Vyakaran Shilp Class- 7

7 ladYiuk ,M~;wlksÝV Vhe mRiknu Vhe xxu vxzoky xfjek cyokuh ys[kdµ lksue lgxy laLFkkid ,oa funsZ'kd fgrs'k lSuh dykÑfrµ t; jkt fp=kkadu dykdkjµ jes'k oqQekj iqLrd fMtkbfuaxµ veunhi flag

fganh ls lEcaf/r ewyHkwr jkspd tkudkjh fiz; ikBd] fganh dh lcls cM+h fo'ks\"krk ;g gS fd ;g ftl :i esa fy[kh tkrh gS] mlh izdkj ;g cksyh Hkh tkrh gSA ;gk¡fganh ls lEcaf/r eqyHkwr jkspd tkudkjh nh x;h gS tks vkidks fganh o.kZekyk dks ;kn j[kus esa vR;ar lgk;d gksxhA fganh o.kZekyk esa 11 Loj rFkk 33 O;atu fxuk, tkrs gSa] ijUrq buesa M+ ]~ <+ ~ va rFkk v% tksM+us ij fganh osQ o.kksZa dh oqQy la[;k 48 gks tkrh gSA tc dHkh O;atu dk iz;ksx Loj ls jfgr fd;k tkrk gS rc mlosQ uhps ,d frjNh js[kk (#~) yxk nh tkrh gSA ;g js[kk gy dgykrh gSA gy;qÙkQ Oa;tu gyar o.kZ dgykrk gSA tSls& fon~;kA fganh o.kZekyk ozQe dks vklkuh ls ;kn j[kus dk mik; lcls igys vkidks fganh v{kjksa osQ mPpkj.kksa dk ozQe le>uk gksxkA fganh dh fyfi dks nsoukxjh dgrs gSaA nsoukxjh laLo`Qr Hkk\"kk ls yh xbZ gSA ,d er osQ vuqlkj nsouxj (dk'kh) esa izpyu osQ dkj.k bldk uke nsoukxjh iM+kA bl fyfi esa Loj& v ls vkS rd osQ o.kksZa dh èofu;k¡mPpkj.kksa osQ le; fcuk fdlh #dkoV osQ osQoy Üokl&ok;q (breath&air) }kjk fudyrh gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr O;atu Hkh mPpkj.k osQvk/kj ij fofHkUu oxksZa esa foHkkftr gSaA ;g bl izdkj gSaA l oaQBO; [Guttoral] (d] [k] x] ?k] M- ) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA l rkyO; [Palatal] (p] N] t] >] ×k) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; thHk rkyw ls yxrh gSA l ew/ZU; [Cerebral] (V] B] M] M+ ] <] <+ ] .k) & budk mPpkj.k osQ le; thHk nk¡rksa ls yxrh gSA l nUrh; [Dental] (r] Fk] n] /] u) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA l vks\"BÔ [Labial] (i] iQ] c] Hk] e) & budk mPpkj.k vks\"B (gksaBksa) osQ feyus ij gh gksrk gSA l ukflD; [Nasal] (M-~ ] ×k~] .k~] u~] e~) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA l var%LFk [Unaspirated] (;] j] y] o) l mQ\"e [Aspirated] ('k] \"k] l] g) vki bu O;atuksa dks d] p] V] r] i oxZ osQ ozQe ls vklkuh ls ;kn j[k ldrs gSaA ok;q dh 'kfDr osQ vk/kj ij èofu;k¡ 1- vYiizk.k & bu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls de Üokl ok;q ckgj fudyrh gSA tSls i] c] r] n] p] t] d] y] j] o] ; vkfnA 2- egkizk.k & bu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls vf/d Üokl ok;q ckgj fudyrh gSA tSls [k] ?k] iQ] Hk] Fk] /] N] > vkfnA ?kks\"kRo osQ vk/kj ij èofu;k¡ 1- v?kks\"k & ftu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls Üokl ok;q Loj&raf=k;ksa ls oaQiu djrh gqbZ ugha fudyrh v?kks\"k dgykrh gSA tSls& d] [k] p] N] V] B] r] Fk] i] iQ] 'k] \"k] lA 2- l?kks\"k & ftu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa Üokl ok;q Loj&raf=k;ksa ls oaQiu djrh gqbZ fudyrh gS] mUgsa l?kks\"k dgrs gSA tSls& x] ?k] M- ] ×k]>] e] M] <] .k] n] /] u] c] Hk] e rFkk ;] j] y] o] M] < èofu;k¡l?kks\"k gSA

vkeq[k Hkk\"kk og lk/u gS ftlosQ n~okjk euq\"; vius fopkj nwljksa rd igq¡pkrk gSA O;kdj.k osQ fu;eksa osQ fcuk Hkk\"kk dk 'kqn~/ :i ugha lh[kk tk ldrkA izLrqr O;kdj.k J`a[kyk ^fganh O;kdj.k*] Hkkx 1 ls 8 cPpksa dh #fp rFkk ;ksX;rk osQ Lrj dks ns[krs gq, dh xbZ gSA* izLrqr iqLrd&J`a[kyk dh fo'ks\"krk,¡bl izdkj gS & v O;kdj.k osQ O;kogkfjd Kku ij fo'ks\"k cy fn;k x;k gS vkSj blosQ fy, fo'ys\"k.k dks cksf>y u cukdj bldh ewy jpuk osQ rRoksa dk laKkukRed vuqiz;ksx fl[kk;k x;k gSA v Hkk\"kk] O;kdj.k] o.kZekyk] 'kCn] mlosQ Hksn ,oa 'kCn&HkaMkj vkfn lHkh ikB cPpksa dh vko';drk] ;ksX;rk ,oa mudh xzg.k&{kerk osQ vuqlkj lqfu;ksftr rjhosQ ls izLrqr fd, x, gSaA v blesa jpukRed ,oa iz;kstuewyd] lHkh f'k{k.k&lkexzh dk mfpr lekos'k fd;k x;k gS] tSls dgkuh&ys[ku] vuqPNsn rFkk fuca/ ys[ku] vifBr& xn~;ka'k vkfnA v nSuafnu thou ls laca/ vusd mnkgj.kksa dk lfp=k izLrqrhdj.k Hkk\"kk&Kku dks ljy ,oa lqcks/ cukrk gS rFkk ^jVus* osQ LFkku ij Lor% le>us dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA v Nk=kksa osQ Kku dks ij[kus osQ fy, vkn'kZ iz'u i=k Hkh fn, x, gSaA gesa iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd izkFkfed d{kkvksa osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, izLrqr iqLrd&J`a[kyk Hkk\"kk&Kku osQ {ks=k esa ,d ojnku fl¼ gksxhA leLr lq/h ikBdksa rFkk fon~oTtuksa osQ vewY; ijke'kZ dk ge lnSo Lokxr djrs gSaA & laiknd

fo\"k; lwph ozQe fo\"k; i`\"B la[;k ozQe fo\"k; i`\"B la[;k 1- Hkk\"kk] fyfi] 5 17- okD; 86 cksyh vkSj O;kdj.k 18- orZuh laca/h 91 2- o.kZ&fopkj 9 v'knq f~ /&'kk/s u 94 19- fojke fpg~u 3- laf/ 17 20- 'kCn&Hksn% vFkZ ds 98 107 4- 'kCn&fopkj 23 vk/kj ij 110 21- eqgkojs 113 5- 'kCn&fuekZ.k % lekl 28 22- yksdksfDr;k¡ 118 23- vifBr xn~;ka'k 121 6- milxZ 35 24- laokn ys[ku 127 25- dgkuh&ys[ku 133 7- izR;; 38 26- i=k&ys[ku 136 27- vuqPNsn&ys[ku 141 8- laKk 41 28- fuca/&ys[ku 143 9- opu 46 vkn'kZ iz'u i=k&1 vkn'kZ iz'u i=k&2 10- dkjd 50 11- loZuke 55 12- fo'ks\"k.k 61 13- fozQ;k 68 14- dky 73 15- okP; 75 16- vO;; 78

1 Hkk\"kk] fyfi] ckys h vkSj O;kdj.k (Language, Script, Dialect & Grammar) 10 uoEcj dks LowQy dh rjiQ ls CkPpksa dks ^fOkKku esys* esa ys tk;k tk,xkA ftldh lwpuk cPpksa dks vè;kid osQ n~okjk nh xbZA ;g lqudj cPPks [kq'kh ls mNy iM+sA tc cPpksa us foKku esys tkus dk lans'k ekrk&firk dks fn[kk;k rks mUgkasus og lans'k i<+dj vius gLrk{kj osQ lkFk tkus dh btktr ns nhA ^esys* ls okil vkus osQ ckn lHkh Nk=kksa us esys osQ fo\"k; esa ,d fjiksVZ rS;kj dhA fiz; cPpks! vkvks vc ge mi;qZDr tkudkjh osQ vk/kj ij fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ns ldrs gSaA • ekrk&firk us ^foKku esys* dh lwpuk oSQls izkIr dh\\ (lans'k i<+dj) • vè;kid us ^foKku esys* dh lwpuk oSQls nh\\ (cksydj) • Nk=kksa us ^fOkKku esys* dh lwpuk oSQls ikbZ\\ (lqudj) • ^foKku esys* osQ fo\"k; esa fjiksVZ oSQls rS;kj dh xbZA (fy[kdj) vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd ge cksydj] lqudj] fy[kdj vkSj i<+dj nwljksa dh ckr vklkuh ls le> ldrs gSa] vkSj viuh ckr nwljksa dks le>k ldrs gSaA Hkk\"kk og ekè;e gSa ftlosQ n~okjk eu osQ Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks izdV fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj nwljksa osQ Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks tkuk tkrk gSA Hkk\"kk Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa osQ vknku&iznku dk lk/u gSA Hkk\"kk n~okjk vius eu osQ Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks cksydj vkSj fy[kdj izdV fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa lqudj rFkk i<+dj tkuk tkrk gSA 5 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

Hkk\"kk osQ :i Hkk\"kk osQ nks :i gksrs gSa& 1- ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk % Hkk\"kk osQ ftl :i ls eu osQ Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku cksydj vkSj lqudj fd;k tkrk gS] mls ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk dgrs gSaA tc O;fDr vkeus&lkeus ;k i+ Qksu ij ckr djrk gS vFkok usrk th Hkk\"k.k nsrs gSa rks buesa iz;qDr Hkk\"kk ^ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk* dgykrh gSA ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk LFkk;h ugha gksrh] ijarq vktdy bySDVªkWfud ;a=kksa n~okjk VsifjdkMZj dh lgk;rk ls oSQlsV~l vkSj lhú Mhú vkfn esa ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk dks LFkk;h :i iznku dj fn;k tkrk gSA lkekU; ckrphr vLFkk;h gksrh gSA 2- fyf[kr Hkk\"kk % Hkk\"kk osQ ftl :i ls eu osQ Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku] fy[kdj vkSj i<+dj fd;k tkr gS] mls fyf[kr Hkk\"kk dgrs gSaA fn, x, fp=k esa vki ns[k jgs gSa fd cPps ijh{kk ns jgs gSaA iz'uksa osQ fy, mRrj fy[krs gq,] xf.kr osQ loky gy djrs gq, vFkok dgkuh] dfork] fuca/ ;k i=k fy[krs gq, lc fyf[kr Hkk\"kk dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA nqdkuksa osQ uke&iV~V] lkekpkj&i=k] iqLrosaQ] i=k] iksLVj] b'rgkj vkfn Hkk\"kk osQ fyf[kr :i gSaA Hkk\"kk dk fyf[kr :i LFkk;h gksrk gSA fganh vkSj vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kk,¡% fganh Hkkjr dh jk\"VªHkk\"kk gSA bls ns'k osQ izR;sd Hkkx esa cksyk vkSj le>k tkrk gSA tEew&d'ehj ls ysdj dU;koqQekjh rd vkSj vaMeku&fudksckj ls ysdj jktLFkku rd lHkh bldk iz;ksx djrs gSaA fganh fo'o dh nwljh lcls vf/d cksyh tkus okyh Hkk\"kk gSA Hkkjr ljdkj us 14 flracj 1949 dks bls ns'k dh jkTkHkk\"kk osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k FkkA bl izdkj ;g ljdkjh dke&dkt dh Hkk\"kk Hkh cu xbZ gSA fganh bu izkarksa dh jktHkk\"kk Hkh gS & mRrj izns'k] >kj[kaM] mRrjkpa y] eè; inz 's k] gfj;k.kk] fgekpy inz 's k] NRrhlx<]+ pMa hx<]+ jktLFkku] fnYyh] vMa eku&fudkcs kjA vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kk,¡% lafo/ku esa Hkkjr dh bu Hkk\"kkvksa dks Hkh ekU;rk nh xbZ gS & vleh] ckaXyk] xqtjkrh] dUuM+] d'ehjh] dksad.kh] ey;kye] ef.kiqjh] ejkBh] usikyh] mfM+;k] iatkch] laLo`Qr] mnwZ] fla/h] rfey] rsyqxq] cksMks] Mksxjh] eSfFkyh rFkk laFkkyhA fyfi % Hkk\"kk dk izkajfHkd :i eksf[kd FkkA ;g osQoy cksyh tkrh FkhA /hjs&/hjs bldk fyf[kr :i cukA bldh èofu;ksa osQ fy, oqQN fpg~u cusA bl izdkj Hkk\"kk us fyf[kr :i fy;kA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 6

Hkk\"kk dh èofu;ksa dks ftu fpg~uksa osQ n~okjk fy[kk tkrk gS] mls fyfi dgrs gSaA Hkk\"kk dks fy[kus dk <ax fyfi gSA fo'o dh leLr Hkk\"kkvksa dh viuh&viuh fyfi;k¡gSaA Hkk\"kk fyfi iz;ksx fganh nsoukxjh O;kdj.k Hkk\"kk dk lq/kjd gksrk gSA laLo`Qr nsoukxjh losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku%A iatkch nsoukxjh ਮਂੈ ਇਸ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਨਾਗਰਿਕ ਹਾAਂ xqtjkrh xq#eq[kh eus Hkkjrh; gksok ij xoZ NsA vaxzs”kh caxkyh mnwZ nsoukxjh I love my country. ejkBh jkseu ckaXyk i+ Qkjlh eh Hkkjrh; vkgs ;kpk eyk vf/eku vkgsA cksyh lhfer {ks=k esa LFkkuh; O;ogkj esa iz;ksx dh tkus okyh Hkk\"kk cksyh dgykrh gSA cksyh fdlh {ks=k fo'ks\"k esa iz;qDr gksrh gSA cksfy;ksa dk fyf[kr :i ugha gksrkA mUgsa ljdkjh dke&dkt esa Hkh ekU;rk izkIr ugha gksrhA Hkkjr esa ,sls dbZ izkar gSa] tgk¡fofHkUu izkarksa esa vusd cksfy;k¡cksyh tkrh gSaA cksyh FkksM+h nwj ij cny tkrh gSA tSls& Hkkstiqjh] cqansyh] dUukSth] gfj;k.koh vkfnA O;kdj.k % gj Hkk\"kk osQ vius fu;e gksrs gSaA bu fu;eksa dh leqfpr tkudkjh osQ vHkko esa u rks Hkk\"kk dks 'kqn~/ :i ls cksyk tk ldrk gS vkSj u gh 'kqn~/ :i esa fy[kk tk ldrk gSA Hkk\"kk dks 'kqn~/ :i ls cksyus] i<+us rFkk fy[kus osQ fy, mlosQ fu;eksa dks tkuuk vko';d gksrk gSA O;kdj.k og 'kkL=k gS ftlosQ n~okjk ge Hkk\"kk osQ 'kqn~/ Lo:i ,oa 'kqn~/ iz;ksx dk Kku izkIr djrs gSaA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • Hkk\"kk og lk/u gS] ftlosQ n~okjk ge cksydj] luqdj] i<+dj] ;k fy[kdj vius fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku djrs gSaA • Hkk\"kk osQ nks eq[; :i gksrs gSa% fyf[kr vkSj ekSf[kdA • Hkk\"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dks O;kdj.k dgrs gSaA 7 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kksA d- Hkk\"kk vkSj cksyh esa D;k varj gS\\ [k- Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa fdu&fdu Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kkvksa dks ekU;rk nh xbZ gSa\\ x- O;kdj.k ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\\ ?k- dkSu&dkSu lh Hkk\"kk,¡nsoukxjh fyfi esa fy[kh tkrh gSa\\ Ä- fyfi fdls dgrs gSa\\ 2- nSfud fozQ;kvksa osQ vk/kj ij Hkk\"kk osQ fyf[kr :i rFkk ekSf[kd :i dk iz;ksx djksA fyf[kr ekSf[kd d- -------------------- -------------------- [k- -------------------- x- -------------------- -------------------- ?k- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- 3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks O;kdj.k osQ vk/kj ij 'kqn~/ djksA d- fganh Hkkjr dh jktHkk\"kk gSA [k- ek¡us [kkus dh Fkkyh Mky nh gSA x- iQkjlh fyfi mnwZ Hkk\"kk esa fy[kk tkrk gSA ?k- esjs dks tkus nksA Ä- eSa jkst cl ls vk;k gSA p- ge vk; crk fn;k FkkA N- vPNs yksx dh dnz ughaA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 8

2 o.kZ&fopkj (Orthography and Pronunciation) ge vius vklikl Hkkf¡r & Hkkf¡r idz kj dh èofu;kas dks luq rs gASa bu leLr èofu;kas dk dkbs Z vFkZ ugha gkrs kA euq\"; osQ cksyus] ckrphr djus ij tks èofu;k¡fudyrh gSa] muosQ fuf'pr vFkZ gksrs gSaA O;kdj.k esa èofu dk vFkZ lkekU; vFkZ ls fHkUu gksrk gSA O;kdj.k esa èofu dk vFkZ o.kZ gksrk gSA ^ehjk o`Q\".k dh ije HkDr Fkh* & bl okD; esa vusd 'kCn gSaA izR;sd 'kCn o.kkasZ ls cuk gSA ehjk % bl 'kCn esa dbZ èofu;k¡gaS] ;s gSa & e~ $ bZ $ j~ $ vk o`Q\".k % o~Q $ ½ $ \"k~ $ .k~ $ v ;s lcls NksVh èofu;k¡gSaA budks vkSj rksM+k ugha tk ldrkA vr% ;s o.kZ gSaA og lcls NksVh èofu ftlosQ vkSj VqdM+s ugha fd, tk ldrs] o.kZ dgykrh gSA o.kZekyk % o.kks± osQ O;ofLFkr lewg dks o.kZekyk dgrs gSaA ekud fganh o.kZekyk % osQanzh; fganh funs'k (Hkkjr ljdkj) vkSj jk\"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku izf'k{k.k ifj\"kn n~okjk ekud fganh o.kZekyk dk fu/kZfjr :i bl izdkj gS& v vk b bZ m Å ½ , ,s vks vkS va v%! d [k x ?k Ä pN t > ×k VB M < .k r Fk n /u i IkQ c Hk e ;j yo 'k \"k lg {k =k KJ vkxr èofu;k¡ % vkW] ”k] Ik+ Q Åij fn, x, lHkh O;atu vdjkar fy[ks gq, gSa D;ksafd O;atu o.kks± osQ mPpkj.k esa Loj dh lgk;rk yh 9 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

tkrh gSA Lojjfgr O;atu fy[kus osQ fy, mlosQ uhps gyar yxk fn;k tkrk gS] tSls & o~Q] [k~] x~ vkfnA o.kZ osQ Hksn o.kZ osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSa % 1- Loj 2- O;atu 3- v;ksxokg 1- Loj % ftu o.kks± dk mPpkj.k djrs le; gok eq¡g esa fcuk #osQ ckgj vkrh gS] mUgsa Loj dgrs gSaA Loj Lora=k èofu;k¡gSaA Loj gSa& v vk b bZ m Å ½ , ,s vks vkS Loj vkSj mudh ek=kk,¡% Lojksa osQ fuf'pr fpg~uksa dks ek=kk dgrs gSaA O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k Lojksa osQ fcuk ugha gksrkA O;atuksa osQ lkFk Lojksa dh ek=kkvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Loj vkSj mudh ek=kk,¡(fpg~u) fuEufyf[kr gSa & Loj v vk b bZ m Å ½ , ,s vks vkS ek=kk ugha gksrh k f h q w ` s S ks kS Loj osQ Hksn Loj rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& 1- ßLo Loj 2- nh?kZ Loj 3- Iyqr Loj 1- ßLo Loj % ftu Lojkas dk mPpkj.k djrs le; lcls de le; yxrk g]S mUgas ßLo Loj dgrs gAaS âLo Loj pkj gSa & v] b] m] ½A 2- nh?kZ Loj % ftu Lojksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; ßLo Lojksa ls yxHkx nksxquk le; yxrk gS] mUgsa nh?kZ Loj dgrs gSaA nh?kZ Loj lkr gSa& vk] bZ] Å] ,] ,s] vks] vkSA 3- Iyqr Loj % ftu Lojksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; ßLo Lojksa ls yxHkx rhu xquk T;knk le; yxrk gS] mUgsa Iyqr Loj dgrs gSaA Iyqr Lojksa dk mPpkj.k ea=k i<+us vkSj iqdkjus vkfn osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ftl Loj dk mPpkj.k Iyqr osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gS] mlosQ vkxs fganh dh fxurh dk vad ý fy[kk tkrk gSA bldk vFkZ gksrk gS fd ml Loj dk mPpkj.k ßLo Lojksa ls rhu xquk vf/d le; yxkdj fd;k tk,] tSls& vksýe] HkS;ký] vEeký] dkdký vkfnA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 10

2- O;atu % ftu o.kks± dk mPpkj.k djrs le; Lojksa dh lgk;rk yh tk, vkSj gok oaQB ls fudydj] eq¡g esa #ddj ckgj vk,] mUgsa O;atu dgrs gSaA O;atu osQ Hksn O;atu rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSa & d- Li'kZ O;atu [k- vra%LFk O;atu x- Å\"e O;atu d- Li'kZ O;atu % ftu O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; gok oaQB] rkyq] ew/kZ] nk¡r ;k gksBksa dk  Li'kZ djosQ eq[k ls ckgj vkrh gS] mUgsa Li'kZ O;atu dgrs gSaA Li'kZ O;atu gSa & doxZ d [k x ?k M + poxZ p N t > ×k VoxZ V B M < .k (M+ <+) roxZ r Fk n / u ioxZ i IkQ c Hk e Ik+ Q [k- vra%LFk O;atu % ftu O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k Lojksa vkSj O;atuksa osQ eè; dk gksrk gS] mUgsa var%LFk O;atu dgrs gSaA x- Å\"Ek O;atu % var%LFk O;atu pkj gSa & ;] j] y] oA ftu O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; gok eq¡g esa Vdjkdj Å\"ek (xehZ) iSnk djrh gS] mUgsa Å\"e O;atu dgrs gSaA Å\"e O;atu Hkh pkj gSa & 'k] \"k] l] gA 3- v;ksxokg % v;ksxokg ,sls o.kZ gSa] tks u rks Loj vkSj u O;atu gh gksrs gSaA ^v;ksxokg* dk vFkZ gS & v osQ ;ksx ls tks vFkZ ogu djs vFkkZr fdlh Loj osQ ;ksx ls tks lkFkZd 'kCn curs gSa] os v;ksxokg gksrs gSaA oSls rks budk i`Fkd iz;ksx dksbZ vFkZ ugha j[krk] fdarq Lojksa vFkok Loj;qDr O;atuksa osQ lkFk feydj budh lkFkZdrk fln~/ gksrh gSA v;ksxokg Lojksa vkSj O;atuksa osQ lkFk yxrs gSaA v;ksxokg nks gksrs gSa & d- vuqLokj [k- folxZA d- vuqLokj (µa ) % vuqLokj dk fpg~u fcanq ( a ) gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx Lojksa vkSj O;atuksa osQ Åij fcanq osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gS] tSls & jax] ia[k] dal vkfnA 11 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

[k- folxZ (%) % folxZ dk fpg~u (% ) gSA bldk iz;ksx o.kZ osQ vkxs nks fcanqvks osQ :i esa gksrk gSA tSls & izkr%] ue%] var % dj.k vkfnA folxZ dk mPpkj.k ^g~* osQ leku gksrk gSA vuqukfld (µ¡) % vuqukfld dk fpg~u ( ¡) gSA bls panzfcanq Hkh dgrs gSaA bldk iz;ksx Lojksa vkSj O;atuksa osQ Åij fd;k tkrk gS] tSls & vk¡[k] xk¡o] Vk¡x] lk¡i vkfnA vuqukfld dk mPpkj.k ukd vkSj eq¡g ls fd;k tkrk gSA vuqukfld dk vFkZ gS] ukd osQ ihNs ls vkus okyh èofu] tSls ek¡A gyar dk fpg~u ( ~ ) % Loj jfgr O;atuksa osQ uhps gyar dk fpg~u yxrk gS] tSls & o~Q] [k~] x~] ?k~ vkfnA bldk vFkZ gksrk gS fd og O;atu Lojjfgr gSA vuqLokj vkSj vuqukfld esa varj vuqLokj vkSj vuqukfld osQ mPpkj.k esa fHkUurk gSA vuqLokj osQ mPpkj.k esa ok;q ukd ls fudyrh gS] tcfd vuqukfld osQ mPpkj.k osQ le; ok;q ukd vkSj eq¡g nksuksa ls fudyrh gS] tSls & gal vkSj g¡lukA gal] va'k] oaQl vkfn dk mPpkj.k djrs le; ok;q ukd ls fudy jgh gS] tcfd vk¡[k] ik¡o] g¡luk vkfn dk mPpkj.k djrs le; ok;q ukd rFkk eq[k nksuksa ls fudy jgh gSA vkxr èofu;k¡ fganh Hkk\"kk esa vusd fons'kh 'kCnksa dk muosQ ewy :i esa iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls & Mk­WDVj] ckWy] l”kk] ”k:j vkfnA mnwZ] vjch] Ik+ Qkjlh] rqdhZ] tkikuh vkfn Hkk\"kkvksa ls viuk, x, 'kCnksa osQ mPpkj.k muosQ ewy mPpkj.k tSls cuk, j[kus osQ fy, fganh esa oqQN èofu;k¡fodflr dh xbZ gSaA tSls & vkW] ”k] Ik+ QA ;s èofu;k¡ vkxr èofu;k¡dgykrh gSaA buesa ^vkW* vkxr Loj gS vkSj ^”k* rFkk ^Ik+ Q* vkxr O;atu gSA ^vkW* èofu dk iz;ksx vaxzs”kh 'kCnksa osQ Bhd mPpkj.k osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ fy, ^µW * fpg~u fuf'pr fd;k x;k gSA bl fpg~u osQ fcuk 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx ls mudk vFkZ Li\"V ugha gks ikrk] tSls & cky & ckWy gky & gkWy bu 'kCnksa esa ^µW * dk fpg~u yxkus ls 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ vyx&vyx gks tkrs gSA cky dk vFkZ osQ'k gS] tcfd ckWy dk vFkZ xsan gSA blh izdkj gky dk vFkZ n'kk ;k voLFkk gS] tcfd gkWy dk vFkZ cM+k dejk gSA uqDrk lkekU;r % ^”k* ^Ik+ Q* èofu;ksa dk iz;ksx vjch] Ik+ Qkjlh vkSj rqdhZ 'kCnksa esa gksrk gSA oSls rks fganh Hkk\"kh yksx bu vkxr O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k lkekU; fganh osQ t&IkQ O;atuksa osQ leku djrs gSa] fdarq dgha&dgha ,d leku fganh vkSj fons'kh 'kCnksa esa vFkZ dk varj Li\"V djus osQ fy, mu o.kksZa osQ uhps ,d fcanh yxkbZ tkrh gSA ”k&Ik+ Q osQ uhps yxh fcanh uqDrk dgykrh gSA blh uqDrk osQ dkj.k 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ Li\"V gks tkrs gaS] tSls & fganh O;kdj.k & 7 12

[kkuk (Hkkstu) & [k+ kuk (vyekjh dk [k+ kuk) ltk (ltkoV) & l”kk (naM) tjk (cq<kik) & ”kjk (FkksM+k) IkQu (lk¡i dk) & Ik+ Qu (gquj) j osQ :i fgna h o.keZ kyk eas ^j* ,d ,ls k o.kZ g]S ftldk vUr O;ta u oQs lkFk l;a kxs gkus s ij mldk :i fHkUu gks tkrk gAS d- Loj& jfgr j ;kuh ^j~* tc fdlh vU; O;atu osQ lkFk la;qDr gksrk gS rks og ml O;atu osQ Åij jsIk+ Q ( Z ) osQ :i esa fy[kk tkrk gS] tSls & j~ $ e ¾ eZ ¾ deZ] /eZ j~ $ o ¾ oZ ¾ ioZ] xoZ x~ $ j¾ xz ¾ xzg.k] xzke i~ $ j¾ iz ¾ izdk'k] izse V~ $ j¾ Vª ¾ Vªsu] Vªd M~ $ j¾ Mª ¾ Mªkek ^j* dk ;g :i ( ª) Hkh insu dgykrk gSA buosQ vfrfjDr r~ osQ lkFk j dk la;ksx gksus ij ^=k* vkSj 'k~ osQ lkFk j dk la;ksx gksus ij ^J* :i iajijkxr ekU; gSA mPpkj.k osQ vk/kj O;atuksa dk oxhZdj.k mPpkj.k osQ vk/kj ij O;atuksa dks vkB oxksZa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS & 1- Li'khZ O;atu % ftu O;atuksa osQ mPpkj.k esa ,d mPpkj.k&vo;o (thHk ;k gksaB) nwljs mPpkj.k%& vo;o dk Li'kZ ek=k djrk gS] mUgsa Li'khZ O;atu dgrs gSa] tSls & d] [k] x] ?k] Ä] V] B] M] <] .k] r] Fk] n] /] u] i] IkQ] c] Hk] e A 2- la?k\"khZ O;atu % ftu O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; ok;q nks mPpkj.k&LFkkuksa osQ chp ls la?k\"kZ djrh gqbZ ;kuh jxM+ [kkdj fudyrh gS] mUgsa la?k\"khZ O;atu dgrs gSa] tSls & 'k] \"k] l] g] [k+ ] Ik+ Q] ”k vkfnA 3- Li'kZ&la?k\"khZ O;atu % ftu O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; nks mPpkj.k&vo;o ,d&nwljs dk Li'kZ djosQ rqjar vyx ugha gksrs] vyx gksus ij ftuesa la?k\"kZ gksrk gS] mUgsa Li'kZ&la?k\"khZ O;atu dgrs gSa] tSls & p] N] t] >A buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; thHk osQ vxys Hkkx dk rkyq osQ lkFk Li'kZ la?k\"kZ gksrk gSA 13 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

4- ukflD; O;atu % ftu O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; ok;q] ew/kZ vkSj ukd ls fudyrh gS] mUgsa ukflD; O;atu dgrs gSa] tSls & M]+ ×k] .k] u] e 5- ikf'Zod O;atu % ftu O;atu dk mPpkj.k djrs le; ok;q nks mPpkj.k&LFkkuksa dh cxy ls fudy tkrh gS] mls ikf'Zod O;atu dgrs gSaA ^y* dk mPpkj.k djrs le; ok;q thHk vkSj rkyq dk Li'kZ djosQ buosQ ikl ls fudy tkrh gSA osQoy ^y* gh ikf'Zod O;atu gSA 6- izoaQih O;atu % ftu O;atu dk mPpkj.k djrs le; mPpkj.k&LFkku dk¡irk gS] mls izdaih O;atu dgrs gSA ^j* dk mPpkj.k djrs le; thHk dh uksd elwM+s osQ u”knhd vkdj dk¡irh gSA 7- mfR{kIr O;atu % ftu O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; thHk Åij mBdj ew/kZ dks Li'kZ djrh gqbZ rqjar uhps fxjrh gS] mUgsa mfR{kIr O;atu dgrs gSaA M+] <+ mfR{kIr O;atu gSaA mfR{kIr 'kCn dk vFkZ ^mBkdj IksaQdk gqvk* gksrk gSA 8- v/ZLoj O;atu % ftu O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; mPpkj.k&vOk;o ok;q dks jksdus osQ fy,] Åij mBrk gS] ijarq ok;q mldk Li'kZ ugha dj ikrh] ,sls O;atu v/ZLoj O;atu dgykrs gSaA ;] o] v/ZLoj O;atu gSaA la;qDr O;atu % O;atu vkSj O;atu osQ esy ls la;qDr O;atu curs gSaA mUgsa ^la;qDrk{kj* Hkh dgrs gSaA ;s nks izdkj ls curs gSa & d- nks fHkUu O;atuksa osQ esy ls cus la;qDrk{kjksa osQ :i cny tkrs gSa] tSls & O;atu $ O;atu la;qDr 'kCn O;atu $ O;atu la;qDr 'kCn O;atu O;atu o~Q $ \"k {k j{kk] lk{kh r~ $ j =k i=k] f=kewfrZ t~ $ ×k K Kkrk] ;K 'k~ $ j J ifjJe] Je nks fHkUu O;atuksa ls cus la;qDr O;atu O;atu $ O;atu la;qDr 'kCn O;atu $ O;atu la;qDr 'kCn O;atu O;atu o~Q $ y Dy Dys'k t~ $ ; T; T;ksRluk x~ $ ; X; HkkX; r~ $ ; R; dRFk fganh O;kdj.k & 7 14

/~ $ ; è; è;ku V~ $ j Vª Vªd j~ $ e eZ /eZ n~foRo O;atu % nks leku O;atuksa ls cus la;qDr O;atuksa dks n~foR; O;atu dgrs gSaA O;atu $ O;atu n~forRo O;atu 'kCn o~Q $ d Dd fVDdh] 'kDdh r~ $ r Rr lRrk] iRrk p~ $ p Pp lPpk] dPpk n~ $ n n~n xn~nh] jn~nh t~ $ t Tt lTtu] yTtk e~ $ e Ee pEep] vEek V~ $ V V~V [kV~Vh] iV~Vh y~ $ y Yy yYyw] iYyk vkvks nksgjk,¡ • og lcls NksVh èofu ftlosQ vkSj VqdM+s ugha fd, tk ldrs] o.kZ dgykrh gSA • o.kks± osQ O;ofLFkr lewg dks o.kZekyk dgrs gSaA • Loj osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSa& • ßLo Loj nh?kZ Loj Iyqr Loj • O;atu rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& Li'kZ vra%LFk O;atu Å\"e O;atu vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kksA d- vuqLokj vkSj vuqukfld esa varj crkvksA [k- v;ksxokg ls vki D;k le>rs gS\\ mnkgj.k nsdj le>kvks & ;s fdrus izdkj osQ gksrs gSa\\ x- Li'khZ O;atu fy[kksA ?k- ukflD; o.kZ dkSu & dkSu ls gS\\ 15 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

2- fuEufyf[kr la;qDr O;atuksa ls nks&nks 'kCn cukvksA d- eZ % -------------------------- -------------------------- [k- K % -------------------------- -------------------------- x- X; % -------------------------- -------------------------- ?k- =k % -------------------------- -------------------------- M-+ R; % -------------------------- -------------------------- 3- fuEufyf[kr n~foRo O;atuksa dk iz;ksx djosQ nks&nks 'kCn fy[kksA d- Ee % -------------------------- -------------------------- [k- Dd % -------------------------- -------------------------- x- Uu % -------------------------- -------------------------- ?k- Pp % -------------------------- -------------------------- 4- uhps fn, x, fodYiksa esa ls mfpr fodYi pqudj fy[kksA d- O;kdj.k esa èofu dk vFkZ gS\\ 'kCn vkok”k o.kZ ;s lHkh X;kjg [k- fganh esa Lojksa dh la[;k fdruh gS\\ lkr X;kjg ik¡p lkr ckjg nks lkr x- ßLo Loj fdrus gSa\\ nks pkj ik¡p ?k- nh?kZ Loj fdrus gSa\\ lkr ik¡p nks M-+ var%LFk O;atu fdrus gSa\\ pkj ik¡p lkr p- Å\"e O;atu fdrus gSa\\ nks pkj ik¡p 5- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ls vuqLokj] vuqukfld rFkk folxZ;qDr 'kCnksa dks vyx&vyx djosQ fy[kksA izkr%] vk¡[k] ia[k] gal] g¡luk] ue%] var] lar] var%] dj.k] [kk¡lkgc] Vk¡x] val] eatu] ck¡lqjh] oaQl] lk¡i] oa'k] Mad] ek¡] ik¡p] \"kaxq] pank] nk¡r] Lor% A fganh O;kdj.k & 7 16

3 LAaf/k (Joining) laf/ dk vFkZ gS ^esy* vkSj ^foPNsn* dk vFkZ gS ^vyx djuk*A nks o.kks± osQ feyus ls tks ,d 'kCn curk gSA mls fiQj ls igys okyh fLFkfr esa ys vkuk laf/&foPNsn dgykrk gS_ tSls& x.ks'k ¾ x.k $ bZ'k HkkokFkZ ¾ Hkko $ vFkZ egksn; ¾ egk $ mn; gjh'k ¾ gfj $ bZ'k lTtu ¾ lr~ $ tu futZu ¾ fu% $ tu laf/ osQ Hksn ^o.kZ Hksn* dk Kku vkius ^o.kZ&fopkj* osQ varxZr izkIr fd;kA blh o.kZ osQ vk/kj ij laf/ osQ fuEufyf[kr rhu Hksn fd, x, gSaµ 1- Loj laf/ 2- O;atu laf/ 3- folxZ laf/ 1- Loj laf/ Loj vkSj Loj osQ esy ls gksus okyk ifjorZu ;k fodkj Loj laf/ dgykrk gSA tSls& nso $ vky; ¾ nsoky; (v $ vk ¾ vk) ij $ midkj ¾ ijksidkj (v $ m ¾ vks) Loj laf/ osQ Hksn % Loj laf/ osQ ik¡p Hksn gksrs gSa& d- nh?kZ laf/ [k- xq.k laf/ x- o`n~f/ laf/ ?k- ;.k laf/ Ä- v;kfn laf/A d- nh?kZ laf/ % ßLo vFkok nh?kZ v] b] m osQ ckn ozQe'k% ßLo vFkok nh?kZ v] b] m vk¡, rks nksuksa osQ esy ls ozQe'k% ;s vk] bZ vkSj Å gks tkrs gSa] tSls& (i) v $ v $ vk /eZ $ vFkZ ¾ /ekZFkZ er $ vuqlkj ¾ erkuqlkj v $ vk ¾ vk xt $ vkuu ¾ xtkuu /eZ $ vkRek ¾ /ekZRek vk $ vk ¾ vk f'k{kk $ vky; ¾ f'k{kky; n;k $ vkuan ¾ n;kuan 17 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

(ii) b $ b ¾ bZ jfo $ banz ¾ johanz vfHk $ b\"V ¾ vHkh\"V b $ bZ ¾ bZ dfi $ bZ'k ¾ dih'k vaf/ $ bZ'oj ¾ v/h'oj bZ $ bZ ¾ bZ egh $ bZ'k ¾ egh'k nsoh $ bPNk ¾ nsohPNk (iii) m $ m ¾ Å lw $ mfDr ¾ lwfDr y?kq $ mRrj ¾ y?kqRrj m$žŠy?kq $ ÅfeZ ¾ y?kwfeZ fo/q $ ÅtkZ ¾ fo/qtkZ Å$m¾Å o/w $ mRlo ¾ o/wRlo Hkw $ mRlxZ ¾ ewRlxZ Å$žŠo/w $ ÅtkZ ¾ o/wtkZ Hkw $ ÅtkZ ¾ HkwtkZ [k- xq.k laf/ % v] vk osQ ckn b&bZ] m&Å vFkok ½ vk, rks nksuksa osQ esy ls muosQ LFkku ij ozQe'k% ^,*] ^vks* vFkok ^vj~* gks tkrs gSa] tSls& v] vk] osQ ckn b] bZ] m] mQ] gks rks (i) v $ b ¾ , ohj $ banz ¾ ohjsanz Lo $ bPNk ¾ LosPNk v $ bZ ¾ , ux $ bZ'k ¾ uxs'k Hko $ bZ'k ¾ Hkos'k vk $ bZ ¾ , jkdk $ bZ'k ¾ jkosQ'k iztk $ bZ'k ¾ izts'k (ii) v $ m ¾ vks lw;Z $ mn; ¾ lw;ksZn; fgr $ mins'k ¾ fgrksins'k vk $ m ¾ vks ;Fkk $ mfpr ¾ ;Fkksfpr egk $ mYykl ¾ egksYykl v $ Å ¾ vks uo $ Å<+k ¾ uoks<+k lw;Z $ Å\"ek ¾ lw;ksZ\"ek (iii) vk $ Å ¾ vks fnok $ Å\"ek ¾ fnoks\"ek xaxk $ ÅfeZ ¾ xaxksfeZ v $ ½ ¾ vj~ nso $ ½f\"k ¾ nsof\"kZ lIr $ ½f\"k ¾ lIrf\"kZ fganh O;kdj.k & 7 18

x- o`n~f/ laf/ % v ;k vk osQ ckn ^,* ;k ^,s* vk, rks nksuksa osQ esy ls ^,s* vkSj ^vks ;k vkS* vkus ij nksuksa osQ esy ls ^vkS* gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj ^,s* vkSj ^vkS* gks tkuk ^o`n~f/ laf/* dgykrk gS] tSls& (i) v $ , ¾ ,s ,d $ ,d ¾ ,oSQd tho $ ,\"k.kk ¾ thoS\"k.kk (ii) v $ ,s ¾ ,s er $ ,sD; ¾ erSD; ije $ ,s'o;Z ¾ ijeS'o;Z (iii) vk $ , ¾ ,s lnk $ ,o ¾ lnSo ;Fkk $ ,o ¾ ;FkSo (iv) vk $ ,s ¾ ,s egk $ ,s'o;Z ¾ egS'o;Z jktk $ ,s'o;Z ¾ jktS'o;Z (v) v $ vks ¾ vkS ije $ vkstLoh ¾ ijekStLoh ty $ vks?k ¾ tykS?k (vi) v $ vkS ¾ vkS ou $ vkS\"k/ ¾ oukS\"k/ ije $ vkS\"k/ ¾ ijekS\"k/ (v) vk $ vks ¾ vkS xaxk $ vks?k ¾ xaxkS?k egk $ vkstLoh ¾ egkStLoh (vi) vk $ vkS ¾ vkS egk $ vkSnk;Z ¾ egkSnk;Z egk $ vkS\"k/ ¾ egkS\"k/ ?k- ;.k laf/ % ßLo ;k nh?kZ ^bZ] m ;k ½* osQ ckn dksbZ vleku Loj vk, rks muosQ esy ls ozQe'k% muosQ LFkku ij ^;~*] ^o~* vkSj ^j~* gks tkrk gS] tSls& (i) b $ v ¾ ; vfr $ var ¾ vR;ar izfr $ vax ¾ izR;ax b $ vk ¾ ;k vfr $ vkpkj ¾ vR;kpkj vfr $ vko';d ¾ vR;ko'; bZ $ vk ¾ ;k nsoh $ vkxeu ¾ nsO;kxeu unh $ vkxe ¾ un~;kxe b $ m ¾ ;q izfr $ mRrj ¾ izR;qRrj vfr $ mRre ¾ vO;qRre b $ Å $ ;w fo $ Åg ¾ O;wg 19 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

vfr $ Å\"e ¾ vR;w\"e b$v¾; nsoh $ vaydkj ¾ nsO;yadkj l[kh $ vogsyuk ¾ l[a;ogsyuk b $ , ¾ ;s izfr $ ,d ¾ izR;sd vf/ $ ,\"k.kk ¾ vè;s\"k.kk bZ $ ,s ¾ ;S unh $ ,s'o;Z ¾ un~;S'o;Z l[kh $ ,s'o;Z ¾ l[;S'o;Z (ii) m $ v ¾ o lq $ vPN ¾ LoPN vuq $ v; ¾ vUo; m $ vk ¾ ok lq $ vkxr ¾ Lokxr xq# $ vkns'k ¾ xqokZns'k m $ b ¾ fo vuq $ bfr ¾ vfUofr vuq $ bPNk ¾ vfUoPNk m $ , ¾ os vuq $ ,\"k.k ¾ vUos\"k.k vuq $ ,\"kd ¾ vUos\"k.k (iii) ½ $ v ¾ j fir` $ vuqefr ¾ fi=kuqefr ekr` $ va'k ¾ ek=ka'k ½ $ vk ¾ jk ekr` $ vkKk ¾ ek=kkKk fir` $ vky; ¾ fi=kky; ½ $ b ¾ fj ekr` $ bPNk ¾ ekf=kPNk fir` $ bPNk ¾ fif=kPNk ½$m¾# fir` $ mins'k ¾ fi=kqins'k Hkkr` $ mifLFkfr ¾ Hkzk=kqifLFkfr Ä- v;kfn laf/ & ,@,s rFkk vks@vkS osQ ckn dksbZ fHkUu Loj vkrk gS rks ^,* osQ LFkku ij v;~ ^,s* osQ LFkku ij ^vk;~*] ^vks* osQ LFkku ij ^vo~* rFkk ^vkS* osQ LFkku ij ^vko~* gks tkrk gSA , $ vU; Loj ¾ , dk v;~ us $ vu ¾ u;u 'ks $ vu ¾ 'k;u ,s $ vU; Loj ¾ ,s dk vk;~ us $ vd ¾ uk;d xS $ vd ¾ xk;d fganh O;kdj.k & 7 20

uS $ bdk ¾ ukf;dk xS $ bdk ¾ xkf;dk vks $ vU; Loj ¾ vks dk vo~ iks $ vu ¾ iou Hkks $ vu ¾ Hkou vkS $ vU; Loj ¾ vkS dk vko~ ikS $ vu ¾ ikou ikS $ vd ¾ ikod HkkS ¾ md ¾ Hkkoqd ukS $ bd ¾ ukfod 2- O;atu laf/ O;atu o.kZ dk O;atu ;k Loj ls esy gksus ij tks ifjorZu gksrk gS] mls O;atu laf/ dgrs gSaA tSls& lr~ $ vkpkj ¾ lnkpkj (O;atu $ Loj) fnd~ $ xt ¾ fnXxt (Oa;tu $ O;atu) d- O;atu vkSj Loj dk esy txr~ $ bZ'k ¾ txnh'k (r~ $ bZ ¾ nh) oko~Q $ bZ'k ¾ okxh'k (o~Q $ bZ ¾ xh) lr~ $ vkpkj ¾ lnkpkj (r~ $ vk ¾ nk) O;atu vkSj O;atu dk esy [k- txr~ $ ukFk ¾ txUukFk (r~ $ u ¾ Uu) lr~ $ ekxZ ¾ lUekxZ (r~ $ e ¾ Ue) mr~ $ Toy ¾ mTToy (r~ $ t~ $ o ¾ Tto) rr~ $ yhu ¾ rYyhu (r~ $ y ¾ Yy) mr~ $ pkj.k ¾ mPpkj.k (r~ $ p ¾ Pp) 'kjr~ $ panz ¾ 'kjPpanz (r~ $ p ¾ Pp) 3- folxZ laf/ folxZ dk fdlh Loj ;k O;atu ls esy gksus ij tks ifjorZu gksrk gS] mls folxZ laf/ dgrs gSaA tSls& nq% $ mi;ksx ¾ nq#i;ksx (folxZ $ Loj) fu% $ /u ¾ fu/Zu (folxZ $ O;atu) eu% $ t ¾ eukst eu% $ gj ¾ euksgj eu% $ jatu ¾ euksjatu lj% $ t ¾ ljkst ri% $ ou ¾ riksou eu% $ cy ¾ eukscy fu% $ vk'kk ¾ fujk'kk fu% $ cy ¾ fucZy ue% $ rs ¾ ueLrs nq% $ xq.k ¾ nqxqZ.k 21 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

vH;kl dk;Z 1- laf/ fdls dgrs gSa\\ laf/ osQ fdrus Hksn gksrs gSa\\ fy[kksA 2- laf/ fd, x, 'kCnksa esa ls 'kqn~/ 'kCn pqudj fy[kksA d- mifj $ mDr ¾ mi#dr mijksDr mi;qZDr mijDr [k- ij $ v/hu ¾ ij/hu ijkf/u izk/hu ijk/hu x- lw;Z $ mn; ¾ lw;ksZn; lq;ksn; lw;kZn; lq;ksZn; ?k- iks $ vu ¾ ikou iou ioku ikoku Ä- ,d $ ,d ¾ ,osQd ,oSQd ,kosQd ,osQdk 3- laf/ djksA [k- /eZ $ vFkZ ¾ -------------------------------- d- ij $ v/hu ¾ -------------------------------- ?k- loZ $ mRre ¾ -------------------------------- x- jek $ bZ'k ¾ -------------------------------- p- /u $ ,s'o;Z ¾ -------------------------------- Ä- rFkk $ ,o ¾ -------------------------------- t- bfr $ vkfn ¾ -------------------------------- N- egk $ vks\"kf/ ¾ -------------------------------- 4- laf/&foPNsn djksA d- jkekorkj ¾ -------------------------- $ -------------------------- [k- js[kkafdr ¾ -------------------------- $ -------------------------- ¾ -------------------------- $ -------------------------- x- ijh{kk ?k- 'kphanz ¾ -------------------------- $ -------------------------- ¾ -------------------------- $ -------------------------- Ä- lqjs'k p- okf\"kZdksRlo ¾ -------------------------- $ -------------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 7 22

4 'kCn&fopkj (Morphology) o.kkasZ dk lkFkZd lewg 'kCn dgykrk gSA ;fn vFkZ dh n`f\"V ls ns[kk tk, rks 'kCn Hkk\"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gSA izR;sd 'kCn dk ,d viuk vFkZ gksrk gS rFkk okD; esa ,d fuf'pr LFkku gksrk gSaA tc ;gh 'kCn O;kdj.k osQ fu;eksa esa c¡/dj okD; esa iz;qDr gksrs gS] rks os in dgykrs gSaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,A fijksdj eksfr;ksa dh ekyk cukvksA (v'kqn~/ okD;) eksfr;k¡fijksdj ekyk cukvksA ('kqn~/ okD;) o.kkasZ dk ,slk lewg ftldk fuf'pr vFkZ gksrk gS] mls 'kCn dgrs gSaA o.kksZa osQ esy ls cuh lkFkZd èofu ^'kCn* gksrh gSA Hk $ o $ u ¾ Hkou] ;g 'kCn gS D;ksafd bldk vFkZ gSA d $ n $ u ¾ dnu] ;g 'kCn ugha gS D;ksafd bldk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gSA 'kCn osQ Hksn 'kCn osQ Hksnksa osQ fuEufyf[kr vk/kj gSa& 1- okD; esa iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn 2- jpuk ;k cukoV osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn 3- mRifRr ;k lzksr osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn 4- O;kdjf.kd izdk;Z osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn 5- vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ HksnA 1- okD; esa iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn okD; esa iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ nks Hksn gSa& (d) lkFkZd 'kCn vkSj ([k) fujFkZd 'kCnA lkFkZd 'kCn % ftu 'kCnksa dk dksbZ fuf'pr vFkZ gksrk gS] mUgsa lkFkZd 'kCn dgrs gSaA tSls& lalkj] ou] xqynLrk vkfnA fujFkZd 'kCn % ftu 'kCnksa dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gksrk gS] mUgsa fujFkZd 'kCn dgrs gSaA tSls& [kV&[kV] pw¡] oksVh] okuh vkfnA fdarq dHkh&dHkh okD;ksa esa budk iz;ksx lkFkZd 'kCnksa dh rjg fd;k tkrk gS vkSj rc os oqQN vFkZ izdV djus yxrs gSa] tSls& [kV&[kV er djks vFkkZr vkok”k er djksA vjs HkbZ] mls ikuh&okuh fiyk nksA 2- jpuk ;k cukoV osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn jpuk ;k cukoV osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSa µ (d) :<+ 'kCn] ([k) ;kSfXkd 'kCn] (x) ;ksx:<+ 'kCnA 23 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

d- :<+ 'kCn % tks 'kCn fganh Hkk\"kk esa fo'ks\"k vFkZ osQ lkFk ijaijk ls iz;qDr gksrs vk jgs gksa vkSj ftuosQ VqdM+s djus ij mudk dksbZ vFkZ u fudyrk gks] mUgsa ^:<+ 'kCn* dgrs gSa] tSls & egy] ?kj] fon~;k] nhokj] yaxwj vkfnA [k- ;kSfxd 'kCn % nks ;k nks ls vf/d 'kCnksa ;k 'kCnka'kksa osQ esy ls cuus okys 'kCnksa dks ;kSfXkd 'kCn dgrs gSaA ;kSfxd 'kCnksa osQ [kaM fd, tk ldrs gSa vkSj izR;sd [kaM dk vFkZ gksrk gSA tSls& Lo.kZ $ egy ¾ Lo.kZegy fon~;k $ vky; ¾ fon~;ky; ij $ midkj ¾ ijksidkj iqLrd $ vky; ¾ iqLrdky; x- ;ksx:<+ 'kCn % tks 'kCn nks ;k nks ls vf/d 'kCnksa ;k 'kCnka'kksa ls feydj cus gksa] fdarq ftudk iz;ksx lkekU; vFkZ osQ fy, u gksdj fdlh fo'ks\"k vFkZ osQ gksrk gS] ;ksx:<+ 'kCn dgykrs gSaA tSls& iadt] n'kkuu] ihrkacj] oh.kkokfnuh] pkjikbZ] vkfnA iadt ¾ iad $ t (iad ;kuh dhpM+ esa mRiUu gksus okyk)A iadt dk vFkZ gS& deyA ;n~;fi dhpM+ esa vusd dhM+s&edksM+s iSnk gksrs gSa] ysfdu mUgsa iadt ugha dgk tkrk gSA Bhd blh izdkj pkjikbZ dk iz;ksx osQoy [kkV osQ fy, gksrk gS u fd pkj ik;ksa okyh vU; oLrqvksa osQ fy,A pkjikbZ ¾ pkj $ ikbZ (pkj ik;ksa okyh) ftldk vFkZ gS & [kkVA 3- mRifRr ;k lzksr osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn fganh Hkk\"kk esa 'kCn dbZ lzksrksa ls vk, gSaA buosQ vk/kj ij 'kCn pkj izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& d- rRle 'kCn [k- rn~Hko 'kCn x- ns'kt 'kCn ?k- fons'kh 'kCnA d- rRle 'kCn % laLo`Qr osQ os 'kCn tks mlh :i esa fganh Hkk\"kk esa iz;ksx eas yk, tkrs gSa] rRle 'kCn dgykrs gSa] tSls& vfXu] ioZr] ty] Hkwfe] okuj] eq[k vkfnA [k- rn~Hko 'kCn % rn~Hko 'kCn dk vFkZ gS & mlls mRiUuA tks 'kCn laLo`Qr osQ ewy 'kCnksa ls oqQN fcxM+dj fganh esa iz;qDr gksrs gSa] mUgsa rn~Hko 'kCn dgrs gSa] tSls& vkx] igkM+] canj] eq¡g] eksj] nw/ vkfnA oqQN rRle&rn~Hko 'kCn rRle rn~Hko rRle rn~Hko rRle rn~Hko d.kZ dku xzke xk¡o v/Z vk/k dk;Z dkt x`g ?kj vkez vke dk\"B dkB paæ pk¡n b{kq bZ[k oqQiq=k diwr pS=k pSr m\"Vª Å¡V owQi oqQvk¡ vfXu vkx mywd mYyw dksfdy dks;y vewY; veksy vks\"B gksaB fganh O;kdj.k & 7 24

x- ns'kt 'kCn % tks 'kCn LFkkuh; ;k {ks=kh; izHkko osQ dkj.k vko';drkuqlkj fganh esa vk x, gS] ns'kt 'kCn dgykrs gSaA tSls& >kMw+] >qXxh] ixM+h] rksan] yksVk] f[kM+dh vkfnA ?k- fons'kh 'kCn % fons'kh ;k vkxr 'kCn os gSa tks fons'kh Hkk\"kkvksa ls fganh esa fy, x, gSaA ;s 'kCn vius ewy :i esa gh fganh iz;qDr gksrs gSa] tSls& MkWDVj] LowQy] isu vkfnA fganh esa vk, oqQN fons'kh 'kCn uhps fn, x, gaS& i. vjch % v[+ kckj] vk”kkn] bErgku] dkx”k] fdrkc] oqQjlh] rwi+ Qku] ejh”k] eqdnek vkfnA ii. i+ Qkjlh % vpkj] vkneh] vkleku] [kjkc] dkjksckj] [kq'kken] [kwu] ph”k] ijh] chekj] vkfnA iii. vaxzs”kh % LdVZ] izQWkd] csYV] VkbZ] Vsyhfo”ku] daI;wVj] jkscksV] isafly] isu] Vªsu] cl] Vªd] vkWijs'ku] MkWDVj] bathfu;j] pkVZMZ ,dkmaVsaV] Vhpj] LowQy ckWy vkfnA iv. iqrZxkyh % vk;k] bLikr] dIrku] dejk] xeyk] xksnke] rkSfy;k] lkcqu] ckYkVh] larjk vkfnA v. rqdhZ % oqQjrk] pkowQ] rksi] canwd] chch] csxe] lkSxkr vkfnA 4- O;kdjf.kd izdk;Z osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn O;kdj.k osQ vuqlkj iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn nks idz kj oQs gkrs s g&aS d- fodkjh 'kCn [k- vfodkjh 'kCn d- fodkjh 'kCn % tks 'kCn fyax] opu] dkjd] dky vkfn dh n`f\"V ls cny tkrs gSa] mUgsa ^fodkjh 'kCn* dgrs gSaA fodkjh 'kCn pkj gksrs gSa & laKk] loZUkke] fo'ks\"k.k vkSj fozQ;kA buosQ :i ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSaA laKk % unh&ufn;k¡&ufn;ksa] igkM+&igkM+h&igkfM+;k¡ loZuke % eSa&esjk&ge&gekjk] ftlus] ftUgksaus fo'ks\"k.k % NksVk&NksVs&NksVh] gjk&gjh&gjs fozQ;k % x;k&xbZ&x,] ugkrk&ugkrh&ugkrs [k- vfodkjh 'kCn % tks 'kCn fyax] opu] dkjd vkSj dky vkfn dh n`f\"V ls ugha cnyrs] mUgsa ^vfodkjh 'kCn* dgrs gSaA vfodkjh 'kCn Hkh pkj gSa& fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k] laca/cks/d] leqPp;cks/d] foLe;kfncks/dA buosQ :i dHkh ifjofrZr ugha gksrsA fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k % ge ekrk&firk dh lsok vkthou djsaxsA laca/cks/d % ydM+h osQ fcuk vkx ugha tysxhA elkyksa osQ fcuk lCth ugha cusxhA leqPp;cks/d % jf'e vkSj dkty us diM+s [kjhnsA dkark vkSj ehuk us dfork i<+hA foLe;kfncks/d % vjs! ltyk vk xbZA vjs! ;ksxs'k vk x;kA 25 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

bu okD;ksa esa vk, vkthou] osQ fcuk] vkSj] vjs vf/dkjh 'kCn gSaA buosQ :i fyax] opu] dkjd vkfn dh n`f\"V ls ugha cnysA 5- vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn Ng izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& d- i;kZ;okph [k- foykse 'kCn x- vusdkFkhZ 'kCn ?k- okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn Ä- ,dkFkhZ vkSj p- lekukHkk\"kh 'kCn&;qXe d- i;kZ;okph % ftu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ ,d tSls gksrs gSa] mUgsa i;kZ;okph 'kCn dgrs gSaA tSls& ikuh % uhj ty okfj dey % uhjt tyt okfjt ckny % uhjn tyn okfjn [k- foykse 'kCn % tks 'kCn ,d&nwljs dk foijhr vFkZ nsrs gSa] mUgsa foykse 'kCn dgrs gSaA bUgsa foijhrkFkZd 'kCn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA tSls& vuqTk ¾ vxzTk fuank ¾ iz'kalk] Lrqfr midkj ¾ vidkj mn; ¾ vLr vis{kk ¾ mis{kk mxz ¾ 'kkar x- vusdkFkhZ % ftu 'kCnksa osQ ,d ls vf/d vFkZ gksrs gSa] mUgsa vusdkFkhZ 'kCn dgrs gSaA tSls& 'kCn vFkZ 'kCn vFkZ xfr ¾ n'kk] pky tyt ¾ eksrh] dey pj ¾ lsod] nwr dj ¾ gkFk] fdj.k] VSDl rhj ¾ fdukjk] ck.k vFkZ ¾ /u] iz;kstu ?k- okD;ka'k osQ LFkku ij ,d 'kCn % vusd 'kCnksa osQ LFkku ij vkus okys ,d 'kCn dks okD;ka'kcks/d 'kCn Hkh dgrs gSaA tSls& midkj dks ekuus okyk ¾ o`QrK midkj dks u ekuus okyk ¾ o`Qr?u tks ljyrk ls izkIr gksrk gS ¾ lqyHk Ä- ,dkFkhZ 'kCn % ftu 'kCnksa osQ ,d&,d vFkZ gksrs gSa] mUgsa ,dkFkhZ 'kCn dgrs gSa] tSls& ihM+k ¾ nnZ u`R; ¾ ukp lw;Z ¾ lwjt p- lekukHkk\"kh 'kCn&;qXe % oqQN 'kCn ,sls gksrs gSa] ftudh orZuh esa fHkUurk gksrs gq, Hkh mPpkj.k esa bruk de varj gksrk gS fd os ,d leku lqukbZ nsrs gSa] ijarq muosQ vFkZ loZFkk fHkUu gksrs gSaA ,sls 'kCnksa dks lekukHkk\"kh 'kCn&;qXe dgrs gSa] tSls& 'kCn vFkZ 'kCn vFkZ 'kCn vFkZ vuy ¾ vkx vfuy ¾ gok o`Qik.k ¾ ryokj fganh O;kdj.k & 7 26

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • o.kksZa osQ esy ls cuh lkFkZd èofu ^'kCn* gksrh gSA • 'kCn osQ Hksnksa osQ fuEufyf[kr vk/kj gS& okD; esa iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij] jpuk ;k cukoV osQ vk/kj ij] mRifRr ;k lzksr osQ vk/kj ij] O;kdjf.kd izdk;Z osQ vk/kj ij] vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ HksnA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kksA d- OkkD; esa iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn dks fdrus Hksn gS\\ mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A [k- mRifÙk osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn crkvksA x- O;kdjf.kd izdk;Z osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn crkvksA ?k- vfodkjh 'kCn osQ Hksn mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A M-+ fodkjh 'kCn osQ fdrus Hksn gS\\ mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A p- i;kZ;okph ,oa vusdkFkhZ 'kCnksa esa varj crkb,A mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnkas eas ls rRle] rnH~ ko] n's kt rFkk fon's kh 'kCnkas dks NkV¡dj vyx&vyx fy[kkµs vfXu] v/Z] LowQy] xk¡o] dks;y] vxw¡Bk] vke] fglkc] ftg~ok] 'kqd] f[kPkM+h] bZ[k] ejht] ewj[k] x`g] v[k+ckj] Å¡V] Vsªu] LoIu] nar] dku] dk;Z] flikgh] panz] mYyw rRle 'kCn & ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ rn~Hko 'kCn & --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ns'kt 'kCn & ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ fons'kh 'kCn & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 27 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

5 'kCn&fuekZ.k % lekl Word Formation : (Compound) cSyxkM+h ozQhM+k{ks=k ^cSyksa dh xkM+h* vkSj ^ozQhM+k osQ fy, {ks=k*& bu 'kCnksa osQ LFkku ij ozQe'k% cSyxkM+h vkSj ozQhM+k{ks=k 'kCn vk, gSaA muosQ 'kCnksa dks vkil esa feykdj mudk :i laf{kIr fd;k x;k gSA laf{kIr djus dh izfØ;k dks lekl dgrs gSaA lekl djrs le; nks 'kCnksa osQ chp osQ laca/lwpd ijlxksZa ;kuh foHkfDr;ksa vkSj inksa dk yksi dj fn;k tkrk gSA vusd 'kCnksa dks laf{kIr djosQ u, 'kCn cukus dh izfozQ;k dks lekl dgrs gSaA lekl jpuk ls tks 'kCn curk gS] mls leLrin dgrs gSaA izR;sd leLrin esa nks in gksrs gSaA igyk in iwoZin dgykrk gS vkSj nwljs in dks mRrjin dgrs gS] tSls& leLrin iwoZin mRrjin leLrin iwoZin mRrjin izfrfnu izfr fnu HkkbZ&cgu HkkbZ cgu è;kueXu è;ku eXu f=kiQy f=k iQy ?ku';ke ?ku ';ke iapoVh iap oV tc leLrin osQ lHkh in vyx&vyx fd, tkrs gaS] rc og izfØ;k ^lekl&foxzg* dgykrh gS] tSls& leLrin foxzg leLrin foxzg ;Fkk'kfDr 'kfDr osQ vuqlkj uojk=k ukS jkf=k;ksa (jkrksa) dk lewg@lekgkj ty/kjk ty dh /kjk t;&ijkt; t; vkSj ijkt;@t; ;k ijkt; fganh O;kdj.k & 7 28

lekl osQ Hksn lekl osQ fuEufyf[kr pkj Hksn gksrs gSa& 1- vO;;hHkko lekl (Governing Compound) 2- rRiq#\"k lekl (Dependent Determinative Compound) 3- n~oan~o lekl (Co-ordinative Compound) 4- cgqozhfg lekl (Possessive Compound) (laLo`Qr esa n~foxq vkSj deZ/kj; lekl dks vyx&vyx Hksn ekuk x;k gS] ysfdu fganh esa budh ppkZ rRiq#\"k lekl osQ varxZr gh dh tkrh gSA) 1- vO;;hHkko lekl ftl leLrin dk iwoZin iz/ku rFkk vO;; gks vFkok tgk¡'kCn dh vko`fRr osQ dkj.k leLrin gh vO;; cu tk,] mls vO;;hHkko lekl dgrs gSaA foxzg djrs le; mRrjin igys rFkk iwoZin (vO;;) dk vFkZ ckn esa fy[kk tkrk gSA leLrin foxzg leLrin foxzg vkthou thou i;aZr@rd vktUe tUe ls ysdj ;Fkkfu;e fu;e osQ vuqlkj ;FkklaHko tSlk laHko gks ;Fkkfof/ fof/ osQ vuqlkj ;Fkkefr efr osQ vuqlkj ;Fkksfpr tSlk@ftruk mfpr gks izfrfnu fnu&fnu@gj fnu izR;{k vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus HkjisV isV Hkjdj Hkjiwj iwjk Hkjk gqvk Hkjld iwjh 'kfDr ls cs'kd fcuk 'kd csdke dke osQ fcuk cseryc eryc osQ fcuk n~okj&n~okj gj ,d n~okjk 2- rRiq#\"k lekl ftl leLrin dk iwoZin ^xkS.k* rFkk mRrjin ^iz/ku* gksrk gS] mls rRiq#\"k lekl dgrs gSaA leLrin curs le; foHkfDr&fpg~uksa dk yksi gks tkrk gS] tSls& ns'koklh & ns'k dk oklh ty/kjk & ty dh /kjk vusd ckj nksuksa inksa osQ eè; vkus okyk iwjk 'kCn lewg Hkh] ijlxZ dh Hkk¡fr yqIr gks tkrk gS] tSls& ekyxkM+h & eky <ksus okyh xkM+h nghcM+k & ngh esa Mwck cM+k 29 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

mnkgj.k& foxzg leLrin foxzg leLrin LoxZ dks xr ;'kizkIr ;'k dks izkIr LoxZxr ijyksd dks xeu xzkexr xzke dks xr ijyksd&xeu 'kksd ls vkoqQy js[kkafdr js[kk ls vafdr 'kksdkoqQy Kku ls ;qDr rqyLkho`Qr rqylh n~okjk o`Qr Kku;qDr gou osQ fy, lkexzh Hk;Hkhr Hk; ls Hkhr gou&lkexzh /eZ ls Hkz\"V /ughu /u ls ghu /eZHkz\"V ns'k ls fudkyk jksxeqDr jksx ls eqDr ns'kfudkyk jktk dh lHkk xaxkty xaxk dk ty jktlHkk ve`r dh /kjk Hkkjr&jRu Hkkjr dk jRu ve`r/kjk flj dk nnZ ouokl ou esa okl fljnnZ rRiq#\"k lekl osQ fuEufyf[kr nks miHksn gksrs gSa& d- deZ/kj; lekl [k- n~foxq lekl d- deZ/kj; lekl ftl leLrin dk iwoZin ^fo'ks\"k.k* vkSj mRrjin ^fo'ks\";* gksrk gS] mls deZ/kj; lekl dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k& uhy oaQB egk tu (fo'ks\"k.k) (fo'ks\";) (fo'ks\"k.k) (fo'ks\";) vU; mnkgj.k& leLrin foxzg leLrin foxzg 'osrkacj 'osr gS tks vacj Hkykekul Hkyk gS tks ekul dkyhfepZ dkyh gS tks fepZ va/owQi va/k gS tks owQi nqjkRek cqjh gS tks vkRek egknso egku gS tks nso ijekuan ije gS tks vkuan uhydey uhyk gS tks dey fganh O;kdj.k & 7 30

iwoZin rFkk mRrjin esa vies;&mieku laca/ Hkh gks ldrk gSA leLrin foxzg leLrin foxzg ozQks/kfXu ozQks/ :ih vfXu djdey dey osQ leku dj (gkFk) HkqtnaM naM osQ leku Hkqtk nsgyrk nsg :ih yrk eq[kpanz eq[k :ih panzek [k- n~foxq lekl ftl leLrin dk iwoZin ^la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k* vkSj mRrjin ^fo'ks\";* gksrk gS] mls n~foxq lekl dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k& f=k Hkqou pkj ikbZ (la[;kokph fo'ks\"k.k) (fo'ks\";) (la[;kokph fo'ks\"k.k)(fo'ks\";) vU; mnkgj.k& leLrin foxzg leLrin foxzg pkSeklk pkj eklksa dk lewg leLrin foxzg iaprRo ik¡p rRoksa dk lewg prqHkqZt pkj Hkqtkvksa dk lewg lIr}hi lkr }hiksa dk lewg frjaxk rhu jaxksa dk lewg v\"Vfln~f/ vkB fln~f/;ksa dk lekgkj uoxzg ukS xzgksa dk lekgkj nksjkgk nks jkgksa dk lekgkj iapoVh ik¡p oVksa dk lekgkj iapra=k ik¡p ra=kksa dk lekgkj f=kiQy rhu iQyksa dk lekgkj lIrkg lkr fnuksa dk lewg 3- n~on~o lekl ftl leLrin esa nksuksa in iz/ku gksa rFkk foxzg djus ij ^vkSj* rFkk ^;k* vkfn leqPp;cks/dksa dk iz;ksx gks] mls n~oan~o lekl dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k& leLrin foxzg leLrin foxzg ekrk&firk ekrk vkSj firk lq[k&nq[k lq[k vkSj nq[k vUu&ty vUu vkSj ty unh&ukys unh vkSj ukys iki&iq.; iki ;k iq.; [kjk&[kksVk [kjk ;k [kksVk vehj&xjhc vehj ;k xjhc NksVk&cM+k NksVk ;k cM+k iwoZ&if'pe iwoZ vkSj if'pe gkfu&ykHk gkfu vkSj ykHk 31 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

4- cgqozhfg lekl tgk¡leLrin esa vk, nksuksa in xkS.k gksa vkSj ;s nksuksa feydj fdlh rhljs iz/kuin osQ ckjs esa crk,] ogk¡cgqozhfg lekl gksrk gSA mnkgj.k& yacksnj (leLrin)& yack gS mnj ftldk vFkkZr ^x.ks'k*A izLrqr leLrin esa] u iwoZin ^yack* iz/kuin gS vkSj u mRrjin ^mnj*] cfYd x.ks'k iz/kuin gSA leLrin foxzg ?ku';ke ?ku (cknyksa) osQ leku ';ke gS tks vFkkZr o`Q\".k egkohj egku ohj gS tks vFkkZr guqeku panz'ks[kj panzek gS 'ks[kj (ekFks) ij ftlosQ vFkkZr f'ko xtkuu xt tSlk vkuu gS ftldk vFkkZr x.ks'k pozQ/j pozQ dks /kj.k djus okys vFkkZr fo\".kq@Jho`Q\".k prqjkuu pkj gSa vkuu ftlosQ vFkkZr czg~ek iapkuu ik¡p gSa vkuu ftlosQ vFkkZr flag \"kMkuu N% gSa vkuu ftlosQ vFkkZr dkfÙkZosQ; oqQN leLrin ,sls Hkh gksrs gSa] tks cgqozhfg vkSj deZ/kj; rFkk cgqozhfg vkSj n~foxq nksuksa lekl Hksnksa esa leku :i ls ik, tkrs gSaA blfy, budk varj le>us osQ fy, buosQ foxzg ij è;ku nsuk gksxk& leLrin foxzg Hksn uhyoaQB 1- uhyk gS tks oaQB deZ/kj; 2- uhyk gS oaQB ftldk vFkkZr f'ko cgqozhfg ihrkcaj 1- ihyk gS tks vacj deZ/kj; egkRek 2- ihyk gS vacj ftldk vFkkZr o`Q\".k cgqozhfg 1- egku gS tks vkRek deZ/kj; 2- egku gS vkRek ftldh vFkkZr dksbZ fo'ks\"k O;fDr cgqozhfg f=kus=k 1- rhu us=kksa dk lewg n~foxq 2- rhu gSa us=k ftlosQ vFkkZr f'ko cgqozhfg fganh O;kdj.k & 7 32

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • nks ;k nks ls vf/d 'kCnksa osQ esy ls tc fdlh u, Lora=k 'kCn dh jpuk dh tkrh gS rks ;g jpuk fof/ lekl dgykrk gSA • lekl osQ pkj Hksn gksrs gSa & 1- vO;;hHkko lekl 2- rRiq#\"k lekl 3- n~oan~o lekl 4- cgqozhfg lekl • rRiq#\"k lekl osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSa & 1- deZ/kj; lekl 2- n~foxq lekl vH;kl dk;Z 1- lekl osQ fdrus Hksn gS\\ muosQ uke fy[kksA 2- fuEufyf[kr leLrinksa dk foxzg dj lekl Hksn crkvksA d- izfrfnu --------------------------------- --------------------------------- [k- vktUe --------------------------------- --------------------------------- x- uhydey --------------------------------- --------------------------------- ?k- uojk=k --------------------------------- --------------------------------- Ä- n'keq[k --------------------------------- --------------------------------- 3- fuEufyf[kr leLrinksa osQ foxzg ,oa lekl dk lgh fodYi Nk¡VksA d- ihrkacj ihyk vkdk'k &deZ/kj; ihyk gS tks vacj & deZ/kj; ihyk vacj gS tks & rRiq#\"k ihys vacj gSa ftlosQ & n~foxq [k- ijksidkj ij dk midkj & laca/ rRiq#\"k ij osQ fy, midkj & laiznku ij vkSj midkj & n~oan~o ij dk gS tks midkj & deZ/kj; x- ;Fkk'kfDr ;Fkk gS tks 'kfDr & deZ/kj; ;Fkk esa 'kfDr & vf/dj.k rRiq#\"k ;Fkk dh 'kfDr & laca/ rRiq#\"k 'kfDr osQ vuqlkj & vO;;hHkko 33 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

?k- vklsrq lsrq rd vkuk & vO;;hHkko lsrq rd & vO;;hHkko lsrq Hkj & deZ/kj; vk vkSj lsrq & n~oan~o Ä- izR;sd izfr ,d & n~foxq gj ,d & vO;;hHkko gj dksbZ & vO;;hHkko izfr gS tks ,d & deZ/kj; 4- fuEufyf[kr foxzgksa osQ leLrin cukdj lekl dk uke crkvksA d- vkB gSa vè;k; ftlosQ vFkkZr ikf.kfu O;kdj.k ----------------------------------------------- [k- fu;e osQ vuqlkj ----------------------------------------------- x- ou esa jgus okyk ekuq\"k ----------------------------------------------- ?k- eryc osQ fcuk ----------------------------------------------- Ä- vkjke osQ fy, oqQlhZ ----------------------------------------------- p- è;ku esa eXu ----------------------------------------------- N- ik¡p rRoksa dk lewg ----------------------------------------------- t- jke vkSj y{e.k ----------------------------------------------- >- e`xksa dk banz (jktk) gS tks vFkkZr flag ----------------------------------------------- ×k- vkB vkuksa dk lewg ----------------------------------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 7 34

6 milxZ (Prefix) milxZ oqQN 'kCn ewy 'kCn gksrs gSaA bu 'kCnksa osQ vkjEHk esa dksbZ 'kCnka'k yxkdj u, 'kCn cuk, tk ldrs gSaA tSls& ^ns'k* 'kCn ls igys ^mi* yxkdj ^mins'k* u;k 'kCn cuk] ftldk vFkZ ^ns'k* ewy 'kCn ls loZFkk fHkUu gSA ^eku* 'kCn ls igys ^vi* yxkdj ^vieku* cukA tks 'kCnk'a k fdlh 'kCn oQs vkjHa k eas yxdj ;k tMq d+ j muoQs vFkZ eas ifjoruZ yk nrs s g]aS os milxZ dgykrs gSaA milxks± osQ Hksn 2- fganh osQ milxZ fganh Hkk\"kk esa milxZ rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSa & 1- laLo`Qr osQ milxZ 3- mnwZ osQ milxZ 1- fganh osQ milxZ vFkZ uohu 'kCn milxZ vHkko vej] vdky] vpsr] vKku] vlR; osQ fcuk] osQ jfgr vueksy] vui<+] vucu] vueksy v vk/k v/idk] v/f[kyk] v/ejk vu de murhl] mulB] murkyhl] mupkl v/ nhu voxq.k mu cqjk diwr] oqQiq=k] oqQlax] oqQekxZ vo nks nqxquk] nqjkgk] nqHkkf\"k;k d] oqQ jfgr fuMj] fugRFkk nq ijk;k] nwljk ijksidkj] ijns'k] ijyksd fu iwjk Hkjiwj] HkjisV ij vPNk liwr] lxq.k Hkj l 2- laLo`Qr osQ milxZ vknku] vkthou] vkpkj.k] vkxeu vR;kpkj] vR;f/d] vR;ar vk rd] lesr vfr vf/d 35 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

2- laLo`Qr osQ milxZ vf/ Js\"B] Åij vf/dkj] vf/ifr vuq ihNs] leku vuq'kklu] vuqjkx] vuqdj.k vi nhu] cqjk] viw.kZ vidkj] viO;;] vidhfrZ vfHk lkeus] ikl vfHkyk\"kk] vfHk;ksx mr~ Åij] Å¡pk] Js\"B mRd\"kZ] mUufr nqj~ cqjk] dfBu nqxZe] nqyZHk] nqHkkZX;] nqfnZu nql~ cqjk nqLlkgl] nq\"deZ fu uhps] vHkko] fu\"ks/ fu;e] fuokj.k] fuokl fuj~ fcuk] jfgr fuxZq.k] fuHks;] fueZy] funZ; ful~@fu\"k~ jfgr] fu\"ks/ fu\"diV] fuLlansg ij ijk;k] nwljk ijksidkj] ijfgr ijk myVk ijkt;] ijk/hu ifj pkjksa vksj] vkl&ikl ifjiw.kZ] ifjp; iz vkxs] vf/d] Åij izxfr] izy;] izfln~/ izfr fo#n~/] lkeus] gj ,d izR;{k] izfriy] iz;Ru] izfrfnu] izfr{k.k 3- mnwZ osQ milxZ vPNh [kq'kcw] [kq'k[k+ cjh] [kq'kgky fu\"ks/ xSj&gkf”kj] xSjdkuwuh] xSj&ljdkjh [kq'k u gksuk ukilan] ukeqefdu] ukjk”k xSj cqjk cnuke] uk osQ fcuk csb””kr] csbZeku] csnkx] csuke cn osQ fcuk ykijokg] yktokc] ykokfjl cs lkFk] leku getksyh] gelIk+ Qj] gene yk ge vkvks nksgjk,¡ • milxZ 'kCnka'k gksrs gSa vkSj budk iz;ksx 'kCnka'kksa osQ :i esa gh gksrk gSA • milxZ dk viuk dksbZ Lora=k vfLrRo ugha gksrkA bUgsa Lora=k :i ls iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA • milxZ] ewy 'kCnksa osQ iwoZ yxkdj mudk vFkZ cny nsrs gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 36

vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr milxks± osQ fganh esa vFkZ fy[kksA [k- var% ¾ ------------------------- d- v ¾ ------------------------- ?k- oqQ ¾ ------------------------- x- v/% ¾ ------------------------- p- ij ¾ ------------------------- M-+ fpj ¾ ------------------------- t- cfgj~ ¾ ------------------------- N- iqjk ¾ ------------------------- ×k- iquj~ ¾ ------------------------- >- l ¾ ------------------------- 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ls milxZ o ewy 'kCn Nk¡VksA 'kCn milxZ ewy 'kCn d- foKku ------------------------- ------------------------- [k- cfg\"dkj ------------------------- ------------------------- x- izxfr ------------------------- ------------------------- ?k- fu;e ------------------------- ------------------------- M-+ vuqjkx ------------------------- ------------------------- p- mRd\"kZ ------------------------- ------------------------- N- nqyZHk ------------------------- ------------------------- t- ykijokg ------------------------- ------------------------- 3- fn, x, ^ewy 'kCn vkSj milxZ* ls cuus okys 'kCnksa ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- ^izfr $ owQy* ls 'kCn cuk gSA izrhowQy izfrowQy izfroqQy izrhoqQy [k- ^le~ $ pkyu* ls 'kCn cuk gSA le~pkyu lapkyu lEpkyu lepkyu x- ^izfr $ ,d* ls 'kCn cuk gSA izrhd izR;sd izR;d izR;{k 37 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

7 izR;; (Suffix) oqQN 'kCn ewy 'kCn gksrs gSa vkSj muosQ var esa ,d ;k ,d ls vf/d 'kCnka'k yxkdj u, 'kCn cuk, tk ldrs gSa] tSls & iku $ okyk ¾ ikuokyk] ukSdj $ vkuh ¾ ukSdjkuh vkfnA tks 'kCnka'k fdlh 'kCn osQ var esa tqM+dj muosQ vFkZ esa ifjorZu yk nsrs gSa] os izR;; dgykrs gSaA izR;; :<+ 'kCnksa osQ var esa vFkok fozQ;k (/krq) osQ var esa tksM+s tkrs gSaA izR;; osQ Hksn izR;; nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& 1- o`Qr~ izR;; 2- rn~f/r izR;; 1- o`Qr~ izR;; fozQ;k (/krq) osQ ihNs yxdj laKk vkSj fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa dh jpuk djus okys izR;;ksa dks o`Qr izR;; dgrs gSa vkSj blosQ esy ls cus 'kCnksa dks ^o`Qnar* 'kCn dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k& fy[k $ vkoV ¾ fy[kkoV (fozQ;k ;k /krq $ izR;;) Fkd $ vku ¾ Fkdku (fozQ;k ;k /krq $ izR;;) oqQN vU; mnkgj.k d- Hkkookpd laKk cukus okys o`Qr~ izR;; ozQ-la- /krq o`Qr~ izR;; Hkkookpd laKk,¡ 1- ywV~] ns[k~&Hkky~] ekj~ v ywV] ns[k&Hkky] ekj 2- yM+] tqr] lqu] i<+ vkbZ yM+kbZ] tqrkbZ] lqukbZ] i<+kbZ 3- yx] Fkd] p<+ vku yxku] Fkdku] p<+ku 4- cg] IkSQy] p<+ vko cgko] IkSQyko] p<+kok 5- fn[k] Ny] p<+ vkok fn[kkok] Nykok] cqykok 6- fy[k] fn[k] fey vkoV fy[kkoV] fn[kkoV] feykoV [k- fo'ks\"k.k cukus okys o`Qr~ izR;; o`Qr~ izR;; Hkkookpd laKk,¡ ozQ-la- /krq 1- rSj vkd rSjkd 2- yM+ vkdk yM+kdk fganh O;kdj.k & 7 38

3- yM+] i<+ vkowQ yM+kowQ] i<+kowQ 4- py] fVd vkÅ pykÅ] fVdkÅ 5- >xM+ vkyw >xM+kyw 6- c<+] ?kV b;k cf<+;k] ?kfV;k 7- Hkwy] ?kwe] Ckw> vDdM+ HkqyDdM+] ?kqeDdM+] cq>DdM+ 8- i<+] fy[k] ns okyk i<+usokyk] fy[kusokyk] ns[kusokyk 2- rn~f/r izR;; laKk] loZuke] fo'ks\"k.k vkfn 'kCnksa osQ ihNs yxdj u, 'kCnksa dh jpuk djus okys izR;;ksa dks rn~f/r izR;; dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k& ew[kZrk ¾ ew[kZ $ rk (fo'ks\"k.k $ izR;;) ckydiu ¾ ckyd $ iu (laKk $ izR;;) fganh esa rn~f/r izR;;ksa ls cus 'kCn ik¡p izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& d- Hkkookpd laKk 'kCn [k- dr`Zokpd laKk 'kCn x- y?kqrkokpd laKk,¡ ?k- laca/okpd laKk, M-+ fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnA d- Hkkookpd laKk cukus okys rn~f/r izR;; ozQ-la- /krq vFkok fo'ks\"k.k rn~f/r izR;; Hkkookpd laKk,¡ 1- Hkyk] cqjk] prqj] iafMr vkbZ HkykbZ] cqjkbZ] prqjkbZ] iafMrkbZ 2- [ksr] pksj] uje] xje bZ [ksrh] pksjh] ujeh] xjeh 3- cPpk] yM+dk] ihyk] uhyk iu cpiu] yM+diu] ihykiu] uhykiu 4- lqanj] e/qj] xq#] y?kq] izHkq rk lqanjrk] e/qjrk] xq#rk] y?kqrk] izHkqrk 5- cw<+k] eksVk] iwtk vkik cq<+kik] eksVkik] iqtkik [k- laKk cukus okys rn~f/r izR;; rn~f/r izR;; drZ`okpd laKk,¡ ozQ-la- laKk vkj lqukj] yqgkj b;k nqf[k;k] eqf[k;k] jlksb;k 1- lksuk] yksgk gkjk pwfM+gkjk] ydM+gkjk] ifugkjk 2- nq[k] eq[k] jlksbZ bZ rsyh 3- pwM+h] ydM+h] ikuh okyk IkQyokyk] nw/okyk] xkM+hokyk 4- rsy 5- IkQy] nw/] xkM+h 39 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

x- fo'ks\"k.k cukus okys rn~f/r izR;; rn~f/r izR;; fo'ks\"k.k vk I;kjk] I;klk] Hkw[kk ozQ-la- laKk Å ck”kk: 1- I;kj] I;kl] Hkw[k ,yw ?kjsyw 2- ck”kkj vkyq n;kyw] o`Qikyq] Jn~/kyq 3- ?kj gyk lqugyk] #igyk 4- n;k] o`Qik] Jn~/k 5- lksuk] :ik vkvks nksgjk,¡ • tks 'kCnka'k fdlh 'kCn osQ var esa tqM+dj muosQ vFkZ es ifjorZu yk nsrs gSa] os izR;; dgykrs gSaA • izR;; nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& 1- o`Qr izR;;] 2- rn~f/r izR;; vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnkas eas i;z Dq r eyw 'kCn vkjS iRz ;; oQs lgh fodYi puq dj (3) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- cM+kbZ & c<+k $ vkbZ ck<+ $ vkbZ c<+ $ vkbZ cM+k $ vkbZ [k- dlkSVh & dlkS $ Vh dl $ vksVh d $ lkSVh dlk $ vkSVh x- fy[kkoV & fy[kk $ oV ys[k $ vkoV fy[k $ vkoV fy[kko $ V ?k- drjuh & d $ rjuh drj $ uh dr $ juh dkrj $ uh M-+ Lej.kh; & Lej $ .kh; Lej $ vuh; Le` $ vuh; Lej.k $ uh; 2- fuEufyf[kr izR;;ksa osQ iz;ksx ls nks&nks u, 'kCn cukvksA izR;; u, 'kCn izR;; u, 'kCn d- vkbZ --------------------- --------------------- [k- gkjk --------------------- --------------------- x- gV --------------------- --------------------- ?k- okyk --------------------- --------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 7 40

8 laKk nsf[k,] if<+, vkSj lef>,& (Noun) yo vkSj oqQ'k xq# okYehfd osQ vkJe esa i<+rs FksA mudk vkJe uxj ls nwj taxy esa FkkA vkJe osQ pkjksa vksj gjs&Hkjs o`{k Fks] ftu ij iQy&iwQy yxs jgrs FksA nksuksa esa xgjh fe=krk FkhA Åij osQ okD;ksa esa iz;qDr jaxhu 'kCnksa esa& d- yo] oqQ'k] okYehfd O;fDr;ksa osQ uke gSaA [k- vkJe] uxj] taxy LFkkuksa osQ uke gSaA x- iQy] iwQy] o`{k oLrqvksa osQ uke gSaA ?k- cpiu] fe=krk xq.kksa ;k Hkkoksa osQ uke gSaA fdlh O;fDr] oLrq] LFkku] izk.kh] vkSj Hkko vkfn osQ uke dks laKk dgrs gSaA laKk osQ Hksn laKk osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSa& 1- O;fDrokpd laKk 2- tkfrokpd laKk 3- Hkkookpd laKk 1- O;fDrokpd laKk ftu laKk 'kCnksa ls fdlh fo'ks\"k O;fDr] fo'ks\"k izk.kh] fo'ks\"k LFkku vkSj fo'ks\"k oLrq vkfn osQ uke dk 41 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

irk pyrk gS] mUgsa O;fDrokpd laKk dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k& fo'ks\"k O;fDr;ksa osQ uke % vVyfcgkjh oktis;h] tokgjyky usg: vkfnA fo'ks\"k LFkkuksa osQ uke % eSlwj] f=kosanze] Yk{ehukjk;.k eafnj vkfnA fo'ks\"k oLrqvksa osQ uke % jkek;.k] gkWdh vkfnA fo'ks\"k izkf.k;ksa osQ uke % psrd (?kksM+s dk uke)] ,sjkor (gkFkh dk uke) 2- tkfrokpd laKk ftu laKk 'kCnksa ls ,d gh izdkj osQ izkf.k;ksa] oLrqvksa vkSj LFkkuksa vkfn dk irk pyrk gS] mUgsa tkfrokpd laKk dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k& izk.kh % eNyh] x/k] phaVh] yM+dh] vkneh] ukjh] ?kksM+k] gkFkh vkfnA LFkku % ck”kkj] uxj] xyh] ns'k] igkM+] unh] nqdku] LVs'ku vkfnA oLrq % pk¡nh] twrk] rsy] LowQVj] lC”kh] vkVk] f[kM+dh] deh”k vkfnA 3- Hkkookpd laKk ftu laKk 'kCnksa ls fdlh izk.kh ;k oLrq dh fLFkfr] Hkko vkSj n'kk vkfn dk irk pyrk gS] mUgsa Hkkookpd laKk dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k& lR;] feF;k] cpiu] cq<+kik] ekuork] fgalk] HkkbZpkjk] fe=krk] lnhZ&xehZ] [kq'kh vkfnA fganh osQ oqQN fon~oku vaxsz”kh O;kdj.k osQ vuqlkj laKk osQ nks vkSj Hksn ekurs gSa& nzO;okpd laKk vkSj lewgokpd laKkA oLrqr% ;s nksuksa tkfrokpd laKk osQ miHksn gSaA fdarq fiQj Hkh bu nksuksa osQ fo\"k; esa ;gk¡ ppkZ djuk mfpr gSA 4- nzO;okpd laKk ftu laKk 'kCnksa ls fdlh nzO; ;k inkFkZ dk cks/ gks] mUgsa nzO;okpd laKk dgrs gSaA xsgw¡&pkoy ls fofHkUu izdkj dh [kkn~; oLrq,¡curh gSaA lksuk&pk¡nh ls vkHkw\"k.k bR;kfn curs gSaA nw/ ls ngh] iuhj] feBkbZ vkfn cuk, tkrs gSaA ihry] rk¡ck] yksgk vkfn ls fofHkUu lkeku cuk, tkrs gSaA ydM+h] feVVh rsy] isVªksy] dks;yk Hkh nzO; gSaA lHkh nzO;okpd laKk 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ,dopu esa gh fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd ;s nzO; x.kuh; ugha gksrsA 5- lewgokpd laKk ftu lKa k 'kCnkas ls fdlh legw ;k lenq k; dk ck/s gk]s mUgsa lewgokpd ;k leqnk;okpd laKk dgrs gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 42

vaxwjksa dk xqPNk] pkfc;ksa dk xqPNk] vukt dk <sj] rk'k dh xM~Mh] e/qefD[k;ksa dk >qaM] èkfu;k dh xM~Mh] d{kk] HkhM+] lsuk iqfyl] tRFkk] VqdM+h] ny] Vksyh] ikVhZ vkfn lewgokpd laKk osQ mnkgj.k gSaA ;s lHkh 'kCn lewg dks ,d bdkbZ osQ :i esa izdV djus osQ dkj.k ,dopu esa iz;qDr fd, tkrs gSaA O;fDrokpd laKk dk tkfrokpd laKk osQ :i esa iz;ksx dbZ ckj O;fDrokpd laKk dk tkfrokpd laKk osQ :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k& vkt ns'k esa fofHk\"k.kksa dh deh ugha gSA Hkkjr dks Lora=krk panz'ks[kjksa us fnyokbZA fofHk\"k.k vkSj panz'ks[kj vk”kkn O;fDrokpd laKk gSaA ;gk¡budk iz;ksx tkfrokpd laKk osQ :i esa gqvk gSa bu O;fDr;ksa osQ uke ls muosQ fo'ks\"k xq.kksa dk irk pyrk gSA tkfrokpd laKk dk O;fDrokpd laKk osQ :i esa iz;ksx dbZ ckj tkfrokpd laKk dk Hkh O;fDrokpd laKk osQ :i esa iz;ksx gksrk gSA tc dksbZ tkfrokpd laKk 'kCn viuh laiw.kZ tkfr dk cks/ u djkdj fdlh fo'ks\"k O;fDr dk cks/ djk,] rc og 'kCn :<+ vFkZ izdV djus yxrk gS] tSls& mnkgj.k& iVsy us fc[kjs Hkkjr dks ,d dj fn;kA egkRek us vfgalk dk ekxZ n'kkZ;kA ;gk¡iVsy vkSj egkRek (tkfrokpd 'kCn) 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx O;fDrokpd laKk 'kCnksa ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy vkSj egkRek xka/h osQ LFkku ij O;fDrokpd laKk osQ :i esa gqvk gSA Hkkookpd laKk cukuk oqQN Hkkookpd laKk,¡ewy Hkkookpd laKk 'kCn gksrh gSaA tSls & lR;] ?k`.kk] feF;k] cqn~f/] lq[k] nq[k vkfnA fdarq oqQN HkkOkokpd laKk,¡vU; 'kCnksa ls Hkh cukbZ tk ldrh gSa] tSls & fe=k ls fe=krk] cPpk ls cpiu vkfnA Hkkookpd laKk 'kCnksa dh jpuk fuEufyf[kr pkj izdkj ls dh tkrh gS& 1- tkfrokpd laKk ls Hkkookpd laKk tkfrokpd laKk Hkkookpd laKk tkfrokpd laKk Hkkookpd laKk nso nsoRo dfo dfoRo xq# xq#Ro@xkSjo f'k'kq 'kS'ko ukjh ukjhRo ekuo ekuork ;qok ;kSou cw<+k cq<+kik ekrk ekr`Ro firk fir`Ro cPpk cpiu iq#\"k ikS#\"k@iq#\"kRo 43 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

2- loZuke ls Hkkookpd laKk loZuke Hkkookpd laKk loZuke Hkkookpd laKk fut futRo] futrk Lo LoRo vga vgadkj viuk viukiu loZ loZLo ee eeRo] eerk vki vkik ijk;k ijk;kiu fo'ks\"k.k Hkkookpd laKk 3- fo'ks\"k.k ls Hkkookpd laKk LoLFk LokLF; foLr`r foLrkj fo'ks\"k.k Hkkookpd laKk fuiq.k fuiq.krk mfpr vkSfpR; ;ksX; ;ksX;rk /hjs /S;Z] /hjt vkylh vkyL; ehBk feBkl ,d ,drk] ,sD; lnZ lnhZ fozQ;k Hkkookpd laKk n`\"V nq\"Vrk /ksuk /qykbZ xeZ@xje xehZ@xjeh xkuk xku i<+uk i<+kbZ 4- fozQ;k ls Hkkookpd laKk [ksyuk [ksy fy[kuk fy[kkbZ fozQ;k Hkkookpd laKk thruk thr p<+uk p<+kbZ pyuk pky mrjuk mrjkbZ [kkstuk [kkst vkvks nksgjk,¡ • fdlh O;fDr] oLrq] LFkku] izk.kh vkSj Hkko vkfn osQ uke dks laKk dgrs gSaA • laKk osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSa & 1- O;fDrokpd 2- tkfrokpd laKk 3- Hkkookpd laKk fganh O;kdj.k & 7 44

vH;kl dk;Z 1- laKk dh ifjHkk\"kk ,oa Hksn mnkgj.k lfgr fy[kksA 2- fn, x, 'kCnksa ls Hkkookpd laKk,¡cukvksA d- rqudfe”kkt -------------------------- [k- yksdfiz; -------------------------- -------------------------- x- vk”kkn -------------------------- ?k- ”kehankj -------------------------- -------------------------- Ä- ;qn~/ -------------------------- p- izsfjr N- eg¡xk -------------------------- t- gSjku 3- fn, x, okD;ksa esa O;fOrokpd laKk dks js[kkafdr rFkk tkfrokpd la[;k ij xksyk yxkvksA d- Hkkjr osQ iz/kuea=kh osQ ukrs usg: th ij cgqr nkf;Ro FkkA [k- vtgj vkSj yrhiQ jkeiqj xk¡o esa jgrs gSaA x- ifr&iRuh nksuksa tYnh ls rS;kj gksdj LVs'ku x, vkSj fnus'k dks ?kj ys vk,A ?k- dkosjh unh osQ blh NksVs Vkiw esa ;g uxj vkSj eafnj fLFkr gSA Ä- fnO;k us 'ka[k vkSj lhih dh cuh phtsa [kjhnhA 4- jaxhu Nis 'kCnksa osQ LFkku ij Hkkookpd laKkvksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, okD;ksa dks nksckjk fy[kksA d- eSa Hkw[kk gw¡A eq>s ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- cknyksa osQ xM+xM+kus dh vkok”k lqudj cPps Mj x,A cknyksa dh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ x- O;k;ke djus ls ge LOkLFk jgrs gSaA O;k;ke ls gekjk ------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- rqEgsa vius O;ogkj dks lq/kjuk pkfg,A rqEgkjs vius O;ogkj esa ---------------------------------------------------- Ä- Hkk[kM+k ck¡/ cgqr Å¡pk gSA Hkk[kM+k ck¡/ dh cgqr ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 45 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

9 opu (Number) fpfM+;k mM+ xbZA fpfM+;k¡mM+ xbZA bu okD;ksa osQ fpfM+;k vkSj fpfM+;k¡ls ,d ;k ,d ls vf/d gksus dk irk pyrk gSA bl izdkj 'kCnksa osQ vyx&vyx :iksa ls muosQ ,d ;k vusd gksus dk cks/ gksrk gSA laKk vFkok loZuke 'kCnksa osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ ,d ;k vusd gksus dk cks/ gks] mls opu dgrs gSaA opu osQ Hksn opu osQ nks Hksn gksrs gA & 1- ,dopu 2- cgqopuA 1- ,dopu ftl laKk ;k loZuke 'kCn ls mlosQ ,d gksus dk irk pyrk gS] mls ,dopu dgrs gSaA fnus'k us iqLrd [kjhnhA 'khry us osQyk [kk;kA 2- cgqopu ftl laKk ;k loZuke 'kCn ls ,d ls vf/d gksus dk irk pyrk gS] mls cgqopu dgrs gSaA eSaus vkt tysfc;k¡[kkbZA jke us Ng osQys [kjhnsA ,dopu 'kCnksa dk cgqopu osQ :i esa iz;ksx dbZ ckj ,dopu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx cgqopu osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA 1- vknj vkSj lEeku osQ fy, firkth dk;kZy; ls ykSV vk,A nknkth dy tk,¡xsA usrkth Hkk\"k.k ns jgs gSaA nhnh vPNk xkrh gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 46

firk] nknk] usrk vkSj nhnh 'kCn ,dopu gSA vknj vkSj lEeku izdV djus osQ fy, bu okD;ksa esa budk iz;ksx cgqopu osQ :i esa fd;k x;k gSA opu&ifjorZu 1- vkdkjkar L=khfyax 'kCnksa osQ var esa ^,¡* yxkdjA ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu ekrk ekrk,¡ ckfydk ckfydk,¡ Hkk\"kk Hkk\"kk,¡ dFkk dFkk,¡ ekyk ekyk,¡ lHkk lHkk,¡ 2- vdkjkar L=khfyax 'kCnksa osQ var esa ^v* osQ LFkku ij ^,¡* yxkdjA ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu ew¡N ew¡Nsa nhokj nhokjsa NM+ NM+sa irax iarxsa lyokj lyokjsa deh”k deh”ksa 3- bdkjkar vkSj bZdkjkar 'kCnksa osQ var esa ^;k¡* tksM+djA nh?kZ ^bZ* dks ßLOk Loj ^b* dj fn;k tkrk gSA ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu nsoh nsfo;k¡ xfr xfr;k¡ eqxhZ eqfxZ;k¡ Vksih Vksfi;k¡ uhfr uhfr;k¡ unh ufn;k¡ eNyh eNfy;k¡ fo/h fof/;k¡ laf/ laf/;k¡ cdjh cdfj;k¡ jhfr jhfr;k¡ ijh ifj;k¡ 4- ^b;k* var okys L=khfyax 'kCnksa esa vafre ^;k* dks ^;k¡* cukdjA ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu oqQfr;k oqQfr;k¡ xqfM+;k xqfM+;k¡ [kfV;k [kfV;k¡ cfN;k cfN;k¡ fMfc;k fMfc;k¡ fpfM+;k fpfM+;k¡ pqfg;k pqfg;k¡ cqf<+;k cqf<+;k¡ Mfy;k Mfy;k¡ 5- vkdkjkar iqfYayx 'kCnksa osQ vafre ^vk* osQ LFkku ij ^,* yxkdjA ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu ia[kk ia[ks csVk csVs HkkYkk Hkkys >aMk >aMs yksVk yksVs oqQjrk oqQjrs 47 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

6- mdkjkar] Ådkjkar vkjS vkdS kjkra L=khfyxa 'kCnkas oQs lkFk ^,*¡ tkMs d+ jA nh?kZ ^Å* dks gLo ^m* fd;k tkrk gSA ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu ½rq ½rq,¡ oLrq oLrq,¡ cgw cgq,¡ xkS xkS,¡ /suq /suq,¡ o/w o/q,¡ 7- oqQN 'kCnksa osQ lkFk tu] x.k] oan vkSj oxZ yxkdjA ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu lk/q lk/qtu dfo dfox.k iztk iztktu f'k{kd f'k{kdx.k xq# xq#tu urZd urZdny Nk=k Nk=koxZ eqfu eqfutu ;qok ;qokoxZ opu&laca/h è;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa 1- ekek] ukuk] pkpk] dkdk] nknk vkfn laca/lwpd laKkvksa dk iz;ksx nksuksa opu esa ,d leku gksrk gSA tSls& esjs cM+s ekekth vk, gSaA (,d opu eas] fdarq lEekukFkZd cgqopu dk iz;ksx) esjs pkjksa ekekth eaqcbZ esa jgrs gSaA (cgqopu esa) 2- ftu 'kCnksa osQ var esa v] vk] b] bZ] m] Å rFkk vkS vkrs gSa] muosQ lkFk tc us] dks] ls] osQ fy,] dk] osQ] dh] esa vkfn ijlxkasZ dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] rks cgqopu esa ewy 'kCn osQ lkFk vksa] ;ksa gks tkrk gS] tSls& ,dopu cgqopu ijlxks± osQ lkFk cgqopu gkFkh nkSM+rk gSA gkFkh nkSM+rs gSaA gkfFk;ksa us nkSM+ yxkbZA ckyd [kkuk [kkrk gSA ckyd [kkuk [kkrs gSaA ckydksa us [kkuk [kk;kA efgyk xkuk xkrh gSA efgyk,¡xkuk xkrh gSaA efgykvksa us xkuk x;kA 3- ftu 'kCnksa osQ var esa tkfr] lsuk ;k ny iz;qDr gksrs gSa] mudk iz;ksx lnk ,d opu esa fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& d- 'k=kq lsuk us vkReleiZ.k dj fn;kA [k- ioZrkjksfg;ksa dk ny vkxs c<+kA 4- xk;&HkSal] HksM+&cdjh] tSls& 'kCn&;qXeksa dk cgqopu cukus osQ fy, osQoy vafre 'kCn esa gh ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gS] tSls & d- 'ksj dh ngkM+ ls HksM+&cdfj;k¡Mj xbZA [k- xk;&HkSlsa rkykc esa ugk jgh gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 48

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • laKk vFkok loZuke 'kCnksa osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ ,d ;k vusd gksus dk cks/ gks] mls opu dgrs gSaA • opu osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSa& 1- ,dopu 2- cgqopu • opu dh igpku nks rjg ls gksrh gS& 1- laKk] loZuke vkSj fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx n~okjkA 2- fozQ;k 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx n~okjkA vH;kl dk;Z 1- ,dopu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx cgqopu osQ :i esa dc&dc fd;k tkrk gS] mnkgj.k nsdj Li\"V djksA 2- fn, x, okD;ksa esa jaxhu 'kCnksa osQ opu crkvksA --------------------------- d- fnYyh vkSj j.kFkaHkksj osQ chp rks jktiwrksa osQ dbZ jkT; gSaA --------------------------- [k- o`Qf\"k dh Hkwfe ij dkj[kkus] vLirky] edku vkfn curs pys tk jgs gSaA --------------------------- x- ¶ek¡!¸ esjh vk¡[kksa ls vk¡lw fudy iM+sA --------------------------- ?k- ukxiqj dk larjk izfln~/ gSA --------------------------- Ä- turk vius usrk dk Lokxr djus fudy iM+hA 3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa jaxhu Nis 'kCnksa osQ opu cnydj okD;ksa dks nqckjk fy[kksA d- cPpk dfork ;kn dj jgk gSA --------------------------- [k- o`{k dh Mky ij fpfM+;k cSBh gSA --------------------------- x- vè;kid us cPPks dks iz'u dk mRrj fy[kok;kA --------------------------- ?k- geus xje&xje lekslk vkSj tysch [kkbZA --------------------------- 4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa jaxhu Nis 'kCnksa dks ,dopu esa cnydj okD;ksa dks nksckjk fy[kksA d- cPpksa us iz'uksa osQ mRrj ;kn fd,A ------------------------------------------------ [k- pksjksa us rkys rksM+dj #i, pqjk fy,A ------------------------------------------------ x- yM+fd;k¡xqfM+;ksa ls [ksy jgh gSaA ------------------------------------------------ ?k- fcfYy;k¡oqQRrksa ls Mjdj Hkkx xbaZA ------------------------------------------------ 5- lnk ,dopu jgus okys rFkk lnk cgqopu jgus okys 'kCnksa dks vyx&vyx djosQ fy[kksA ikuh] cky] yksgk] HkhM+] gLrk{kj] vk¡lw] nw/] yksx] ihry] lksuk] pk¡nh] izk.k] turk] ?kh] isVªksy] rsy] n'kZu] ckyw] lkSan;Z] ny] >qaM] lekpkjA 49 fganh O;kdj.k & 7