thimself in\t jail\t in\t Mantua,\t Aretino\t was\t able\t to\t get\t the\t marquis\t to\t arrange\t his\t release. Aretino's\tfriend,\ta\twealthy\tmerchant,\twas\ta\tman\tof\tgreat\tinfluence\tin\tVenice;\tby turning\tthe\tgoodwill\the\thad\tbuilt\tup years\t passed\t by\t after\t this\t promise,\t and\t Pharaoh,\t doomed\t to\t ruin,\t continued to\tlive\tin\tall\this\tmagnificence.\tMoses\twas\timpatient\tfor\tGod\tto\tdestroy\tPharaoh quickly,\tand\the\tcould\tnot\tendure\tto\twait\tany\tlonger.\tSo\the\tfasted\tfor\tforty\tdays and\t went\t to\t Mount\t Sinai,\t and\t in\t his\t communing\t with\t god\t he\t said,\t \\\"O\t Lord, Thou\tdidst\tpromise\tthat\tThou\twouldst\tdestroy\tPharaoh,\tand\tstill\the\thas\tforsaken none\tof\this\tblasphemies\tand\tpretensions.\tSo\twhen\twilt\tThou\tdestroy\thim1' A\t voice\t came\t from\t The\t Truth\t saying,\t \u201cO\t Moses,\t you\t want\t Me\t to\t destroy Pharaoh\tas\tquickly\tas\tpossible,\tbut\ta\tthousand\ttimes\ta\tthousand\tof\tMy\tservants want\t Me\t never\t to\t do\t so,\t because\t they\t partake\t of\t his\t bounty\t and\t enjoy tranquillity\t under\t his\t rule.\t By\t My\t power\t I\t swear\t that\t as\t long\t as\t he\t provides abundant\t food\t and\t comfort\t for\t My\t creatures,\t I\t shall\t not\t destroy\t him.\u201d\t Moses said,\t\u201cThen\twhen\twill\tThy\tpromise\tbe\tfulfilled\t\u201d\tGod\tsaid,\t\u201cMy\tpromise\twill\tbe fulfilled\twhen\the\twithholds\this\tprovision\tfrom\tMy\tcreatures.\tIf\tever\the\tbegins\tto lessen\this\tbounty,\tknow\tthat\this\thour\tis\tdrawing\tnear.\t\u201d It\t chanced\t that\t one\t day\t Pharaoh\t said\t to\t Haman,\t \\\"Moses\t has\t gathered\t the Sons\tof\tIsrael\tabout\thim\tand\tis\tcausing\tus\tdisquiet.\tWe\tknow\tnot\twhat\twill\tbe the\tissue\tof\this\taffair\twith\tus.\tWe\tmust\tkeep\tour\tstores\tfull\tlest\tat\tany\ttime we\tbe\twithout\tresources.\tSo\twe\tmust\thalve\tour\tdaily\trations\tand\tkeep\tthe\tsaving in\treserve.\\\"\tHe\tdeducted\t2,000\tsheep,\t200\tcows,\tand\ta\t100\tcamels,\tand\tsimilarly every\ttwo\tor\tthree\tdays\treduced\tthe\tration.\tMoses\tthen\tknew\tthat\tthe\tpromise\tof The\tTruth\twas\tnear\tto\tfulfillment,\tfor\texcessive\teconomy\tis\ta\tsign\tof\tdecline\tand a\t bad\t omen.\t The\t masters\t of\t tradition\t say\t that\t on\t the\t day\t when\t Pharaoh\t was drowned\t only\t two\t ewes\t had\t been\t killed\t in\t his\t kitchen.\t Nothing\t is\t better\t than generosity...\t .If\t a\t man\t is\t rich\t and\t desires,\t without\t a\t royal\t charter,\t to\t act\t like\t a lord;\t if\t he\t wants\t men\t to\t humble\t themselves\t before\t him,\t to\t revere\t him\t and\t call him\tlord\tand\tprince,\tthen\ttell\thim\tevery\tday\tto\tspread\ta\ttable\twith\tvictuals.\tAll those\t who\t have\t acquired\t renown\t in\t the\t world,\t have\t gained\t it\t mainly\t through hospitality,\t while\t the\t miserly\t and\t avaricious\t are\t despised\t in\t both\t WorldStar, BOOK\tOF\tgovernment\tor\trules\tfor\tkings,\tNizam\tal-Mulk,\televenth\tcentury with\t the\t marquis\t to\t use,\t Aretino\t had\t now\t bought\t this\t man's\t indebtedness,","too,\t and\t he\t in\t turn\t would\t help\t Aretino\t when\t he\t could.\t The\t circle\t of\t influence was\tgrowing\twider.\tTime\tand\tagain,\tAretino\twas\table\tto\tcash\tin\ton\tthe\timmense political\tpower\tof\tthe\tmarquis,\twho\talso\thelped\thim\tin\this\tmany\tcourt\tromances. Eventually,\t however,\t the\t relationship\t became\t strained,\t as\t Aretino\t came\t to feel\t that\t the\t marquis\t should\t have\t requited\t his\t generosity\t better.\t But\t he\t would not\t lower\t himself\t to\t begging\t or\t whining:\t Since\t the\t exchange\t of\t gifts\t between the\ttwo\tmen\thad\tmade\tthem\tequals,\tit\twould\tnot\tseem\tright\tto\tbring\tup\tmoney. He\tsimply\twithdrew\tfrom\tthe\tmarquis's\tcircle\tand\thunted\tfor\tother\twealthy\tprey, settling\t first\t on\t the\t French\t king\t Francis,\t then\t the\t Medicis,\t the\t Duke\t of\t Urbino, Emperor\tCharles\tV,\tand\tmore.\tIn\tthe\tend,\thaving\tmany\tpatrons\tmeant\the\tdid\tnot have\tto\tbow\tto\tany\tof\tthem,\tand\this\tpower\tseemed\tcomparable\tto\tthat\tof\ta\tgreat lord.\tInterpretation Aretino\tunderstood\ttwo\tfundamental\tproperties\tof\tmoney:\tFirst,\tthat\tit\thas\tto circulate\t to\t bring\t power.\t What\t money\t should\t buy\t is\t not\t lifeless\t objects\t but power\tover\tpeople.\tBy\tkeeping\tmoney\tin\tconstant\tcirculation,\tAretino\tbought\tan ever-expanding\t circle\t of\t influence\t tfiat\t in\t the\t end\t more\t than\t compensated\t him for\this\texpenses. Second,\tAretino\tunderstood\tthe\tkey\tproperty\tof\tthe\tgift.\tTo\tgive\ta\tgift\tis\tto imply\t that\t you\t and\t the\t recipient\t are\t equals\t at\t the\t very\t least,\t or\t that\t you\t are\t the recipient's\t superior.\t A\t gift\t also\t involves\t an\t indebtedness\t or\t obligation;\t when friends,\t for\t instance,\t offer\t you\t something\t for\t free,\t you\t can\t be\t sure\t they\t expect something\tin\t return,\t and\t that\t to\t get\t it\tthey\t are\t making\t you\t feel\t indebted.\t (The mechanism\tmay\tor\tmay\tnot\tbe\tentirely\tconscious\ton\ttheir\tpart,\tbut\tthis\tis\thow\tit works.) Aretino\tavoided\tsuch\tencumbrances\ton\this\tfreedom.\tInstead\tof\tacting\tlike\ta menial\t who\t expects\t the\t powerful\t to\t pay\t his\t way\t in\t life,\t he\t turned\t the\t whole dynamic\t around;\t instead\t of\t being\t indebted\t to\t the\t powerful,\t he\t made\t the powerful\t indebted\t to\t him.\t This\t was\t the\t point\t of\t his\t gift-giving,\t a\t ladder\t that carried\thim\tto\tthe\thighest\tsocial\tlevels.\tBy\tthe\tend\tof\this\tlife\the\thad\tbecome\tthe most\tfamous\twriter\tin\tEurope. Understand:\t Money\t may\t determine\t power\t relationships,\t but\t those relationships\t need\t not\t depend\t on\t the\t amount\t of\t money\t you\t have;\t they\t also depend\t on\t the\t way\t you\t use\t it.\t Powerful\t people\t give\t freely,\t buying\t influence rather\t than\t things.\t If\t you\t accept\t the\t inferior\t position\t because\t you\t have\t no fortune\tyet,\tyou\tmay\tfind\tyourself\tin\tit\tforever.\tPlay\tthe\ttrick\tthat\tAretino\tplayed on\tItaly's\taristocracy:\tImagine\tyourself\tan\tequal.\tPlay\tthe\tlord,\tgive\tfreely,\topen your\t doors,\t circulate\t your\t money,\t and\t create\t the\t facade\t of\t power\t through\t an alchemy\tthat\ttransforms\tmoney\tinto\tinfluence. Observance\tII","Soon\t after\t Baron\t James\t Rothschild\t made\t his\t fortune\t in\t Paris\t in\t the\t early 1820s,\the\tfaced\this\tmost\tintractable\tproblem:\tHow\tcould\ta\tJew\tand\ta\tGerman,\ta total\toutsider\tto\tFrench\tsociety,\twin\tthe\trespect\tof\tthe\txenophobic\tFrench\tupper classes\tRothschild\twas\ta\tman\twho\tunderstood\tpowerhe knew\tthat\this\tfortune\twould\tbring\thim\tstatus,\tbut\tthat\tif\the\tremained\tsocially alienated\tneither\this\tstatus\tnor\this\tfortune\twould\tlast.\tSo\the\tlooked\tat\tthe\tsociety of\tdie\ttime\tand\tasked\twhat\twould\twin\ttheir\thearts. Charity\t The\t French\t couldn't\t care\t less.\t Political\t influence\t He\t already\t had that,\tand\tif\tanything\tit\tonly\tmade\tpeople\tmore\tsuspicious\tof\thim.\tThe\tone\tweak spot,\the\tdecided,\twas\tboredom.\tIn\tthe\tperiod\tof\tthe\trestoration\tof\tthe\tmonarchy, the\t French\t upper\t classes\t were\t bored.\t So\t Rothschild\t began\t to\t spend\t astounding sums\t of\t money\t on\t entertaining\t them.\t He\t hired\t the\t best\t architects\t in\t France\t to design\t his\t gardens\t and\t ballroom;\t he\t hired\t Marie-Antoine\t Careme,\t the\t most celebrated\t French\t chef,\t to\t prepare\t die\t most\t lavish\t parties\t Paris\t had\t ever witnessed;\t no\t Frenchman\t could\t resist,\t even\t if\t the\t parties\t were\t given\t by\t a German\t Jew.\t Rothschild's\t weekly\t soirees\t began\t to\t attract\t bigger\t and\t bigger numbers.\t Over\t the\t next\t few\t years\t he\t won\t the\t only\t thing\t that\t would\t secure\t an outsider's\tpower:\tsocial\tacceptance.\tInterpretation Strategic\t generosity\t is\t always\t a\t great\t weapon\t in\t building\t a\t support\t base, particularly\t for\t die\t outsider.\t But\t die\t Baron\t de\t Rodischild\t was\t cleverer\t still:\t He knew\tit\twas\this\tmoney\tmat\thad\tcreated\tthe\tbarrier\tbetween\thim\tand\tthe\tFrench, making\t him\t look\t ugly\t and\t untrustworthy.\t The\t best\t way\t to\t overcome\t this\t was literally\t to\t waste\t huge\t sums,\t a\t gesture\t to\t show\t he\t valued\t French\t culture\t and society\t over\t money.\t What\t Rothschild\t did\t resembled\t the\t famous\t podatch\t feasts of\tthe\tAmerican\tNorthwest:\tBy\tperiodically\tdestroying\tits\twealth\tin\ta\tgiant\torgy of\t festivals\t and\t bonfires,\t an\t Indian\t tribe\t would\t symbolize\t its\t power\t over\t other tribes.\t The\t base\t of\t its\t power\t was\t not\t money\t but\t its\t ability\t to\t spend,\t and\t its confidence\t in\t a\t superiority\t diat\t would\t restore\t to\t it\t all\t diat\t die\t podatch\t had destroyed. In\t the\t end,\t the\t baron's\t soirees\t reflected\t his\t desire\t to\t mingle\t not\t just\t in France's\tbusiness\tworld\tbut\tin\tits\tsociety.\tBy\twasting\tmoney\ton\this\tpot-latches, he\t hoped\t to\t demonstrate\t that\t his\t power\t went\t beyond\t money\t into\t the\t more precious\t realm\t of\t culture.\t Rothschild\t may\t have\t won\t social\t acceptance\t by spending\tmoney,\tbut\tdie\tsupport\tbase\the\tgained\twas\tone\tdiat\tmoney\talone\tcould not\tbuy.\tTo\tsecure\this\tfortune\the\thad\tto\t\u201cwaste\u201d\tit.\tThat\tis\tstrategic\tgenerosity\tin a\tnutshelldie\tability\tto\tbe\tflexible\twith\tyour\twealdi,\tputting\tit\tto\twork,\tnot\tto\tbuy objects,\tbut\tto\twin\tpeople's\thearts. Observance\tIII The\t Medicis\t of\t Renaissance\t Florence\t had\t built\t dieir\t immense\t power\t on\t the","fortune\tdiey\thad\tmade\tin\tbanking.\tBut\tin\tFlorence,\tcenturies-old\trepublic\tdiat\tit was,\t die\t idea\t diat\t money\t bought\t power\t went\t against\t all\t the\t city's\t proud democratic\tvalues.\tCosimo\tde'\tMedici,\tdie\tfirst\tof\tdie\tfamily\tto\tgain\tgreat\tfame, worked\taround\tdiis\tby\tkeeping\ta\tlow\tprofile.\tHe\tnever\tflaunted\this\twealdi.\tBut by\tdie\ttime\this\tgrandson\tLorenzo\tcame\tof\tage,\tin\tthe\t1470s,\tthe\tfamily's\twealdi was\ttoo\tlarge,\tand\ttiieir\tinfluence\ttoo\tnoticeable,\tto\tbe\tdisguised\tany\tlonger. Lorenzo\t solved\t die\t problem\t in\t his\t own\t way\t by\t developing\t die\t strategy\t of distraction\tdiat\thas\tserved\tpeople\tof\twealdi\tever\tsince:\tHe\tbecame THE\tFLAME-COLORED\tCLOAK During\tthe\tcampaign\tof\tCambyses\tin\tEgypt,\ta\tgreat\tmany\tGreeks\tvisited\tthat country\tfor\tone\treason\tor\tanother:\tsome,\tas\twas\tto\tbe\texpected,\tfor\ttrade,\tsome to\t serve\t in\t the\t army,\t others,\t no\t doubt,\t out\t of\t mere\t curiosity,\t to\t see\t what\t they could\tsee.\tAmongst\tthe\tsightseers\twas\tAeaces's\tson\tSylo-son,\tthe\texiled\tbrother of\t Poly\t crates\t of\t Samos.\t While\t he\t was\t in\t Egypt,\t Syloson\t had\t an\t extraordinary stroke\tof\tluck:\the\twas\thanging\tabout\tthe\tstreets\tof\tMemphis\tdressed\tin\ta\tflame- colored\t cloak,\t when\t Darius,\t who\t at\t that\t time\t was\t a\t member\t of\t Cambyses's guard\t and\t not\t yet\t of\t any\t particular\t importance,\t happened\t to\t catch\t sight\t of\t him and,\tseized\twith\ta\tsudden\tlonging\tto\tpossess\tthe\tcloak,\tcame\tup\tto\tSyloson\tand made\thim\tan\toffer\tfor\tit. His\t extreme\t anxiety\t to\t get\t it\t was\t obvious\t enough\t to\t Syloson,\t who\t was inspired\tto\tsay:\t\u201c1\tam\tnot\tselling\tthis\tfor\tany\tmoney,\tbut\tif\tyou\tmust\thave\tit,\tI will\t give\t it\t to\t you\t for\t free.\u201d\t Darius\t thereupon\t thanked\t him\t warmly\t and\t took\t it. Syloson\tat\tthe\tmoment\tmerely\tthought\the\thad\tlost\tit\tby\this\tfoolish\tgood\tnature; then\tcame\tthe\tdeath\tof\tCambyses\tand\tthe\trevolt\tof\tthe\tseven\tagainst\tthe\tMagus, and\tDarius\tascended\tthe\tthrone.\tSyloson\tnow had\tthe\tnews\tthat\tthe\tman\twhose\trequest\tfor\tthe\tflame-colored\tcloak\the\thad formerly\t gratified\t in\t Egypt\t had\t become\t king\t of\t Persia.\t He\t hurried\t to\t Susa,\t sat down\t at\t the\t entrance\t of\t the\t royal\t palace,\t and\t claimed\t to\t be\t included\t in\t the official\t list\t of\t the\t king's\t benefactors.\t The\t sentry\t on\t guard\t reported\t his\t claim\t to Darius,\twho\tasked\tin\tsurprise\twho\tthe\tman\tmight\tbe.\t\u201cFor\tsurely,\u201d\the\tsaid,\t\u201cas\tI have\t so\t recently\t come\t to\t the\t throne,\t there\t cannot\t be\t any\t Greek\t to\t whom\t 1\t am indebted\t for\t a\t service.\t Hardly\t any\t of\t them\t have\t been\t here\t yet,\t and\t I\t certainly cannot\tremember\towing\tanything\tto\ta\tGreek.\tBut\tbring\thim\tin\tall\tthe\tsame,\tthat I\tmay\tknow\twhat\the\tmeans\tby\tthis\tclaim.\t\u201d\tThe\tguard\tescorted\tSyloson\tinto\tthe royal\t presence,\t and\t when\t the\t interpreters\t asked\t him\t who\t he\t was\t and\t what\t he had\tdone\tto\tjustify\tthe\tstatement\tthat\the\twas\tthe\tking's\tbenefactor,\the\treminded Darius\tof\tthe\tstory\tof\tthe\tcloak,\tand\tsaid\tthat\the\twas\tthe\tman\twho\thad\tgiven\tit him.\t \u201cSir,\t \u201d\t exclaimed\t Darius,\t \\\"you\t are\t the\t most\t generous\t of\t men;\t for\t while\t I was\t still\t a\t person\t of\t no\t power\t or\t consequence\t you\t gave\t me\t a\t presentsmall","indeed,\t but\t deserving\t then\t as\t much\t gratitude\t from\t me\t as\t would\t the\t most splendid\t of\t gifts\t today.\t I\t will\t give\t you\t in\t return\t more\t silver\t and\t gold\t than\t you can\tcount,\tthat\tyou\tmay the\t most\t illustrious\t patron\t of\t the\t arts\t that\t history\t has\t ever\t known.\t Not\t only did\the\tspend\tlavishly\ton\tpaintings,\the\tcreated\tItaly's\tfinest\tapprentice\tschools\tfor young\t artists.\t It\t was\t in\t one\t of\t these\t schools\t that\t the\t young\t Michelangelo\t first caught\t the\t attention\t of\t Lorenzo,\t who\t invited\t the\t artist\t to\t come\t and\t live\t in\t his house.\t He\t did\t the\t same\t with\t Leonardo\t da\t Vinci.\t Once\t under\t his\t wing, Michelangelo\tand\tLeonardo\trequited\this\tgenerosity\tby\tbecoming\tloyal\tartists\tin his\tstable. Whenever\t Lorenzo\t faced\t an\t enemy,\t he\t would\t wield\t the\t weapon\t of patronage.\tWhen\tPisa,\tFlorence's\ttraditional\tenemy,\tthreatened\tto\trebel\tagainst\tit in\t1472,\tLorenzo\tplacated\tits\tpeople\tby\tpouring\tmoney\tinto\tits\tuniversity,\twhich had\t once\t been\t its\t pride\t and\t joy\t but\t had\t long\t ago\t lost\t its\t luster.\t The\t Pisans\t had no\tdefense\tagainst\tthis\tinsidious\tmaneuver,\twhich\tsimultaneously\tfed\ttfieir\tlove of\tculture\tand\tblunted\ttheir\tdesire\tfor\tbattle.\tInterpretation Lorenzo\t undoubtedly\t loved\t the\t arts,\t but\t his\t patronage\t of\t artists\t had\t a practical\tfunction\tas\twell,\tof\twhich\the\twas\tkeenly\taware.\tIn\tFlorence\tat\tdie\ttime, banking\twas\tperhaps\tdie\tleast\tadmired\tway\tof\tmaking\tmoney,\tand\twas\tcertainly not\t a\t respected\t source\t of\t power.\t The\t arts\t were\t at\t the\t other\t pole,\t the\t pole\t of quasi-religious\ttranscendence.\tBy\tspending\ton\tdie\tarts,\tLorenzo\tdiluted\tpeople's opinions\tof\tthe\tugly\tsource\tof\this\twealth,\tdisguising\thimself\tin\tnobility.\tThere\tis no\t better\t use\t of\t strategic\t generosity\t man\t mat\t of\t distracting\t attention\t from\t an unsavory\treality\tand\twrapping\toneself\tin\tthe\tmantle\tof\tart\tor\treligion. Observance\tIV Louis\tXIV\thad\tan\teagle\teye\tfor\tthe\tstrategic\tpower\tof\tmoney.\tWhen\the\tcame to\tthe\tthrone,\tthe\tpowerful\tnobility\thad\trecendy\tproven\ta\tthorn\tin\tthe\tmonarchy's side,\t and\t seethed\t with\t rebelliousness.\t So\t he\t impoverished\t diese\t aristocrats\t by making\t them\t spend\t enormous\t sums\t on\t maintaining\t their\t position\t in\t the\t court. Making\tthem\tdependent\ton\troyal\tlargesse\tfor\ttheir\tlivelihood,\the\thad\tthem\tin\this claws. Next\t Louis\t brought\t the\t nobles\t to\t their\t knees\t with\t strategic\t generosity.\t It would\twork\tlike\tthis:\tWhenever\the\tnoticed\ta\tstubborn\tcourtier\twhose\tinfluence he\tneeded\tto\tgain,\tor\twhose\ttroublemaking\the\tneeded\tto\tsquelch,\the\twould\tuse his\tvast\t wealth\tto\t soften\tthe\t soil.\t First\t he\t would\t ignore\t his\tvictim,\t making\tthe man\t anxious.\t Then\t the\t man\t would\t suddenly\t find\t that\t his\t son\t had\t been\t given\t a well-paid\tpost,\tor\tthat\tfunds\thad\tbeen\tspent\tliberally\tin\this\thome\tregion,\tor\tmat he\t had\t been\t given\t a\t painting\t he\t had\t long\t coveted.\t Presents\t would\t flow\t from Louis's\thands.\tFinally,\tweeks\tor\tmonths\tlater,\tLouis\twould\task\tfor\tdie\tfavor\the","had\t needed\t all\t along.\t A\t man\t who\t had\t once\t vowed\t to\t do\t anything\t to\t stop\t the king\t would\t find\t he\t had\t lost\t the\t desire\t to\t fight.\t A\t straightforward\t bribe\t would have\tmade\thim\trebellious;\tthis\twas\tfar\tmore\tinsidious.\tFacing\thardened\tearth\tin which\t nothing\t could\t take\t root,\t Louis\t loosened\t the\t soil\t before\t he\t planted\t his seeds.\tInterpretation Louis\t understood\t that\t there\t is\t a\t deep-rooted\t emotional\t element\t in\t our attitude\tto\tmoney,\tan\telement\tgoing\tback\tto\tchildhood.\tWhen\twe\tare\tchil- dren,\tall\tkinds\tof\tcomplicated\tfeelings\tabout\tour\tparents\tcenter\taround\tgifts; we\t see\t die\t giving\t of\t a\t gift\t as\t a\t sign\t of\t love\t and\t approval.\t And\t that\t emotional element\t never\t goes\t away.\t The\t recipients\t of\t gifts,\t financial\t or\t otherwise,\t are suddenly\t as\t vulnerable\t as\t children,\t especially\t when\t the\t gift\t comes\t from someone\t in\t authority.\t They\t cannot\t help\t opening\t up;\t their\t will\t is\t loosened,\t as Louis\tloosened\tthe\tsoil. To\t succeed\t best,\t the\t gift\t should\t come\t out\t of\t the\t blue.\t It\t should\t be remarkable\tfor\tthe\tfact\tthat\ta\tgift\tlike\tit\thas\tnever\tbeen\tgiven\tbefore,\tor\tfor\tbeing preceded\t by\t a\t cold\t shoulder\t from\t the\t giver.\t The\t more\t often\t you\t give\t to particular\tpeople,\tthe\tblunter\tthis\tweapon\tbecomes.\tIf\tthey\tdon't\ttake\tyour\tgifts for\t granted,\t becoming\t monsters\t of\t ingratitude,\t they\t will\t resent\t what\t appears\t to be\tcharity.\tThe\tsudden,\tunexpected,\tone-time\tgift\twill\tnot\tspoil\tyour\tchildren;\tit will\tkeep\tthem\tunder\tyour\tthumb. Observance\tV The\tantique\tdealer\tFushimiya,\twho\tlived\tin\tthe\tcity\tof\tEdo\t(former\tname\tfor Tokyo)\tin\tthe\tseventeenth\tcentury,\tonce\tmade\ta\tstop\tat\ta\tvillage\tteahouse.\tAfter enjoying\t a\t cup\t of\t tea,\t he\t spent\t several\t minutes\t scrutinizing\t the\t cup,\t which\t he eventually\t paid\t for\t and\t took\t away\t with\t him.\t A\t local\t artisan,\t watching\t this, waited\t until\t Fushimiya\t left\t the\t shop,\t then\t approached\t the\t old\t woman\t who owned\tthe\tteahouse\tand\tasked\ther\twho\ttiiis\tman\twas.\tShe\ttold\thim\tit\twas\tJapan's most\t famous\t connoisseur,\t antique\t dealer\t to\t die\t lord\t of\t Izumo.\t The\t artisan\t ran out\tof\tthe\tshop,\tcaught\tup\twith\tFushimiya,\tand\tbegged\thim\tto\tsell\thim\tthe\tcup, which\t must\t clearly\t be\t valuable\t if\t Fushimiya\t judged\t it\t so.\t Fushimiya\t laughed heartily:\t \u201cIt's\t just\t an\t ordinary\t cup\t of\t Bizen\t ware,\u201d\t he\t explained,\t \u201cand\t it\t is\t not valuable\tat\tall.\tThe\treason\tI\twas\tlooking\tat\tit\twas\tthat\tthe\tsteam\tseemed\tto\thang about\tit\tstrangely\tand\tI\twondered\tif\tthere\twasn't\ta\tleak\tsomewhere.\u201d\t(Devotees of\tthe\tTea\tCeremony\twere\tinterested\tin\tany\todd\tor\taccidental\tbeauty\tin\tnature.) Since\tdie\tartisan\tstill\tseemed\tso\texcited\tabout\tit,\tFushimiya\tgave\thim\tthe\tcup\tfor free. The\tartisan\ttook\tdie\tcup\taround,\ttrying\tto\tfind\tan\texpert\twho\twould\tappraise it\tat\ta\thigh\tprice,\tbut\tsince\tall\tof\tthem\trecognized\tit\tas\tan\tordinary\tteacup\the\tgot nowhere.\tSoon\the\twas\tneglecting\this\town\tbusiness,\tthinking\tonly\tof\tdie\tcup\tand","die\t fortune\t it\t could\t bring.\t Finally\t he\t went\t to\t Edo\t to\t talk\t to\t Fushimiya\t at\t his shop.\t There\t the\t dealer,\t realizing\t that\t he\t had\t inadvertently\t caused\t this\t man\t pain by\tmaking\thim\tbelieve\tthe\tcup\thad\tgreat\tworth,\tpaid\thim\t100\tryo\t(gold\tpieces) for\tthe\tcup\tas\ta\tkindness.\tThe\tcup\twas\tindeed\tmediocre,\tbut\the\twanted\tto\trid\tthe artisan\t of\t his\t obsession,\t while\t also\t allowing\t him\t to\t feel\t tiiat\t his\t effort\t had\t not been\twasted.\tThe\tartisan\tthanked\thim\tand\twent\ton\this\tway. Soon\t word\t spread\t of\t Fushimiya's\t purchase\t of\t the\t teacup.\t Every\t dealer\t in Japan\tclamored\tfor\thim\tto\tsell\tit,\tsince\ta\tcup\the\thad\tbought\tfor\t100\tryo\tmust\tbe worth\tmuch\tmore.\tHe\ttried\tto\texplain\tthe\tcircumstances\tin\twhich\the\thad\tbought die\t cup,\t but\t the\t dealers\t could\t not\t be\t dissuaded.\t Fushimiya\t finally\t relented\t and put\tdie\tcup\tup\tfor\tsale. During\t the\t auction,\t two\t buyers\t simultaneously\t bid\t 200\t ryo\t for\t the\t teacup, and\tthen\tbegan\tto\tfight\tover\twho\thad\tbid\tfirst.\tTheir\tfighting never\tregret\tthat\tyou\tonee\tdid\ta\tfavor\tto\tDarius\tthe\tson\tof\tHystaspes.\u201c\t\u201dMy lord,\u201c\treplied\tSyloson,\t\u201ddo\tnot\tgive\tme\tgold\tor\tsilver,\tbut\trecover\tSamos\tfor\tme, my\t native\t island,\t which\t now\t since\t Oroetes\t killed\t my\t brother\t Poly-crates\t is\t in the\thands\tof\tone\tof\tour\tservants.\tLet\tSamos\tbe\tyour\tgift\tto\tmebut\tlet\tno\tman\tin the\t island\t be\t killed\t or\t enslaved.\\\"\t Darius\t consented\t to\t Syloson's\t request,\t and dispatched\ta\tforce\tunder\tthe\tcommand\tof\tOtanes,\tone\tof\tthe\tseven,\twith\torders to\tdo\teverything\tthat\tSyloson\thad\tasked. the\thistories,\tHerodotus,\tfifth\tcentury\tb.c. Money\tis\tnever\tspent\tto\tso\tmuch\tadvantage\tas\twhen\tyou\thave\tbeen\tcheated out\tof\tit;\tfor\tat\tone\tstroke\tyou\thave\tpurchased\tprudence. Arthur Schopenhauer, 1788-1860 Kung-yi\t Hsiu,\t premier\t of\t Lu,\t was\t fond\t offish.\t Therefore,\t people\t in\t the whole\t country\t conscientiously\t bought\t fish,\t which\t they\t presented\t to\t him. However,\t Kung-yi\t would\t not\t accept\t the\t presents.\t Against\t such\t a\t step\t his younger\t brother\t remonstrated\t with\t him\t and\t said:\t \u201cYou\t like\t fish,\t indeed.\t Why don't\tyou\taccept\tthe\tpresent\toffish\t\u201d\tIn\treply,\the\tsaid:\t\u201cIt\tis\tsolely\tbecause\tI\tlike fish\tthat\tI\twould\tnot\taccept\tthe\tfish\tthey\tgave\tme.\tIndeed,\tif\tI\taccept\tthe\tfish,\tI will\t be\t placed\t under\t an\t obligation\t to\t them.\t Once\t placed\t under\t an\t obligation\t to them,\t I\t will\t some\t time\t have\t to\t bend\t the\t law.\t If\t I\t bend\t the\t law,\t I\t will\t be dismissed\t from\t the\t premiership.\t After\t being\t dismissed\t from\t the\t premiership,\t I might\tnot\tbe\table\tto\tsupply\tmyself\twith\tfish.\tOn\tthe\tcontrary,\tif\tI\tdo\tnot\taccept the\tfish\tfrom\tthem\tand\tam\tnot\tdismissed\tthe\tpremiership,\thowever\tfond\tof\tfish,\tI can\talways\tsupply\tmyself\twith\tfish.\u201d Chinese\tphilosopher,\tthird\tcentury\tb.c.","tipped\t over\t a\t table\t and\t the\t teacup\t fell\t to\t the\t ground\t and\t broke\t into\t several pieces.\tThe\tauction\twas\tclearly\tover.\tFushimiya\tglued\tand\tmended\tthe\tcup,\tthen stored\t it\t away,\t dunking\t the\t affair\t finished.\t Years\t later,\t however,\t the\t great\t tea master\t Matsudaira\t Fumai\t visited\t the\t store,\t and\t asked\t to\t see\t the\t cup,\t which\t by then\thad\tbecome\tlegendary.\tFumai\texamined\tit.\t\u201cAs\ta\tpiece,\u201d\the\tsaid,\t\u201cit\tis\tnot up\t to\t much,\t but\t a\t Tea\t Master\t prizes\t sentiment\t and\t association\t more\t than intrinsic\tvalue.\u201d\tHe\tbought\tthe\tcup\tfor\ta\thigh\tsum.\tA\tglued-together\twork\tof\tless than\t ordinary\t craftsmanship\t had\t become\t one\t of\t the\t most\t famous\t objects\t in Japan.\tInterpretation The\t story\t shows,\t first,\t an\t essential\t aspect\t of\t money:\t That\t it\t is\t humans\t who have\tcreated\tit\tand\thumans\twho\tinstill\tit\twith\tmeaning\tand\tvalue.\tSecond,\twith objects\t as\t with\t money,\t what\t the\t courtier\t most\t values\t are\t the\t sentiments\t and emotions\tembedded\tin\tthemthese\tare\twhat\tmake\tthem\tworth\thaving.\tThe\tlesson is\t simple:\t The\t more\t your\t gifts\t and\t your\t acts\t of\t generosity\t play\t with\t sentiment, the\t more\t powerful\t mey\t are.\t The\t object\t or\t concept\t that\t plays\t with\t a\t charged emotion\t or\t hits\t a\t chord\t of\t sentiment\t has\t more\t power\t than\t the\t money\t you squander\ton\tan\texpensive\tyet\tlifeless\tpresent. Observance\tVI Akimoto\t Suzutomo,\t a\t wealthy\t adherent\t of\t the\t tea\t ceremony,\t once\t gave\t his page\t100\tryo\t(gold\tpieces)\tand\tinstructed\thim\tto\tpurchase\ta\ttea\tbowl\toffered\tby a\tparticular\t dealer.\t When\t the\t page\t saw\t the\t bowl,\t he\t doubted\t it\t was\t worth\tthat much,\t and\t after\t much\t bargaining\t got\t the\t price\t reduced\t to\t 95\t ryo.\t Days\t later, after\tSuzutomo\thad\tput\tthe\tbowl\tto\tuse,\tthe\tpage\tproudly\ttold\thim\twhat\the\thad done. \u201cWhat\t an\t ignoramus\t you\t are!\u201d\t replied\t Suzutomo.\t \u201cA\t tea\t bowl\t that\t anyone asks\t100\tpieces\tof\tgold\tfor\tcan\tonly\tbe\ta\tfamily\theirloom,\tand\ta\tthing\tlike\tthat\tis only\t sold\t when\t the\t family\t is\t pressed\t for\t money.\t And\t in\t that\t case\t tiiey\t will\t be hoping\t to\t find\t someone\t who\t will\t give\t even\t 150\t pieces\t for\t it.\t So\t what\t sort\t of fellow\t is\t it\t who\t does\t not\t consider\t their\t feelings\t Quite\t apart\t from\t that,\t a\t curio that\tyou\tgive\t100\tryo\tfor\tis\tsomething\tworth\thaving,\tbut\tone\tthat\thas\tonly\tcost 95\t gives\t a\t mean\t impression.\t So\t never\t let\t me\t see\t that\t tea\t bowl\t again!\u201d\t And\t he had\tdie\tbowl\tlocked\taway,\tand\tnever\ttook\tit\tout.\tInterpretation When\t you\t insist\t on\t paying\t less,\t you\t may\t save\t your\t five\t ryo,\t but\t die\t insult you\tcause\tand\tthe\tcheap\timpression\tyou\tcreate\twill\tcost\tyou\tin\treputation,\twhich is\t the\t thing\t the\t powerful\t prize\t above\t all.\t Learn\t to\t pay\t the\t full\t priceit\t will\t save you\ta\tlot\tin\tthe\tend. Observance\tVII Sometime\tnear\tthe\tbeginning\tof\tdie\tseventeenth\tcentury\tin\tJapan,\ta\tgroup\tof generals\twhiled\taway\tthe\ttime\tbefore\ta\tbig\tbattle\tby\tstaging\tan\tincense-smelling","competition.\t Each\t participant\t anted\t up\t a\t prize\t for\t the\t contest's\t winnersbows, arrows,\tsaddles,\tand\todier\titems\ta\twarrior\twould\tcovet. The\t great\t Lord\t Date\t Masamune\t happened\t to\t pass\t by\t and\t was\t induced\t to participate.\t For\t a\t prize,\t he\t offered\t the\t gourd\t that\t hung\t from\t his\t belt.\t Everyone laughed,\tfor\tno\tone\twanted\tto\twin\tthis\tcheap\titem.\tA\tretainer\tof\tdie\thost\tfinally accepted\tthe\tgourd. When\t die\t party\t broke\t up,\t however,\t and\t the\t generals\t were\t chatting\t outside the\t tent,\t Masamune\t brought\t over\t his\t magnificent\t horse\t and\t gave\t it\t to\t the retainer.\t \u201cThere,\u201d\t he\t said,\t \u201ca\t horse\t has\t come\t out\t of\t the\t gourd.\u201d\t The\t stunned generals\tsuddenly\tregretted\ttheir\tscorn\tat\tMasamune's\tgift.\tInterpretation Masamune\tunderstood\tthe\tfollowing:\tMoney\tgives\tits\tpossessor\tthe\tability\tto give\t pleasure\t to\t others.\t The\t more\t you\t can\t do\t this,\t the\t more\t you\t attract admiration.\tWhen\tyou\tmake\ta\thorse\tcome\tout\tof\ta\tgourd,\tyou\tgive\tthe\tultimate demonstration\tof\tyour\tpower. Image:\tThe\tRiver.\tTo\tprotect\tyourself\tor\tto\tsave\tthe\tresource,\tyou\tdam\tit\tup. Soon,\thowever,\tthe\twaters\tbecome\tdank\tand\tpestilent.\tOnly\tthe\tfoulest\tforms\tof life\t can\t live\t in\t such\t stagnant\t waters;\t nothing\t travels\t on\t them,\t all\t commerce stops.\t Destroy\t the\t dam.\t When\t water\t flows\t and\t circulates,\t it\t generates abundance,\t wealth,\t and\t power\t in\t ever\t larger\t circles.\t The\t River\t must\t flood periodically\tfor\tgood\tthings\tto\tflourish. \/\ttook\tmoney\tonly\tfrom\tthose\twho\tcould\tafford\tit\tand\twere\twilling\tto\tgo\tin with\tme\tin\tschemes\tthey\tfancied\twould\tfleece\tothers.\tThey\twanted\tmoney\tfor\tits own\t sake.\t I\t wanted\t it\t for\t the\t luxuries\t and\t pleasures\t it\t would\t afford\t me.\t They were\tseldom\tconcerned\twith\thuman\tnature.\tThey\tknew\tlittleand\tcared\tlessabout their\tfellow\tmen.\tIf\tthey\thad\tbeen\tkeener\tstudents\tof\thuman\tnature,\tif\tthey\thad given\tmore\ttime\tto\tcompanionship\twith\ttheir\tfellows\tand\tless\tto\tthe\tchase\tof\tthe almighty\tdollar,\tthey\twouldn\t't\thave\tbeen\tsuch\teasy\tmarks. \u201cYellow\tKid\u201d\tWeil,\t1875-1976 Authority:\t The\t great\t man\t who\t is\t a\t miser\t is\t a\t great\t fool,\t and\t a\t man\t in\t high places\t can\t have\t no\t vice\t so\t harmful\t as\t avarice.\t A\t miserly\t man\t can\t conquer neither\t lands\t nor\t lordships,\t for\t he\t does\t not\t have\t a\t plentiful\t supply\t of\t friends with\twhom\the\tmay\twork\this\twill.\tWhoever\twants\tto\thave\tfriends\tmust\tnot\tlove his\t possessions\t but\t must\t acquire\t friends\t by\t means\t of\t fair\t gifts;\t for\t in\t the\t same way\t that\t the\t lodestone\t subtly\t draws\t iron\t to\t itself,\t so\t the\t gold\t and\t silver\t that\t a man\t gives\t attract\t the\t hearts\t of\t men.\t (The\t Romance\t of\t the\t Rose,\t Guillaume\t de Lorris,\tc.\t1200-1238) REVERSAL The\t powerful\t never\t forget\t that\t what\t is\t offered\t for\t free\t is\t inevitably\t a\t trick. Friends\t who\t offer\t favors\t without\t asking\t for\t payment\t will\t later\t want\t something","far\t dearer\t than\t the\t money\t you\t would\t have\t paid\t them.\t The\t bargain\t has\t hidden problems,\tboth\tmaterial\tand\tpsychological.\tLearn\tto\tpay,\tthen,\tand\tto\tpay\twell. On\t the\t other\t hand,\t this\t Law\t offers\t great\t opportunities\t for\t swindling\t and deception\tif\tyou\tapply\tit\tfrom\tthe\tother\tside.\tDangling\tthe\tlure\tof\ta\tfree\tlunch\tis the\tcon\tartist's\tstock\tin\ttrade. No\t man\t was\t better\t at\t this\t than\t the\t most\t successful\t con\t artist\t of\t our\t age, Joseph\t Weil,\t a.k.a.\t \u201cThe\t Yellow\t Kid.\u201d\t The\t Yellow\t Kid\t learned\t early\t that\t what made\t his\t swindles\t possible\t was\t his\t fellow\t humans'\t greed.\t \u201cThis\t desire\t to\t get something\t for\t nothing,\u201d\t he\t once\t wrote,\t \u201chas\t been\t very\t costly\t to\t many\t people who\t have\t dealt\t with\t me\t and\t with\t other\t con\t men.\t .\t .\t .\t When\t people\t learnas\t I doubt\tthey\twillthat\tthey\tcan't\tget\tsomething\tfor\tnothing,\tcrime\twill\tdiminish\tand we\tshall\tall\tlive\tin\tgreater\tharmony.\u201d\tOver\tthe\tyears\tWeil\tdevised\tmany\tways\tto seduce\t people\t with\t the\t prospect\t of\t easy\t money.\t He\t would\t hand\t out\t \u201cfree\u201d\t real estatewho\tcould\tresist\tsuch\tan\tofferand\tthen\tthe\tsuckers\twould\tlearn\tthey\thad\tto pay\t $25\t to\t register\t the\t sale.\t Since\t the\t land\t was\t free,\t it\t seemed\t worth\t the\t high fee,\t and\t the\t Yellow\t Kid\t would\t make\t thousands\t of\t dollars\t on\t the\t phony registration.\t In\t exchange\t he\t would\t give\t his\t suckers\t a\t phony\t deed.\t Other\t times, he\t would\t tell\t suckers\t about\t a\t fixed\t horse\t race,\t or\t a\t stock\t that\t would\t earn\t 200 percent\tin\ta\tfew\tweeks.\tAs\the\tspun\this\tstories\the\twould\twatch\tthe\tsucker's\teyes open\twide\tat\tthe\tthought\tof\ta\tfree\tlunch. The\t lesson\t is\t simple:\t Bait\t your\t deceptions\t with\t the\t possibility\t of\t easy money.\t People\t are\t essentially\t lazy,\t and\t want\t wealth\t to\t fall\t in\t their\t lap\t rather than\t to\t work\t for\t it.\t For\t a\t small\t sum,\t sell\t them\t advice\t on\t how\t to\t make\t millions (P.\t T.\t Barnum\t did\t this\t later\t in\t life),\t and\t that\t small\t sum\t will\t become\t a\t fortune when\t multiplied\t by\t thousands\t of\t suckers.\t Lure\t people\t in\t with\t the\t prospect\t of easy\tmoney\tand\tyou\thave\tthe\troom\tto\twork\tstill\tmore\tdeceptions\ton\tthem,\tsince greed\t is\t powerful\t enough\t to\t blind\t your\t victims\t to\t anything.\t And\t as\t the\t Yellow Kid\tsaid,\thalf\tthe\tfun\tis\tteaching\ta\tmoral\tlesson:\tGreed\tdoes\tnot\tpay.","48\tLaws\tof\tPower LAW\t41 AVOID\tSTEPPING\tINTO\tA\tGREAT\tMAN'S\tSHOES JUDGMENT What\thappens\tfirst\talways\tappears\tbetter\tand\tmore\toriginal\tthan\twhat\tcomes after.\t If\t you\t succeed\t a\t great\t man\t or\t have\t a\t famous\t parent,\t you\t will\t have\t to accomplish\tdouble\ttheir\tachievements\tto\toutshine\tthem.\tDo\tnot\tget\tlost\tin\ttheir shadow,\t or\t stuck\t in\t a\t past\t not\t of\t your\t own\t making:\t Establish\t your\t own\t name and\t identity\t by\t changing\t course.\t Slay\t the\t overbearing\t father,\t disparage\t his legacy,\tand\tgain\tpower\tby\tshining\tin\tyour\town\tway. Many\twould\thave\tshone\tlike\tthe\tvery\tphoenix\tin\ttheir\toccupations\tif\tothers had\tnot\tpreceded\tthem.\tBeing\tfirst\tis\ta\tgreat\tadvantage;\twith\teminence,\ttwice\tas good.\tDeal\tthe\tfirst\thand\tand\tyou\twill\twin\tthe\tupper\tground.\t.\t.\t.\tThose\twho\tgo first\t win\t fame\t by\t right\t of\t birth,\t and\t those\t who\t follow\t are\t like\t second\t sons, contenting\t themselves\t with\t meager\t portions....\t Solomon\t opted\t wisely\t for pacifism,\t yielding\t warlike\t things\t to\t his\t father.\t By\t changing\t course\t he\t found\t it easier\t to\t become\t a\t hero....\t And\t our\t great\t Philip\t II\t governed\t the\t entire\t world from\tthe\tthrone\tof\this\tprudence,\tastonishing\tthe\tages.\tIf\this\tunconquered\tfather was\t a\t model\t of\t energy,\t Philip\t was\t a\t paradigm\t of\t prudence....\t This\t sort\t of novelty\thas\thelped\tthe\twell-advised\twin\ta\tplace\tin\tthe\troll\tof\tthe\tgreat.\tWithout leaving\t their\t own\t art,\t the\t ingenious\t leave\t the\t common\t path\t and\t take,\t even\t in professions\t gray\t with\t age,\t new\t steps\t toward\t eminence.\t Horace\t yielded\t epic poetry\t to\t Virgil,\t and\t Martial\t the\t lyric\t to\t Horace.\t Terence\t opted\t for\t comedy, Persius\t for\t satire,\t each\t hoping\t to\t be\t first\t in\t his\t genre.\t Bold\t fancy\t never succumbed\tto\tfacile\timitation. a\tpocket\tmirror for\theroes, Baltasar\tGracian, translated\tby Christopher\tMaurer, TRANSGRESSION\tOF\tTHE\tLAW When\tLouis\tXIV\tdied,\tin\t1715,\tafter\ta\tglorious\tfifty-five-year\treign,\tall\teyes focused\t on\t his\t great-grandson\t and\t chosen\t successor,\t the\t future\t Louis\t XV. Would\t the\t boy,\t only\t five\t at\t the\t time,\t prove\t as\t great\t a\t leader\t as\t the\t Sun\t King","Louis\t XIV\t had\t transformed\t a\t country\t on\t the\t verge\t of\t civil\t war\t into\t the preeminent\tpower\tin\tEurope.\tThe\tlast\tyears\tof\this\treign\thad\tbeen\tdifficulthe\thad been\told\tand\ttiredbut\tit\twas\thoped\tthat\tthe\tchild\twould\tdevelop\tinto\tthe\tkind\tof strong\truler\twho\twould\treinvigorate\tthe\tland\tand\tadd\tto\tthe\tfirm\tfoundation\tthat Louis\tXIV\thad\tlaid. To\t this\t end\t the\t child\t was\t given\t the\t best\t minds\t of\t France\t as\t his\t tutors,\t men who\twould\tinstruct\thim\tin\tthe\tarts\tof\tstatecraft,\tin\tthe\tmethods\tthat\tthe\tSun\tKing had\t perfected.\t Nodiing\t was\t neglected\t in\t his\t education.\t But\t when\t Louis\t XV came\tto\tdie\tthrone,\tin\t1726,\ta\tsudden\tchange\tcame\tover\thim:\tHe\tno\tlonger\thad to\t study\t or\t please\t others\t or\t prove\t himself.\t He\t stood\t alone\t at\t the\t top\t of\t a\t great country,\twidi\twealth\tand\tpower\tat\this\tcommand.\tHe\tcould\tdo\tas\the\twished. In\t die\t first\t years\t of\t his\t reign,\t Louis\t gave\t himself\t over\t to\t pleasure,\t leaving the\tgovernment\tin\tthe\thands\tof\ta\ttrusted\tminister,\tAndre-Hercule\tde\tFleury.\tThis caused\tlittle\tconcern,\tfor\the\twas\ta\tyoung\tman\twho\tneeded\tto\tsow\this\twild\toats, and\tde\tFleury\twas\ta\tgood\tminister.\tBut\tit\tslowly\tbecame\tclear\tthat\tthis\twas\tmore than\t a\t passing\t phase.\t Louis\t had\t no\t interest\t in\t governing.\t His\t main\t worry\t was not\t France's\t finances,\t or\t a\t possible\t war\t with\t Spain,\t but\t boredom.\t He\t could\t not stand\tbeing\tbored,\tand\twhen\the\twas\tnot\thunting\tdeer,\tor\tchasing\tyoung\tgirls,\the whiled\taway\this\ttime\tat\tthe\tgambling\ttables,\tlosing\thuge\tsums\tin\ta\tsingle\tnight. The\t court,\t as\t usual,\t reflected\t the\t tastes\t of\t the\t ruler.\t Gambling\t and\t lavish parties\t became\t the\t obsession.\t The\t courtiers\t had\t no\t concern\t with\t the\t future\t of Francethey\t poured\t their\t energies\t into\t charming\t the\t king,\t angling\t for\t titles\t that would\tbring\tthem\tlife\tpensions,\tand\tfor\tcabinet\tpositions\tdemanding\tlitde\twork but\t paying\t huge\t salaries.\t Parasites\t flocked\t to\t the\t court,\t and\t the\t state's\t debts swelled. In\t1745\tLouis\tfell\tin\tlove\twith\tMadame\tde\tPompadour,\ta\twoman\tof\tmiddle- class\torigin\twho\thad\tmanaged\tto\trise\tdirough\ther\tcharms,\ther\tintelligence,\tand\ta good\t marriage.\t Madame\t de\t Pompadour\t became\t the\t official\t royal\t mistress;\t she also\tbecame\tFrance's\tarbiter\tof\ttaste\tand\tfashion.\tBut\tthe\tMadame\thad\tpolitical ambitions\tas\twell,\tand\tshe\teventually\temerged\tas\tthe\tcountry's\tunofficial\tprime ministerit\twas\tshe,\tnot\tLouis,\twho\twielded\thiring-and-firing\tpower\tover\tFrance's most\timportant\tministers. As\t he\t grew\t older\t Louis\t only\t needed\t more\t diversion.\t On\t the\t grounds\t of Versailles\the\tbuilt\ta\tbrothel,\tPare\taux\tCerfs,\twhich\thoused\tsome\tof\tdie\tprettiest young\t girls\t of\t France.\t Underground\t passages\t and\t hidden\t staircases\t gave\t Louis access\t at\t all\t hours.\t After\t Madame\t de\t Pompadour\t died,\t in\t 1764,\t she\t was succeeded\t as\t royal\t mistress\t by\t Madame\t du\t Barry,\t who\t soon\t came\t to\t dominate the\tcourt,\tand\twho,\tlike\tde\tPompadour\tbefore\ther,\tbegan\tto\tmeddle\tin\taffairs\tof state.\tIf\ta\tminister\tdid\tnot\tplease\ther\the\twould\tfind\thimself\tfired.\tAll\tof\tEurope","was\t aghast\t when\t du\t Barry,\t the\t daughter\t of\t a\t baker,\t managed\t to\t arrange\t the firing\tof\tEtienne\tde\tChoiseul,\tthe\tforeign minister\t and\t France's\t most\t able\t diplomat.\t He\t had\t shown\t her\t too\t littie respect.\t As\t time\t went\t by,\t swindlers\t and\t charlatans\t made\t their\t nests\t in Versailles,\t and\t enticed\t Louis's\t interest\t in\t astrology,\t the\t occult,\t and\t fraudulent business\t deals.\t The\t young\t and\t pampered\t teenager\t who\t had\t taken\t over\t France years\tbefore\thad\tonly\tgrown\tworse\twith\tage. The\tmotto\tthat\tbecame\tattached\tto\tLouis's\treign\twas\t\u201cApres\tmoi,\tle\tdeluge\u201d- \u201cAfter\tme\tthe\tflood,\u201d\tor,\tLet\tFrance\trot\tafter\tI\tam\tgone.\tAnd\tindeed\twhen\tLouis did\tgo,\tin\t1774,\tworn\tout\tby\tdebauchery,\this\tcountry\tand\this\town\tfinances\twere in\thorrible\tdisarray.\tHis\tgrandson\tLouis\tXVI\tinherited\ta\trealm\tin\tdesperate\tneed of\t reform\t and\t a\t strong\t leader.\t But\t Louis\t XVI\t was\t even\t weaker\t than\t his grandfather,\t and\t could\t only\t watch\t as\t the\t country\t descended\t into\t revolution.\t In 1792\t the\t republic\t introduced\t by\t the\t French\t Revolution\t declared\t the\t end\t of\t the monarchy,\tand\tgave\tdie\tking\ta\tnew\tname,\t\u201cLouis\tthe\tLast.\u201d\tA\tfew\tmonths\tlater he\t kneeled\t on\t the\t guillotine,\t his\t about-to-be-severed\t head\t stripped\t of\t all\t the radiance\tand\tpower\tthat\tdie\tSun\tKing\thad\tinvested\tin\tthe\tcrown. Interpretation From\t a\t country\t that\t had\t descended\t into\t civil\t war\t in\t die\t late\t 1640s,\t Louis XIV\t forged\t the\t mightiest\t realm\t in\t Europe.\t Great\t generals\t would\t tremble\t in\t his presence.\t A\t cook\t once\t made\t a\t mistake\t in\t preparing\t a\t dish\t and\t committed suicide\t rather\t than\t face\t the\t king's\t wrath.\t Louis\t XIV\t had\t many\t mistresses,\t but their\t power\t ended\t in\t the\t bedroom.\t He\t filled\t his\t court\t with\t the\t most\t brilliant minds\t of\t die\t age.\t The\t symbol\t of\t his\t power\t was\t Versailles:\t Refusing\t to\t accept die\t palace\t of\t his\t forefathers,\t die\t Louvre,\t he\t built\t his\t own\t palace\t in\t what\t was then\t the\t middle\t of\t nowhere,\t symbolizing\t that\t diis\t was\t a\t new\t order\t he\t had founded,\tone\twithout\tprecedent.\tHe\tmade\tVersailles\tthe\tcenterpiece\tof\this\treign, a\tplace\tthat\tall\tthe\tpowerful\tof\tEurope\tenvied\tand\tvisited\twith\ta\tsense\tof\tawe.\tIn essence,\t Louis\t took\t a\t great\t voidthe\t decaying\t monarchy\t of\t Franceand\t filled\t it with\this\town\tsymbols\tand\tradiant\tpower. Louis\t XV,\t on\t the\t other\t hand,\t symbolizes\t the\t fate\t of\t all\t those\t who\t inherit somediing\tlarge\tor\twho\tfollow\tin\ta\tgreat\tman's\tfootsteps.\tIt\twould\tseem\teasy\tfor a\tson\tor\tsuccessor\tto\tbuild\ton\tdie\tgrand\tfoundation\tleft\tfor\tthem,\tbut\tin\tthe\trealm of\t power\t the\t opposite\t is\t true.\t The\t pampered,\t indulged\t son\t almost\t always squanders\t the\t inheritance,\t for\t he\t does\t not\t start\t with\t die\t father's\t need\t to\t fill\t a void.\t As\t Machiavelli\t states,\t necessity\t is\t what\t impels\t men\t to\t take\t action,\t and once\t die\t necessity\t is\t gone,\t only\t rot\t and\t decay\t are\t left.\t Having\t no\t need\t to increase\t his\t store\t of\t power,\t Louis\t XV\t inevitably\t succumbed\t to\t inertia.\t Under him,\t Versailles,\t the\t symbol\t of\t the\t Sun\t King's\t authority,\t became\t a\t pleasure","palace\tof\tincomparable\tbanality,\ta\tkind\tof\tLas\tVegas\tof\tdie\tBourbon\tmonarchy. It\tcame\tto\trepresent\tall\tthat\tthe\toppressed\tpeasantry\tof\tFrance\thated\tabout\ttheir king,\tand\tduring\tdie\tRevolution\tthey\tlooted\tit\twith\tglee. Louis\tXV\thad\tonly\tone\tway\tout\tof\tthe\ttrap\tawaiting\tthe\tson\tor\tsuccessor\tof\ta man\tlike\tthe\tSun\tKing:\tto\tpsychologically\tbegin\tfrom\tnothing,\tto LIFE\tOF\tPERICLES As\ta\tyoung\tman\tPericles\twas\tinclined\tto\tshrink\tfrom\tfacing\tthe\tpeople.\tOne reason\t for\t this\t was\t that\t he\t was\t considered\t to\t bear\t a\t distinct\t resemblance\t to\t the tyrant\t Pisistratus,\t and\t when\t men\t who\t were\t well\t on\t in\t years\t remarked\t on\t the charm\tof\tPericles'\tvoice\tand\tthe\tsmoothness\tand\tfluency\tof\this\tspeech,\tthey\twere astonished\t at\t the\t resemblance\t between\t the\t two.\t The\t fact\t that\t he\t was\t rich\t and that\t he\t came\t of\t a\t distinguished\t family\t and\t possessed\t exceedingly\t powerful friends\t made\t the\t fear\t of\t ostracism\t very\t real\t to\t him,\t and\t at\t the\t beginning\t of\t his career\the\ttook\tno\tpart\tin\tpolitics\tbut\tdevoted\thimself\tto\tsoldiering,\tin\twhich\the showed\tgreat\tdaring\tand\tenterprise.\tHowever,\tthe\ttime\tcame\twhen\tAristides\twas dead,\tThemistocles\tin\texile,\tand\tCimon\tfrequently\tabsent\ton\tdistant\tcampaigns. Then\t at\t last\t Pericles\t decided\t to\t attach\t himself\t to\t the\t people's\t party\t and\t to\t take up\tthe\tcause\tof\tthe\tpoor\tand\tthe\tmany\tinstead\tof\tthat\tof\tthe\trich\tand\tthe\tfew,\tin spite\tof\tthe\tfact\tthat\tthis\twas\tquite\tcontrary\tto\this\town\ttemperament,\twhich\twas thoroughly\taristocratic.\tHe\twas\tafraid,\tapparently,\tof\tbeing\tsuspected\tof\taiming at\ta\tdictatorship;\tso\tthat\twhen\the\tsaw\tthat Cimon\t'.v\tsympathies\twere\tstrongly\twith\tthe\tnobles\tand\tthat\tCimon\twas\tthe idol\tof\tthe\taristocratic\tparty,\tPericles\tbegan\tto\tingratiate\thimself\twith\tthe\tpeople, partly\tfor\tself-preservation\tand\tpartly\tby\tway\tof\tsecuring\tpower\tagainst\this\trival. He\t now\t entered\t upon\t a\t new\t mode\t of\t life.\t He\t was\t never\t to\t be\t seen\t walking\t in any\tstreet\texcept\tthe\tone\twhich\tled\tto\tthe\tmarket-place\tand\tthe\tcouncil\tchamber. the\tlife\tof\tpericles, Plutarch, c.\ta.d.\t46-120 How\t beneficial\t poverty\t may\t sometimes\t be\t to\t those\t with\t talent,\t and\t how\t it may\t serve\t as\t a\t powerful\t goad\t to\t make\t them\t perfect\t or\t excellent\t in\t whatever occupation\t they\t might\t choose,\t can\t be\t seen\t very\t clearly\t in\t the\t actions\t of\t Pietro Perugino.\tWishing\tby\tmeans\tof\this\tability\tto\tattain\tsome\trespectable\trank,\tafter leaving\t disastrous\t calamities\t behind\t in\t Perugia\t and\t coming\t to\t Florence,\t he remained\t there\t many\t months\t in\t poverty,\t sleeping\t in\t a\t chest,\t since\t he\t had\t no other\tbed;\the\tturned\tnight\tinto\tday,\tand\twith\tthe\tgreatest\tzeal\tcontinually\tapplied himself\tto denigrate\tthe\tpast\tand\this\tinheritance,\tand\tto\tmove\tin\ta\ttotally\tnew\tdirection, creating\t his\t own\t world.\t Assuming\t you\t have\t the\t choice,\t it\t would\t be\t better\t to","avoid\t the\t situation\t altogether,\t to\t place\t yourself\t where\t there\t is\t a\t vacuum\t of power,\t where\t you\t can\t be\t the\t one\t to\t bring\t order\t out\t of\t chaos\t without\t having\t to compete\t with\t another\t star\t in\t the\t sky.\t Power\t depends\t on\t appearing\t larger\t than other\t people,\t and\t when\t you\t are\t lost\t in\t die\t shadow\t of\t the\t father,\t the\t king,\t the great\tpredecessor,\tyou\tcannot\tpossibly\tproject\tsuch\ta\tpresence. But\twhen\tthey\tbegan\tto\tmake\tsovereignty\thereditary,\tthe\tchildren\tquickly degenerated\tfrom\ttheir\tfathers;\tand,\tso\tfar\tfrom\ttrying\tto\tequal\ttheir\tfather's virtues,\tthey\tconsidered\tthat\ta\tprince\thad\tnothing\telse\tto\tdo\tthan\tto\texcel all\tthe\trest\tin\tidleness,\tindulgence,\tand\tevery\tother\tvariety\tof\tpleasure. Niccolo\tMachiavelli,\t1469-1527 OBSERVANCE\tOF\tTHE\tLAW Alexander\t the\t Great\t had\t a\t dominant\t passion\t as\t a\t young\t manan\t intense dislike\t for\t his\t father,\t King\t Philip\t of\t Macedonia.\t He\t hated\t Philip's\t cunning, cautious\t style\t of\t ruling,\t his\t bombastic\t speeches,\t his\t drinking\t and\t whoring,\t and his\t love\t of\t wrestling\t and\t of\t other\t wastes\t of\t time.\t Alexander\t knew\t he\t had\t to make\t himself\t the\t very\t opposite\t of\t his\t domineering\t father:\t He\t would\t force himself\tto\tbe\tbold\tand\treckless,\the\twould\tcontrol\this\ttongue\tand\tbe\ta\tman\tof\tfew words,\t and\t he\t would\t not\t lose\t precious\t time\t in\t pursuit\t of\t pleasures\t that\t brought no\t glory.\t Alexander\t also\t resented\t the\t fact\t that\t Philip\t had\t conquered\t most\t of Greece:\t\u201cMy\tfather\twill\tgo\ton\tconquering\ttill\tthere\tis\tnothing\textraordinary\tleft for\t me\t to\t do,\u201d\t he\t once\t complained.\t While\t other\t sons\t of\t powerful\t men\t were content\t to\t inherit\t wealth\t and\t live\t a\t life\t of\t leisure,\t Alexander\t wanted\t only\t to outdo\t his\t father,\t to\t obliterate\t Philip's\t name\t from\t history\t by\t surpassing\t his accomplishments. Alexander\t itched\t to\t show\t others\t how\t superior\t he\t was\t to\t his\t father.\t A Thessalian\thorse-dealer\tonce\tbrought\ta\tprize\thorse\tnamed\tBucephalus\tto\tsell\tto Philip.\t None\t of\t the\t king's\t grooms\t could\t get\t near\t the\t horseit\t was\t far\t too savageand\t Philip\t berated\t the\t merchant\t for\t bringing\t him\t such\t a\t useless\t beast. Watching\t the\t whole\t affair,\t Alexander\t scowled\t and\t commented,\t \u201cWhat\t a\t horse they\t are\t losing\t for\t want\t of\t skill\t and\t spirit\t to\t manage\t him!\u201d\t When\t he\t had\t said this\tseveral\ttimes,\tPhilip\thad\tfinally\thad\tenough,\tand\tchallenged\thim\tto\ttake\ton die\t horse.\t He\t called\t the\t merchant\t back,\t secretly\t hoping\t his\t son\t would\t have\t a nasty\t fall\t and\t learn\t a\t bitter\t lesson.\t But\t Alexander\t was\t die\t one\t to\t teach\t the lesson:\t Not\t only\t did\t he\t mount\t Bucephalus,\t he\t managed\t to\t ride\t him\t at\t full gallop,\t taming\t the\t horse\t that\t would\t later\t carry\t him\t all\t die\t way\t to\t India.\t The courtiers\tapplauded\twildly,\tbut\tPhilip\tseethed\tinside,\tseeing\tnot\ta\tson\tbut\ta\trival to\this\tpower. Alexander's\t defiance\t of\t his\t father\t grew\t bolder.\t One\t day\t die\t two\t men\t had\t a heated\targument\tbefore\tdie\tentire\tcourt,\tand\tPhilip\tdrew\this\tsword\tas\tif\tto\tstrike","his\t son;\t having\t drunk\t too\t much\t wine,\t however,\t the\t king\t stumbled.\t Alexander pointed\tat\this\tfather\tand\tjeered,\t\\\"Men\tof\tMacedonia, see\t there\t the\t man\t who\t is\t preparing\t to\t pass\t from\t Europe\t to\t Asia.\t He\t cannot pass\tfrom\tone\ttable\tto\tanother\twithout\tfalling.\\\" When\t Alexander\t was\t eighteen,\t a\t disgrunded\t courtier\t murdered\t Philip.\t As word\tof\tthe\t regicide\tspread\tthrough\tGreece,\tcity\tafter\tcity\trose\t up\tin\trebellion against\ttheir\tMacedonian\trulers.\tPhilip's\tadvisers\tcounseled\tAlexander,\tnow\tthe king,\t to\t proceed\t cautiously,\t to\t do\t as\t Philip\t had\t done\t and\t conquer\t through cunning.\t But\t Alexander\t would\t do\t tilings\t his\t way:\t He\t marched\t to\t the\t furthest reaches\t of\t the\t kingdom,\t suppressed\t the\t rebellious\t towns,\t and\t reunited\t the empire\twith\tbrutal\tefficiency. As\t a\t young\t rebel\t grows\t older,\t his\t struggle\t against\t the\t father\t often\t wanes, and\t he\t gradually\t comes\t to\t resemble\t the\t very\t man\t he\t had\t wanted\t to\t defy.\t But Alexander's\t loathing\t of\t his\t father\t did\t not\t end\t with\t Philip's\t death.\t Once\t he\t had consolidated\t Greece,\t he\t set\t his\t eyes\t on\t Persia,\t the\t prize\t that\t had\t eluded\t his father,\t who\t had\t dreamed\t of\t conquering\t Asia.\t If\t he\t defeated\t the\t Persians, Alexander\twould\tfinally\tsurpass\tPhilip\tin\tglory\tand\tfame. Alexander\t crossed\t into\t Asia\t with\t an\t army\t of\t 35,000\t to\t face\t a\t Persian\t force numbering\t over\t a\t million.\t Before\t engaging\t die\t Persians\t in\t battle\t he\t passed through\t the\t town\t of\t Gordium.\t Here,\t in\t the\t town's\t main\t temple,\t there\t stood\t an ancient\tchariot\ttied\twith\tcords\tmade\tof\tdie\trind\tof\tthe\tcornel\ttree.\tLegend\thad\tit that\tany\tman\twho\tcould\tundo\tthese\tcordsthe\tGordian\tknotwould\trule\tthe\tworld. Many\t had\t tried\t to\t untie\t the\t enormous\t and\t intricate\t knot,\t but\t none\t had succeeded.\tAlexander,\tseeing\the\tcould\tnot\tpossibly\tuntie\tdie\tknot\twith\this\tbare hands,\ttook\tout\this\tsword\tand\twidi\tone\tslash\tcut\tit\tin\thalf.\tThis\tsymbolic\tgesture showed\tthe\tworld\tthat\the\twould\tnot\tdo\tas\totiiers,\tbut\twould\tblaze\this\town\tpath. Against\t astounding\t odds,\t Alexander\t conquered\t the\t Persians.\t Most\t expected him\t to\t stop\t thereit\t was\t a\t great\t triumph,\t enough\t to\t secure\t his\t fame\t for\t eternity. But\t Alexander\t had\t die\t same\t relationship\t to\t his\t own\t deeds\t as\t he\t had\t to\t his father:\t His\t conquest\t of\t Persia\t represented\t die\t past,\t and\t he\t wanted\t never\t to\t rest on\t past\t triumphs,\t or\t to\t allow\t the\t past\t to\t outshine\t the\t present.\t He\t moved\t on\t to India,\t extending\t his\t empire\t beyond\t all\t known\t limits.\t Only\t his\t disgrunded\t and weary\tsoldiers\tprevented\thim\tfrom\tgoing\tfarther. Interpretation Alexander\t represents\t an\t extremely\t uncommon\t type\t in\t history:\t the\t son\t of\t a famous\t and\t successful\t man\t who\t manages\t to\t surpass\t the\t fatfier\t in\t glory\t and power.\t The\t reason\t this\t type\t is\t uncommon\t is\t simple:\t The\t father\t most\t often manages\t to\t amass\t his\t fortune,\t his\t kingdom,\t because\t he\t begins\t with\t litUe\t or nothing.\t A\t desperate\t urge\t impels\t him\t to\t succeedhe\t has\t nothing\t to\t lose\t by","cunning\t and\t impetuousness,\t and\t has\t no\t famous\t fatiier\t of\t his\t own\t to\t compete against.\tThis\tkind\tof\tman\thas\treason\tto\tbelieve\tin\thimselfto\tbelieve\tthat\this\tway of\tdoing\tthings\tis\tthe\tbest,\tbecause,\tafter\tall,\tit\tworked\tfor\thim. When\t a\t man\t like\t this\t has\t a\t son,\t he\t becomes\t domineering\t and\t oppressive, imposing\this\tlessons\ton\tthe\tson,\twho\tis\tstarting\toff\tlife\tin\tcircumstances\ttotally different\tfrom\tdiose\tin\twhich\tthe\tfather\thimself\tbegan. the\tstudy\tof\this\tprofession.\tAfter\tpainting\thad\tbecome\tsecond\tnature\tto\thim, Pietro's\tonly\tpleasure\twas\talways\tto\tbe\tworking\tin\this\tcraft\tand\tconstantly\tto\tbe painting.\tAnd\tbecause\the\talways\thad\tthe\tdread\tof\tpoverty\tbefore\this\teyes,\the\tdid things\tto\tmake\tmoney\twhich\the\tprobably\twould\tnot\thave\tbothered\tto\tdo\thad\the not\t been\t forced\t to\t support\t himself.\t Perhaps\t wealth\t would\t have\t closed\t to\t him and\this\ttalent\tthe\tpath\tto\texcellence\tjust\tas\tpoverty\thad\topened\tit\tup\tto\thim,\tbut need\t spurred\t him\t on\t since\t he\t desired\t to\t rise\t from\t such\t a\t miserable\t and\t lowly position\t \/\/\t not\t perhaps\t to\t the\t summit\t and\t supreme\t height\t of\t excellence,\t then\t at least\tto\ta\tpoint\twhere\the\tcould\thave\tenough\tto\tlive\ton.\tFor\tthis\treason,\the\ttook no\t notice\t of\t cold,\t hunger,\t discomfort,\t inconvenience,\t toil\t or\t shame\t if\t he\t could only\tlive\tone\tday\tin\tease\tand\trepose;\tand\the\twould\talways\tsayand\tas\tif\tit\twere\ta proverb\t that\t after\t bad\t weather,\t good\t weather\t must\t follow,\t and\t that\t during\t the good\tweather\thouses\tmust\tbe\tbuilt\tfor\tshelter\tin\ttimes\tof\tneed. lives\tof\tthe\tartists,\tGiorgio\tVasari,\t1511-1574 The\t slightest\t acquaintance\t with\t chess\t shows\t one\t that\t it\t is\t a\t play-substitute for\t the\t art\t of\t war\t and\t indeed\t it\t has\t been\t a\t favorite\t recreation\t of\t some\t of\t the greatest\t military\t leaders,\t from\t William\t the\t Conqueror\t to\t Napoleon.\t In\t the contest\t between\t the\t opposing\t armies\t the\t same\t principles\t of\t both\t strategy\t and tactics\t are\t displayed\t as\t in\t actual\t war,\t the\t same\t foresight\t and\t powers\t of calculation\t are\t necessary,\t the\t same\t capacity\t for\t divining\t the\t plans\t of\t the opponent,\tand\tthe\trigor\twith\twhich\tdecisions\tare\tfollowed\tby\ttheir\tconsequences is,\t if\t anything,\t even\t more\t ruthless.\t More\t than\t that,\t it\t is\t plain\t that\t the unconscious\t motive\t actuating\t the\t players\t is\t not\t the\t mere\t love\t of\t pugnacity characteristic\tof\tall\tcompetitive\tgames,\tbut\tthe\tgrimmer\tone\tof\tfather-murder.\tIt is\t true\t that\t the\t original\t goal\t of\t capturing\t the\t king\t has\t been\t given\t up,\t but\t from the\tpoint\tof\tview\tof\tmotive\tthere\tis,\texcept\tin\trespect\tof\tcrudity,\tnot\tappreciable change\t in\t the\t present\t goal\t of\t sterilizing\t him\t in\t immobility....\t \u201cCheckmate\t \u201d means\t literally\t \u201cthe\t king\t is\t dead.\u201d\t ...\t Our\t knowledge\t of\t the\t unconscious motivation\t of\t chess-playing\t tells\t us\t that\t what\t it\t represented\t could\t only\t have been\t the\t wish\t to\t overcome\t the\t father\t in\t an\t acceptable\t way....\t It\t is\t no\t doubt signifi- Instead\tof\tallowing\tthe\tson\tto\tgo\tin\ta\tnew\tdirection,\tthe\tfather\twill\ttry\tto\tput him\t in\t his\t own\t shoes,\t perhaps\t secredy\t wishing\t die\t boy\t will\t fail,\t as\t Philip\t half","wanted\t to\t see\t Alexander\t thrown\t from\t Bucephalus.\t Fathers\t envy\t Uieir\t sons' youdi\tand\tvigor,\tafter\tall,\tand\ttheir\tdesire\tis\tto\tcontrol\tand\tdominate.\tThe\tsons\tof such\t men\t tend\t to\t become\t cowed\t and\t cautious,\t terrified\t of\t losing\t what\t their fadiers\thave\tgained. The\t son\t will\t never\t step\t out\t of\t his\t father's\t shadow\t unless\t he\t adopts\t die ruthless\tstrategy\tof\tAlexander:\tdisparage\tdie\tpast,\tcreate\tyour\town\tkingdom,\tput die\tfather\tin\tdie\tshadows\tinstead\tof\tletting\thim\tdo\tthe\tsame\tto\tyou.\tIf\tyou\tcannot materially\t start\t from\t ground\t zeroit\t would\t be\t foolish\t to\t renounce\t an inheritanceyou\tcan\tat\tleast\tbegin\tfrom\tground\tzero\tpsychologically,\tby\tthrowing off\t the\t weight\t of\t die\t past\t and\t charting\t a\t new\t direction.\t Alexander\t instinctively recognized\tthat\tprivileges\tof\tbirth\tare\timpediments\tto\tpower.\tBe\tmerciless\twith the\t past,\t tiiennot\t only\t widi\t your\t fadier\t and\t his\t fadier\t but\t widi\t your\t own\t earlier achievements.\t Only\t the\t weak\t rest\t on\t their\t laurels\t and\t dote\t on\t past\t triumphs;\t in the\tgame\tof\tpower\tthere\tis\tnever\ttime\tto\trest. KEYS\tTO\tPOWER In\t many\t ancient\t kingdoms,\t for\t example\t Bengal\t and\t Sumatra,\t after\t die\t king had\truled\tfor\tseveral\tyears\this\tsubjects\twould\texecute\thim.\tThis\twas\tdone\tpartly as\ta\tritual\tof\trenewal,\tbut\talso\tto\tprevent\thim\tfrom\tgrowing\ttoo\tpowerfulfor\tthe king\twould\tgenerally\ttry\tto\testablish\ta\tpermanent\torder,\tat\tthe\texpense\tof\tother families\t and\t of\t his\t own\t sons.\t Instead\t of\t protecting\t die\t tribe\t and\t leading\t it\t in times\t of\t war,\t he\t would\t attempt\t to\t dominate\t it.\t And\t so\t he\t would\t be\t beaten\t to deadi,\t or\t executed\t in\t an\t elaborate\t ritual.\t Now\t that\t he\t was\t no\t longer\t around\t for his\t honors\t to\t go\t to\t his\t head,\t he\t could\t be\t worshipped\t as\t a\t god.\t Meanwhile\t die field\thad\tbeen\tcleared\tfor\ta\tnew\tand\tyoudiful\torder\tto\testablish\titself. The\t ambivalent,\t hostile\t attitude\t towards\t the\t king\t or\t father\t figure\t also\t finds expression\t in\t legends\t of\t heroes\t who\t do\t not\t know\t their\t fadier.\t Moses,\t the archetypal\tman\tof\tpower,\twas\tfound\tabandoned\tamong\tdie\tbulrushes\tand\tnever knew\t his\t parents;\t without\t a\t father\t to\t compete\t widi\t him\t or\t limit\t him,\t he\t could attain\tthe\theights\tof\tpower.\tHercules\thad\tno\tearthly\tfather\the\twas\tthe\tson\tof\tthe god\t Zeus.\t Later\t in\t his\t life\t Alexander\t the\t Great\t spread\t the\t story\t that\t the\t god Jupiter\tAmmon\thad\tsired\thim,\tnot\tPhilip\tof\tMace-don.\tLegends\tand\trituals\tlike diese\teliminate\tthe\thuman\tfadier\tbecause\the\tsymbolizes\tthe\tdestructive\tpower\tof die\tpast. The\tpast\tprevents\tthe\tyoung\thero\tfrom\tcreating\this\town\tworldhe\tmust\tdo\tas his\tfather\tdid,\teven\tafter\tthat\tfather\tis\tdead\tor\tpowerless.\tThe\thero\tmust\tbow\tand scrape\t before\t his\t predecessor\t and\t yield\t to\t tradition\t and\t precedent.\t What\t had success\t in\t the\t past\t must\t be\t carried\t over\t to\t die\t present,\t even\t tiiough circumstances\thave\tgreatiy\tchanged.\tThe\tpast\talso\tweighs\tdie\thero\tdown\twith\tan inheritance\tthat\the\tis\tterrified\tof\tlosing,\tmaking\thim\ttimid\tand\tcautious.","Power\tdepends\ton\tdie\tability\tto\tfill\ta\tvoid,\tto\toccupy\ta\tfield\tdiat\thas been\t cleared\t of\t the\t dead\t weight\t of\t the\t past.\t Only\t after\t the\t father\t figure\t has been\t properly\t done\t away\t widi\t will\t you\t have\t die\t necessary\t space\t to\t create\t and establish\t a\t new\t order.\t There\t are\t several\t strategies\t you\t can\t adopt\t to\t accomplish thisvariations\t on\t the\t execution\t of\t die\t king\t that\t disguise\t the\t violence\t of\t die impulse\tby\tchanneling\tit\tin\tsocially\tacceptable\tforms. Perhaps\t the\t simplest\t way\t to\t escape\t the\t shadow\t of\t the\t past\t is\t simply\t to belittle\t it,\t playing\t on\t die\t timeless\t antagonism\t between\t the\t generations,\t stirring up\t me\t young\t against\t die\t old.\t For\t diis\t you\t need\t a\t convenient\t older\t figure\t to pillory.\tMao\tTse-tung,\tconfronting\ta\tculture\tthat\tfiercely\tresisted\tchange,\tplayed on\t the\t suppressed\t resentment\t against\t the\t overbearing\t presence\t of\t me\t venerable Confucius\tin\tChinese\tculture.\tJohn\tF.\tKennedy\tknew\tthe\tdangers\tof\tgetting\tlost in\t the\t past;\t he\t radically\t distinguished\t his\t presidency\t from\t diat\t of\t his predecessor,\t Dwight\t D.\t Eisenhower,\t and\t also\t from\t die\t preceding\t decade,\t die 1950s,\twhich\tEisenhower\tpersonified.\tKennedy,\tfor\tinstance,\twould\tnot\tplay\tdie dull\t and\t fadierly\t game\t of\t golf\t a\t symbol\t of\t retirement\t and\t privilege,\t and Eisenhower's\t passion.\t Instead\t he\t played\t football\t on\t die\t White\t House\t lawn.\t In every\t aspect\t his\t administration\t represented\t vigor\t and\t youth,\t as\t opposed\t to\t die stodgy\tEisenhower.\tKennedy\thad\tdiscovered\tan\told\ttruth:\tThe\tyoung\tare\teasily set\t against\t the\t old,\t since\t diey\t yearn\t to\t make\t their\t own\t place\t in\t the\t world\t and resent\tthe\tshadow\tof\ttiieir\tfathers. The\t distance\t you\t establish\t from\t your\t predecessor\t often\t demands\t some symbolism,\ta\tway\tof\tadvertising\titself\tpublicly.\tLouis\tXIV,\tfor\texample,\tcreated such\tsymbolism\twhen\the\trejected\tthe\ttraditional\tpalace\tof\tdie\tFrench\tkings\tand built\this\town\tpalace\tof\tVersailles.\tKing\tPhilip\tII\tof\tSpain\tdid\tdie\tsame\twhen\the created\t his\t center\t of\t power,\t die\t palace\t of\t El\t Esco-rial,\t in\t what\t was\t then\t die middle\tof\tnowhere.\tBut\tLouis\tcarried\tthe\tgame\tfurther:\tHe\twould\tnot\tbe\ta\tking like\this\tfadier\tor\tearlier\tancestors,\the\twould\tnot\twear\ta\tcrown\tor\tcarry\ta\tscepter or\t sit\t on\t a\t dirone,\t he\t would\t establish\t a\t new\t kind\t of\t imposing\t autiiority\t widi symbols\t and\t rituals\t of\t its\t own.\t Louis\t made\t his\t ancestors'\t rituals\t into\t laughable relics\t of\t the\t past.\t Follow\t his\t example:\t Never\t let\t yourself\t be\t seen\t as\t following your\t predecessor's\t paui.\t If\t you\t do\t you\t will\t never\t surpass\t him.\t You\t must physically\t demonstrate\t your\t difference,\t by\t establishing\t a\t style\t and\t symbolism that\tsets\tyou\tapart. The\t Roman\t emperor\t Augustus,\t successor\t to\t Julius\t Caesar,\t understood\t this moroughly.\tCaesar\thad\tbeen\ta\tgreat\tgeneral,\ta\tdieatrical\tfigure\twhose\tspectacles kept\tthe\tRomans\tentertained,\tan\tinternational\temissary\tseduced\tby\tdie\tcharms\tof Cleopatraa\t larger-than-life\t figure.\t So\t Augustus,\t despite\t his\t own\t theatrical tendencies,\t competed\t with\t Caesar\t not\t by\t trying\t to\t outdo\t him\t but\t by","differentiating\t himself\t from\t him:\t He\t based\t his\t power\t on\t a\t return\t to\t Roman simplicity,\t an\t austerity\t of\t both\t style\t and\t substance.\t Against\t die\t memory\t of Caesar's\tsweeping\tpresence\tAugustus\tposed\ta\tquiet\tand\tmanly\tdignity. The\t problem\t widi\t the\t overbearing\t predecessor\t is\t that\t he\t fills\t die\t vistas before\t you\t widi\t symbols\t of\t die\t past.\t You\t have\t no\t room\t to\t create\t your\t own name.\tTo\tdeal\twitii\tdiis\tsituation\tyou\tneed\tto\thunt\tout\tthe\tvacuumsthose cant\t that\t [nineteenth-century\t chess\t champion\t Paul]\t Morphy's\t soaring odyssey\tinto\tthe\thigher\trealms\tof\tchess\tbegan\tjust\ta\tyear\tafter\tthe\tunexpectedly sudden\t death\t of\t his\t father,\t which\t had\t been\t a\t great\t shock\t to\t him,\t and\t we\t may surmise\t that\t his\t brilliant\t effort\t of\t sublimation\t was,\t like\t Shakespeare's\t Hamlet and\tFreud's\tThe\tInterpretation\tof\tDreams,\ta\treaction\tto\tthis\tcritical\tevent.... Something\t should\t now\t be\t said\t about\t the\t reception\t Morphy's\t successes\t met with,\tfor\tthey\twere\tof\tsuch\ta\tkind\tas\tto\traise\tthe\tquestion\twhether\this\tsubsequent collapse\tmay\tnot\thave\tbeen\tinfluenced\tthrough\this\tperhaps\tbelonging\tto\tthe\ttype that\t Freud\t has\t described\t under\t the\t name\t of\t Die\t am\t Erfolge\t scheitern\t (\u201cThose wrecked\tby\tsuccess\u201d)....\tCouched\tin\tmore\tpsychological\tlanguage,\twas\tMorphy affrighted\t at\t his\t own\t presumptuousness\t when\t the\t light\t of\t publicity\t was\t thrown on\t[his\tgreat\tsuccess]\tFreud\thas\tpointed\tout\tthat\tthe\tpeople\twho\tbreak\tunder\tthe strain\tof\ttoo\tgreat\tsuccess\tdo\tso\tbecause\tthey\tcan\tendure\tit\tonly\tin\timagination, not\t in\t reality.\t To\t castrate\t the\t father\t in\t a\t dream\t is\t a\t very\t different\t matter\t from doing\t it\t in\t reality.\t The\t real\t situation\t provokes\t the\t unconscious\t guilt\t in\t its\t full force,\tand\tthe\tpenalty\tmay\tbe\tmental\tcollapse. THE\tPROBLEM\tOF\tPAUL\tMORPHY, Ernest\tJones,\t1951 areas\tin\tculture\tthat\thave\tbeen\tleft\tvacant\tand\tin\twhich\tyou\tcan\tbecome\tthe first\tand\tprincipal\tfigure\tto\tshine. When\t Pericles\t of\t Athens\t was\t about\t to\t launch\t a\t career\t as\t a\t statesman,\t he looked\tfor\tthe\tone\tthing\tthat\twas\tmissing\tin\tAthenian\tpolitics.\tMost\tof\tthe\tgreat politicians\tof\this\ttime\thad\tallied\tthemselves\twith\tthe\taristocracy;\tindeed\tPericles himself\t had\t aristocratic\t tendencies.\t Yet\t he\t decided\t to\t tiirow\t in\t his\t hat\t with\t the city's\t democratic\t elements.\t The\t choice\t had\t nothing\t to\t do\t with\t his\t personal beliefs,\t but\t it\t launched\t him\t on\t a\t brilliant\t career.\t Out\t of\t necessity\t he\t became\t a man\t of\t the\t people.\t Instead\t of\t competing\t in\t an\t arena\t filled\t with\t great\t leaders both\t past\t and\t present,\t he\t would\t make\t a\t name\t for\t himself\t where\t no\t shadows could\tobscure\this\tpresence. When\t the\t painter\t Diego\t de\t Velazquez\t began\t his\t career,\t he\t knew\t he\t could not\t compete\t in\t refinement\t and\t technique\t with\t the\t great\t Renaissance\t painters who\t had\t come\t before\t him.\t Instead\t he\t chose\t to\t work\t in\t a\t style\t that\t by\t the standards\t of\t the\t time\t seemed\t coarse\t and\t rough,\t in\t a\t way\t that\t had\t never\t been","seen\t before.\t And\t in\t mis\t style\t he\t excelled.\t There\t were\t members\t of\t the\t Spanish court\twho\twanted\tto\tdemonstrate\ttheir\town\tbreak\twith\tthe\tpast;\tthe\tnewness\tof Velazquez's\tstyle\tthrilled\t them.\t Most\tpeople\tare\tafraid\t to\tbreak\tso\tboldly\t with tradition,\t but\t mey\t secretly\t admire\t those\t who\t can\t break\t up\t the\t old\t forms\t and reinvigorate\t the\t culture.\t This\t is\t why\t there\t is\t so\t much\t power\t to\t be\t gained\t from entering\tvacuums\tand\tvoids. There\tis\ta\tkind\tof\tstubborn\tstupidity\tthat\trecurs\tthroughout\thistory,\tand\tis\ta strong\t impediment\t to\t power:\t The\t superstitious\t belief\t that\t if\t the\t person\t before you\t succeeded\t by\t doing\t A,\t B,\t and\t C,\t you\t can\t re-create\t their\t success\t by\t doing the\t same\t thing.\t This\t cookie-cutter\t approach\t will\t seduce\t the\t uncreative,\t for\t it\t is easy,\t and\t appeals\t to\t their\t timidity\t and\t their\t laziness.\t But\t circumstances\t never repeat\tthemselves\texactly. When\tGeneral\tDouglas\tMacArthur\tassumed\tcommand\tof\tAmerican\tforces\tin the\tPhilippines\tduring\tWorld\tWar\tII,\tan\tassistant\thanded\thim\ta\tbook\tcontaining the\t various\t precedents\t established\t by\t the\t commanders\t before\t him,\t the\t methods that\t had\t been\t successful\t for\t them.\t MacArthur\t asked\t the\t assistant\t how\t many copies\t there\t were\t of\t this\t book.\t Six,\t the\t assistant\t answered.\t \u201cWell,\u201d\t the\t general replied,\t \u201cyou\t get\t all\t those\t six\t copies\t together\t and\t burn\t themevery\t one\t of\t them. I'll\t not\t be\t bound\t by\t precedents.\t Any\t time\t a\t problem\t comes\t up,\t I'll\t make\t the decision\tat\tonceimmediately.\u201d\tAdopt\tthis\truthless\tstrategy\ttoward\tthe\tpast:\tBurn all\tthe\tbooks,\tand\ttrain\tyourself\tto\treact\tto\tcircumstances\tas\tthey\thappen. You\t may\t believe\t that\t you\t have\t separated\t yourself\t from\t the\t predecessor\t or father\t figure,\t but\t as\t you\t grow\t older\t you\t must\t be\t eternally\t vigilant\t lest\t you become\t the\t father\t you\t had\t rebelled\t against.\t As\t a\t young\t man,\t Mao\t Tse-tung disliked\t his\t father\t and\t in\t the\t struggle\t against\t him\t found\t his\t own\t identity\t and\t a new\t set\t of\t values.\t But\t as\t he\t aged,\t his\t father's\t ways\t crept\t back\t in.\t Mao's\t father had\tvalued\tmanual\twork\tover\tintellect;\tMao\thad\tscoffed\tat\tthis\tas\ta\tyoung\tman, but\tas\the\tgrew\tolder\the\tunconsciously\treturned\tto\this\tfather's\tviews\tand\techoed such\t outdated\t ideas\t by\t forcing\t a\t whole\t generation\t of\t Chinese\t intellectuals\t into manual\tlabor,\ta\tnightmarish\tmistake\tthat cost\t his\t regime\t dearly.\t Remember:\t You\t are\t your\t own\t father.\t Do\t not\t let yourself\tspend\tyears\tcreating\tyourself\tonly\tto\tlet\tyour\tguard\tdown\tand\tallow\tthe ghost\tof\tthe\tpastfather,\thabit,\thistoryto\tsneak\tback\tin. Finally,\t as\t noted\t in\t the\t story\t of\t Louis\t XV,\t plenitude\t and\t prosperity\t tend\t to make\t us\t lazy\t and\t inactive:\t When\t our\t power\t is\t secure\t we\t have\t no\t need\t to\t act. This\tis\ta\tserious\tdanger,\tespecially\tfor\tthose\twho\tachieve\tsuccess\tand\tpower\tat an\t early\t age.\t The\t playwright\t Tennessee\t Williams,\t for\t instance,\t found\t himself skyrocketed\t from\t obscurity\t to\t fame\t by\t the\t success\t of\t The\t Glass\t Menagerie. \u201cThe\t sort\t of\t life\t which\t I\t had\t had\t previous\t to\t this\t popular\t success,\u201d\t he\t later","wrote,\t\u201cwas\tone\tthat\trequired\tendurance,\ta\tlife\tof\tclawing\tand\tscratching,\tbut\tit was\ta\tgood\tlife\tbecause\tit\twas\tthe\tsort\tof\tlife\tfor\twhich\tthe\thuman\torganism\tis created.\t I\t was\t not\t aware\t of\t how\t much\t vital\t energy\t had\t gone\t into\t this\t struggle until\tthe\tstruggle\twas\tremoved.\tThis\twas\tsecurity\tat\tlast.\tI\tsat\tdown\tand\tlooked about\t me\t and\t was\t suddenly\t very\t depressed.\u201d\t Williams\t had\t a\t nervous breakdown,\t which\t may\t in\t fact\t have\t been\t necessary\t for\t him:\t Pushed\t to\t the psychological\t edge,\t he\t could\t start\t writing\t with\t the\t old\t vitality\t again,\t and\t he produced\t A\t Streetcar\t Named\t Desire.\t Fyodor\t Dostoyevsky,\t similarly,\t whenever he\twrote\ta\tsuccessful\tnovel,\twould\tfeel\tthat\tthe\tfinancial\tsecurity\the\thad\tgained made\t the\t act\t of\t creation\t unnecessary.\t He\t would\t take\t his\t entire\t savings\t to\t the casino\t and\t would\t not\t leave\t until\t he\t had\t gambled\t away\t his\t last\t penny.\t Once reduced\tto\tpoverty\the\tcould\twrite\tagain. It\tis\tnot\tnecessary\tto\tgo\tto\tsuch\textremes,\tbut\tyou\tmust\tbe\tprepared\tto\treturn to\t square\t one\t psychologically\t rather\t than\t growing\t fat\t and\t lazy\t with\t prosperity. Pablo\tPicasso\tcould\tdeal\twith\tsuccess,\tbut\tonly\tby\tconstantly\tchanging\tthe\tstyle of\t his\t painting,\t often\t breaking\t completely\t with\t what\t had\t made\t him\t successful before.\t How\t often\t our\t early\t triumphs\t turn\t us\t into\t a\t kind\t of\t caricature\t of ourselves.\tPowerful\tpeople\trecognize\tthese\ttraps;\tlike\tAlexander\tthe\tGreat,\tthey struggle\t constantly\t to\t re-create\t themselves.\t The\t father\t must\t not\t be\t allowed\t to return;\the\tmust\tbe\tslain\tat\tevery\tstep\tof\tthe\tway. Image:\tThe\tFather.\tHe\tcasts\ta\tgiant\tshadow\tover\this\tchildren,\tkeeping\tthem in\tthrall\tlong\tafter\the\tis\tgone\tby\ttying\tthem\tto\tthe\tpast,\tsquashing\ttheir\tyouthful spirit,\tand\tforcing\tthem\tdown\tthe\tsame\ttired\tpath\the\tfollowed\thimself.\tHis\ttricks are\t many.\t At\t every\t crossroads\t you\t must\t slay\t the\t father\t and\t step\t out\t of\t his shadow. Authority:\t Beware\t of\t stepping\t into\t a\t great\t man's\t shoesyou\t will\t have\t to accomplish\t twice\t as\t much\t to\t surpass\t him.\t Those\t who\t follow\t are\t taken\t for imitators.\tNo\tmatter\thow\tmuch\tthey\tsweat,\tthey\twill\tnever\tshed\tthat\tburden.\tIt\tis an\t uncommon\t skill\t to\t find\t a\t new\t path\t for\t excellence,\t a\t modern\t route\t to celebrity.\tThere\tare\tmany\troads\tto\tsingularity,\tnot\tall\tof\tthem\twell\ttraveled.\tThe newest\t ones\t can\t be\t arduous,\t but\t they\t are\t often\t shortcuts\t to\t greatness.\t (Baltasar Gracian,\t1601-1658) REVERSAL The\tshadow\tof\ta\tgreat\tpredecessor\tcould\tbe\tused\tto\tadvantage\tif\tit\tis\tchosen as\ta\ttrick,\ta\ttactic\tthat\tcan\tbe\tdiscarded\tonce\tit\thas\tbrought\tyou\tpower.\tNapoleon III\tused\tthe\tname\tand\tlegend\tof\this\tillustrious\tgrand-uncle\tNapoleon\tBonaparte to\t help\t him\t become\t first\t president\t and\t then\t emperor\t of\t France.\t Once\t on\t the throne,\t however,\t he\t did\t not\t stay\t tied\t to\t the\t past;\t he\t quickly\t showed\t how different\t his\t reign\t would\t be,\t and\t was\t careful\t to\t keep\t the\t public\t from\t expecting","him\tto\tattain\tthe\theights\tthat\tBonaparte\thad\tattained. The\t past\t often\t has\t elements\t worth\t appropriating,\t qualities\t that\t would\t be foolish\tto\treject\tout\tof\ta\tneed\tto\tdistinguish\tyourself.\tEven\tAlexander\tthe\tGreat recognized\t and\t was\t influenced\t by\t his\t father's\t skill\t in\t organizing\t an\t army. Making\t a\t display\t of\t doing\t things\t differently\t from\t your\t predecessor\t can\t make you\tseem\tchildish\tand\tin\tfact\tout\tof\tcontrol,\tunless\tyour\tactions\thave\ta\tlogic\tof their\town. Joseph\tII,\tson\tof\tthe\tAustrian\tempress\tMaria\tTheresa,\tmade\ta\tshow\tof\tdoing the\texact\topposite\tof\this\tmotherdressing\tlike\tan\tordinary\tcitizen,\tstaying\tin\tinns instead\t of\t palaces,\t appearing\t as\t the\t \u201cpeople's\t emperor.\u201d\t Maria\t Theresa,\t on\t the other\t hand,\t had\t been\t regal\t and\t aristocratic.\t The\t problem\t was\t that\t she\t had\t also been\tbeloved,\tan\tempress\twho\truled\twisely after\tyears\tof\tlearning\tthe\thard\tway.\tIf\tyou\thave\tthe\tkind\tof\tintelligence\tand instinct\t mat\t will\t point\t you\t in\t the\t right\t direction,\t playing\t the\t rebel\t will\t not\t be dangerous.\t But\t if\t you\t are\t mediocre,\t as\t Joseph\t II\t was\t in\t comparison\t to\t his mother,\t you\t are\t better\t off\t learning\t from\t your\t predecessor's\t knowledge\t and experience,\twhich\tare\tbased\ton\tsomething\treal. Finally,\t it\t is\t often\t wise\t to\t keep\t an\t eye\t on\t the\t young,\t your\t future\t rivals\t in power.\tJust\tas\tyou\ttry\tto\trid\tyourself\tof\tyour\tfather,\tthey\twill\tsoon\tplay\tthe\tsame trick\ton\tyou,\tdenigrating\teverything\tyou\thave\taccomplished.\tJust\tas\tyou\trise\tby rebelling\t against\t the\t past,\t keep\t an\t eye\t on\t those\t rising\t from\t below,\t and\t never give\tthem\tthe\tchance\tto\tdo\tdie\tsame\tto\tyou. The\tgreat\tBaroque\tartist\tand\tarchitect\tPietro\tBernini\twas\ta\tmaster\tat\tsniffing out\t younger\t potential\t rivals\t and\t keeping\t mem\t in\t his\t shadow.\t One\t day\t a\t young stonemason\t named\t Francesco\t Borromini\t showed\t Bernini\t his\t architectural sketches.\tRecognizing\this\ttalent\timmediately,\tBernini\tin-standy\thired\tBorromini as\this\tassistant,\twhich\tdelighted\tthe\tyoung\tman\tbut\twas\tactually\tonly\ta\ttactic\tto keep\t him\t close\t at\t hand,\t so\t that\t he\t could\t play\t psychological\t games\t on\t him\t and create\t in\t him\t a\t kind\t of\t inferiority\t complex.\t And\t indeed,\t despite\t Borromini's brilliance,\t Bernini\t has\t the\t greater\t fame.\t His\t strategy\t with\t Borromini\t he\t made\t a lifelong\t practice:\t Fearing\t mat\t the\t great\t sculptor\t Alessandro\t Algardi,\t for example,\t would\t eclipse\t him\t in\t fame,\t he\t arranged\t it\t so\t that\t Algardi\t could\t only find\t work\t as\t his\t assistant.\t And\t any\t assistant\t who\t rebelled\t against\t Bernini\t and tried\tto\tstrike\tout\ton\this\town\twould\tfind\this\tcareer\truined.","48\tLaws\tof\tPower LAW\t42 STRIKE\tTHE\tSHEPHERD AND\tTHE\tSHEEP WILL\tSCATTER JUDGMENT Trouble\t can\t often\t be\t traced\t to\t a\t single\t strong\t individualthe\t stirrer,\t the arrogant\t underling,\t the\t poisoner\t of\t goodwill.\t If\t you\t allow\t such\t people\t room\t to operate,\tothers\twill\tsuccumb\tto\ttheir\tinfluence.\tDo\tnot\twait\tfor\tthe\ttroubles\tthey cause\t to\t multiply,\t do\t not\t try\t to\t negotiate\t with\t themthey\t are\t irredeemable. Neutralize\ttheir\tinfluence\tby\tisolating\tor\tbanishing\tthem.\tStrike\tat\tthe\tsource\tof the\ttrouble\tand\tthe\tsheep\twill\tscatter. OBSERVANCE\tOF\tTHE\tLAW\tI Near\tthe\tend\tof\tthe\tsixth\tcentury\tB.C.,\tthe\tcity-state\tof\tAthens\toverthrew\tthe series\tof\tpetty\ttyrants\twho\thad\tdominated\tits\tpolitics\tfor\tdecades.\tIt\testablished instead\ta\tdemocracy\tthat\twas\tto\tlast\tover\ta\tcentury,\ta\tdemocracy\tthat\tbecame\tthe source\tof\tits\tpower\tand\tits\tproudest\tachievement.\tBut\tas\tthe\tdemocracy\tevolved, so\tdid\ta\tproblem\tthe\tAthenians\thad\tnever\tfaced:\tHow\tto\tdeal\twith\tthose\twho\tdid not\tconcern\tthemselves\twith\tthe\tcohesion\tof\ta\tsmall\tcity\tsurrounded\tby\tenemies, who\tdid\tnot\twork\tfor\tits\tgreater\tglory,\tbut\tthought\tof\tonly\tthemselves\tand\ttheir own\tambitions\tand\tpetty\tintrigues\tThe\tAthenians\tunderstood\tthat\tthese\tpeople,\tif left\t alone,\t would\t sow\t dissension,\t divide\t the\t city\t into\t factions,\t and\t stir\t up anxieties,\tall\tof\twhich\tcould\tlead\tto\tthe\truin\tof\ttheir\tdemocracy. Violent\tpunishment\tno\tlonger\tsuited\tthe\tnew,\tcivilized\torder\tthat\tAthens\thad created.\tInstead\tthe\tcitizens\tfound\tanother,\tmore\tsatisfying,\tand\tless\tbrutal\tway to\t deal\t with\t the\t chronically\t selfish:\t Every\t year\t they\t would\t gather\t in\t the marketplace\t and\t write\t on\t a\t piece\t of\t earthenware,\t an\t ostrakon,\t the\t name\t of\t an individual\tthey\twanted\tto\tsee\tbanished\tfrom\tthe\tcity\tfor\tten\tyears.\tIf\ta\tparticular name\tappeared\ton\tsix\tthousand\tballots,\tthat\tperson\twould\tinstantly\tbe\texiled.\tIf no\t one\t received\t six\t thousand\t votes,\t the\t person\t with\t the\t most\t ostraka\t recording his\t name\t would\t suffer\t the\t ten-year\t \u201costracism.\u201d\t This\t ritual\t expulsion\t became\t a kind\tof\tfestival\twhat\ta\tjoy\tto\tbe\table\tto\tbanish\tthose\tirritating,\tanxiety-inducing individuals\twho\twanted\tto\trise\tabove\tthe\tgroup\tthey\tshould\thave\tserved. In\t490\tB.C.,\tAristides,\tone\tof\tthe\tgreat\tgenerals\tof\tAthenian\thistory,\thelped","defeat\tthe\tPersians\tat\tthe\tbattle\tof\tMarathon.\tMeanwhile,\toff\tthe\tbattlefield,\this fairness\t as\t a\t judge\t had\t earned\t him\t the\t nickname\t \u201cThe\t Just.\u201d\t But\t as\t the\t years went\t by\t the\t Athenians\t came\t to\t dislike\t him.\t He\t made\t such\t a\t show\t of\t his righteousness,\t and\t this,\t they\t believed,\t disguised\t his\t feelings\t of\t superiority\t and scorn\t for\t the\t common\t folk.\t His\t omnipresence\t in\t Athenian\t politics\t became obnoxious;\tthe\tcitizens\tgrew\ttired\tof\thearing\thim\tcalled\t\u201cThe\tJust.\u201d\tThey\tfeared that\tthis\twas\tjust\tthe\ttype\tof\tmanjudgmental,\thaughtywho\twould\teventually\tstir up\t fierce\t divisions\t among\t them.\t In\t 482\t B.C.,\t despite\t Aristides'\t invaluable expertise\tin\tthe\tcontinuing\twar\twith\tthe\tPersians,\tthey\tcollected\tthe\tostraka\tand had\thim\tbanished. After\t Aristides'\t ostracism,\t the\t great\t general\t Themistocles\t emerged\t as\t the city's\tpremier\tleader.\tBut\this\tmany\thonors\tand\tvictories\twent\tto\this\thead,\tand\the too\tbecame\tarrogant\tand\toverbearing,\tconstantly\treminding\tthe\tAthenians\tof\this triumphs\t in\t battle,\t the\t temples\t he\t had\t built,\t the\t dangers\t he\t had\t fended\t off.\t He seemed\t to\t be\t saying\t mat\t without\t him\t the\t city\t would\t come\t to\t ruin.\t And\t so,\t in 472\tB.C.,\tThemistocles'\tname\twas\tfilled\tin\ton\tthe\tostraka\tand\tthe\tcity\twas\trid\tof his\tpoisonous\tpresence. The\t greatest\t political\t figure\t in\t fifth-century\t Athens\t was\t undoubtedly Pericles.\tAlthough\tseveral\ttimes\tthreatened\twith\tostracism,\the\tavoided\tthat\tfate by\t maintaining\t close\t ties\t with\t the\t people.\t Perhaps\t he\t had\t learned\t a\t lesson\t as\t a child\tfrom\this\tfavorite\ttutor,\tthe\tincomparable\tDamon,\twho The\t struggle\t now\t became\t fiercer\t than\t ever\t around\t the\t royal\t litter\t [of Atahualpa,\t king\t of\t the\t Incan\t empire].\t It\t reeled\t more\t and\t more,\t and\t at\t length, several\tof\tthe\tnobles\twho\tsupported\tit\thaving\tbeen\tslain,\tit\twas\toverturned,\tand the\tIndian\tprince\twould\thave\tcome\twith\tviolence\tto\tthe\tground,\thad\tnot\this\tfall been\t broken\t by\t the\t efforts\t of\t Pizarro\t and\t some\t other\t of\t the\t cavaliers,\t who caught\t him\t in\t their\t arms.\t The\t imperial\t borla\t was\t instantly\t snatched\t from\t his temples\tby\ta\tsoldier,\tand\tthe\tunhappy\tmonarch,\tstrongly\tsecured,\twas\tremoved to\t a\t neighboring\t building\t where\t he\t was\t carefully\t guarded.\t All\t attempt\t at resistance\t now\t ceased.\t The\t fate\t of\t the\t Inca\t [Atahualpa]\t soon\t spread\t over\t town and\t country.\t The\t charm\t that\t might\t have\t held\t the\t Peruvians\t together\t was dissolved.\tEvery\tman\tthought\tonly\tof\this\town\tsafety.\tEven\tthe\t[IncanJ\tsoldiery encamped\t on\t the\t adjacent\t fields\t took\t the\t alarm,\t and,\t learning\t the\t fatal\t tidings, were\t seen\t flying\t in\t every\t direction\t before\t their\t pursuers,\t who\t in\t the\t heat\t of triumph\t showed\t no\t touch\t of\t mercy.\t At\t length\t night,\t more\t pitiful\t than\t man, threw\ther\tfriendly\tmantle\tover\tthe\tfugitives,\tand\tthe scattered\t troops\t of\t Pizarro\t rallied\t once\t more\t at\t the\t sound\t of\t the\t trumpet\t in the\t bloody\t square\t of\t Cajamarca....\t [Atahualpa]\t was\t reverenced\t as\t more\t than\t a human.\t He\t was\t not\t merely\t the\t head\t of\t the\t state,\t but\t the\t point\t to\t which\t all\t its","institutions\tconverged\tas\tto\ta\tcommon\tcenterthe\tkeystone\tof\tthe\tpolitical\tfabric which\t must\t fall\t to\t pieces\t by\t its\t own\t weight\t when\t that\t was\t withdrawn.\t So\t it fared\ton\tthe\t[execution]\tof\tAtahualpa.\tHis\tdeath\tnot\tonly\tleft\tthe\tthrone\tvacant, without\t any\t certain\t successor,\t but\t the\t manner\t of\t it\t announced\t to\t the\t Peruvian people\t that\t a\t hand\t stronger\t than\t that\t of\t their\t Incas\t had\t now\t seized\t the\t scepter, and\tthat\tthe\tdynasty\tof\tthe\tChildren\tof\tthe\tSun\thad\tpassed\taway\tforever. THE\tCONQUEST\tOF\tPERU, William\tH.\tPrescott,\t1847 excelled\tabove\tall\tother\tAthenians\tin\this\tintelligence,\this\tmusical\tskills,\tand his\t rhetorical\t abilities.\t It\t was\t Damon\t who\t had\t trained\t Pericles\t in\t die\t arts\t of ruling.\t But\t he,\t too,\t suffered\t ostracism,\t for\t his\t superior\t airs\t and\t his\t insulting manner\ttoward\tthe\tcommoners\tstirred\tup\ttoo\tmuch\tresentment. Toward\t the\t end\t of\t the\t century\t there\t lived\t a\t man\t named\t Hyperbolus.\t Most writers\tof\tthe\ttime\tdescribe\thim\tas\tthe\tcity's\tmost\tworthless\tcitizen:\tHe\tdid\tnot care\t what\t anyone\t thought\t of\t him,\t and\t slandered\t whomever\t he\t disliked.\t He amused\t some,\t but\t irritated\t many\t more.\t In\t 417\t B.C.,\t Hyperbolus\t saw\t an opportunity\t to\t stir\t up\t anger\t against\t the\t two\t leading\t politicians\t of\t the\t time, Alcibiades\t and\t Nicias.\t He\t hoped\t that\t one\t of\t the\t two\t would\t be\t ostracized\t and that\t he\t would\t rise\t in\t mat\t man's\t place.\t His\t campaign\t seemed\t likely\t to\t succeed: The\t Athenians\t disliked\t Alcibiades'\t flamboyant\t and\t carefree\t lifestyle,\t and\t were wary\t of\t Nicias'\t wealth\t and\t aloofness.\t They\t seemed\t certain\t to\t ostracize\t one\t or die\t other.\t But\t Alcibiades\t and\t Nicias,\t although\t they\t were\t otherwise\t enemies, pooled\ttheir\tresources\tand\tmanaged\tto\tturn\tthe\tostracism\ton\tHyperbolus\tinstead. His\tobnoxious-ness,\tthey\targued,\tcould\tonly\tbe\tterminated\tby\tbanishment. Earlier\t sufferers\t of\t ostracism\t had\t been\t formidable,\t powerful\t men. Hyperbolus,\t however,\t was\t a\t low\t buffoon,\t and\t with\t his\t banishment\t the Athenians\tfelt\tthat\tostracism\thad\tbeen\tdegraded.\tAnd\tso\tthey\tended\tthe\tpractice that\t for\t nearly\t a\t hundred\t years\t had\t been\t one\t of\t die\t keys\t to\t keeping\t the\t peace within\tAthens. Interpretation The\t ancient\t Athenians\t had\t social\t instincts\t unknown\t todaydie\t passage\t of centuries\thas\tblunted\tthem.\tCitizens\tin\tthe\ttrue\tsense\tof\tthe\tword,\tthe\tAthenians sensed\tthe\tdangers\tposed\tby\tasocial\tbehavior,\tand\tsaw\thow\tsuch\tbehavior\toften disguises\titself\tin\totiier\tforms:\tthe\tholier-than-thou\tattitude\tthat\tsilendy\tseeks\tto impose\t its\t standards\t on\t others;\t overweening\t ambition\t at\t the\t expense\t of\t the common\t good;\t the\t flaunting\t of\t superiority;\t quiet\t scheming;\t terminal obnoxiousness.\t Some\t of\t Uiese\t behaviors\t would\t eat\t away\t at\t the\t city's\t cohesion by\t creating\t factions\t and\t sowing\t dissension,\t odiers\t would\t ruin\t the\t democratic spirit\t by\t making\t the\t common\t citizen\t feel\t inferior\t and\t envious.\t The\t Athenians","did\t not\t try\t to\t reeducate\t people\t who\t acted\t in\t these\t ways,\t or\t to\t absorb\t them somehow\t into\t the\t group,\t or\t to\t impose\t a\t violent\t punishment\t that\t would\t only create\tother\tproblems.\tThe\tsolution\twas\tquick\tand\teffective:\tGet\trid\tof\tthem. Within\t any\t group,\t trouble\t can\t most\t often\t be\t traced\t to\t a\t single\t source,\t the unhappy,\t chronically\t dissatisfied\t one\t who\t will\t always\t stir\t up\t dissension\t and infect\t the\t group\t widi\t his\t or\t her\t ill\t ease.\t Before\t you\t know\t what\t hit\t you\t the dissatisfaction\t spreads.\t Act\t before\t it\t becomes\t impossible\t to\t disentangle\t one strand\t of\t misery\t from\t anodier,\t or\t to\t see\t how\t die\t whole\t thing\t started.\t First, recognize\t troublemakers\t by\t their\t overbearing\t presence,\t or\t by\t their\t complaining nature.\t Once\t you\t spot\t them\t do\t not\t try\t to\t reform\t them\t or\t appease\t diemmat\t will only\t make\t things\t worse.\t Do\t not\t attack\t diem,\t whether\t directly\t or\t indirecdy,\t for diey\tare\tpoisonous\tin\tnature\tand will\twork\tunderground\tto\tdestroy\tyou.\tDo\tas\tthe\tAdienians\tdid:\tBanish\tthem before\tit\tis\ttoo\tlate.\tSeparate\tthem\tfrom\tthe\tgroup\tbefore\tthey\tbecome\tthe\teye\tof a\t whirlpool.\t Do\t not\t give\t diem\t time\t to\t stir\t up\t anxieties\t and\t sow\t discontent;\t do not\t give\t them\t room\t to\t move.\t Let\t one\t person\t suffer\t so\t that\t the\t rest\t can\t live\t in peace. When\tthe\ttree\tfalls,\tthe\tmonkeys\tscatter. Chinese\tsaying OBSERVANCE\tOF\tTHE\tLAW\tII In\t 1296\t the\t cardinals\t of\t die\t Catholic\t Church\t met\t in\t Rome\t to\t select\t a\t new pope.\t They\t chose\t Cardinal\t Gaetani,\t for\t he\t was\t incomparably\t shrewd;\t such\t a man\t would\t make\t die\t Vatican\t a\t great\t power.\t Taking\t the\t name\t Boniface\t VIII, Gaetani\tsoon\tproved\the\tdeserved\tthe\tcardinals'\thigh\topinion\tof\thim:\tHe\tplotted his\t moves\t carefully\t in\t advance,\t and\t stopped\t at\t nodiing\t to\t get\t his\t way.\t Once\t in power,\t Boniface\t quickly\t crushed\t his\t rivals\t and\t unified\t the\t Papal\t States.\t The European\t powers\t began\t to\t fear\t him,\t and\t sent\t delegates\t to\t negotiate\t widi\t him. The\t German\t King\t Albrecht\t of\t Austria\t even\t yielded\t some\t territory\t to\t Boniface. All\twas\tproceeding\taccording\tto\tthe\tpope's\tplan. One\tpiece\tdid\tnot\tfall\tinto\tplace,\thowever,\tand\tdiat\twas\tTuscany,\tthe\trichest part\tof\tItaly.\tIf\tBoniface\tcould\tconquer\tFlorence,\tTuscany's\tmost\tpowerful\tcity, die\tregion\twould\tbe\this.\tBut\tFlorence\twas\ta\tproud\trepublic,\tand\twould\tbe\thard to\tdefeat.\tThe\tpope\thad\tto\tplay\this\tcards\tskillfully. Florence\t was\t divided\t by\t two\t rival\t factions,\t the\t Blacks\t and\t die\t Whites.\t The Whites\twere\tthe\tmerchant\tfamilies\tdiat\thad\trecendy\tand\tquickly\trisen\tto\tpower and\t weakh;\t the\t Blacks\t were\t the\t older\t money.\t Because\t of\t their\t popularity\t widi die\t people,\t die\t Whites\t retained\t control\t of\t the\t city,\t to\t the\t Blacks'\t increasing resentment.\tThe\tfeud\tbetween\tthe\ttwo\tgrew\tsteadily\tmore\tbitter. Here\t Boniface\t saw\t his\t chance:\t He\t would\t plot\t to\t help\t the\t Blacks\t take\t over","the\tcity,\tand\tFlorence\twould\tbe\tin\this\tpocket.\tAnd\tas\the\tstudied\tdie\tsituation\the began\t to\t focus\t on\t one\t man,\t Dante\t Alighieri,\t die\t celebrated\t writer,\t poet,\t and ardent\tsupporter\tof\tdie\tWhites.\tDante\thad\talways\tbeen\tinterested\tin\tpolitics.\tHe believed\t passionately\t in\t die\t republic,\t and\t often\t chastised\t his\t fellow\t citizens\t for their\t lack\t of\t spine.\t He\t also\t happened\t to\t be\t the\t city's\t most\t eloquent\t public speaker.\tIn\t1300,\tdie\tyear\tBoniface\tbegan\tplotting\tto\ttake\tover\tTuscany,\tDante's fellow\t citizens\t had\t voted\t him\t in\t to\t Florence's\t highest\t elected\t position,\t making him\t one\t of\t the\t city's\t six\t priors.\t During\t his\t six-mondi\t term\t in\t die\t post,\t he\t had stood\t firmly\t against\t the\t Blacks\t and\t against\t all\t of\t die\t pope's\t attempts\t to\t sow disorder. By\t1301,\thowever,\tBoniface\thad\ta\tnew\tplan:\tHe\tcalled\tin\tCharles\tde\tValois, powerful\t brother\t of\t die\t king\t of\t France,\t to\t help\t bring\t order\t to\t Tuscany.\t As Charles\t marched\t through\t northern\t Italy,\t and\t Florence\t seedied\t widi\t anxiety\t and fear,\tDante\tquickly\temerged\tas\tdie\tman\twho\tcould\trally THE\tWOLVES\tAND\tTHE\tSHEEP Once\t upon\t a\t time,\t the\t wolves\t sent\t an\t embassy\t to\t the\t sheep,\t desiring\t that there\t might\t be\t peace\t between\t them\t for\t the\t time\t to\t come.\t \u201cWhy,\u201d\t said\t they, \u201cshould\t we\t be\t for\t ever\t waging\t this\t deadly\t strife\t Those\t wicked\t dogs\t are\t the cause\t of\t all;\t they\t are\t incessantly\t barking\t at\t us,\t and\t provoking\t us.\t Send\t them away,\t and\t there\t will\t be\t no\t longer\t any\t obstacle\t to\t our\t eternal\t friendship\t and peace.\u201d\t The\t silly\t sheep\t listened,\t the\t dogs\t were\t dismissed,\t and\t the\t flock,\t thus deprived\t of\t their\t best\t protectors,\t became\t an\t easy\t prey\t to\t their\t treacherous enemy. FABLES, Aesop, sixth\tcentury\tb.c. [Themistocles's]\t fellow\t citizens\t reached\t the\t point\t at\t which\t their\t jealousy made\tthem\tlisten\tto\tany\tslander\tat\this\texpense,\tand\tso\t[he]\twas\tforced\tto\tremind the\t assembly\t of\t his\t achievements\t until\t they\t could\t bear\t this\t no\t longer.\t He\t once said\t to\t those\t who\t were\t complaining\t of\t him:\t \u201cWhy\t are\t you\t tired\t of\t receiving benefits\tso\toften\tfrom\tthe\tsame\tmen\u201d\tBesides\tthis\the\tgave\toffense\tto\tthe\tpeople when\t he\t built\t the\t temple\t of\t Artemis,\t for\t not\t only\t did\t he\t style\t the\t goddess Artemis\t Aristohoule,\t or\t Artemis\t wisest\t in\t counselwith\t the\t hint\t that\t it\t was\t he who\t had\t given\t the\t best\t counsel\t to\t the\t Athenians\t and\t the\t Greeksbut\t he\t chose\t a site\tfor\tit\tnear\this\town\thouse\tat\tMelite....\tSo\tat\tlast\tthe\tAthenians\tbanished\thim. They\tmade\tuse\tof\tthe\tostracism\tto\thumble\this\tgreat\treputation\tand\this\tauthority, as\tindeed\twas\ttheir\thabit\twith\tany\twhose\tpower\tthey\tregarded\tas\toppressive,\tor who\t had\t risen\t to\t an\t eminence\t which\t they\t considered\t out\t of\t keeping\t with\t the equality\tof\ta\tdemocracy.","the\tlife\tof themistocles, Plutarch, c.\ta.d.\t46-120 the\t people,\t arguing\t vehemently\t against\t appeasement\t and\t working desperately\t to\t arm\t the\t citizens\t and\t to\t organize\t resistance\t against\t die\t pope\t and his\t puppet\t French\t prince.\t By\t hook\t or\t by\t crook,\t Boniface\t had\t to\t neutralize Dante.\tAnd\tso,\teven\tas\ton\tthe\tone\thand\the\tthreatened\tFlorence\twith\tCharles\tde Valois,\ton\tthe\tother\the\theld\tout\tthe\tolive\tbranch,\tthe\tpossibility\tof\tnegotiations, hoping\tDante\twould\ttake\tthe\tbait.\tAnd\tindeed\tthe\tFlorentines\tdecided\tto\tsend\ta delegation\t to\t Rome\t and\t try\t to\t negotiate\t a\t peace.\t To\t head\t the\t mission, predictably,\tthey\tchose\tDante. Some\t warned\t the\t poet\t that\t the\t wily\t pope\t was\t setting\t up\t a\t trap\t to\t lure\t him away,\t but\t Dante\t went\t to\t Rome\t anyway,\t arriving\t as\t the\t French\t army\t stood before\t the\t gates\t of\t Florence.\t He\t felt\t sure\t that\t his\t eloquence\t and\t reason\t would win\t the\t pope\t over\t and\t save\t the\t city.\t Yet\t when\t the\t pope\t met\t die\t poet\t and\t the Florentine\t delegates,\t he\t instandy\t intimidated\t them,\t as\t he\t did\t so\t many.\t \u201cFall\t on your\tknees\tbefore\tme!\u201d\the\tbellowed\tat\ttheir\tfirst\tmeeting.\t\u201cSubmit\tto\tme!\tI\ttell you\t that\t in\t all\t truth\t I\t have\t nothing\t in\t my\t heart\t but\t to\t promote\t your\t peace.\u201d Succumbing\t to\t his\t powerful\t presence,\t the\t Florentines\t listened\t as\t the\t pope promised\t to\t look\t after\t dieir\t interests.\t He\t then\t advised\t them\t to\t return\t home, leaving\tone\tof\ttheir\tmembers\tbehind\tto\tcontinue\tthe\ttalks.\tBoniface\tsignaled\tthat the\t man\t to\t stay\t was\t to\t be\t Dante.\t He\t spoke\t with\t the\t utmost\t politeness,\t but\t in essence\tit\twas\tan\torder. And\tso\tDante\tremained\tin\tRome.\tAnd\twhile\the\tand\tthe\tpope\tcontinued\ttheir dialogue,\tFlorence\tfell\tapart.\tWith\tno\tone\tto\trally\tthe\tWhites,\tand\twith\tCharles de\t Valois\t using\t the\t pope's\t money\t to\t bribe\t and\t sow\t dissension,\t the\t Whites disintegrated,\t some\t arguing\t for\t negotiations,\t others\t switching\t sides.\t Facing\t an enemy\tnow\tdivided\tand\tunsure\tof\titself,\tthe\tBlacks\teasily\tdestroyed\tthem\twidiin weeks,\t exacting\t violent\t revenge\t on\t them.\t And\t once\t the\t Blacks\t stood\t firmly\t in power,\tthe\tpope\tfinally\tdismissed\tDante\tfrom\tRome. The\tBlacks\tordered\tDante\tto\treturn\thome\tto\tface\taccusations\tand\tstand\ttrial. When\t the\t poet\t refused,\t the\t Blacks\t condemned\t him\t to\t be\t burned\t to\t death\t if\t he ever\t set\t foot\t in\t Florence\t again.\t And\t so\t Dante\t began\t a\t miserable\t life\t of\t exile, wandering\t through\t Italy,\t disgraced\t in\t the\t city\t that\t he\t loved,\t never\t to\t return\t to Florence,\teven\tafter\this\tdeath. Interpretation Boniface\t knew\t that\t if\t he\t only\t had\t a\t pretext\t to\t lure\t Dante\t away,\t Florence would\tcrumble.\tHe\tplayed\tdie\toldest\tcard\tin\tthe\tbookthreatening\twith\tone\thand","while\t holding\t out\t the\t olive\t branch\t with\t the\t otherand\t Dante\t fell\t for\t it.\t Once\t the poet\t was\t in\t Rome,\t the\t pope\t kept\t him\t there\t for\t as\t long\t as\t it\t took.\t For\t Boniface understood\t one\t of\t the\t principal\t precepts\t in\t the\t game\t of\t power:\t One\t resolute person,\tone\tdisobedient\tspirit,\tcan\tturn\ta\tflock\tof\tsheep\tinto\ta\tden\tof\tlions.\tSo\the isolated\t the\t troublemaker.\t Without\t the\t backbone\t of\t the\t city\t to\t keep\t them together,\tthe\tsheep\tquickly\tscattered. Learn\tthe\tlesson:\tDo\tnot\twaste\tyour\ttime\tlashing\tout\tin\tall\tdirections\tat\twhat seems\tto\tbe\ta\tmany-headed\tenemy.\tFind\tthe\tone\thead\tthat\tmat- tersthe\tperson\twith\twillpower,\tor\tsmarts,\tor,\tmost\timportant\tof\tall,\tcharisma. Whatever\t it\t costs\t you,\t lure\t this\t person\t away,\t for\t once\t he\t is\t absent\t his\t powers will\tlose\ttheir\teffect.\tHis\tisolation\tcan\tbe\tphysical\t(banishment\tor\tabsence\tfrom the\tcourt),\tpolitical\t(narrowing\this\tbase\tof\tsupport),\tor\tpsychological\t(alienating him\t from\t the\t group\t through\t slander\t and\t insinuation).\t Cancer\t begins\t with\t a single\tcell;\texcise\tit\tbefore\tit\tspreads\tbeyond\tcure. KEYS\tTO\tPOWER In\t the\t past,\t an\t entire\t nation\t would\t be\t ruled\t by\t a\t king\t and\t his\t handful\t of ministers.\tOnly\tthe\telite\thad\tany\tpower\tto\tplay\twitii.\tOver\tthe\tcenturies,\tpower has\t gradually\t become\t more\t and\t more\t diffused\t and\t democratized.\t This\t has created,\t however,\t a\t common\t misperception\t that\t groups\t no\t longer\t have\t centers of\t powerthat\t power\t is\t spread\t out\t and\t scattered\t among\t many\t people.\t Actually, however,\tpower\thas\tchanged\tin\tits\tnumbers\tbut\tnot\tin\tits\tessence.\tThere\tmay\tbe fewer\tmighty\ttyrants\tcommanding\tthe\tpower\tof\tlife\tand\tdeath\tover\tmillions,\tbut there\tremain\tthousands\tof\tpetty\ttyrants\truling\tsmaller\trealms,\tand\tenforcing\ttiieir will\t dirough\t indirect\t power\t games,\t charisma,\t and\t so\t on.\t In\t every\t group,\t power is\t concentrated\t in\t the\t hands\t of\t one\t or\t two\t people,\t for\t this\t is\t one\t area\t in\t which human\t nature\t will\t never\t change:\t People\t will\t congregate\t around\t a\t single\t strong personality\tlike\tplanets\torbiting\ta\tsun. To\tlabor\tunder\tthe\tillusion\tdiat\ttiiis\tkind\tof\tpower\tcenter\tno\tlonger\texists\tis to\t make\t endless\t mistakes,\t waste\t energy\t and\t time,\t and\t never\t hit\t the\t target. Powerful\t people\t never\t waste\t time.\t Outwardly\t they\t may\t play\t along\t with\t the gamepretending\t that\t power\t is\t shared\t among\t manybut\t inwardly\t they\t keep\t their eyes\t on\t the\t inevitable\t few\t in\t die\t group\t who\t hold\t the\t cards.\t These\t are\t die\t ones they\twork\ton.\tWhen\ttroubles\tarise,\tthey\tlook\tfor\tdie\tunderlying\tcause,\tthe\tsingle strong\tcharacter\twho\tstarted\tthe\tstirring\tand\twhose\tisolation\tor\tbanishment\twill settle\tdie\twaters\tagain. In\t his\t family-dierapy\t practice,\t Dr.\t Milton\t H.\t Erickson\t found\t that\t if\t the family\tdynamic\twas\tunsettled\tand\tdysfunctional\tthere\twas\tinevitably\tone\tperson who\t was\t the\t stirrer,\t the\t troublemaker.\t In\t his\t sessions\t he\t would\t symbolically isolate\ttins\trotten\tapple\tby\tseating\thim\tor\ther\tapart\tfrom\tthe\tothers,\tif\tonly\tby\ta","few\t feet.\t Slowly\t the\t odier\t family\t members\t would\t see\t the\t physically\t separate person\t as\t the\t source\t of\t their\t difficulty.\t Once\t you\t recognize\t who\t the\t stirrer\t is, pointing\tit\tout\tto\todier\tpeople\twill\taccomplish\ta\tgreat\tdeal.\tUnderstanding\twho controls\tdie\tgroup\tdynamic\tis\ta\tcritical\trealization.\tRemember:\tStirrers\tdirive\tby hiding\t in\t the\t group,\t disguising\t their\t actions\t among\t the\t reactions\t of\t others. Render\ttheir\tactions\tvisible\tand\tdiey\tlose\tdieir\tpower\tto\tupset. A\tkey\telement\tin\tgames\tof\tstrategy\tis\tisolating\tdie\tenemy's\tpower.\tIn\tchess you\t try\t to\t corner\t the\t king.\t In\t die\t Chinese\t game\t of\t go\t you\t try\t to\t isolate\t the enemy's\t forces\t in\t small\t pockets,\t rendering\t them\t immobile\t and\t ineffectual.\t It\t is often\tbetter\tto\tisolate\tyour\tenemies\tthan\tto\tdestroy themyou\tseem\tless\tbrutal.\tThe\tresult,\tthough,\tis\tthe\tsame,\tfor\tin\tdie\tgame\tof power,\tisolation\tspells\tdeadi. The\t most\t effective\t form\t of\t isolation\t is\t somehow\t to\t separate\t your\t victims from\ttheir\tpower\tbase.\tWhen\tMao\tTse-tung\twanted\tto\teliminate\tan\tenemy\tin\tthe ruling\t elite,\t he\t did\t not\t confront\t the\t person\t directly;\t he\t silently\t and\t stealthily worked\tto\tisolate\tdie\tman,\tdivide\this\tallies\tand\tturn\tdiem\taway\tfrom\thim,\tshrink his\tsupport.\tSoon\tthe\tman\twould\tvanish\ton\this\town. Presence\tand\tappearance\thave\tgreat\timport\tin\tdie\tgame\tof\tpower.\tTo\tseduce, particularly\tin\tthe\tbeginning\tstages,\tyou\tneed\tto\tbe\tconstantly\tpresent,\tor\tcreate die\t feeling\t that\t you\t are;\t if\t you\t are\t often\t out\t of\t sight,\t die\t charm\t will\t wear\t off. Queen\tElizabedi's\tprime\tminister,\tRobert\tCecil,\thad\ttwo\tmain\trivals:\tdie\tqueen's favorite,\t die\t Earl\t of\t Essex,\t and\t her\t former\t favorite,\t Sir\t Walter\t Raleigh.\t He contrived\t to\t send\t them\t both\t on\t a\t mission\t against\t Spain;\t with\t them\t away\t from the\tcourt\the\tmanaged\tto\twrap\this\ttentacles\taround\tdie\tqueen,\tsecure\this\tposition as\ther\ttop\tadviser\tand\tweaken\ther\taffection\tfor\tRaleigh\tand\tthe\tearl.\tThe\tlesson here\tis\ttwofold:\tFirst,\tyour\tabsence\tfrom\tthe\tcourt\tspells\tdanger\tfor\tyou,\tand\tyou should\t never\t leave\t die\t scene\t in\t a\t time\t of\t turmoil,\t for\t your\t absence\t can\t botii symbolize\tand\tinduce\ta\tloss\tof\tpower;\tsecond,\tand\ton\tdie\todier\thand,\tluring\tyour enemies\taway\tfrom\tthe\tcourt\tat\tcritical\tmoments\tis\ta\tgreat\tploy. Isolation\t has\t other\t strategic\t uses.\t When\t trying\t to\t seduce\t people,\t it\t is\t often wise\t to\t isolate\t them\t from\t dieir\t usual\t social\t context.\t Once\t isolated\t they\t are vulnerable\t to\t you,\t and\t your\t presence\t becomes\t magnified.\t Similarly,\t con\t artists often\t look\t for\t ways\t to\t isolate\t their\t marks\t from\t their\t normal\t social\t milieux, steering\t them\t into\t new\t environments\t in\t which\t diey\t are\t no\t longer\t comfortable. Here\tthey\tfeel\tweak,\tand\tsuccumb\tto\tdeception\tmore\teasily.\tIsolation,\tthen,\tcan prove\t a\t powerful\t way\t of\t bringing\t people\t under\t your\t spell\t to\t seduce\t or\t swindle diem. You\twill\toften\tfind\tpowerful\tpeople\twho\thave\talienated\tthemselves\tfrom\tthe group.\tPerhaps\ttheir\tpower\thas\tgone\tto\ttheir\theads,\tand\tthey\tconsider\tthemselves","superior;\tperhaps\tthey\thave\tlost\tthe\tknack\tof\tcommunicating\twith\tordinary\tfolk. Remember:\t This\t makes\t them\t vulnerable.\t Powerful\t though\t they\t be,\t people\t like diis\tcan\tbe\tturned\tto\tuse. The\t monk\t Rasputin\t gained\t his\t power\t over\t Czar\t Nicholas\t and\t Czarina Alexandra\t of\t Russia\t through\t dieir\t tremendous\t isolation\t from\t the\t people. Alexandra\tin\tparticular\twas\ta\tforeigner,\tand\tespecially\talienated\tfrom\teveryday Russians;\t Rasputin\t used\t his\t peasant\t origins\t to\t insinuate\t himself\t into\t her\t good graces,\t for\t she\t desperately\t wanted\t to\t communicate\t witii\t her\t subjects.\t Once\t in the\t court's\t inner\t circle,\t Rasputin\t made\t himself\t indispensable\t and\t attained\t great power.\tHeading\tstraight\tfor\tthe\tcenter,\the\taimed\tfor\tdie\tone\tfigure\tin\tRussia\twho commanded\t power\t (the\t czarina\t dominated\t her\t husband),\t and\t found\t he\t had\t no need\t to\t isolate\t her\t for\t the\t work\t was\t already\t done.\t The\t Rasputin\t strategy\t can bring\t you\t great\t power:\t Always\t search\t out\t people\t who\t hold\t high\t positions\t yet who\tfind\ttiiem- selves\tisolated\ton\tthe\tboard.\tThey\tare\tlike\tapples\tfalling\tinto\tyour\tlap,\teasily seduced,\tand\table\tto\tcatapult\tyou\tinto\tpower\tyourself. Finally,\t the\t reason\t you\t strike\t at\t the\t shepherd\t is\t because\t such\t an\t action\t will dishearten\t the\t sheep\t beyond\t any\t rational\t measure.\t When\t Hernando\t Cortes\t and Francisco\tPizarro\tled\ttheir\ttiny\tforces\tagainst\tthe\tAztec\tand\tIncan\tempires,\tthey did\tnot\tmake\tthe\tmistake\tof\tfighting\ton\tseveral\tfronts,\tnor\twere\tthey\tintimidated by\t die\t numbers\t arrayed\t against\t them;\t they\t captured\t the\t kings,\t Moctezuma\t and Atahualpa.\tVast\tempires\tfell\tinto\ttiieir\thands.\tWith\tdie\tleader\tgone\tthe\tcenter\tof gravity\t is\t gone;\t there\t is\t nothing\t to\t revolve\t around\t and\t everything\t falls\t apart. Aim\t at\t the\t leaders,\t bring\t them\t down,\t and\t look\t for\t the\t endless\t opportunities\t in the\tconfusion\tthat\twill\tensue. Image:\tA\tFlock\tof\tFatted Sheep.\tDo\tnot\twaste\tprecious time\ttrying\tto\tsteal\ta\tsheep\tor\ttwo;\tdo not\trisk\tlife\tand\tlimb\tby\tsetting\tupon the\tdogs\tthat\tguard\tthe\tflock.\tAim\tat\tthe shepherd.\tLure\thim\taway\tand\tthe\tdogs will\tfollow.\tStrike\thim\tdown\tand\tthe\tflock\twill scatteryou\tcan\tpick\tthem\toff\tone\tby\tone. Authority:\t If\t you\t draw\t a\t bow,\t draw\t the\t strongest.\t If\t you\t use\t an\t arrow,\t use the\t longest.\t To\t shoot\t a\t rider,\t first\t shoot\t his\t horse.\t To\t catch\t a\t gang\t of\t bandits, first\tcapture\tits\tleader.\tJust\tas\ta\tcountry\thas\tits\tborder,\tso\tthe\tkilling\tof\tmen\thas its\t limits.\t If\t the\t enemy's\t attack\t can\t be\t stopped\t [with\t a\t blow\t to\t the\t head],\t why have\t any\t more\t dead\t and\t wounded\t than\t necessary\t (Chinese\t poet\t Tu\t Fu,\t Tang dynasty,\teighth\tcentury)","REVERSAL \u201cAny\tharm\tyou\tdo\tto\ta\tman\tshould\tbe\tdone\tin\tsuch\ta\tway\tmat\tyou\tneed\tnot fear\t his\t revenge,\u201d\t writes\t Machiavelli.\t If\t you\t act\t to\t isolate\t your\t enemy,\t make sure\the\tlacks\tthe\tmeans\tto\trepay\tthe\tfavor.\tIf\tyou\tapply\tthis\tLaw,\tin\tother\twords, apply\tit\tfrom\ta\tposition\tof\tsuperiority,\tso\tthat\tyou\thave\tnothing\tto\tfear\tfrom\this resentment. Andrew\t Johnson,\t Abraham\t Lincoln's\t successor\t as\t U.S.\t president,\t saw Ulysses\t S.\t Grant\t as\t a\t troublesome\t member\t of\t his\t government.\t So\t he\t isolated Grant,\t as\t a\t prelude\t to\t forcing\t him\t out.\t This\t only\t enraged\t the\t great\t general, however,\twho\tresponded\tby\tforming\ta\tsupport\tbase\tin\tthe\tRepublican\tparty\tand going\t on\t to\t become\t the\t next\t president.\t It\t would\t have\t been\t far\t wiser\t to\t keep\t a man\t like\t Grant\t in\t the\t fold,\t where\t he\t could\t do\t less\t harm,\t than\t to\t make\t him revengeful.\t And\t so\t you\t may\t often\t find\t it\t better\t to\t keep\t people\t on\t your\t side, where\tyou\tcan\twatch\tthem,\tthan\tto\trisk\tcreating\tan\tangry\tenemy.\tKeeping\tthem close,\tyou\tcan\tsecretly\twhit-tie\taway\tat\ttheir\tsupport\tbase,\tso\tthat\twhen\tthe\ttime comes\t to\t cut\t them\t loose\t they\t will\t fall\t fast\t and\t hard\t without\t knowing\t what\t hit them.","48\tLaws\tof\tPower LAW\t43 WORK\tON\tTHE\tHEARTS\tAND\tMINDS\tOF\tOTHERS JUDGMENT Coercion\tcreates\ta\treaction\tthat\twill\teventually\twork\tagainst\tyou.\tYou\tmust seduce\t others\t into\t wanting\t to\t move\t in\t your\t direction.\t A\t person\t you\t have seduced\tbecomes\tyour\tloyal\tpawn.\tAnd\tthe\tway\tto\tseduce\tothers\tis\tto\toperate\ton their\tindividual\tpsychologies\tand\tweaknesses.\tSoften\tup\tthe\tresistant\tby\tworking on\ttheir\temotions,\tplaying\ton\twhat\tthey\thold\tdear\tand\twhat\tthey\tfear.\tIgnore\tthe hearts\tand\tminds\tof\tothers\tand\tthey\twill\tgrow\tto\thate\tyou. Thinking\t of\t the\t means\t by\t which\t he\t could\t most\t effectively\t persuade\t the Persians\t to\t revolt,\t [Cyrus's]\t deliberations\t led\t him\t to\t adopt\t the\t following\t plan, which\the\tfound\tbest\tsuited\tto\this\tpurpose.\tHe\twrote\ton\ta\troll\tof\tparchment\tthat Astyages\t had\t appointed\t him\t to\t command\t the\t Persian\t army;\t then\t he\t summoned an\tassembly\tof\tthe\tPersians,\topened\tthe\troll\tin\ttheir\tpresence\tand\tread\tout\twhat he\t had\t written.\t \u201cAnd\t now,\t he\t added,\t I\t have\t an\t order\t for\t you:\t every\t man\t is\t to appear\t on\t parade\t with\t a\t billhook.\t ...\u201d\t The\t order\t was\t obeyed.\t All\t the\t men assembled\t with\t their\t billhooks,\t and\t Cyrus's\t next\t command\t was\t thai\t before\t the day\twas\tout\tthey\tshould\tclear\ta\tcertain\tpiece\tof\trough\tland\tfull\tof\tthorn-bushes, about\teighteen\tor\ttwenty\tfurlongs\tsquare.\tThis\ttoo\twas\tdone,\twhereupon\tCyrus issued\t the\t further\t order\t that\t they\t should\t present\t themselves\t again\t on\t the following\t day,\t after\t having\t taken\t a\t bath.\t Meanwhile,\t Cyrus\t collected\t and slaughtered\tall\this\tfather's\tgoats,\tsheep,\tand\toxen\tin\tpreparation\tfor\tentertaining the\t whole\t Persian\t army\t at\t a\t banquet,\t together\t with\t the\t best\t wine\t and\t bread\t he could\tprocure.\tThe\tnext\tday\tthe\tguests\tassembled,\tand\twere TRANSGRESSION\tOF\tTHE\tLAW Near\t the\t end\t of\t the\t reign\t of\t Louis\t XV,\t all\t of\t France\t seemed\t desperate\t for change.\t When\t the\t king's\t grandson\t and\t chosen\t successor,\t die\t future\t Louis\t XVI, married\t the\t fifteen-year-old\t daughter\t of\t die\t empress\t of\t Austria,\t die\t French caught\t a\t glimpse\t of\t die\t future\t diat\t seemed\t hopeful.\t The\t young\t bride,\t Marie- Antoinette,\twas\tbeautiful\tand\tfull\tof\tlife.\tShe\tinstantiy\tchanged\tthe\tmood\tof\tdie court,\twhich\twas\trank\twith\tLouis\tXV's\tdebaucheries;\teven\tthe\tcommon\tpeople, who\t had\t yet\t to\t see\t her,\t talked\t excitedly\t of\t Marie-Antoinette.\t The\t French\t had grown\tdisgusted\twidi\tthe\tseries\tof\tmistresses\twho\thad\tdominated\tLouis\tXV,\tand","diey\tlooked\tforward\tto\tserving\tdieir\tnew\tqueen.\tIn\t1773,\twhen\tMarie-Antoinette publicly\t rode\t through\t the\t streets\t of\t Paris\t for\t the\t first\t time,\t applauding\t crowds swarmed\taround\ther\tcarriage.\t\u201cHow\tfortunate,\u201d\tshe\twrote\ther\tmother,\t\u201cto\tbe\tin\ta position\tin\twhich\tone\tcan\tgain\twidespread\taffection\tat\tso\tlittie\tcost.\u201d In\t 1774\t Louis\t XV\t died\t and\t Louis\t XVI\t took\t the\t tiirone.\t As\t soon\t as\t Marie- Antoinette\t became\t queen\t she\t abandoned\t herself\t to\t die\t pleasures\t she\t loved\t die mostordering\t and\t wearing\t die\t most\t expensive\t gowns\t and\t jewelry\t in\t die\t realm; sporting\tdie\tmost\telaborate\thair\tin\thistory,\ther\tsculpted\tcoiffures\trising\tas\tmuch as\tdiree\tfeet\tabove\ther\thead;\tand\tdirowing\ta\tconstant\tsuccession\tof\tmasked\tballs and\t fetes.\t All\t of\t these\t whims\t she\t paid\t for\t on\t credit,\t never\t concerning\t herself widi\tdie\tcost\tor\twho\tpaid\tdie\tbills. Marie-Antoinette's\t greatest\t pleasure\t was\t the\t creation\t and\t designing\t of\t a private\t Garden\t of\t Eden\t at\t die\t Petit\t Trianon,\t a\t chateau\t on\t die\t grounds\t of Versailles\t with\t its\t own\t woods.\t The\t gardens\t at\t die\t Petit\t Trianon\t were\t to\t be\t as \u201cnatural\u201d\tas\tpossible,\tincluding\tmoss\tapplied\tby\thand\tto\tthe\ttrees\tand\trocks.\tTo heighten\t the\t pastoral\t effect,\t the\t queen\t employed\t peasant\t milkmaids\t to\t milk\t die finest-looking\t cows\t in\t the\t realm;\t launderers\t and\t cheese-makers\t in\t special peasant\t outfits\t she\t helped\t design;\t shepherds\t to\t tend\t sheep\t with\t silk\t ribbons around\t their\t necks.\t When\t she\t inspected\t die\t barns,\t she\t would\t watch\t her milkmaids\tsqueezing\tmilk\tinto\tporcelain\tvases\tmade\tat\tthe\troyal\tceramic\tworks. To\t pass\t die\t time,\t Marie-Antoinette\t would\t gatiier\t flowers\t in\t the\t woods\t around die\tPetit\tTrianon,\tor\twatch\ther\t\u201cgood\tpeasants\u201d\tdoing\ttiieir\t\u201cchores.\u201d\tThe\tplace became\ta\tseparate\tworld,\tits\tcommunity\tlimited\tto\ther\tchosen\tfavorites. Widi\t each\t new\t whim,\t the\t cost\t of\t maintaining\t the\t Petit\t Trianon\t soared. Meanwhile,\t France\t itself\t was\t deteriorating:\t There\t was\t famine\t and\t widespread discontent.\t Even\t socially\t insulated\t courtiers\t seemed\t with\t resentmentdie\t queen treated\tthem\tlike\tchildren.\tOnly\ther\tfavorites\tmattered,\tand\tdiese\twere\tbecoming fewer\t and\t fewer.\t But\t Marie-Antoinette\t did\t not\t concern\t herself\t widi\t this.\t Not once\tthroughout\ther\treign\tdid\tshe\tread\ta\tminister's\treport.\tNot\tonce\tdid\tshe\ttour die\t provinces\t and\t rally\t the\t people\t to\t her\t side.\t Not\t once\t did\t she\t mingle\t among die\t Parisians,\t or\t receive\t a\t delegation\t from\t diem.\t She\t did\t none\t of\t tiiese\t tilings because\t as\t queen\t she\t felt\t die\t people\t owed\t her\t their\t affection,\t and\t she\t was\t not required\tto\tlove\tdiem\tin\treturn. In\t 1784\t die\t queen\t became\t embroiled\t in\t a\t scandal.\t As\t part\t of\t an\t elaborate swindle,\tdie\tmost\texpensive\tdiamond\tnecklace\tin\tEurope\thad\tbeen purchased\tunder\ther\tname,\tand\tduring\tthe\tswindlers'\ttrial\ther\tlavish\tlifestyle became\t public:\t People\t heard\t about\t the\t money\t she\t spent\t on\t jewels\t and\t dresses and\t masked\t dances.\t They\t gave\t her\t the\t nickname\t \u201cMadame\t Deficit,\u201d\t and\t from then\t on\t she\t became\t the\t focus\t of\t the\t people's\t growing\t resentment.\t When\t she","appeared\tin\ther\tbox\tat\tthe\topera\tthe\taudience\tgreeted\ther\twitii\thisses.\tEven\tthe court\t turned\t against\t her.\t For\t while\t she\t had\t been\t running\t up\t her\t huge expenditures,\tthe\tcountry\twas\theaded\tfor\truin. Five\t years\t later,\t in\t 1789,\t an\t unprecedented\t event\t took\t place:\t the\t beginning of\tdie\tFrench\tRevolution.\tThe\tqueen\tdid\tnot\tworrylet\tthe\tpeople\thave\tdieir\tUttle rebellion,\tshe\tseemed\tto\tthink;\tit\twould\tsoon\tquiet\tdown\tand\tshe\twould\tbe\table to\t resume\t her\t life\t of\t pleasure.\t That\t year\t die\t people\t marched\t on\t Versailles, forcing\tthe\troyal\tfamily\tto\tquit\tthe\tpalace\tand\ttake\tresidence\tin\tParis.\tThis\twas\ta triumph\tfor\tdie\trebels,\tbut\tit\toffered\tdie\tqueen\tan\topportunity\tto\theal\tthe\twounds she\thad\topened\tand\testablish\tcontact\twitii\tdie\tpeople.\tThe\tqueen,\thowever,\thad not\t learned\t her\t lesson:\t Not\t once\t would\t she\t leave\t the\t palace\t during\t her\t stay\t in Paris.\tHer\tsubjects\tcould\trot\tin\thell\tfor\tall\tshe\tcared. In\t 1792\t the\t royal\t couple\t was\t moved\t from\t the\t palace\t to\t a\t prison,\t as\t the revolution\tofficially\tdeclared\tdie\tend\tof\tdie\tmonarchy.\tThe\tfollowing\tyear\tLouis XVI\t was\t tried,\t found\t guilty,\t and\t guillotined.\t As\t Marie-Antoinette\t awaited\t die same\tfate,\thardly\ta\tsoul\tcame\tto\ther\tdefensenot\tone\tof\ther\tformer\tfriends\tin\tdie court,\t not\t one\t of\t Europe's\t odier\t monarchs\t (who,\t as\t members\t of\t dieir\t own countries'\troyal\tfamilies,\thad\tall\tdie\treason\tin\tdie\tworld\tto\tshow\tthat\trevolution did\tnot\tpay),\tnot\teven\ther\town\tfamily\tin\tAustria,\tincluding\ther\tbrother,\twho\tnow sat\t on\t the\t throne.\t She\t had\t become\t the\t world's\t pariah.\t In\t October\t of\t 1793,\t she finally\tknelt\tat\tthe\tguillotine,\tunrepentant\tand\tdefiant\tto\tdie\tbitter\tend. Interpretation From\t early\t on,\t Marie-Antoinette\t acquired\t the\t most\t dangerous\t of\t attitudes: As\t a\t young\t princess\t in\t Austria\t she\t was\t endlessly\t flattered\t and\t cajoled.\t As\t die future\tqueen\tof\tthe\tFrench\tcourt\tshe\twas\tthe\tcenter\tof\teveryone's\tattention.\tShe never\t learned\t to\t charm\t or\t please\t other\t people,\t to\t become\t attuned\t to\t dieir individual\tpsychologies.\tShe\tnever\thad\tto\twork\tto\tget\ther\tway,\tto\tuse\tcalculation or\tcunning\tor\tdie\tarts\tof\tpersuasion.\tAnd\tlike\teveryone\twho\tis\tindulged\tfrom\tan early\tage,\tshe\tevolved\tinto\ta\tmonster\tof\tin-sensitivity. Marie-Antoinette\t became\t the\t focus\t of\t an\t entire\t country's\t dissatisfaction because\tit\tis\tso\tinfuriating\tto\tmeet\twith\ta\tperson\twho\tmakes\tno\teffort\tto\tseduce you\t or\t attempt\t to\t persuade\t you,\t even\t if\t only\t for\t die\t purpose\t of\t deception.\t And do\tnot\timagine\tdiat\tshe\trepresents\ta\tbygone\tera,\tor\tdiat\tshe\tis\teven\trare.\tHer\ttype is\ttoday\tmore\tcommon\tthan\tever.\tSuch\ttypes\tlive\tin\tdieir\town\tbubbletiiey\tseem to\tfeel\ttiiey\tare\tborn\tkings\tand\tqueens,\tand\tthat\tattention\tis\towed\tthem.\tThey\tdo not\t consider\t anyone\t else's\t nature,\t but\t bulldoze\t over\t people\t with\t the\t self- righteous\t arrogance\t of\t a\t Marie-Antoinette.\t Pampered\t and\t indulged\t as\t children, as\tadults\ttiiey\tstill\tbelieve told\t to\t sit\t down\t on\t the\t grass\t and\t enjoy\t themselves.\t After\t the\t meal\t Cyrus","asked\t them\t which\t they\t preferred\t yesterday's\t work\t or\t today's\t amusement;\t and they\t replied\t that\t it\t was\t indeed\t a\t far\t cry\t from\t the\t previous\t day's\t misery\t to\t their present\tpleasures.\tThis\twas\tthe\tanswer\twhich\tCyrus\twanted;\the\tseized\tupon\tit\tat once\t and\t proceeded\t to\t lay\t bare\t what\t he\t had\t in\t mind.\t \u201cMen\t of\t Persia,\u201d\t he\t said, \u201clisten\tto\tme:\tobey\tmy\torders,\tand\tyou\twill\tbe\table\tto\tenjoy\ta\tthousand\tpleasures as\t good\t as\t this\t without\t ever\t turning\t your\t hands\t to\t menial\t labor;\t but,\t if\t you disobey,\t yesterday\t 's\t task\t will\t be\t the\t pattern\t of\t innumerable\t others\t you\t will\t be forced\t to\t perform.\t Take\t my\t advice\t and\t win\t your\t freedom.\t 1\t am\t the\t man destined\tto\tundertake\tyour\tliberation,\tand\tit\tis\tmy\tbelief\tthat\tyou\tare\ta\tmatch\tfor the\tMedes\tin\twar\tas\tin\teverything\telse.\tIt\tis\tthe\ttruth\tI\ttell\tyou.\tDo\tnot\tdelay,\tbut fling\toff\tthe\tyoke\tof\tAstyages\tat\tonce.\u201d The\t Persians\t had\t long\t resented\t their\t subjection\t to\t the\t Medes.\t At\t last\t they had\tfound\ta\tleader,\tand\twelcomed\twith\tenthusiasm\tthe\tprospect\tof\tliberty....\tOn the\t present\t occasion\t the\t Persians\t under\t Cyrus\t rose\t against\t the\t Medes\t and\t from then\tonwards\twere\tmasters\tof\tAsia. the\thistories,\tHerodotus,\tfifth\tcentury\tb.c.. 'I\tUK The\tnorth\twind\tand\tthe sun\twere\tdisputing which\twas\tthe\tstronger, and\tagreed\tto acknowledge\tas\tthe victor\twhichever\tof them\tcould\tstrip\ta traveler\tof\this\tclothing. The\twind\ttried\tfirst. But\tits\tviolent\tgusts only\tmade\tthe\tman hold\this\tclothes\ttightly around\thim,\tand\twhen it\tblew\tharder\tstill\tthe cold\tmade\thim\tso uncomfortable\tthat\the put\ton\tan\textra\twrap. Eventually\tthe\twind got\ttired\tof\tit\tand handed\thim\tover\tto\tthe sun.\tThe\tsun\tshone\tfirst with\ta\tmoderate","warmth,\twhich\tmade the\tman\ttake\toff\this topcoat.\tThen\tit\tblazed fiercely,\ttill,\tunable to\tstand\tthe\theat, he\tstripped\tand\twent off\tto\tbathe\tin\ta nearby\triver. Persuasion\tis\tmore effective\tthan\tforce. FABLES, Aesop,\tsixth\tcentury\tb.c. that\t everything\t must\t come\t to\t them;\t convinced\t of\t their\t own\t charm,\t they make\tno\teffort\tto\tcharm,\tseduce,\tor\tgently\tpersuade. In\t the\t realm\t of\t power,\t such\t attitudes\t are\t disastrous.\t At\t all\t times\t you\t must attend\t to\t those\t around\t you,\t gauging\t their\t particular\t psychology,\t tailoring\t your words\tto\twhat\tyou\tknow\twill\tentice\tand\tseduce\tthem.\tThis\trequires\tenergy\tand art.\tThe\thigher\tyour\tstation,\tthe\tgreater\tthe\tneed\tto\tremain\tattuned\tto\tthe\thearts and\tminds\tof\tthose\tbelow\tyou,\tcreating\ta\tbase\tof\tsupport\tto\tmaintain\tyou\tat\tthe pinnacle.\tWithout\tthat\tbase,\tyour\tpower\twill\tteeter,\tand\tat\tthe\tslightest\tchange\tof fortune\tthose\tbelow\twill\tgladly\tassist\tin\tyour\tfall\tfrom\tgrace. OBSERVANCE\tOF\tTHE\tLAW In\tA.D.\t225,\tChuko\tLiang,\tmaster\tstrategist\tand\tchief\tminister\tto\tthe\truler\tof Shu\tin\tancient\tChina,\tconfronted\ta\tdangerous\tsituation.\tThe\tkingdom\tof\tWei\thad mounted\tan\tall-out\tattack\ton\tShu\tfrom\tthe\tnorth.\tMore\tdangerous\tstill,\tWei\thad formed\t an\t alliance\t with\t the\t barbarous\t states\t to\t the\t south\t of\t Shu,\t led\t by\t King Menghuo.\t Chuko\t Liang\t had\t to\t deal\t with\t this\t second\t menace\t from\t the\t south before\the\tcould\thope\tto\tfend\toff\tWei\tin\tthe\tnorth. As\tChuko\tLiang\tprepared\tto\tmarch\tsouth\tagainst\tthe\tbarbarians,\ta\twise\tman in\this\tcamp\toffered\thim\tadvice.\tIt\twould\tbe\timpossible,\tthis\tman\tsaid,\tto\tpacify the\t region\t by\t force.\t Liang\t would\t probably\t beat\t Menghuo,\t but\t as\t soon\t as\t he headed\t north\t again\t to\t deal\t with\t Wei,\t Menghuo\t would\t reinvade.\t \u201cIt\t is\t better\t to win\thearts,\u201d\tsaid\tthe\twise\tman,\t\u201cthan\tcities;\tbetter\tto\tbattie\twith\thearts\tthan\twith weapons.\t I\t hope\t you\t will\t succeed\t in\t winning\t the\t hearts\t of\t these\t people.\u201d\t \u201cYou read\tmy\tthoughts,\u201d\tresponded\tChuko\tLiang. As\t Liang\t expected,\t Menghuo\t launched\t a\t powerful\t attack.\t But\t Liang\t laid\t a trap\tand\tmanaged\tto\tcapture\ta\tlarge\tpart\tof\tMenghuo's\tarmy,\tincluding\tthe\tking himself.\t Instead\t of\t punishing\t or\t executing\t his\t prisoners,\t however,\t he\t separated the\tsoldiers\tfrom\ttheir\tking,\thad\ttheir\tshackles\tremoved,\tregaled\tthem\twith\tfood","and\t wine,\t and\t then\t addressed\t them.\t \u201cYou\t are\t all\t upright\t men,\u201d\t he\t said.\t \u201cI believe\tyou\tall\thave\tparents,\twives,\tand\tchildren\twaiting\tfor\tyou\tat\thome.\tThey are\tdoubtless\tshedding\tbitter\ttears\tat\tyour\tfate.\tI\tam\tgoing\tto\trelease\tyou,\tso\tthat you\t can\t return\t home\t to\t your\t loved\t ones\t and\t comfort\t them.\u201d\t The\t men\t thanked Liang\t with\t tears\t in\t their\t eyes;\t then\t he\t sent\t for\t Menghuo.\t \u201cIf\t I\t release\t you,\u201d asked\tLiang,\t\u201cwhat\twill\tyou\tdo\u201d\t\u201cI\twill\tpull\tmy\tarmy\ttogether\tagain,\u201d\tanswered the\t king,\t \u201cand\t lead\t it\t against\t you\t to\t a\t decisive\t battle.\t But\t if\t you\t capture\t me\t a second\ttime,\tI\twill\tbow\tto\tyour\tsuperiority.\u201d\tNot\tonly\tdid\tLiang\torder\tMenghuo released,\t he\t gave\t him\t a\t gift\t of\t a\t horse\t and\t saddle.\t When\t angry\t lieutenants wondered\twhy\the\tdid\tthis,\tLiang\ttold\tthem,\t\u201cI\tcan\tcapture\tthat\tman\tas\teasily\tas\tI can\t take\t something\t out\t of\t my\t pocket.\t I\t am\t trying\t to\t win\t his\t heart.\t When\t I\t do, peace\twill\tcome\tof\titself\there\tin\tthe\tsouth.\u201d As\t Menghuo\t had\t said\t he\t would,\t he\t attacked\t again.\t But\t his\t own\t officers, whom\tLiang\thad\ttreated\tso\twell,\trebelled\tagainst\thim,\tcaptured\thim,\tand\tturned him\tover\tto\tLiang,\twho\tasked\thim\tagain\tdie\tsame\tquestion\tas before.\t Menghuo\t replied\t that\t he\t had\t not\t been\t beaten\t fairly,\t but\t merely betrayed\t by\t his\t own\t officers;\t he\t would\t fight\t again,\t but\t if\t captured\t a\t third\t time he\twould\tbow\tto\tLiang's\tsuperiority. Over\t the\t following\t months\t Liang\t outwitted\t Menghuo\t again\t and\t again, capturing\t him\t a\t third,\t a\t fourth,\t and\t a\t fifth\t time.\t On\t each\t occasion\t Meng-huo's troops\tgrew\tmore\tdissatisfied.\tLiang\thad\ttreated\tmem\twith\trespect;\tthey\thad\tlost their\theart\tfor\tfighting.\tBut\tevery\ttime\tChuko\tLiang\tasked\tMenghuo\tto\tyield,\tthe great\t king\t would\t come\t up\t with\t another\t excuse:\t You\t tricked\t me,\t I\t lost\t through bad\t luck,\t on\t and\t on.\t If\t you\t capture\t me\t again,\t he\t would\t promise,\t I\t swear\t I\t will not\tbetray\tyou.\tAnd\tso\tLiang\twould\tlet\thim\tgo. When\the\tcaptured\tMenghuo\tfor\tthe\tsixth\ttime,\the\t asked\tthe\tking\tthe\tsame question\tagain.\t\u201cIf\tyou\tcapture\tme\ta\tsevendi\ttime,\u201d\tdie\tking\treplied,\t\u201cI\tshall\tgive you\tmy\tloyalty\tand\tnever\trebel\tagain.\u201d\t\u201cVery\twell,\u201d\tsaid\tLiang.\t\u201cBut\tif\tI\tcapture you\tagain,\tI\twill\tnot\trelease\tyou.\u201d Now\t Menghuo\t and\t his\t soldiers\t fled\t to\t a\t far\t corner\t of\t their\t kingdom,\t the region\tof\tWuge.\tDefeated\tso\tmany\ttimes,\tMenghuo\thad\tonly\tone\thope\tleft:\tHe would\t ask\t the\t help\t of\t King\t Wutugu\t of\t Wuge,\t who\t had\t an\t immense\t and ferocious\tarmy.\tWutugu's\twarriors\twore\tan\tarmor\tof\ttightly\twoven\tvines\tsoaked in\t oil,\t then\t dried\t to\t an\t impenetrable\t hardness.\t Wifh\t Menghuo\t at\t his\t side, Wutugu\t marched\t diis\t mighty\t army\t against\t Liang,\t and\t this\t time\t the\t great strategist\t seemed\t frightened,\t leading\t his\t men\t in\t a\t hurried\t retreat.\t But\t he\t was merely\t leading\t Wutugu\t into\t a\t trap:\t He\t cornered\t the\t king's\t men\t in\t a\t narrow valley,\t then\t lit\t fires\t set\t all\t around\t them.\t When\t the\t fires\t reached\t the\t soldiers Wutugu's\t whole\t army\t burst\t into\t flamethe\t oil\t in\t their\t armor,\t of\t course,\t being","highly\tflammable.\tAll\tof\tthem\tperished. Liang\thad\tmanaged\tto\tseparate\tMenghuo\tand\this\tentourage\tfrom\tthe\tcarnage in\t the\t valley,\t and\t the\t king\t found\t himself\t a\t captive\t for\t the\t seventh\t time.\t After this\t slaughter\t Liang\t could\t not\t bear\t to\t face\t his\t prisoner\t again.\t He\t sent\t a messenger\t to\t the\t captured\t king:\t \u201cHe\t has\t commissioned\t me\t to\t release\t you. Mobilize\t another\t army\t against\t him,\t if\t you\t can,\t and\t try\t once\t more\t to\t defeat him.\u201d\t Sobbing,\t the\t king\t fell\t to\t the\t ground,\t crawled\t to\t Liang\t on\t his\t hands\t and knees,\t and\t prostrated\t himself\t at\t his\t feet.\t \u201cOh\t great\t minister,\u201d\t cried\t Menghuo, \u201cyours\t is\t the\t majesty\t of\t Heaven.\t We\t men\t of\t the\t south\t will\t never\t again\t offer resistance\tto\tyour\trule.\u201d\t\u201cDo\tyou\tnow\tyield\u201d\tasked\tLiang.\t\u201cI,\tmy\tsons,\tand\tmy grandsons\tare\tdeeply\tmoved\tby\tYour\tHonor's\tboundless,\tlife-giving\tmercy.\tHow could\twe\tnot\tyield\u201d Liang\t honored\t Menghuo\t with\t a\t great\t banquet,\t reestablished\t him\t on\t the throne,\t restored\t his\t conquered\t lands\t to\t his\t rule,\t then\t returned\t north\t with\t his army,\t leaving\t no\t occupying\t force.\t Liang\t never\t came\t backhe\t had\t no\t need\t to: Menghuo\thad\tbecome\this\tmost\tdevoted\tand\tunshakable\tally. Interpretation Chuko\tLiang\thad\ttwo\toptions:\tTry\tto\tdefeat\tthe\tbarbarians\tin\tthe\tsouth\twith one\tcrushing\tblow,\tor\tpatiendy\tand\tslowly\twin\tthem\tto\this\tside\tover\ttime.\tMost people\tmore\tpowerful\tman\ttheir\tenemy\tgrab\tthe\tfirst\toption\tand\tnever\tconsider die\tsecond,\tbut\tthe\ttruly\tpowerful\tthink\tfar\tahead:\tThe The\tmen\twho\thave\tchanged\tthe\tuniverse\thave\tnever\tgotten\tthere\tby\tworking on\t leaders,\t but\t rather\t by\t moving\t the\t masses.\t Working\t on\t leaders\t is\t the\t method of\tintrigue\tand\tonly\tleads\tto\tsecondary\tresults.\tWorking\ton\tthe\tmasses,\thowever, is\tthe\tstroke\tof\tgenius\tthat\tchanges\tthe\tface\tof\tthe\tworld. Napoleon\tBonaparte,\t1769-1821 This\t long\t and\t painful\t pursuit\t of\t Dariusfor\t in\t eleven\t days\t he\t marched\t 33 hundred\tfurlongsharassed\this\tsoldiers\tso\tthat\tmost\tof\tthem\twere\tready\tto\tgive\tit up,\t chiefly\t for\t want\t of\t water.\t While\t they\t were\t in\t this\t distress,\t it\t happened\t that some\tMacedonians\twho\thad\tfetched\twater\tin\tskins\tupon\ttheir\tmules\tfrom\ta\triver they\t had\t found\t out\t came\t about\t noon\t to\t the\t place\t where\t Alexander\t was,\t and seeing\t him\t almost\t choked\t with\t thirst,\t presently\t filled\t a\t helmet\t and\t offered\t it him....\tThen\the\ttook\tthe\thelmet\tinto\this\thands,\tand\tlooking\tround\tabout,\twhen\the saw\tall\tthose\twho\twere\tnear\thim\tstretching\ttheir\theads\tout\tand\tlooking\tearnestly after\tthe\tdrink,\the\treturned\tit\tagain\twith\tthanks without\t tasting\t a\t drop\t of\t it.\t \u201cFor,\u201dsaid\t he,\t \u201cif\t I\t alone\t should\t drink,\t the\t rest will\t be\t out\t of\t heart.\u201d\t The\t soldiers\t no\t sooner\t took\t notice\t of\t his\t temperance\t and magnanimity\t upon\t this\t occasion,\t but\t they\t one\t and\t all\t cried\t out\t to\t him\t to\t lead them\t forward\t boldly,\t and\t began\t whipping\t on\t their\t horses.\t For\t whilst\t they\t had","such\t a\t king\t they\t said\t they\t defied\t both\t weariness\t and\t thirst,\t and\t looked\t upon themselves\tto\tbe\tlittle\tless\tthan\timmortal. the\tlife\tof alexander\ttiik\tgreat, Plutarch, c.\ta.\tn.\t46-120 first\t option\t may\t be\t quick\t and\t easy,\t but\t over\t time\t it\t brews\t ugly\t emotions\t in the\t hearts\t of\t the\t vanquished.\t Their\t resentment\t turns\t to\t hatred;\t such\t animosity keeps\t you\t on\t edgeyou\t spend\t your\t energy\t protecting\t what\t you\t have\t gained, growing\t paranoid\t and\t defensive.\t The\t second\t option,\t though\t more\t difficult,\t not only\t brings\t you\t peace\t of\t mind,\t it\t converts\t a\t potential\t enemy\t into\t a\t pillar\t of support. In\t all\t your\t encounters,\t take\t a\t step\t backtake\t the\t time\t to\t calculate\t and\t attune yourself\tto\tyour\ttargets'\temotional\tmakeup\tand\tpsychological\tweaknesses.\tForce will\tonly\tstrengthen\ttheir\tresistance.\tWith\tmost\tpeople\tthe\theart\tis\tthe\tkey:\tThey are\tlike\tchildren,\truled\tby\ttheir\temotions.\tTo\tsoften\tthem\tup,\talternate\tharshness with\t mercy.\t Play\t on\t their\t basic\t fears,\t and\t also\t their\t lovesfreedom,\t family,\t etc. Once\t you\t break\t them\t down,\t you\t will\t have\t a\t lifelong\t friend\t and\t fiercely\t loyal ally. Governments\tsaw\tmen\tonly\tin\tmass;\tbut\tour\tmen,\tbeing\tirregulars,\twere\tnot formations,\tbut\tindividuals.\t.\t.\t.\tOur\tkingdoms\tlay\tin\teach\tman's\tmind. Seven\tPillars\tofWisdom,\tT.\tE.\tLawrence,\t1888-1935 KEYS\tTO\tPOWER In\tthe\tgame\tof\tpower,\tyou\tare\tsurrounded\tby\tpeople\twho\thave\tabsolutely\tno reason\tto\thelp\tyou\tunless\tit\tis\tin\ttheir\tinterest\tto\tdo\tso.\tAnd\tif\tyou\thave\tnothing to\toffer\ttheir\tself-interest,\tyou\tare\tlikely\tto\tmake\tthem\thostile,\tfor\ttfiey\twill\tsee in\t you\t just\t one\t more\t competitor,\t one\t more\t waster\t of\t their\t time.\t Those\t that overcome\tthis\tprevailing\tcoldness\tare\tthe\tones\twho\tfind\tthe\tkey\tthat\tunlocks\tthe stranger's\theart\tand\tmind,\tseducing\thim\tinto\ttheir\tcorner,\tif\tnecessary\tsoftening him\t up\t for\t a\t punch.\t But\t most\t people\t never\t learn\t this\t side\t of\t die\t game.\t When they\t meet\t someone\t new,\t rather\t than\t stepping\t back\t and\t probing\t to\t see\t what makes\tthis\tperson\tunique,\tthey\ttalk\tabout\tthemselves,\teager\tto\timpose\ttheir\town willpower\t and\t prejudices.\t They\t argue,\t boast,\t and\t make\t a\t show\t of\t their\t power. They\tmay\tnot\tknow\tit\tbut\tthey\tare\tsecretly\tcreating\tan\tenemy,\ta\tresister,\tbecause there\tis\tno\tmore\tinfuriating\tfeeling\tthan\thaving\tyour\tindividuality\tignored,\tyour own\tpsychology\tunacknowledged.\tIt\tmakes\tyou\tfeel\tlifeless\tand\tresentful. Remember:\tThe\tkey\tto\tpersuasion\tis\tsoftening\tpeople\tup\tand\tbreaking\tthem down,\t gently.\t Seduce\t them\t with\t a\t two-pronged\t approach:\t Work\t on\t their emotions\t and\t play\t on\t their\t intellectual\t weaknesses.\t Be\t alert\t to\t both\t what","separates\t them\t from\t everyone\t else\t (their\t individual\t psychology)\t and\t what\t they share\t with\t everyone\t else\t (their\t basic\t emotional\t responses).\t Aim\t at\t the\t primary emotionslove,\t hate,\t jealousy.\t Once\t you\t move\t their\t emotions\t you\t have\t reduced their\tcontrol,\tmaking\tthem\tmore\tvulnerable\tto\tpersuasion. When\t Chuko\t Liang\t wanted\t to\t dissuade\t an\t important\t general\t of\t a\t rival kingdom\tfrom\tentering\tinto\tan\talliance\twith\tTs'ao\tTs'ao,\tLiang's\tdreaded\tenemy, he\t did\t not\t detail\t Ts'ao\t Ts'ao's\t cruelty,\t or\t attack\t him\t on\t moral\t grounds.\t Instead Liang\tsuggested\tthat\tTs'ao\tTs'ao\twas\treally\tafter\tthe\tgen- eral's\tbeautiful\tyoung\twife.\tThis\thit\tdie\tgeneral\tin\tthe\tgut,\tand\twon\thim\tover. Mao\t Tse-tung\t similarly\t always\t appealed\t to\t popular\t emotions,\t and\t spoke\t in\t the simplest\tterms.\tEducated\tand\twell-read\thimself,\tin\this\tspeeches\the\tused\tvisceral metaphors,\t voicing\t the\t public's\t deepest\t anxieties\t and\t encouraging\t diem\t to\t vent meir\tfrustrations\tin\tpublic\tmeetings.\tRadier\tthan\targuing\tdie\tpractical\taspects\tof a\t particular\t program,\t he\t would\t describe\t how\t it\t would\t affect\t them\t on\t die\t most primitive,\t down-to-earth\t level.\t Do\t not\t believe\t diat\t diis\t approach\t works\t only with\tdie\tilliterate\tand\tunschooledit\tworks\ton\tone\tand\tall.\tAll\tof\tus\tare\tmortal\tand face\t the\t same\t dreadful\t fate,\t and\t all\t of\t us\t share\t die\t desire\t for\t attachment\t and belonging.\tStir\tup\tthese\temotions\tand\tyou\tcaptivate\tour\thearts. The\tbest\tway\tto\tdo\tthis\tis\twith\ta\tdramatic\tjolt,\tof\tthe\tkind\tthat\tChuko\tLiang created\t when\t he\t fed\t and\t released\t prisoners\t who\t expected\t only\t the\t worst\t from him.\t Shaking\t diem\t to\t the\t core,\t he\t softened\t their\t hearts.\t Play\t on\t contrasts\t like this:\t Push\t people\t to\t despair,\t dien\t give\t them\t relief.\t If\t diey\t expect\t pain\t and\t you give\tthem\tpleasure,\tyou\twin\tmeir\thearts.\tCreating\tpleasure\tof\tany\tkind,\tin\tfact, will\tusually\tbring\tyou\tsuccess,\tas\twill\tallaying\tfears\tand\tproviding\tor\tpromising security. Symbolic\t gestures\t are\t often\t enough\t to\t win\t sympadiy\t and\t goodwill.\t A gesture\tof\tself-sacrifice,\tfor\texamplea\tshow\tthat\tyou\tsuffer\tas\tthose\taround\tyou dowill\t make\t people\t identify\t witii\t you,\t even\t if\t your\t suffering\t is\t symbolic\t or minor\t and\t dieirs\t is\t real.\t When\t you\t enter\t a\t group,\t make\t a\t gesture\t of\t goodwill; soften\tthe\tgroup\tup\tfor\tthe\tharsher\tactions\tthat\twill\tfollow\tlater. When\t T.\t E.\t Lawrence\t was\t fighting\t the\t Turks\t in\t die\t deserts\t of\t die\t Middle East\t during\t World\t War\t I,\t he\t had\t an\t epiphany:\t It\t seemed\t to\t him\t that conventional\twarfare\thad\tlost\tits\tvalue.\tThe\told-fashioned\tsoldier\twas\tlost\tin\tthe enormous\tarmies\tof\tthe\ttime,\tin\twhich\the\twas\tordered\tabout\tlike\ta\tlifeless\tpawn. Lawrence\t wanted\t to\t turn\t this\t around.\t For\t him,\t every\t soldier's\t mind\t was\t a kingdom\t he\t had\t to\t conquer.\t A\t committed,\t psychologically\t motivated\t soldier would\tfight\tharder\tand\tmore\tcreatively\tthan\ta\tpuppet. Lawrence's\tperception\tis\tstill\tmore\ttrue\tin\tdie\tworld\ttoday,\twhere\tso\tmany\tof us\t feel\t alienated,\t anonymous,\t and\t suspicious\t of\t authority,\t all\t of\t which\t makes","overt\t power\t plays\t and\t force\t even\t more\t counterproductive\t and\t dangerous. Instead\t of\t manipulating\t lifeless\t pawns,\t make\t mose\t on\t your\t side\t convinced\t and excited\t by\t die\t cause\t you\t have\t enlisted\t diem\t in;\t this\t will\t not\t only\t make\t your work\teasier\tbut\tit\twill\talso\tgive\tyou\tmore\tleeway\tto\tdeceive\ttilem\tlater\ton.\tAnd to\t accomplish\t diis\t you\t need\t to\t deal\t with\t tiieir\t individual\t psychologies.\t Never clumsily\tassume\tthat\tthe\ttactic\tthat\tworked\ton\tone\tperson\twill\tnecessarily\twork on\t anodier.\t To\t find\t tile\t key\t diat\t will\t motivate\t diem,\t first\t get\t tiiem\t to\t open\t up. The\tmore\tthey\ttalk,\tdie\tmore\tthey\treveal\tabout\ttheir\tlikes\tand\tdislikesdie\thandles and\tlevers\tto\tmove\tdiem\twidi. The\tquickest\tway\tto\tsecure\tpeople's\tminds\tis\tby\tdemonstrating,\tas\tsimply\tas possible,\thow\tan\taction\twill\tbenefit\tthem.\tSelf-interest\tis\tthe strongest\t motive\t of\t all:\t A\t great\t cause\t may\t capture\t minds,\t but\t once\t die\t first flush\t of\t excitement\t is\t over,\t interest\t will\t flagunless\t there\t is\t something\t to\t be gained.\t Self-interest\t is\t the\t solider\t foundation.\t The\t causes\t that\t work\t best\t use\t a noble\tveneer\tto\tcover\ta\tblatant\tappeal\tto\tself-interest;\tthe\tcause\tseduces\tbut\tthe self-interest\tsecures\tthe\tdeal. The\t people\t who\t are\t best\t at\t appealing\t to\t people's\t minds\t are\t often\t artists, intellectuals,\t and\t those\t of\t a\t more\t poetic\t nature.\t This\t is\t because\t ideas\t are\t most easily\t communicated\t through\t metaphors\t and\t imagery.\t It\t is\t always\t good\t policy, men,\t to\t have\t in\t your\t pocket\t at\t least\t one\t artist\t or\t intellectual\t who\t can\t appeal concretely\tto\tpeople's\tminds.\tKings\thave\talways\tkept\ta\tstable\tof\twriters\tin\tmeir barn:\t Frederick\t the\t Great\t had\t his\t Voltaire\t (until\t tiiey\t quarreled\t and\t separated), Napoleon\t won\t over\t Goethe.\t Conversely,\t Napoleon\t Ill's\t alienation\t of\t writers such\t as\t Victor\t Hugo,\t whom\t he\t exiled\t from\t France,\t contributed\t to\t his\t growing unpopularity\tand\teventual\tdownfall.\tIt\tis\tdangerous,\tthen,\tto\talienate\tthose\twho have\tpowers\tof\texpression,\tand\tuseful\tto\tpacify\tand\texploit\tthem. Finally,\t learn\t to\t play\t the\t numbers\t game.\t The\t wider\t your\t support\t base\t the stronger\t your\t power.\t Understanding\t that\t one\t alienated,\t disaffected\t soul\t can spark\ta\tblaze\tof\tdiscontent,\tLouis\tXIV\tmade\tsure\tto\tendear\thimself\tto\tdie\tlowest members\tof\this\tstaff.\tYou\ttoo\tmust\tconstantiy\twin\tover\tmore\tallies\ton\tall\tlevelsa time\twill\tinevitably\tcome\twhen\tyou\twill\tneed\tdiem. Image:\t The\t Keyhole.\t People\t build\t walls\t to\t keep\t you\t out;\t never\t force\t your way\t in\t you\t will\t find\t only\t more\t walls\t within\t walls.\t There\t are\t doors\t in\t these walls,\tdoors\tto\tthe\theart\tand\tmind,\tand\tthey\thave\ttiny\tkeyholes.\tPeer\tthrough\tthe keyhole,\tfind\tthe\tkey\tthat\topens\tthe\tdoor,\tand\tyou\thave\taccess\tto\ttheir\twill\twith no\tugly\tsigns\tof\tforced\tentry. Authority:\t The\t difficulties\t in\t the\t way\t of\t persuasion\t lie\t in\t my\t knowing\t the heart\t of\t the\t persuaded\t in\t order\t thereby\t to\t fit\t my\t wording\t into\t it.\t .\t .\t .\t For\t this reason,\t whoever\t attempts\t persuasion\t before\t the\t throne,\t must\t carefully\t observe"]
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