Vyakaran Shilp Class- 8

8 ladYiuk ,M~;wlksÝV Vhe mRiknu Vhe xxu vxzoky xfjek cyokuh ys[kdµ lksue lgxy laLFkkid ,oa funsZ'kd fgrs'k lSuh dykÑfrµ t; jkt fp=kkadu dykdkjµ jes'k oqQekj iqLrd fMtkbfuaxµ veunhi flag

fganh ls lEcaf/r ewyHkwr jkspd tkudkjh fiz; ikBd] fganh dh lcls cM+h fo'ks\"krk ;g gS fd ;g ftl :i esa fy[kh tkrh gS] mlh izdkj ;g cksyh Hkh tkrh gSA ;gk¡fganh ls lEcaf/r eqyHkwr jkspd tkudkjh nh x;h gS tks vkidks fganh o.kZekyk dks ;kn j[kus esa vR;ar lgk;d gksxhA fganh o.kZekyk esa 11 Loj rFkk 33 O;atu fxuk, tkrs gSa] ijUrq buesa M+ ]~ <+ ~ va rFkk v% tksM+us ij fganh osQ o.kksZa dh oqQy la[;k 48 gks tkrh gSA tc dHkh O;atu dk iz;ksx Loj ls jfgr fd;k tkrk gS rc mlosQ uhps ,d frjNh js[kk (#~) yxk nh tkrh gSA ;g js[kk gy dgykrh gSA gy;qÙkQ Oa;tu gyar o.kZ dgykrk gSA tSls& fon~;kA fganh o.kZekyk ozQe dks vklkuh ls ;kn j[kus dk mik; lcls igys vkidks fganh v{kjksa osQ mPpkj.kksa dk ozQe le>uk gksxkA fganh dh fyfi dks nsoukxjh dgrs gSaA nsoukxjh laLo`Qr Hkk\"kk ls yh xbZ gSA ,d er osQ vuqlkj nsouxj (dk'kh) esa izpyu osQ dkj.k bldk uke nsoukxjh iM+kA bl fyfi esa Loj& v ls vkS rd osQ o.kksZa dh èofu;k¡mPpkj.kksa osQ le; fcuk fdlh #dkoV osQ osQoy Üokl&ok;q (breath&air) }kjk fudyrh gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr O;atu Hkh mPpkj.k osQvk/kj ij fofHkUu oxksZa esa foHkkftr gSaA ;g bl izdkj gSaA l oaQBO; [Guttoral] (d] [k] x] ?k] M- ) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA l rkyO; [Palatal] (p] N] t] >] ×k) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; thHk rkyw ls yxrh gSA l ew/ZU; [Cerebral] (V] B] M] M+ ] <] <+ ] .k) & budk mPpkj.k osQ le; thHk nk¡rksa ls yxrh gSA l nUrh; [Dental] (r] Fk] n] /] u) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA l vks\"BÔ [Labial] (i] iQ] c] Hk] e) & budk mPpkj.k vks\"B (gksaBksa) osQ feyus ij gh gksrk gSA l ukflD; [Nasal] (M-~ ] ×k~] .k~] u~] e~) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA l var%LFk [Unaspirated] (;] j] y] o) l mQ\"e [Aspirated] ('k] \"k] l] g) vki bu O;atuksa dks d] p] V] r] i oxZ osQ ozQe ls vklkuh ls ;kn j[k ldrs gSaA ok;q dh 'kfDr osQ vk/kj ij èofu;k¡ 1- vYiizk.k & bu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls de Üokl ok;q ckgj fudyrh gSA tSls i] c] r] n] p] t] d] y] j] o] ; vkfnA 2- egkizk.k & bu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls vf/d Üokl ok;q ckgj fudyrh gSA tSls [k] ?k] iQ] Hk] Fk] /] N] > vkfnA ?kks\"kRo osQ vk/kj ij èofu;k¡ 1- v?kks\"k & ftu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls Üokl ok;q Loj&raf=k;ksa ls oaQiu djrh gqbZ ugha fudyrh v?kks\"k dgykrh gSA tSls& d] [k] p] N] V] B] r] Fk] i] iQ] 'k] \"k] lA 2- l?kks\"k & ftu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa Üokl ok;q Loj&raf=k;ksa ls oaQiu djrh gqbZ fudyrh gS] mUgsa l?kks\"k dgrs gSA tSls& x] ?k] M- ] ×k]>] e] M] <] .k] n] /] u] c] Hk] e rFkk ;] j] y] o] M] < èofu;k¡l?kks\"k gSA

vkeq[k Hkk\"kk og lk/u gS ftlosQ n~okjk euq\"; vius fopkj nwljksa rd igq¡pkrk gSA O;kdj.k osQ fu;eksa osQ fcuk Hkk\"kk dk 'kqn~/ :i ugha lh[kk tk ldrkA izLrqr O;kdj.k J`a[kyk ^fganh O;kdj.k*] Hkkx 1 ls 8 cPpksa dh #fp rFkk ;ksX;rk osQ Lrj dks ns[krs gq, dh xbZ gSA* izLrqr iqLrd&J`a[kyk dh fo'ks\"krk,¡bl izdkj gS & v O;kdj.k osQ O;kogkfjd Kku ij fo'ks\"k cy fn;k x;k gS vkSj blosQ fy, fo'ys\"k.k dks cksf>y u cukdj bldh ewy jpuk osQ rRoksa dk laKkukRed vuqiz;ksx fl[kk;k x;k gSA v Hkk\"kk] O;kdj.k] o.kZekyk] 'kCn] mlosQ Hksn ,oa 'kCn&HkaMkj vkfn lHkh ikB cPpksa dh vko';drk] ;ksX;rk ,oa mudh xzg.k&{kerk osQ vuqlkj lqfu;ksftr rjhosQ ls izLrqr fd, x, gSaA v blesa jpukRed ,oa iz;kstuewyd] lHkh f'k{k.k&lkexzh dk mfpr lekos'k fd;k x;k gS] tSls dgkuh&ys[ku] vuqPNsn rFkk fuca/ ys[ku] vifBr& xn~;ka'k vkfnA v nSuafnu thou ls laca/ vusd mnkgj.kksa dk lfp=k izLrqrhdj.k Hkk\"kk&Kku dks ljy ,oa lqcks/ cukrk gS rFkk ^jVus* osQ LFkku ij Lor% le>us dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA v Nk=kksa osQ Kku dks ij[kus osQ fy, vkn'kZ iz'u i=k Hkh fn, x, gSaA gesa iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd izkFkfed d{kkvksa osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, izLrqr iqLrd&J`a[kyk Hkk\"kk&Kku osQ {ks=k esa ,d ojnku fl¼ gksxhA leLr lq/h ikBdksa rFkk fon~oTtuksa osQ vewY; ijke'kZ dk ge lnSo Lokxr djrs gSaA & laiknd

fo\"k; lwph ozQe fo\"k; i`\"B la[;k ozQe fo\"k; i`\"B la[;k 1- Hkk\"kk vkSj O;kdj.k 5 19- i;kZ;okph 'kCn 104 20- foijhrkFkZd 'kCn 106 2- o.kZ&fopkj 12 3- laf/ 17 21- vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, 4- orZuh&fopkj 25 ,d 'kCn 108 5- 'kCn&fopkj 32 22- 'kCnksa osQ lw{e vFkZ Hksn 110 6- milxZ vkSj IkzR;; 37 23- eqgkojs 112 7- lekl 44 24- ykdksfDr;k¡ 116 8- laKk 50 25- vyadkj 119 9- dkjd 54 26- vifBr xn~;ka'k 124 10- loZuke 59 27- i=k&ys[ku 128 11- fo'ks\"k.k 65 28- vuqPNsn&ys[ku 135 12- fozQ;k 70 29- fuca/&ys[ku 138 13- dky 76 30- fp=k&o.kZu 146 14- okP; 80 vkn'kZ iz'u i=k&1 149 15- fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 83 vkn'kZ iz'u i=k&2 151 16- vO;; % laca/cks/d] 88 leqPp;cks/d foLe;kfncks/d rFkk fuikr 17- okD;&fopkj 95 18- fojke&fpg~u 100

1 Hkk\"kk vkSj O;kdj.k (Language and Grammar) Hkk\"kk Hkk\"kk 'kCn ^Hkk\"k* /krq ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS & cksyuk vFkok vfHkO;Dr djukA euq\"; Hkk\"kk osQ n~okjk vius eu osQ Hkko izdV djrk gSA mlosQ eu esa rjg&rjg osQ fopkj vkrs gSaA og bUgsa Hkh Hkk\"kk osQ n~okjk izdV djrk gSA ,d lhek rd laosQrksa n~okjk eu osQ Hkko le>k, tk ldrs gSaA foa Qrq laosQrksa n~okjk lHkh Hkko vkSj fopkj izdV ugha fd, tk ldrsA blfy, Hkk\"kk dk tUe gqvkA vè;kfidk fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks pqi jgus dk laosQr dj jgh gSaA eksfudk LowQy&vlsacyh esa Hkk\"k.k ns jgh gSA fon~;kfFkZ;ksa us vè;kfidk dk laosQr le> fy;kA os pqi gks x,A foa Qrq eksfudk laosQrksa n~okjk Hkk\"k.k ugha ns ldrh D;ksafd ;g dk;Z Hkk\"kk n~okjk gh laHko gSA Hkk\"kk og ekè;e gS ftlosQ }kjk euq\"; vius Hkkoksa @ fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku djrk gSA euq\"; osQ eq[k ls fudyus okyh lkFkZd èofu;ksa ls 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA 'kCnksa ls gh okD; curs gSa tks vFkZ dks O;Dr djrs gSaA bl izdkj Hkk\"kk esa eq[;r% nks ph”ksa gksrh gS & (1) ok.kh (eq[k ls mPpfjr gksuk) vkSj (2) vFkZ (ml èofu dk lkFkZd gksuk)A vr% blls Hkk\"kk osQ fuEufyf[kr y{k.kksa dk irk pyrk gS& Ÿ Hkk\"kk lkFkZd èofu;ksa osQ esy ls curh gSA Ÿ Hkk\"kk esa èofu;ksa osQ fy, izrhd ;k fpg~u gksrs gSA Ÿ Hkk\"kk eu osQ Hkkoksa @ fopkjksa dks nwljksa rd igq¡pkrh gSA Ÿ izR;sd Hkk\"kk esa 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ gksrs gSA lkFk gh mlesa o.kZ] 'kCn o okD; lajpuk dh O;oLFkk Hkh gksrh gSA 5 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

vè;kfidk us Nk=kksa dks viuh f'keyk ;k=kk dk vuqHko xzh\"ekodk'k x`gdk;Z esa fy[kus dks fn;kA eksgu us ;k=kk ls okil vkdj viuk ys[k fy[kk rFkk vè;kid us i<+dj mudk ewY;kadu fd;kA vf/dkjh us i<+dj ml ij gLrk{kj dj fn,A /zqo us firkth dks i=k fy[kkA firkth us i=k i<+dj tkuk fd /zqo dks Nk=kkokl dh i+ Qhl osQ fy, nl g”kkj #i, pkfg,A foQ'kksj oqQekj us Jksrkvksa osQ lkeus xhr xk;kA Jksrkvksa us xhr lqudj rkfy;k¡ctkb±A ftl izdkj Hkk\"kk n~okjk cksydj vkSj fy[kdj eu osQ HkkOk vkSj fopkj izdV fd, tkrs gSa] mlh izdkj Hkk\"kk n~okjk lqudj vkSj i<+dj eu osQ Hkko tkus tkrs gSaA Hkk\"kk osQ :i eq[; :i ls Hkk\"kk osQ nks :i gksrs gSa& 1- ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk vkSj 2- fyf[kr Hkk\"kkA 1- ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk % Hkk\"kk osQ ftl :i ls eu osQ Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku cksydj vkSj lqudj fd;k tkrk gS] mls ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk dgrs gSaA ekrk us iq=k ls dgk] ¶cgqr [ksy fy;k_ vc i<+kbZ dj yksA¸ ekrk vkSj iq=k osQ chp ckrphr Hkk\"kk dk ekSf[kd :i gSA ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk LFkk;h ugha gksrhA le; osQ varjky osQ lkFk Hkk\"kk osQ ekSf[kd :i esa ifjorZu vk tkrk gSA og yqIr Hkh gks ldrk gSA bls dfFkr Hkk\"kk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA Ÿ;g Hkk\"kk dk ewy :i gSA Ÿeuq\"; us igys cksyuk lh[kkA ŸHkk\"kk osQ bl :i dk iz;ksx vf/d gksrk gSA ŸokrkZyki] dkO; & ikB] dgkuh lquuk] Hkk\"k.k] lekpkj & okpu] okn & fookn] ukVd] jsfM;ks] eksckby] VsyhiQksu] nwjn'kZu vkfn Hkk\"kk osQ ekSf[kd :i gSaA vk/qfud bysDVªkWfud ;a=kksa n~okjk JO;&n`'; (vkWfM;ks&ohfM;ks) oSQlsV~l ;k lhMh osQ :i esa bUgsa lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldrk gSA 2- fyf[kr Hkk\"kk % Hkk\"kk osQ ftl :i ls eu osQ Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku fy[kdj vkSj i<+dj fd;k tkrk gS] mls fyf[kr Hkk\"kk dgrs gSaA Hkk\"kk dk fyf[kr :i LFkk;h gksrk gSA bl iqLrd esa vki tks oqQN i<+ jgs gSa] og Hkk\"kk dk fyf[kr :i gSA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 6

Mh-ih- ifCyd LowQy ubZ fnYyh izekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd ehrk jkuh us fucU/ izfr;ksfxrk esa izFke iqjLdkj izkIr fd;kA uohu xxZ fnukad% 13 ekpZ 2018 iz/kukpk;Z Mh-ih- ifCyd LowQy n~okjk ehrk jkuh dks fn;k x;k izek.k&i=k Hkk\"kk dk fyf[kr :i gSA fyf[kr Hkk\"kk LFkk;h gksrh gSA iqLrosQa] lekpkj&i=k] nqdkuksa osQ uke&iV~V] if=kdk,¡vkfn tks oqQN Hkh Nik gksrk gS] og Hkk\"kk dk fyf[kr :i gksrk gSA Ÿ fyf[kr Hkk\"kk dk tUe ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk osQ cgqr le; ckn gqvkA Ÿ Hkk\"kk osQ pkj dkS'ky gSa& cksyuk] lquuk] fy[kuk rFkk i<+ukA Ÿ i=k] lekpkj&i=k] if=kdk,¡] ys[k dgkuh] laLej.k] bZ&esy vkfn Hkk\"kk osQ fyf[kr :i gSaA ekr`Hkk\"kk & ekr` $ Hkk\"kk vFkkZRk ek¡n~okjk izkIr Hkk\"kkA og Hkk\"kk ftls ckyd viuh ek¡rFkk ifjokj n~okjk lh[krk gS] mls ekr`Hkk\"kk dgrs gSaA bl Hkk\"kk ls ckyd dk loZizFke ifjp; gksrk gSA ;fn ek¡ xqtjkrh cksyrh gS] rks ckyd dh ekr`Hkk\"kk xqtjkrh gksxhA ;fn ifjokj n~okjk d'ehjh cksyh tkrh gS] rks ckyd dh ekr`Hkk\"kk d'ehjh gksxhA jk\"VªHkk\"kk & jk\"Vª$ Hkk\"kk vFkkrZ jk\"Vªdh Hkk\"kkA og Hkk\"kk ftldk i;z kxs ,d n's k oQs vf/dk'a k fuokfl;kas no~ kjk fd;k tkrk g]S jk\"VHªkk\"kk dgykrh gAS Hkkjr eas fgna h dk i;z kxs yxHkx 70 ifz r'kr fuokkl;kas no~ kjk fdlh&u&fdlh :i eas fd;k tkrk g]S vr% fgna h dks gekjh jk\"VHªkk\"kk Hkh dgk tkrk gAS Ÿ izR;sd jk\"Vªdh viuh&viuh jk\"VªHkk\"kk gksrh gS] tSls & tkiku&tkikuh] phu&phuh] izQkal&izQkalhlh] fczVsu&vaxzs”kh vkfnA jktHkk\"kk & jkt $ Hkk\"kk vFkkZr~ jkt&dkt dh Hkk\"kkA og Hkk\"kk ftldk iz;ksx ns'k osQ dk;kZy;ksa esa dke&dkt osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] jktHkk\"kk dgykrh gSA Ÿ jk\"VªHkk\"kk rFkk jktHkk\"kk esa varj gSA bUgsa ,d u le>saA Hkkjr esa dk;kZy;h dke&dkt osQ fy, fganh rFkk vaxzs”kh nksuksa Hkk\"kkvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Ÿ 14 flracj] 1949 dks lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 343 osQ vuqlkj fganh dks Hkkjr dh jktHkk\"kk ?kksf\"kr fd;k x;kA blfy, izfro\"kZ ;g fnu fganh fnol osQ :i euk;k tkrk gSA laioZQ Hkk\"kk & laioZQ $ Hkk\"kk vFkkZr~ laioZQ dh Hkk\"kkA og Hkk\"kk ftldk iz;ksx ns'k osQ fuoklh vkil esa laioZQ djus osQ fy, djrs gSa] laioZQ Hkk\"kk dgykrh gSA 7 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

Ÿ Hkkjr dh laioZQ Hkk\"kk fganh gS rFkk fo'o dh laioZQ Hkk\"kk vaxzs”khA Hkkjr dh ekU;rk izkIr Hkk\"kk,¡ Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa ckbZLk (22) izknsf'kd Hkk\"kkvksa dks ekU;rk nh xbZ gSA os bl izdkj gSa & fganh] vlfe;k] ckaxyk] xqtjkrh] cksMks] Mksxjh] dUuM+] d'ehjh] dksad.kh] iatkch] mnZw] eSfFkyh] ey;kye] ef.kiqjh] ejkBh] usikyh] mfM+;k] laLo`Qr] rfey] rsyqxw] laFkkyh rFkk fla/hA ekud Hkk\"kk & tc Hkk\"kk fodkl&izfozQ;k ls xqtjrh gS] rc mldh ,d:irk dks cuk, j[kuk dfBu gks tkrk gAS fgna h Hkk\"kk dk {k=s k cgrq O;kid g]S blfy, bl ij ckfs y;kas rFkk miHkk\"kkvkas dk iHz kko iMr+ k jgrk gAS ,ls h fLFkfr eas o.kk±s o 'kCnkas oQs ,d ls vf/d :i ipz fyr gks tkrs gAaS dkuS &lk :i 'knq /~ rFkk ekud g]S ;g tkuus eas dfBukbZ dk vuHq ko gkrs k gAS bl dkj.k Hkk\"kk eas ,d:irk dh vko';drk iMr+ h gAS Hkk\"kk oQs ftl :i dks f'kf{kr tukas no~ kjk i;z Dq r o fono~ kukas no~ kjk LohoQ` r fd;k tkrk g]S og Hkk\"kk dk ekud :i dgykrk gAS miHkk\"kk vkSj cksyh Hkk\"kk dk {ks=k cgqr foLr`r gksrk gSA og vius ewy {ks=k ls ckgj rd iSQy tkrh gS vkSj mlesa lkfgR; dh ,d yach ijaijk gksrh gSA mlosQ fdlh ,d {ks=k esa cksfy;k¡vkSj miHkk\"kk,¡cksyh tkrh gSaA vekud :i ekud :i vekud :i ekud :i ¼ n~/ vUr var à v lEcU/ laca/ } n~o u;s u, HkQ > vk;h vkbZ mIkHkk\"kk% miHkk\"kk fdlh Hkk\"kk osQ lhfer {ks=k esa cksyh tkrh gSaA miHkk\"kk esa y?kqdFkk] dgkuh] dfork vkfn lkfgfR;d jpuk,¡fy[kh tkrh gSaA eFkqjk osQ vklikl ^czt&miHkk\"kk* cksyh tkrh gSA cztHkk\"kk] [kM+h cksyh] vo/h rFkk eSfFkyh cksfy;k¡gSa] ijarq budk iz;ksx lkfgfR;d jpuk osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA blfy, ;s miHkk\"kk cu xbZA Hkkxyiqj vkSj eqaxsj (fcgkj) f”kyksa esa ^vafxdk* miHkk\"kk gSA blesa lkfgfR;d jpuk,¡gksrh gSaA Hkkxyiqj fo'ofon~;ky; esa bls i<+k;k tkrk gSA bu {ks=kksa dh eq[; Hkk\"kk fganh gSA cksyh% cksyh fdlh izkar osQ cgqr NksVs&ls {ks=k esa cksyh tkrh gSA blesa lkfgfR;d jpuk,¡ugha gksrh vkSj bls ljdkjh dke&dkt esa ekU;rk izkIr ugha gksrhA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 8

[kM+h cksyh vc lhfer nk;js esa ugha cksyh tkrhA vc ;g tu lkekU; dh Hkk\"kk cu xbZ gS vkSj blesa lkfgfR;d jpuk,¡Hkh gks jgh gSaA ljdkjh dkedkt esa blh [kM+h cksyh dk iz;ksx gks jgk gSA fganh vkSj mldh cksfy;k¡ 1- if'peh fganh % cqansyh] duktS h] ctz Hkk\"kk] [kMh+ ] cksyh] ck¡x: (gfj;k.koh) 2- iwohZ fganh % vo/h] c?ksyh] NRrhlx<+h] 3- fcgkjh fganh % exgh] eSfFkyh] Hkkstiqjh 4- igkM+h fganh % oqQYyqbZ (eafM;kyh)] x<+okyh] oqQekÅ¡uh 5- jktLFkkuh fganh % t;iqjh] fuekM+h] ekyoh] ekjokM+h] Hkhyh fyfi vkjaHk esa Hkk\"kk osQoy cksyh tkrh FkhA mldk fyf[kr :i ugha FkkA /hjs&/hjs Hkk\"kk dks fy[kus dh vko';drk vuqHko dh xbZA blfy, Hkk\"kk dh ^èofu;ksa* osQ fy, ^fpg~u* fu/kZfjr fd, x,A bu fpg~uksa dks fyfi dgrs gS vkSj buosQ n~okjk Hkk\"kk fy[kh tkus yxhA fopkjksa ;k èofu;ksa dks fy[kdj izdV djus osQ fy, fuf'pr fd, x, fpg~u fyfi dgykrs gSaA fo'o dh leLr Hkk\"kkvksa dh viuh&viuh fyfi gSA fganh dh fyfi nsoukxjh gSA mnwZ dh fyfi i+ Qkjlh gSA laLo`Qr] ejkBh] xqtjkrh] usikyh vkSj dksad.kh Hkk\"kk,¡nsoukxjh esa fy[kh tkrh gSaA Hkk\"kk osQ ekud :i osQ fy, orZuh dh ,d:irk vko';d gksrh gSA Hkk\"kk fyfi iz;ksx fganh nsoukxjh eSaus ^f'k[kjksa ls vkxs* miU;kl i<+kA laLo`Qr nsoukxjh olq/so oqQVqEcde~A iatkch xq#eq[kh vaxzs”kh I read the book ‘Romeo and Juliet’. jkseu nsoukxjh fyfi dh fo'ks\"krk,¡ Ÿ nsoukxjh fo'o dh ,dek=k oSKkfud fyfi gSA
 Ÿ izR;sd èofu osQ fy, ,d fpg~u fu/kZfjr gSA Ÿ ys[ku o eqnz.k esa ,d:irk (jkseu] vjch] i+ Qkjlh esa gLrfyf[kr rFkk eqfnzr :i vyx & vyx gksrs gSaA)A 9 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

O;kdj.k Hkk\"kk vkSj O;kdj.k osQ chp xgjk laca/ gSA O;kdj.k og 'kkL=k gS] tks Hkk\"kk dks 'kqn~/ :i ls cksyus] fy[kus] i<+us vkSj le>us esa lgk;rk djrk gSA O;kdj.k esa Hkk\"kk dks fu;fer vkSj O;ofLFkr cukus osQ fu;e gksrs gSa] ftudh lgk;rk ls ge Hkk\"kk dk 'kqn~/ ,oa izHkkOk'kkyh iz;ksx djuk lh[k ikrs gSaA dks;y ij isM+ mM+dj cSB xbZA (v'kqn~/) dks;y mM+dj isM+ ij cSB xbZA ('kqn~/) O;kdj.k osQ fu;eksa ls bu okD;ksa osQ 'kqn~/ vkSj v'kqn~/ gksus dk irk pyrk gS rFkk O;kdj.k osQ fu;e Hkk\"kk dks 'kqn~/ vkSj ifjekftZr cuk nsrs gSaA og 'kkL=k] ftlls Hkk\"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i vkSj iz;ksx dk Kku gksrk gS] mls O;kdj.k dgrs gSaA O;kdj.k osQ vax o.kZ&fopkj 'kCn&fopkj okD;&fopkj vkvks nksgjk,¡ • ns'k osQ vf/dka'k fuokfl;ksa n~okjk cksyh tkus okyh Hkk\"kk jk\"VªHkk\"kk gksrh gSA • jktHkk\"kk dk iz;ksx ns'k osQ iz'kklfud dk;ksZa esa fd;k tkrk gSA • fon~okuksa o f'k{kkfonksa n~okjk Loho`Qr Hkk\"kk dk :i ekud Hkk\"kk dgykrk gSA • cksyh Hkk\"kk dk vYifodflr o {ks=kh; :i gksrh gSA • miHkk\"kk cksyh dk foLr`r :i gksrh gSA • fyfi èofu;ksa dks fy[kus dh fof/ gksrh gSA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fy[kksA d- Hkk\"kk osQ eq[; :i dkSu&ls gSa\\ muosQ pkj&pkj mnkgj.k fy[kksA [k- xn~; rFkk in~; lkfgR; osQ pkj&pkj eq[; lkfgR;dkjksa osQ uke o mudh jpuk,¡fy[kksA x- cksyh fdls dgrs gSa\\ ;g miHkk\"kk ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\\ ?k- nsoukxjh fyfi dh rhu fo'ks\"krk,¡crkvksA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 10

2- okD;ksa dks i<+dj muosQ vkxs lgh (ü) ;k xyr (û) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- xhr xkrs gq, euq\"; fyf[kr Hkk\"kk dk iz;ksx djrk gSA [k- usrk th Hkk\"k.k nsrs le; ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA x- eSaus iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fy[krs le; fyf[kr Hkk\"kk dk iz;ksx fd;kA ?k- ek¡losjs iwtk osQ le; ea=k cksyus esa ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk dk iz;ksx djrh gSaA 3 fuEufyf[kr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djksA d- fo'o esa -------------------- Hkk\"kk,¡cksyh tkrh gSA [k- eu osQ Hkko izdV djus dk lk/u -------------------- gSA x- fganh -------------------- fyfi esa fy[kh tkrh gSA ?k- mnwZ Hkk\"kk -------------------- fyfi esa rFkk vaxsz”kh Hkk\"kk -------------------- fyfi esa fy[kh tkrh gSA Ä- izR;sd Hkk\"kk dh fyfi -------------------- gksrh gSA 4- fuEufyf[kr cksfy;ksa dks mfpr LFkku ij fy[kksA cqansyh] dukSth] cztHkk\"kk] vo/h] c/syh] NRrhlx<+h] exgh] eSfFkyh] HkkStiqjh] x<+okyh] oqQekÅ¡uh] oqQYyqbZ] t;iqjh] ekyoh] Hkhyh if'peh fganh iwohZ fganh fcgkjh fganh igkM+h fganh jktLFkkuh fganh -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- 5- fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkk\"kk osQ fdl :i dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA d- ukuh n~okjk ekU;k dks dgkuh lqukukA --------------------------------------- [k- lekpkj&okfpdk n~okjk lekpkj&okpuA --------------------------------------- x- Nk=kksa n~okjk iz'u&i=k gy djukA --------------------------------------- ?k- f'k{kd n~okjk oaQI;wVj ij dke djukA --------------------------------------- Ä- firkth n~okjk dchj dks le>kukA --------------------------------------- 11 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

2 o.kZ&fopkj (Orthography and Pronunciation) og lcls NksVh èofu ftlosQ vkSj [akM ugha gks ldrs] o.kZ dgykrh gSA es”k 'kCn esa èofu;k¡gSa& e~ $ ,] ”k~ $ vA ;s lcls NksVh èofu;k¡gSaA buosQ vkSj [kaM ugha gks ldrsA ;s o.kZ gSaA o.kZekyk o.kks± osQ ozQecn~/ ,oa O;ofLFkr lewg dks o.kZekyk dgrs gSaA ekud fganh o.kZekyk osaQfnz; fganh funs'kky; (Hkkjr ljdkj) vkSj jk\"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj\"kn n~okjk ekud fganh o.kZekyk dk fu/kZj.k bl izdkj fd;k x;k gSA Loj& v vk b bZ m Å vks vkS ½, ,s v;ksxokg& va v% O;atu& o~Q [~k x~ ?k~ M~+ p~ N~ t~ >~ ×k~ V~ B~ M~ <~ .k~ M+ <+ r~ Fk~ n~ /~ u~ i~ Ik~Q c~ Hk~ e~ ;~ j~ y~ o~ 'k~ \"k~ l~ g~ {k] =k] K] J la;qDr O;atu gSaA vkW] ”k] Ik+ Q vkxr èofu;k¡gSaA vkW Loj gS rFkk ”k vkSj Ik+ Q O;atu gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 12

o.kZ osQ Hksn o.kZ osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSa& 1- Loj 2- O;atu vkSj 3- v;ksxokgA 1- Loj ftu o.kkasZ dk mPpkj.k djrs le; gok eq¡g esa fcuk #osQ ckgj vkrh gS] mUgsa Loj dgrs gSaA Loj Lora=k èofu;k¡gSaA fganh esa 11 Loj gSaA v vk b bZ m Å ½ , ,s vks vkS Loj vkSj mudh ek=kk,¡ Lojksa osQ fuf'pr fpg~uksa dks ek=kk dgrs gSaA O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k Lojksa osQ fcuk ugha gksrkA O;atuksa osQ lkFk Lojksa dh ek=kkvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Loj vkSj mudh ek=kk,¡(fpg~u) bl izdkj gSaA Loj v vk b bZ mÅ ek=kk ugha gksrh k f h q w Loj ½ , ,s vks vkS ek=kk ` s S ks kS ^m* rFkk ^Å* dh nksuksa ek=kk,¡^j* osQ lkFk chp esa yxrh gSa] uhps ( q] w) ughaA tSls& j $ m ¾ # (#i;k)] j $ Å ¾ : (:ik) Loj osQ Hksn Loj rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA d- âLo Loj [k- nh?kZ Loj x- Iyqr Loj d- âLo Loj % ftu Lojksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; lcls de le; yxrk gS] mUgsa âLo Loj dgrs gSaA âLo Loj pkj gSa& v b m ½ [k- nh?kZ Loj % ftu Lojksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; âLo Lojksa ls yxHkx nks xquk vf/d le; yxrk gS] mUgsa nh?kZ Loj dgrs gSaA nh?kZ Loj lkr gSaA vk bZ Å , ,s vks vkS x- Iyqr Loj % ftu Lojksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; âLo Lojksa ls yxHkx rhu xquk vf/d le; yxrk gS] mUgsa Iyqr Loj dgrs gSaA 13 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

Iyqr Lojksa dk mPpkj.k ea=k i<+us vkSj iqdkjus vkfn osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ftl Loj dk mPpkj.k Iyqr osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gS] mlosQ vkxs fganh dh fxurh dk vad ý fy[kk tkrk gSA bldk vFkZ gksrk gS fd ml Loj dk mPpkj.k âLo Lojksa ls rhu xquk vf/d le; yxkdj fd;k tk,AA tSls] vksýe~] HkS;ký] vEeký] dkdký vkfnA 2- O;atu ftu o.kks± dk mPpkj.k djrs le; gok oaQB ls fudydj] eq¡g esa #ddj ckgj vkrh gS mUgsa O;atu dgrs gSaA O;atu osQ Hksn % O;atu rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA d- Li'kZ O;atu [k- var%LFk O;atu x- Å\"e O;atuA d- Li'kZ O;atu % ftu O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; gok daB] rkyq] ew/kZ] nk¡r ;k gksaBksa dk Li'kZ djosQ eq[k ls ckgj vkrh gS] mUgsa Li'kZ O;atu dgrs gSaA Li'kZ O;atu gSa& doxZ d [k x ?k M+ poxZ p N t > ×k”k VoxZ V B M < .k M+ <+ roxZ r Fk n / u ioxZ i IkQ c Hk e Ik+ Q [k- var%LFk O;atu % ftu O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k Lojksa vkSj O;atuksa osQ eè; gksrk gS] mUgsa var%LFk O;atu dgrs gSaA var%LFk O;atu gSa & ;] j] y] oA x- Å\"e O;atu % ftu O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; gok eq¡g esa Vdjkdj Å\"ek (xehZ) iSnk djrh gS] mUgsa Å\"e O;atu dgrs gSaA Å\"e O;atu gSa & 'k] \"k] l] gA 3- v;ksxokg fganh o.kZekyk esa vuqLokj ( a ) vkSj folxZ ( % ) dks ^v* osQ lkFk tksM+dj ozQe'k% ^va* vkSj ^v%* fy[kk tkrk gSA bUgsa v;ksxokg blfy, dgk tkrk gS fd ^v* osQ ;ksx ls ;kuh Loj dh lgk;rk ls budk mPpkj.k fd;k tkrk gSA O;atuksa osQ mPpkj.k esa Hkh Lojksa dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gSA fdarq bu nksuksa esa varj ;g gS fd O;atuksa osQ mPpkj.k osQ ckn Loj vkrk gS (tSls& o~Q $ v ¾ d) vkSj v;ksxokgksa osQ mPpkj.k ls iwoZ Loj vkrk gSA (eafnj esa e~ $ v osQ ckn vuqLokj vk;k gSA) fganh O;kdj.k & 8 14

v;ksxokg osQ Hksn % v;ksxokg nks gksrs gSa& d- vuqLokj [k- folxZ v;ksxokg u rks Loj gS vkSj u gh O;atuA Loj vkSj O;atu osQ eè; dh fLFkfr gksus osQ dkj.k bUgsa fganh nsoukxjh fyfi esa Lojksa osQ ckn vkSj O;atuksa ls iwoZ fy[kk tkrk gSA d- vuqLokj (µa ) % vuqLokj dk fpg~u fcanq ( a ) gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx Lojksa vkSj O;atuksa osQ Åij fcanq osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& gal] va'k] dal vkfnA vuqLokj dk mPpkj.k ukd ls fd;k tkrk gSA [k- folxZ ( %) % folxZ dk fpg~u (%) gSA bldk iz;ksx o.kZ osQ vkxs nks fcanqvks osQ :i esa gksrk gAS tSls& izkr%] ue%] var%dj.k vkfnA folxZ dk mPpkj.k ^g~* osQ leku gksrk gAS vuqukfld (µ¡) % vuqukfld dk fpg~u ( ¡) gSA bls panzfcanq Hkh dgrs gSaA bldk iz;ksx Lojksa vkSj O;atuksa osQ Åij fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& vk¡[k] xk¡o] Vk¡x] lk¡i vkfnA vuqukfld dk mPpkj.k ukd vkSj eq¡g ls fd;k tkrk gSA gy dk fpg~u ( ~ ) % O;atuksa osQ uhps gyar dk fpg~u yxrk gSA bldk vFkZ gksrk gS fd og O;atu vk/k gS ;k Lojghu gSA vkxr èofu;k¡ fganh esa vusd fons'kh 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mu 'kCnksa dk mPpkj.k mlh izdkj j[kus osQ fy, vkW] ”k] Ik+ Q èofu;ksa dk fodflr fd;k x;k gSA vaxzs”kh] mnwZ] vjch] Ik+ Qkjlh vkfn Hkk\"kkvksa osQ 'kCnksa esa budk iz;ksx gksrk gSA vkW % bl èofu dk iz;ksx vaxzs”kh 'kCnksa osQ 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ^vk* vkSj ^vks* osQ chp dh èofu gSA tSls& MkWy] ckWy] MkWDVj vkfnA bu fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx u djus ls Mky] cky oqQN fHkUu vFkZ nsaxsA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • Hkk\"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ ftlosQ [kaM ugh gks ldrs] o.kZ dgykrh gSA Loj rFkk O;atu blosQ nks Hksn gSaA • o.kks± osQ lewg dks o.kZekyk dgrs gSaA • ,d ls vf/d O;atu tc tksM+dj cksys ;k fy[ks tkrs gSa rks os la;qDrk{kj dgykrs gSaA • 'kCn esa vk, o.kksZa dks vyx&vyx djosQ fy[kuk o.kZ&foPNsn dgykrk gSA 15 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fy[kksA 1- vuqLokj] folxZ vkSj vuqukfld ;qDr rhu&rhu 'kCn fyf[k,A 2- mPpkj.k osQ vk/kj ij O;atu fdrus izdkj osQ gksrs gSa\\ muosQ uke fyf[k,A 2- fuEufyf[kr o.kksZa dks feykdj fy[kksA d- i~ $ vkS $ j~ $ vk $ .k~ $ b $ o~Q $ v & ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- [k- i~ $ m $ j~ $ m $ \"k~ $ v $ r~ $ o~ $ v & ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- x- l~ $ v $ e~ $ Hk~ $ v $ o~ $ v $ r~ $ v% & ---------------------------------- ?k- g~ $ v¡$ l~ $ v $ e~ $ m $ [k $ v & M-+ r~ $ ½ $ \"k~ $ .k~$ vk & 3- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk o.kZ & foPNsn djksA d- J`a[kyk & ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- izLFkku & ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- ckSn~f/d & ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- vko`Q\"V & ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 8 16

3 laf/k (Joining) lfa / dk vFkZ gkrs k g&S eys ;k tkMs A+ tc 'kCnkas oQs nks o.kk±s oQs ikl&ikl gkus s ls mueas eys gks tkrk g]S rc ckys rs le; mUgas vyx&vyx ugha ckys k tkrk] cfYd mudk mPpkj.k Hkh ,d gks tkrk gAS ;gh eys lfa / dgykrk gAS laf/ osQ Hksn laf/ osQ Hksn laf/ osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gS% • Loj laf/ • O;atu laf/ • folxZ laf/ Loj laf/ O;atu laf/ folxZ laf/ Loj laf/ tgk¡nks Lojksa dk ijLij esy gksus ls fdlh ,d Loj ;k nksukas esa ifjorZu gks tkrk gS] og Loj laf/ dgykrk gSA tSls& oxZ $ vkdkj ¾ oxkZdkj (v $ vk ¾ vk)] Hkkjr $ banq ¾ Hkkjrsanq (v $ b ¾ ,) vkfnA Loj laf/ osQ Hksn Loj laf/ Loj laf/ osQ ik¡p Hksn gksrs gSa% nh?kZ laf/ v;kfn laf/ • nh?kZ laf/ • xq.k laf/ • o`n~f/ laf/ • ;.k~ laf/ • v;kfn laf/ xq.k laf/ o`n~f/ laf/ ;.k laf/ d- nh?kZ laf/ & âLo vFkok nh?kZ v] vk] b] bZ] m] Å ls ijs ,d tSls âLo ;k nh?kZ Loj (v] vk] b] bZ] m] Å) vk tk,¡] rks ;s nksuksa feydj nh?kZ vFkkZr~ ^vk*] ^bZ*] ^Å* gks tkrs gSaA mnkgj.k & v $ v ¾ vk pj $ vpj ¾ pjkpj osn $ var ¾ osnkar ije $ vFkZ ¾ ijkeFkZ ij $ v/hu ¾ ijk/hu jke $ vorkj ¾ jkekorkj lw;Z $ vLr ¾ lw;kZLr v $ vk ¾ vk iqLrd $ vky; ¾ iqLrdky; lR; $ vkxzg ¾ lR;kxzg fge $ vky; ¾ fgeky; jRu $ vkdj ¾ jRukdj oxZ $ vkdkj ¾ oxkZdkj vk;r $ vkdkj ¾ vk;rkdkj vk $ vk ¾ vk egk $ vk'k; ¾ egk'k; fon~;k $ vky; ¾ fon~;ky; n;k $ vkuan ¾ n;kuan 17 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

egk $ vkRek ¾ egkRek Jn~/k $ vkuan ¾ Jn~/kuan okrkZ $ vkyki ¾ okrkZyki vk $ v ¾ vk fon~;k $ vH;kl ¾ fon~;kH;kl js[kk $ vafdr ¾ js[kkafdr fon~;k $ vFkhZ ¾ fon~;kFkhZ f'k{kk $ vFkhZ ¾ f'k{kkFkhZ lhek $ var ¾ lhekar ;Fkk $ vFkZ ¾ ;FkkFkZ b $ b ¾ bZ dfo $ banz ¾ dohanz jfo $ banz ¾ johanz dfi $ banz ¾ dihanz gfj $ bPNk ¾ gjhPNk vfr $ bo ¾ vrho eqfu $ banz ¾ equhanz b $ bZ ¾ bZ fxjh $ bZ'k ¾ fxjh'k f{kfr $ bZ'k ¾ f{krh'k dfi $ bZ'oj ¾ dih'oj jfo $ bZ'k ¾ joh'k gfj $ bZ'k ¾ gjh'k eqfu $ bZ'oj ¾ equh'oj bZ $ bZ ¾ bZ unh $ bZ'k ¾ unh'k lrh $ bZ'k ¾ lrh'k ukjh $ bZ'oj ¾ ukjh'oj tkudh $ bZ'k ¾ tkudh'k egh $ bZ'k ¾ egh'k jtuh $ bZ'k ¾ jtuh'k ukjh $ banz ¾ ukjhanz y{eh $ bPNk ¾ y{ehPNk bZ $ b ¾ bZ 'kph $ banz ¾ 'kphanz m$m¾Å lw $ mfDr ¾ lwfDr xq# $ mins'k ¾ xq#ins'k lk/q $ mins'k ¾ lk/wins'k fo/q $ mn; ¾ fo/wn; Hkkuq $ mn; ¾ Hkkuwn; y?kq $ mRrj ¾ y?kwRrj m$žŠy?kq $ ÅfeZ ¾ y?kwfeZ vacq $ ÅfeZ ¾ vacwfeZ fla/q $ ÅfeZ ¾ fla/wfeZ Å$žŠo/w $ ÅfeZ ¾ oèkwfeZ Hkw $ ÅèoZ ¾ HkwèoZ Hkw $ ÅtkZ ¾ HkwtkZ Å$m¾Å Hkw $ mn~/kj ¾ Hkwn~/kj Hkw $ mn~xkj ¾ Hkwn~xkj o/w $ mRlo ¾ o/wRlo [k- xq.k laf/ & xq.k laf/ dk vfHkizk; gS&Lojksa osQ xq.k esa ifjorZu gks tkuk vFkkZr~ ^v* ;k ^vk* Lojksa osQ ckn ;fn âLo ;k nh?kZ ^b*] ^m* vFkok ^½* Loj vkrs gSa rks nksuksa osQ esy ls ozQe'k% ^,*] ^vks* ;k ^vj~* gks tkrs gSaA bls xq.k laf/ dgk tkrk gSA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 18

mnkgj.k & /eZ $ banz ¾ /es±æ xt $ banz ¾ xtsaæ v$b¾, Lo $ bPNk ¾ LosPNk uj $ banz ¾ ujsaæ e`x $ banz ¾ e`xsanz lkse $ bZ'k ¾ lkses'k fnu $ bZ'k ¾ fnus'k nso $ banz ¾ nsosanz ;ksx $ bZ'k ¾ ;ksxs'k lqj $ bZ'k ¾ lqjs'k v $ bZ ¾ , egk $ banz ¾ egsanz ;Fkk $ b\"V ¾ ;Fks\"V x.k $ bZ'k ¾ x.ks'k ije $ bZ'oj ¾ ijes'oj jkdk $ bZ'k ¾ jkosQ'k egk $ bZ'oj ¾ egs'oj mek $ bZ'k ¾ mes'k jktk $ bZ'oj ¾ jkts'oj vk $ b ¾ , jktk $ banz ¾ jktsanz panz $ mn; ¾ panzksn; loZ $ mn; ¾ loksZn; vk $ bZ ¾ , yksd $ midkj ¾ yksdkidkj fookg $ mRlo ¾ fookgksRlo jek $ bZ'k ¾ jes'k yadk $ bZ'k ¾ yaosQ'k uo $ ÅfeZ ¾ uoksfeZ ty $ ÅfeZ ¾ tyksfeZ v $ m ¾ vks egk $ mn; ¾ egksn; egk $ mnf/ ¾ egksnf/ lw;Z $ mn; ¾ lw;ksZn; olar $ mRlo ¾ olarksRlo egk $ ÅfeZ ¾ egksfeZ n;k $ ÅfeZ ¾ n;ksfeZ v $ Å ¾ vks nso $ ½f\"k ¾ nsof\"kZ jkt $ ½f\"kZ ¾ jktf\"kZ leqnz $ ÅfeZ ¾ leqnzksfeZ egk $ ½f\"k ¾ egf\"kZ o\"kkZ $ ½rq ¾ o\"kZrq vk $ m ¾ vks egk $ mRlo ¾ egksRlo vk $ Å ¾ vks xaxk $ ÅfeZ ¾ xaxksfeZ v $ ½ ¾ vj~ lIr $ ½f\"k ¾ lIrf\"kZ czg~e $ ½f\"k ¾ czg~ef\"kZ vk $ ½ ¾ vj~ jktk $ ½f\"k ¾ jktf\"kZ x- o`n~f/ laf/ & ^v* ;k ^vk* osQ ckn ;fn ^,*] ^,s* vFkok ^vks*] ^vkS* Loj vk tk,¡rks nksuksa osQ esy ls ozQe'k% ^,s* vkSj ^vkS* gks tkrs gSaA bls o`n~f/ laf/ dgk tkrk gSA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 19

mnkgj.k% v $ , ¾ ,s ,d $ ,d ¾ ,oSQd vk $ , ¾ ,s lnk $ ,o ¾ lnSo v $ vks ¾ vkS nar $ vks\"B ¾ narkS\"B vk $ vks ¾ vkS egk $ vkstLoh ¾ egkStLoh v $ ,s ¾ ,s er $ ,sD; ¾ erSD; vk $ ,s ¾ ,s egk $ ,s'o;Z ¾ egS'o;Z vk $ vkS ¾ vkS egk $ vkS\"kf/ ¾ egkS\"kf/ v $ vkS ¾ vkS ije $ vkS\"kf/ ¾ ijekS\"kf/ ?k- ;.k~ laf/ & tc ^b*] ^bZ*] ^m*] ^Å*] ;k ^½* osQ ckn dksbZ vU; Loj vk tk ^;*] m ¾ Å dk ^o* rFkk ½ dk ^j~* gks tkrk gSA bls ;.k laf/ dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k% ;fn $ vfi ¾ ;n~;fi vfr $ vf/d ¾ vR;f/d b$v¾; bZ $ v ¾ ; unh $ viZ.k ¾ un~;iZ.k nsoh $ vi.kZ ¾ nsO;iZ.k b $ vk ¾ ;k vfr $ vkpkj ¾ vR;kpkj bfr $ vkfn ¾ bR;kfn bZ $ vk ¾ ;k l[kh $ vkxeu ¾ l[;kxeu unh $ vkxe ¾ un~;kxe b $ m ¾ ;q vfr $ mRre ¾ vR;qRre mifj $ mDr ¾ mi;qZDr b $ Å ¾ ;w fu $ Åu ¾ U;wu fo $ mQg ¾ O;wg bZ $ Å ¾ ;w unh $ ÅfeZ ¾ un~;wfeZ b $ , ¾ ;s izfr $ ,d ¾ izR;sd vf/ $ ,rk ¾ vè;srk b $ va ¾ ;a izfr $ vax ¾ izR;ax izfr $ vapk ¾ izR;apk bZ $ ,s ¾ ;S nsoh $ ,s'o;Z ¾ nsO;S'o;Z m$v¾o vuq $ v; ¾ vUo; lq $ vYi ¾ LoYi m $ vk ¾ ok lq $ vkxr ¾ Lokxr e/q $ vky; ¾ eè;oky; Å $ vk ¾ ok o/w $ vkxeu ¾ oèokxeu o/w $ vkns'k ¾ oèokns'k m $ b ¾ fo vuq $ bZ{k.k ¾ vfUo{k.k m $ ,s ¾ os vuq $ ,\"k.k ¾ vUos\"k.k m $ va ¾ oa ruq $ vaxh ¾ rUoaxh vuq $ ,\"kd ¾ vUos\"kd ½ $ v ¾ j ekr` $ vkns'k ¾ fi=kuqefr ½ $ vk ¾ jk ekr` $ vkns'k ¾ ek=kkns'k ekr` $ va'k ¾ ek=ka'k ½ $ b ¾ fj ekr` $ bPNk ¾ ekf=kPNk fir` $ vkKk ¾ fi=kkKk ½$m¾# fir` $ mins'k ¾ fi=kqins'k fganh O;kdj.k & 8 20

Ä- v;kfn laf/ & ;fn ,&,s] vks&vkS osQ ckn dksbZ fHkUu Loj vk tkrk gS] rks buosQ LFkku ij ^,* dk ^v;*] ^vks* dk ^vo~* vkSj ^vkS* dk ^vko* gks tkrk gSA bls v;kfn laf/ dgrs gSaA , $ v ¾ v; us $ vu ¾ u;u 'ks $ vu ¾ 'k;u ,s $ v ¾ vk; xS $ vd ¾ xk;d uS $ vd ¾ uk;d vks $ m ¾ vo iks $ vu ¾ iou Hkks $ vu ¾ Hkou vks $ b ¾ vfo Hkks $ b\"; ¾ Hkfo\"; iks $ b=ke~ ¾ ifo=ke~ vkSj $ Å ¾ vko ikS $ vu ¾ ikou ikS $ vd ¾ ikod ,s $ b $ vkf; xS $ bd ¾ xkf;dk uS $ bdk ¾ ukf;dk vkS $ b ¾ vkfo ukS $ bd ukfod vkS $ , ¾ vkos rks $ ,o ¾ rkoso vkS $ m ¾ vkoq HkkS $ md ¾ Hkkoqd O;atu laf/ fdlh O;atu dk Loj vFkok O;atu ls esy gksus ij tks fodkj (ifjorZu) mRiUu gksrk gS] og O;atu laf/ dgykrk gSA tSls & rr~ $ yhu ¾ rRyhu lr~ $ tu ¾ lTtu 1- oxZ osQ igys oxZ dk rhljs o.kZ esa ifjorZu fnxacj (o~Q&x~) ¾ fno~Q $ vacj ¾ vtar (p~&t~) ¾ vp~ $ var ¾ mn~?kkVu (r~&n~) ¾ mr~ $ ?kkVu ¾ 2- o.kZ osQ ik¡posa o.kZ esa ifjorZu ¾ okM~e+ ; (o~Q&M~)+ ¾ oko~Q $ e; ¾ lUekxZ (r~&u~) ¾ lr~ $ ekxZ ¾ \"k.ekl (V~&.k~) ¾ \"kV~ $ ekl ¾ mUufr (r~&u~) ¾ mr~ $ ufr 3- ^r* laca/h fu;e mr~ $ pkj.k ¾ mPpkj.k r~ $ p ¾ Pp rr~ $ Nk;k ¾ rPNk;k r~ $ N ¾ PN mr~ $ Toy ¾ mTToy r~ $ t ¾ Tt c`gr~ $ Vhdk ¾ c`gV~Vhdk r~ $ V ¾ V~V 21 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

r~ $ M ¾ M~M mr~ $ M;u ¾ mM~M;u r~ $ y ¾ Yy mr~ $ ykl ¾ mYykl r~ $ g ¾ n~/ mr~ $ gj.k ¾ mn~/j.k r~ $ 'k ¾ PN mr~ $ 'okl ¾ mPNokl 4- ^e* laca/h fu;e 1- e~ osQ ckn d ls e rd dksbZ Hkh O;atu gks] rks og mlh oxZ osQ iape o.kZ (M]+ ×k] .k] u] e) esa cny tkrk gSA (iape o.kZ vuqLokj osQ :i esa iz;qDr gksrk gS)] tSls& vge~ $ dkj ¾ vgadkj le~ $ è;k ¾ laè;k le~ $ t; ¾ lat; le~ $ fpr ¾ lafpr 2- e~ osQ ckn ;fn ;] j] y] o] 'k] \"k] l] g] gks rks] e~ vuqLokj dk :i ys ysrk gS] tSls& le~ $ ;ksx ¾ la;ksx le~ $ or ¾ laor le~ $ jpuk ¾ lajpuk le~ $ lkj ¾ lalkj 3- e~ osQ ckn ;fn e vk, rks e n~foRo gks tkrk gS] tSls& le~ $ efr ¾ lEefr le~ $ eku ¾ lEeku le~ $ eq[k ¾ lEeq[k le~ $ esyu ¾ lEesyu 5- ½] j] \"k osQ ckn u vk,] rks og .k gks tkrk gS] tSls& ifj $ uke ¾ ifj.kke Hkk\"k $ u ¾ Hkk\"k.k ½ $u ¾ ½.k r`\"k~ $ uk ¾ r`.kk folxZ laf/ folxZ osQ ckn Loj ;k O;atu vkus ij muosQ esy ls tks ifjorZu gksrk gS] og folxZ laf/ dgykrk gSA tSls & eu% $ jFk ¾ euksjFk nq% $ tu ¾ nqtZu folxZ laf/ osQ oqQN fu;e 1- folxZ (%) dk ^'k~] \"k~] l~* esa ifjorZu gksuk (p @ N ¾ 'k~_ d@[k] V@B] i@IkQ ¾ \"k~ rFkk Rk@Fk ¾ l~ gksuk) fu% $ Ny ¾ fu'Ny fu% $ fpar ¾ fuf'apr nq% $ pfj=k ¾ nq'pfj=k nq% $ lkgl ¾ nqLlkgl fganh O;kdj.k & 8 22

2- folxZ dk ^j~* esa ifjorZu gksuk folxZ ls igys ^v@vk* osQ vfrfjDr vU; Loj gks vkSj ckn esa dksbZ Loj gks ;k fdlh oxZ dk rhljk] pkSFkk] ik¡pok o.kZ ;k ;] j] y] o] g esa ls dksbZ o.kZ gks] rks folxZ ^j~* gks tkrk gS] tSls& nq% $ xq.k ¾ nqxqZ.k nq% $ yHk ¾ nqyZHk iqu% $ tUe ¾ iqutZUEk fu% $ /u ¾ fu/Zu 3- folxZ dk ^vks* esa ifjorZu gksuk folxZ ls igys ^v* rFkk ckn esa ^v* ;k fdlh oxZ dk rhljk] pkSFkk] ik¡pok o.kZ vFkok ;] j] y] o] g gks] rks folxZ ^vks* gks tkrk gS] tSls& eu% $ cy ¾ eukscy eu% $ gj ¾ euksgj (v% $ c ¾ vks) (v% $ g ¾ vks) 4- folxZ dk yksi gksuk folxZ ls igys âLo Loj rFkk ckn esa ^j* gksus ij âLo Loj nh?kZ Loj esa cny tkrk gS vkSj folxZ dk yksi gks tkrk gS] tSls& fu% $ jl ¾ uhjl fu% $ jt ¾ uhjt laf/&foPNsn laf/ fd, gq, o.kks± dks vyx djosQ igys okyh fLFkfr esa ykuk laf/&foPNsn dgykrk gS] tSls& lagkj ¾ le~ $ gkj 'kkL=kkFkZ ¾ 'kkL=k $ vFkZ euksuqowQy ¾ eu% $ vuwowQy rikscy ¾ ri% $ cy vkvks nksgjk,¡ • nks èofu;ksa osQ ikl&ikl gksus osQ dkj.k muosQ vkilh esy ls mRiUu fodkj laf/ dgykrk gSA • laf/ osQ Hksn&Loj laf/] O;atu laf/ rFkk folxZ laf/A • Loj laf/&nks Lojksa osQ esy ls mRiUu fodkjA • Loj laf/ osQ Hksn&nh?kZ] xq.k] o`n~f/] ;.k~ rFkk v;kfn laf/A • O;atu laf/&O;atu dk O;atu vFkok Loj ls esy gksus ij mRiUu fodkjA • folxZ laf/&folxZ dk fdlh Loj vFkok O;atu ls esy gksus ij mRiUu fodkjA 23 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr laf/&foPNsn dh laf/ djksA [k- mr~ $ pkj.k ¾ ----------------------- d- iks $ vu ¾ ----------------------- ?k- en $ mUeRr ¾ ----------------------- x- lq $ mfDr ¾ ----------------------- M-+ eu% $ gj ¾ ----------------------- 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ laf/&foPNsn djksA d- ikou ¾ ------------------- $ ------------------- [k- iq#\"kksRre ¾ ------------------- $ ------------------- x- mM~M;u ¾ ------------------- $ ------------------- ?k- rFkSo ¾ ------------------- $ ------------------- M-+ mi;qZDr ¾ ------------------- $ ------------------- 3- fuEufyf[kr laf/&foPNsnksa esa ls lgh mRrj pquksA d- /ekZRek ¾ /ekZ $ vkRek èkeZ $ vkRek èkeZ $ vkRe [k- ;ksxh'oj ¾ ;ksfx $ 'oj ;ksxh $ bZ'oj ;ksxh'k $ oj x- lalkj ¾ le~ $ lkj lu~ $ lkj la $ lkj 4- fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj laf/ djksA lIr $ ½f\"k ¾ (v $ ½ ¾ vj~) ¾ lIrf\"kZ d- panz $ mn; ¾ ----------------------------- ¾ ----------------------------- [k- ;fn $ vfi ¾ ----------------------------- ¾ ----------------------------- x- ije $ bZ'oj ¾ ----------------------------- ¾ ----------------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 8 24

4 orZuh&fopkj (Spellings) fyfi oQs fpgu~ kas dk lkFkdZ foU;kl vkjS oQz e ls fy[kuk gh oruZ h gAS bl ifz oQz ;k ls 'kCnkas dh jpuk gkrs h gAS Hkk\"kk dh y?kqre bdkbZ vFkkZr~ o.kksZa osQ foU;kl dks orZuh dgrs gSaA fganh Hkk\"kk esa ,d:irk ykus osQ fy, Hkkjr ljdkj dh vksj ls iz;kl fd;k x;kA blosQ fyf[kr :i dks loZekU; cukus osQ fy, bldk ekuo :i fu/kZfjr fd;k x;kA ^oasQnzh; fganh funs'kky;* (ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj) us fganh orZuh dk ekud :i fu/kZfjr djus dh fn'kk esa lkFkZd igy dh gSA blls fganh orZuh dk ekud :i fuf'pr gks x;k gSA eqnz.k osQ {ks=k esa oaQI;wVjksa osQ iz;ksx ls Hkh orZuh dk u;k :i lkeus vk;k gSA blls orZuh vkSj vf/d ekud ,oa Li\"V gks xbZ gSA osaQnzh; fganh funs'kky; n~okjk fganh Hkk\"kk dh orZuh ,oa vU; iz;ksx laca/h funsZ'kksa dks vkxs nsf[k,A 1- la;qDr o.kZ d- [kM+h ikbZ okys O;atu % [kMh ikbZ okys O;atuksa dk la;qDr :i [kM+h ikbZ gVkdj cuk,¡A tSls& [;kfr] yXu] fo?;] dPpk] NTtk] ux.;] oqQRrk] iF;] èofu] U;k;] I;kl] fMCck] lH;] jE;] 'kÕ;k] mYys[k] O;kl] 'yksd] jk\"Vªh; Loho`Qfr vkfnA [k- vU; O;atu % v- ^d* vkSj ^IkQ* osQ la;qDrk{kj & la;qDr] iDdk] nÝ+ rj vkfn blh rjg cuk, tk,¡u fd la;qÙkQ] iéïk] ni~Qrj dh rjgA vk- M]+ N] V] M] <] n] vkSj g osQ la;qDrk{kj gy~ fpg~u yxkdj gh cuk, tk,¡A tSls& okM~e+ ;] yV~Vw] fon~;k] fpg~u] czgek vkfnA b- la;qDr ^j* osQ izpfyr rhuksa :i ;Fkkor jgsaxsA tSls& izdkj] /eZ] jk\"VªA bZ- ^J* dk izpfyr :i gh ekU; gksxkA r~ $ j osQ la;qDr :i osQ fy, ^=k* vkSj ^Ë* nksuksa :iksa esa ls fdlh ,d osQ iz;ksx dh NwV gksxhA m- gy~ fpg~u ;qDr o.kZ ls cuus okys la;qDrk{kj osQ n~forh; O;atu osQ lkFk ^b* dh ek=kk dk iz;ksx lacaf/r O;atu osQ rRdky iwoZ gh fd;k tk,xk u fd iwjs ;qXe ls iwoZA ;Fkk& oqQV~fVe] n~ohrh;] cqn~f/eku] fpg~fur vkfnA 25 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

2- foHkfDr&fpg~u d- fganh osQ foHkfDr&fpg~u lHkh izdkj osQ laKk 'kCnksa esa izfriknd ls i`Fkd fy[ks tk,¡] tSls& jke us] jke dks] jke ls] jke osQ fy, vkfnA loZuke 'kCnksa esa ls fpg~u izfriknd osQ lkFk feydj fy[ks tk,¡] tSls& mlus] mldks] mlls vkfnA [k- ;fn loZuke osQ lkFk nks foHkDr&fpg~u gksa rks muesa igyk feykdj vkSj nwljk i`Fkd fy[kk tk,] tSls& mlosQ fy,] blesa ls] muosQ fy,] muesa ls vkfnA x- loZuke vkSj foHkfDr osQ chp gh] rd] dks vkfn gks rks foHkfDr dks i`Fkd@fy[kk tk,] tSls& vki gh osQ fy,] eq> rd dksA 3- fozQ;kin la;qDr fozQ;kvks esa Hkh vaxHkwr fozQ;k,¡i`Fkd&i`Fkd fy[kh tk,¡] tSls&i<+k djrk gS] vk ldrk gS] tk;k djrk gS] [kk;k djrk gS] tk ldrk gS] dj ldrk gS] fd;k djrk Fkk] i<+k djrk Fkk] [ksyk djsxk] ?kwerk jgsxk] c<+rs pys tk jgs gSa vkfnA 4- ;kstd fpg~u ;kstd fpg~u dk foèkku Li\"Vrk osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA d- n~oan~o lekl esa inksa osQ chp ;kstd fpg~u yxk;k tk,] tSls& jke&y{e.k] f'ko&ikoZrh] ns[k&js[k] pky&pyu] g¡lh&e”kkd] ysu&nsu] i<+uk&fy[kuk] [kkuk&ihuk] [ksyuk&owQnuk vkfnA [k- lk] tSlk vkfn ls iwoZ ;kstd fpg~u yxk;k tk,] tSls& rqe&lk] jke&tSlk] pkowQ&ls rh[ksA x- rRiq#\"k lekl esa ;kstd fpg~u dk iz;ksx osQoy ogha fd;k tk,] tgk¡ mlosQ fcuk Hkze gksus dh laHkkouk gks] vU;Fkk ugha] tSls & Hkw&rRoA lkekU;r% rRiq#\"k lekl osQ mnkgj.kksa esa ;kstd fpg~u yxkus dh vko';drk ugha gSA tSls& jkejkT;] jktoqQekj] xaxkty] xzkeoklh] vkRegR;k vkfnA v&u[k (fcuk u[k dk)] v&ufr (uezrk dk vHkko)&vkfn buosQ chp ;kstd fpg~u ugha yxk;k tk,xk rks ;s vu[k] vufr] vijl] HkwrRo cu tk,¡xsA ;s lHkh ;qXe orZuh vkSj vFkZ nksuksa n`f\"V;ksa ls fHkUu 'kCn gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 26

?k- dfBu laf/;ksa ls cpus osQ fy, ;kstd fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] tSls& n~fo&v{kj] n~fo&vFkZd vkfnA 5- vO;; ^rd*] ^lkFk* vkfn vO;; lnk i`Fkd fy[ks tk,¡] tSls& vkiosQ lkFk] ;gk¡rdA fganh esa vkg] vksg] vgk] ,] gh] rk] lks] Hkh] u] tc] rd] dc] ;gk¡] ogk¡] dgk¡] lnk] D;k] Jh] th] Hkj] ek=k] lkFk] fd] fdarq] exj] ysfdu] pkgs] ;k] vFkok] rFkk] ;Fkk vkSj vkfn vusd izdkj osQ Hkkoksa dk cks/ djkus okys vO;; gSaA oqQN vO;;ksa osQ vkxs foHkfDr&fpg~u Hkh vkrs gS] tSls& vc ls] ;gk¡ls] ogk¡ls] lnk ls vkfnA fu;e osQ vuqlkj vO;; lnk i`Fkd fy[ks tkus pkfg,] tSls& vki gh osQ fy,] eq> rd dks] vkiosQ lkFk] x”k Hkj diM+k] ns'k Hkj] jkr Hkj] fnu Hkj] og bruk Hkj dj ns] eq>s tkus rks nks] dke Hkh ugha cuk] ipkl #i, ek=k vkfnA lEekukFkdZ ^Jh* vkjS ^th* iF` kd fy[ks tk,¡] tSls& Jh jktho xka/h] dUgS;kyky th] iar th vkfnA leLrinksa esa izfr] ek=k] ;Fkk vkfn vO;; i`Fkd ugha fy[ks tk,¡xs] tSls& izfrfnu] izfr'kr] ekuoik=k] fufeRrek=k] ;Fkkle;] ;Fkksfpr] ;FkkozQe vkfnA ;g loZfofnr fu;e gS fd lekl gksus ij leLrin ,d ekuk tkrk gSA vr% mls vyx&vyx u fy[kdj ,d lkFk fy[kuk gh laxr gSA 6- Jqfrewyd ^;* vkSj ^o* d- ;gk¡Jqfrewyd ;] o dk iz;ksx fodYi ls gksrk gS] ogk¡u fd;k tk, vFkkZr~ fd,&fd;s] ubZ&u;h] gqvk&gqok vkfn esa igys (LojkRed) :iksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,A ;g fu;e fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k vO;; vkfn lHkh :iksa vkSj fLFkfr;ksa esa ykxw ekuk tk,] tSls& fn[kk, x,] jke osQ fy,] iqLrd fy, gq,] ubZ fnYyh vkfnA [k- tgk¡^;* Jqfrewyd O;kdjf.kd ifjorZu u gksdj 'kCn dk gh ewy gks] ogk¡oSdfYid Jqfrewyd LojkRed ifjorZu dh vko';drk ugha gS] tSls& LFkk;h] vO;;hHkko] nkf;Ro vkfnA ;gk¡LFkkbZ] vO;bZHkko] nkbRo ugha fy[kk tk,xkA 7- vuqLokj rFkk vuqukfldrk&fpg~u d- vuqLokj ( a ) vkSj vuqukfldrk ( ¡) nksuksa izpfyr gksaxsA O;atuksa osQ ik¡pksa oxks± esa ls dksbZ o.kZ gks rks ,d:irk vkSj eqnz.k rFkk ys[ku dh lqfo/k osQ fy, vuqLokj dk gh iz;ksx djuk pkfg,] tSls& xaxk] papy] BaM] laè;k] laiknd vkfnA 27 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

;fn iapek{kj osQ ckn fdlh dks vU; oxZ dk dksbZ o.kZ vk, vFkok ogh iapek{kj nqckjk vk, rks iapek{kj vuqLokj osQ :i esa ifjofrZr ugha gksxk] tSls& okM~e+ ;] vU;] vUu] lEesyu] lEefr] fpUe;] mUeq[k vkfnA [k- panzfcanq osQ fcuk izk;% vFkZ esa Hkze dh xqatkb'k jgrh gS] tSls& gal&g¡l] vaxuk&v¡xuk vkfn esaA vr,o ,sls Hkze dks nwj djus osQ fy, panzfcanq dk iz;ksx vo'; fd;k tkuk pkfg,A NksVs cPpksa dh izosf'kdkvksa esa tgk¡panzfcanq dk mPpkj.k fl[kkuk vHkh\"V gks] ogk¡mldk ;FkkLFkku lo=k iz;ksx fd;k tk,] tSls& dgk¡] g¡luk] vk¡xu] l¡ojuk vkfnA f'kjksjs[kk osQ Åij okys ek=kk ;qDr o.kks± esa vuqukfld dh txg vuqLokj fy[kk tk,xkA tSls& gSa] eSa] D;ksa] [khap] vkSa/k vkfnA 8- fons'kh èofu;k¡ d- vjch&Ik+ Qkjlh ;k vaxzs”kh ewyd os 'kCn] tks fganh osQ vax cu pqosQ gSa] os fganh :i esa gh Lohdkj fd, tk ldrs gSa] tSls& dye] nkx] fdyk vkfn (o+ Qye] nkx+ ] fo+ Qyk ugha)A tgk¡ mudk 'kqn~/ fons'kh :i esa iz;ksx vHkh\"V gks vFkok mPpkj.kxr Hksn crkuk vko';d gks] ogk¡muosQ fganh esa izpfyr :iksa esa ;FkkLFkku oDr yxk, tk,¡] tSls& [kkuk&[k+kuk] jkt&jk”k] IkQu&Ik+ Qu vkfnA [k- vaxzs”kh osQ ftu 'kCnksa esa v/Zfuo`r ^vks* èofu dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] muosQ 'kqn~/ :i dk fganh esa iz;ksx vHkh\"V gksus ij ^vk* dh ek=kk (k) osQ Åij v/Zpanz dk iz;ksx fd;k tk, (k) tSls MkWDVjA x- fganh osQ oqQN ,sls 'kCn gSa] ftuosQ nks&nks :i cjkcj py jgs gSaA fon~oRlekt esa nksuksa :iksa dh ,d&lh ekU;rk gSA fIk+ Qygky budh ,d:irk vko';d ugh le>h xbZ gSA oqQN mnkgj.k gSa& fcYoqQy & fcyoqQy xjnu & xnZu cjIk+Q & cIk+ZQ Hkjrh & HkrhZ ljnh & lnhZ oqQjlh & oqQlhZ 9- gy~ fpg~u laLo`Qrewyd rRle 'kCnksa dh orZuh esa lkekU;r% laLo`Qr :i gh j[kk tk,] ijarq ftu 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx esa fganh esa gy~ fpg~u yqIr gks pqdk gS] mlesa mldks fIkQj ls yxkus dk ;Ru u fd;k tk,] tSls& egku] fon~oku vkfn osQ ^u* esaA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 28

10- Lou&ifjorZu laLo`Qrewyd rRle 'kCnksa dh orZuh dks T;ksa&dk&R;ksa xzg.k fd;k tk,A vr% czgek dks czEgk] fpg~u dks fpUg] m½.k dks mfj.k esa cnyuk mfpr ugha gksxkA blh izdkj xzghr] n`\"VO;] iznf'kZuh] vR;kf/d] vukf/dkj vkfn v'kqn~/ iz;ksx xzkg~; ugha gSaA buosQ LFkku ij x`ghr] nz\"VO;] izn'kZuh] vR;f/d] vuf/dkj gh fy[kuk pkfg,A ftu rRle 'kCnksa esa rhu O;atuksa osQ la;ksx dh fLFkfr esa ,d n~foRoewyd O;atu yqIr gks x;k gS] mls u fy[kus dh NwV gSa] tSls& vn~/Z&vèkZ] mTToy&mToy] rRRo&rRo] egRRo&egRo vkfnA 11- folxZ laLo`Qr osQ ftu 'kCnksa esa folxZ dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] os ;fn rRle :i esa iz;qDr gksa rks folxZ dk iz;ksx vo'; fd;k tk,A tSls& var%dj.k ;k nq%[kkuqHkwfr esaA ;fn ml 'kCn osQ rn~Hko :i esa folxZ dk yksi gks pqdk gks rks ml :i esa folxZ osQ fcuk Hkh dke py tk,xk] tSls & nq[k&lq[k osQ lkFkhA 12- ,s] vkS dk iz;ksx fganh esa ^,s* ( S )] vkS ( kS) dk iz;ksx nks izdkj dh èofu;ksa dks O;Dr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA igys izdkj dh èofu;k¡& ^gS*] ^vkSj* vkfn esa gSa rFkk nwljs izdkj dh ^xoS;k*] ^dkSvk* vkfn esaA nksuksa gh izdkj dh èofu;ksa dks O;Dr djus osQ fy, bUgha fpg~uksa (,s] S] vkS] kS) dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,A xoÕ;k] dOok vkfn la'kks/uksa dh vko';drk ugha gSA 13- iwoZdkfyd izR;; iwoZdkfyd izR;; ^dj* fozQ;k ls feykdj fy[kk tk,] tSls& feykdj] [kk&ihdj] jks&jksdj vkfnA vuqPNsnksa vkfn osQ foHkktu esa lwpd o.kks± rFkk vadks dk iz;ksx&vaxzs”kh&fganh vuqoknksa esa rFkk vU; iz'kklfud lkfgR; osQ fo\"k; osQ foHkktu] mifoHkktu ,oa vuqPNsnksa rFkk mi&vuqPNsnksa dk ozQekadu djrs le; vaxzs”kh osQ ABC vFkok abc osQ fy, fganh esa loZ=k d] [k] x dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,A varjkZ\"Vªh; vadksa vFkkZr 1] 2] 3 osQ iz;ksx osQ lkFk&lkFk vko';drkuqlkj i, ii, iii vkfn dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA 29 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

1- Lojksa osQ iz;ksx laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ ckjkr cjkr vok”k vkok”k ifj{kk ijh{kk 2- vuqLokj&vuqukfld laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ dkap dk¡p v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ oqQvka oqQvk¡ pkan pk¡n v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ iks'k.k iks\"k.k 3- O;atuksa osQ iz;ksx laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ czr ozr fo'k fo\"k 4- ys[ku vkSj orZuh dh vKkurk laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ vknZ'k vkn'kZ ifRu iRuh izkr izkr% balku bulku iznf'kZuh izn'kZuh fpUg fpg~u 5- {ks=kh; cksyh osQ izHkko ls izHkkfor v'kqn~f/;k¡ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ Nek {kek jkepanj jkepanz ?kfu\"V ?kfu\"B feRrj fe=k xzgLFk x`gLFk jfoanj johanz 6- Hkk\"kk osQ vekud iz;ksx laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ bLVs'ku LVs'ku jftanj jktsanz dk;ZdeZ dk;ZozQe fganh O;kdj.k & 8 30

vH;kl dk;Z 1- uhps fy[ks okD;ksa dks 'kqn~/ djosQ nksckjk fy[kksA d- rqe m/j ij cSBksA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- og lkjk fnuHkj [ksyrk jgkA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- og n'kZu nsus vk;kA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- esjk dkyk cdjh ckgj xbZA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ä- esjs dks oqQN ugha pkfg,A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa esa ls 'kqn~/ 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fn, x, LFkku ij fy[kksA d- iwjfr iwfrZ iwrhZ ----------------------------------------------------------------- [k- vk'khokZn vkf'kokZn vk'khZokn ---------------------------------------------------------------- x- cunuk canuk oanuk ----------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- ijh{kk ifj{kk ijhNk ---------------------------------------------------------------- Ä- O;dfr O;fDr o;fDr ---------------------------------------------------------------- 3- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks ekud :i esa fy[kksA x- feVhð ---------------------- d- 'kq¼ ---------------------- [k- p×py ---------------------- ?k- lUè;k ---------------------- Ä- cqf¼ ---------------------- 31 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

5 'kCn&fopkj (Morphology) o.kksZa osQ esy ls cuh lkFkZd èofu dks 'kCn dgrs gSaA o.kksZa osQ ftl lewg dk vFkZ gksrk gS] osQoy mls gh 'kCn dgrs gSaA Hkk\"kk dh n~f\"V ls ftl o.kZ&lewg dk vFkZ ugha gksrk] og 'kCn ugha gksrkA ^M+xcM+* esa M+ $ v $ x~ $ v $ c~ $ v $ M+ $ v o.kZ gSA ;g o.kZ&lewg Hkh gSa ijarq bldk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gS] blfy, ;g 'kCn ugha gSA bUgha o.kks± dks ;fn ^xM+cM+* bl izdkj fy[kk tk, rks og lkFkZd o.kZ lewg cu tk,xk vkSj 'kCn dgyk,xkA bl izdkj Hkk\"kk esa lkFkZd 'kCnksa dk gh iz;ksx mfpr ekuk tkrk gSA 'kCn osQ Hksn fuEufyf[kr vk/kjksa ij 'kCn osQ Hksn gksrs gSa& • okD; esa iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn • jpuk ;k cukoV osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn • mRifRr ;k lzksr osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn • O;kdjf.kd izdk;Z osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn • vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ HksnA 1- okD; esa iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn okD; esa iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ nks Hksn gSa& d- lkFkZd 'kCn vkSj [k- fujFkZd 'kCnA lkFkZd 'kCn & ftu 'kCnksa dk dksbZ fuf'pr vFkZ gksrk gS] mUgsa lkFkZd 'kCn dgrs gSaA tSls& fon~;ky;] ?kj] iqLrd vkfnA fujFkZd 'kCn & ftu 'kCnksa dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gksrk gS] mUgsa fujFkZd 'kCn dgrs gSaA tSls& [kV&[kV] pw¡] oksVh] okuh vkfnA foaQrq dHkh&dHkh okD;ksa esa budk iz;ksx lkFkZd 'kCnksa dh rjg fd;k tkrk gS vkSj rc os oqQN vFkZ izdV djus yxrs gSaA tSls& [kV&[kV er djks vFkkZr vkok”k er djksA vjs HkkbZ] mls ikuh&okuh fiyk nks vFkkZr mldk Lokxr&lRdkj djksA 2- jpuk ;k cukoV osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn jpuk ;k cukoV osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& d- :<+ 'kCn] [k- ;kSfxd 'kCn vkSj x- ;ksx:<+ 'kCnA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 32

:<+ 'kCn & ,sls 'kCn tks fganh esa ijaijk ls fdlh fo'ks\"k vFkZ osQ fy, iz;ksx fd, tk jgs gSa vkSj vU; 'kCnksa osQ ;ksx ls ugha cus gq, gSa] mUgsa :<+ 'kCn dgrs gSaA ,sls 'kCnksa dks [kafMr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA tSls& f'k{kk] cqn~f/] jkr] fnu] iq=k vkfnA :<+ 'kCnksa osQ [kaM djus ij muosQ vFkZ ugha fudyrsA ;kSfxd 'kCn & nks ;k vf/d 'kCnksa ;k 'kCnka'kks osQ esy ls cuus okys 'kCnksa dks ;kSfxd 'kCn dgrs gSA ;kSfxd 'kCnksa osQ [kaM fd, tk ldrs gSa vkSj izR;sd [kaM dk vFkZ gksrk gSA tSls& fge $ vky; ¾ fgeky; ?kqM+ $ nkSM+ ¾ ?kqM+nkSM gfj $ n~okj ¾ gfjn~okj xkS $ eq[k ¾ xkSeq[k ;ksx:<+ 'kCn & ,sls ;kSfxd 'kCn tks lkekU; vFkZ osQ LFkku ij dksbZ fo'ks\"k vFkZ iznku djrs gSa] ;ksx:<+ 'kCn dgykrs gSaA tSls& ,d $ nar ¾ ,dnar (x.ks'k) iad $ t ¾ iadt(dey) ihr $ vacj ¾ ihrkcaj (fo\".kq) n'k $ vkuu ¾ n'kkuu(jko.k) 3- mRifRr ;k lzksr osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn vkjaHk ls ysdj vc rd fganh Hkk\"kk esa 'kCn dbZ lzksrksa ls vk, gSaA buosQ vk/kj ij 'kCn pkj izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& d- rRle 'kCn [k- rn~Hko 'kCn x- ns'kt 'kCn vkSj ?k- fons'kh 'kCnA d- rRle 'kCn % laLo`Qr osQ os 'kCn tks vius ewy :i esa fganh esa iz;qDr gksrs gSa] rRle 'kCn dgykrs gSaA tSls& ftg~ok] fHk{kk] x`g] liZ] ty] vfXu] nqX/] vJq vkfnA [k- rn~Hko 'kCn % ,sls 'kCn tks ewy :i esa laLo`Qr osQ gSa] ijarq fganh esa mudk :i oqQN foo`Qr gks x;k gS] rn~Hko 'kCn dgykrs gSA rn~Hko 'kCn dk vFkZ gh gS mlls ;kuh laLo`Qr ls mRiUuA tSls& thHk] Hkh[k] ?kj] lk¡i] vkx] nw/] vk¡lw vkfnA x- ns'kt 'kCn % tks 'kCn LFkkuh; ;k {ks=kh; izHkko ls vko';drkuqlkj fganh Hkk\"kk esa vk x, gSa] ns'kt 'kCn dgykrs gSaA tSls& yksVk] Vk¡x] xksM+] fMfCk;k] ixM+h] f[kPkM+h] BsB] paV vkfnA ?k- fons'kh 'kCn % fganh Hkk\"kk esa iz;ksx fd, tkus okys fons'kh Hkk\"kkvksa osQ 'kCnksa dks fons'kh 'kCn dgrs gSaA ;s 'kCn vius ewy :i esa gh fganh esa iz;qDr gksrs gSaA bUgsa vkxr 'kCn Hkh dgrs gSaA fganh esa iz;ksx fd, tkus okys oqQN fons'kh 'kCn uhps fn, x, gSa& 1- vaxsz”kh & esVªks] Vªsu] dkj] lkbfdy] 'kVZ] oSQi] cSt] ykmMLihdj] ekbozQksiQksu] eksckby] i+ SQDl] VsyhfizaVj] dkWi+ Qh] cSx] Dykl] LowQy vkfnA 33 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

2- vjch & v[kckj] vnkyr] balki+ Q] b'kkjk] buke] vkSjr] dle] rkjh[k vkfnA 3- iQkjlh & vkneh] vkenuh] vkLrhu] dn~nw] dej] [kjhn] [kjkc] xqykc] fpjkx] ued] uewuk] elkyk] ekse] 'kgn] f'kdkj] 'ksj] lC”kh vkfnA 4- O;kdjf.kd izdk;Z osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn O;kdjf.kd izdk;Z osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& d- fodkjh 'kCn rFkk [k- vfodkjh 'kCnA d- fodkjh 'kCn % ftu 'kCnksa osQ :i fyax] opu] dkjd] dky vkfn osQ dkj.k cny tkrs gSa] mUgsa fodkjh 'kCn dgrs gSaA fodkjh 'kCn pkj gksrs gSa& laKk] loZuke] fo'ks\"k.k vkSj fozQ;kA buosQ :i ifjorZu'khy gSaA laKk & lC”kh&lfC”k;k¡&lfC”k;ksa ukjh&ukfj;k¡&ukfj;ksa loZUkke & rqe&rqEgsa&rqEgkjk fdlus&fdUgksaus [k- vfodkjh 'kCn % ftu 'kCnksa osQ :i fyax] opu] dkjd vkSj dky vkfn dh n`f\"V ls ugha cnyrs] mUgsa vfodkjh 'kCn dgrs gSaA vfodkjh 'kCn gSa& fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k] laca/cks/d] leqPp;cks/d vkSj foLe;kfncks/dA fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k & ekyk Hkhrj cSBh gSA jes'k Hkhrj cSBk gSA laca/cks/d & ekyk osQ lkFk deyk tk,xhA jkt osQ lkFk eksgu tk,xkA leqPPk;cks/d & ek/qjh ;k lfjrk dks cqyk ykvksA lqjsanz ;k fufru dks cqyk ykvksA foLe;kfncks/d & vjs! izsek ukp jgh gSA vjs! o#.k ukp jgk gSA bu okD;ksa esa vk, Hkhrj] osQ lkFk] ;k] vjs] vfodkjh 'kCn gSaA buosQ :i fyax] opu] dkjd vkfn osQ dkj.k ugha cnysA 5- vFkZ dh n`f\"V ls 'kCn osQ Hksn ?k- okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn Ng izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& d- i;kZ;okph 'kCn [k- foykse 'kCn x- vusdkFkhZ 'kCn Ä- ,dkFkhZ 'kCn p- lekukHkk\"kh 'kCn&;qXeA d- i;kZ;okph 'kCn % ftu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ leku gksrs gSa] mUgsa i;kZ;okph 'kCn dgrs gSaA tSls & vfXu % vkx] vuy] ikod unh % lfjrk] lfyyk] ltyk x.ks'k % fouk;d] xtkuu] yacksnj fganh O;kdj.k & 8 34

[k- foykse 'kCn % tks 'kCn ijLij foijhr vFkZ nrs s g]aS mUgas foykse vFkok foijhrkFkZd 'kCn dgrs gSaA tSls& funzk × tkxj.k vkxeu × izLFkku vuqt × vxzt vknku × iznku midkj × vidkj dfu\"B × T;s\"B x- vusdkFkhZ 'kCn % ftu 'kCnksa osQ ,d ls vf/d vFkZ gksrs gSa] mUgsa vusdkFkhZ 'kCn dgrs gSaA tSls& 'kCn vFkZ 'kCn vFkZ vacj vkdk'k] oL=k dud lksuk] /rwjk oj ojnku] nwYgk ?ku ckny] gFkkSM+k] ?kuk ?k- okD;ka'k osQ fy, ,d 'kCn % vusd 'kCnksa (okD;ka'k) osQ LFkku ij vkus okys ,d 'kCn dks okD;ka'kcks/d 'kCn dgrs gSaA tSls& ftlosQ vkus dh dksbZ frfFk u gks ¾ vfrfFk ftlesa tkuus dh bPNk gksrh gS ¾ ftKklq tks vkyl djrk gS ¾ vkylh Ä- ,dkFkhZ 'kCn % ftu 'kCnksa dk ,d gh vFkZ gksrk gS] mUgsa ,dkFkhZ 'kCn dgrs gSaA tSls& iz.kke ¾ ueLdkj ekuo ¾ euq\"; u`R; ¾ ukp o`{k ¾ isM+ p- lekukHkk\"kh 'kCn&;qXe % oqQN 'kCn ,sls gksrs gSa] ftudh orZuh esa fHkUurk gksrs gq, Hkh mPpkj.k esa bruk lw{e varj gksrk gS fd os ,d leku lqukbZ nsrs gSa] ijarq muosQ vFkZ loZFkk fHkUu gksrs gSaA ,sls 'kCnksa dks Jqfrle fHkUukFkZd 'kCn vFkok lekukHkk\"kh 'kCn&;qXe dgrs gSaA tSls& 'kCn vFkZ 'kCn vFkZ vof/ le; lhek] rd vo/h ,d miHkk\"kk vkvks nksgjk,¡ • o.kks± dk lkFkZd ,oa Lora=k lewg 'kCn dgykrk gSA • lzksr] jpuk] iz;ksx vkSj vFkZ&bu pkj vk/kjksa ij 'kCnks osQ Hksnksa dk oxhZdj.k gksrk gSA • vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij ,dkFkhZ] vusdkFkhZ] lekukFkhZ vkSj foijhrkFkhZA • fgUnh Hkk\"kk esa oqQN 'kCn tksM+s ls iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA bUgsa ;qXe 'kCn dgrs gSa] tSls& ikl&ikl] pqi&pki] ykHk&gkfu] gkj&thr vkfnA 35 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

vH;kl dk;Z 1- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa esa :<+] ;kSfxd vkSj ;ksx:<+ 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fn, x, LFkku ij fy[kksA uedhu Å¡V tyt fdrkc xq.koku Vk¡x ?kksM+k i'kq oqQjlh vui<+ yacksnj n'kkuu lqiq=k ihrkacj ijns'k uhydaB d- :<+ 'kCn & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- ;kSfxd 'kCn & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- ;ksx:<+ 'kCn & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ls fodkjh 'kCn vkSj vfodkjh 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fy[kksA rFkk ;g ?kksM+k [kkuk vHkh /hjs dkyk [ksyuk fdarq D;ksafd mls vksg! rw yM+dk vjs! vkSj d- fodkjh 'kCn & --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- vfodkjh 'kCn & --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- uhps fn, x, 'kCn fdl Hkk\"kk ls fganh esa vk, gSa] fy[kksA d- oqQyh --------------------------- [k- LowQy --------------------------- x- [kwu --------------------------- ?k- Mk;jh --------------------------- Ä- LVs'ku --------------------------- 4- uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa osQ rn~Hko :i fy[kksA [k- eqDrk --------------------------- d- d.kZ --------------------------- ?k- xzke --------------------------- x- y{k --------------------------- Ä- x`g --------------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 8 36

6 milxZ vkSj çR;; (Prefix and Suffix) fganh Hkk\"kk esa 'kCn fuekZ.k pkj çdkj ls fd;k tkrk gS& 1- milxZ yxkdj 2- çR;; yxkdj 3- laf/ n~okjk 4- lekl n~okjk milxZ vkSj çR;; nksuksa 'kCnka'k gSa vFkkZr ;s iwjs 'kCn ugha gSa vkSj u gh budk okD;ksa esa vyx ls ç;ksx gksrk gSA nksukas gh 'kCn osQ lkFk tksM+s tkrs gSa rFkk buosQ tqM+us ls 'kCn osQ vFkZ esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA oqQN 'kCnka'k fdlh ewy 'kCn osQ igys tqM+dj mlosQ vFkZ esa fo'ks\"krk ;k ifjorZu ykrs gSa] mUgsa milxZ dgrs gSaA tSls& xq.k 'kCn dk vFkZ gS& ftlesa xq.k gksA ;fn blls igys ^vo* tksM+ fn;k tk, rks ;g 'kCn cu tk,xk& ^voxq.k*A rc bldk vFkZ gksxk& ftlesa xq.k u gks ;gk¡vo milxZ osQ :i esa ç;ksx gqvk gSA blh çdkj ^cy* 'kCn ls igys ;fn ^ç* yxk nsa rks ,d u;k 'kCn ^çcy* lkeus vk,xkA rc bldk vFkZ gks tk,xk& ^fo'ks\"k 'kfDr okyk* vkSj ;fn ^fuj* yxk nsa rks gks tk,xk& ^fucZy*A rc bldk vFkZ gksxk ^'kfDrghu*A vr% milxZ 'kCnksa osQ çkjaHk esa tqM+rs gSa rFkk buosQ ç;ksx ls ewy 'kCn dk vFkZ cny tkrk gSA laLo`Qr osQ milxZ milxZ vFkZ mnkgj.k vfr vf/d vfrfjDr] vfrdksey] vfrikou vf/ Å¡pk @ Js\"B vf/dkj] vf/o`Qr] vf/dj.k] vf/dkjh vuq ihNs @ leku vuoq kn] vu:q i] vuHq ko] vuoq Qw y] vu'q kklu] vulq kj] vueq ku vi cqjk @ ghu viO;;] vi'kCn] vieku] vi;'k] vi'koqQu vfHk lkeus @ ikl vfHkeku] vfHk;ku] vfHk'kki] vfHkuo] vfHk;ksx] vfHkçk; vo fu'p; @ cqjk voxq.k] vo/kj.kk] vorkj] vodk'k] voewY;u vk rd @ lesr vknku] vkj{k.k] vktUe] vkej.k] vkdkj] vkthou] vkdk'k mr~ Js\"B @ Åij mRoQ\"kZ] mRre] mRlkg] mRFkku] mRikr mi lehi @ xkS.k mifLFkr] mins'k] midkj] miou] mixzg] milagkj] miokD; nql~ @ nqj~ dfBu @ cqjk nqyZHk] nqLlkgl] nqnZ'kk] nq?kZVuk] nqxqZ.k] nqxZe] nq\"deZ ful~ @ fuj~ jfgr @ fcuk @ ugha fuLlansg] fuLlarku] funksZ\"k] futhZo] fueZy] fu/Zu] fuHkZ; ijk foijhr @ ihNs @ ijs ijkt;] ijk/hu] ijkozQe 37 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

milxZ vFkZ mnkgj.k ifj pkjksa vksj@vf/d ifjpkyd] ifjJe] ifjiw.kZ iz vf/d @ vkxs iz[;kr] izcy] izxfr] izfln~f/] izHkko] iz;Ru] iz;ksx çfr gj @ myVk @ lkeus izfrowQy] izfrèofu] çfrfcac] izfrn~oanh fo fo'ks\"k @ fHkUu fons'k] fot;] foi{k] foKku] foHkkx] fof'k\"V] fookn le~ leku @ la;ksx @ iw.kZ laokn] laiw.kZ] lEeku] lEesyu lq vPNk @ Js\"B lqxe] lqcks/] lqf'kf{kr] lq'khy] lqik=k] lqdeZ] lqiq=k v ugha @ fu\"ks/ vHkko] vKku] vfgalk] v/eZ] vukFk] vpy] vleFkZ lr~ @ ln~ vPNk lRlaxfr] lRiq#\"k] lRlax] lRdeZ] ln~xfr] ln~Hkko] ln~xq.k iqu% fiQj @ nksckjk iqutZUe] iqufoZokg] iqu#RFkku] iqufuZekZ.k] iqufoZpkj] iqujkxeu Lo;a vius vki Lo;aoj] Lo;alsok] Lo;alsod] Lo;afln~/ fpj lnk @ LFkkbZ fpjatho] fpjifjfpr] fpjLFkk;h milxZ vFkZ fganh osQ milxZ vu ugha mnkgj.k oqQ cqjk vui<+] vutku] vugksuh] vudgh] vueksy l lfgr @ vPNk oqQik=k] oqQ:i] oqQdeZ] oqQpky] oqQ[;kr] oqQiq=k lq vPNh loqQ'ky] lifjokj] ltx] liwr] liRuhd] ljl v/ vk/k lq?kM+] lqtku] lqiq=k] lqdeZ] lq/kj] lqfopkj fcu fcuk @ jfgr v/ejk] v/idk] v/f[kyk] v/tyk v vHkko @ fu\"ks/ fcuek¡xk] fcuC;kgk mu ,d de vej] vpsr] vNwr] vpy] vdky] vKku nq cqjk @ ghu murhl] murkyhl] mulB] mugRrj fu uhps @ fu\"ks/ @ fcuk nqjkpkjh] nqcyk] nq[kn] nq\"deZ] nq'pfj=k Hkj iwjk fugRFkk] fuMj] fuokl] fu;qDr] fuca/ Hkjiwj] HkjisV] Hkjekj milxZ vFkZ mnwZ osQ milxZ cs fcuk @ jfgr cn cqjk mnkgj.k [kq'k vPNk uk ugha csgks'k] csbZeku] csjge] csxqukg] csfglkc] cseryc xSj fHkUu cnuke] cnlwjr] cncw] cnfdLer] cng”keh yk vHkko @ fcuk [kq'kcw] [kq'kgky] [kq'k[kcjh] [kq'kfdLer ukyk;d] uk[kq'k] ukle>] ukilan] ukmEehn fganh O;kdj.k & 8 xSjdkuwuh] xSjgkf”kj] xSjf”kEesnkj] xSjljdkjh ykirk] ykokfjl] ykbykt] ykijokg 38

milxZ vFkZ mnkgj.k de FkksM+k @ U;wu demez] devDy] de”kksj] de[kpZ ge lkFk gennZ] geli+ Qj] gemez] gejk”k] ge'kDy ck lkFk ckdk;nk] ckb””kr] ckvnc nj esa njvly] njfe;ku gj lHkh gj jks”k] gj rji+ Q] gj ,d] gj lky] gj oDr lj eq[; ljnkj] ljgn] ljdkj vaxzs”kh osQ milxZ vaxzs”kh Hkk\"kk osQ oqQN milxZ ftudk fganh esa Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] tSls& milxZ vFkZ mnkgj.k lc Sub. lc&baLisDVj] lc&dkaVªSDVj] lc&tt fMIVh Deputy fMIVh&Mk;jsDVj] fMIVh&dfe'uj] fMIVh&dysDVj okbl Vice okbl&fizafliy] okbl&oSQIVu] okbl&pkalyj vflLVsaV Assistant vflLVsaV&bathfu;j] vflLVsaV&dysDVj phi+ Q Chief phi+ Q fefuLVj] phi+ Q bathfu;j] phi+ Q lsozsQVjh gSM Head gSM ekLVj] gSM DyoZQ] gSM dkaLVscy tujy General tujy eSustj] tujy eps±V] tujy LVksj izR;; & oqQN 'kCnka'k fdlh ewy 'kCn osQ var esa tqM+dj u, 'kCn cukrs gSa rFkk mlosQ vFkZ esa fo'ks\"krk ;k ifjorZu ykrs gSa] os 'kCnka'k izR;; dgykrs gSaA tSls & ^ikB* esa ^vd* tqM+us ls cuk& ^ikBd* vFkkZr i<+us okykA izR;; osQoy 'kCnka'k gSaA budk Lora=k :i ls iz;ksx ugha gksrkA izR;; 'kCnksa osQ var esa tqM+rs gSa rFkk buosQ iz;ksx ls ewy 'kCn dk vFkZ cny tkrk gSA laLo`Qr esa izR;; nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa & 1- o`Qr izR;; 2- rn~f/r izR;; 1- o`Qr izR;; & ;s os izR;; gSa tks fozQ;k osQ /krq :i osQ ckn yxrs gSa rFkk laKk vkSj fo'ks\"k.k vkfn 'kCn cukrs gSaA o`Qr izR;; ls cus 'kCnksa dks o`Qnar dgrs gSaA tSls & 1- xk $ oS;k ¾ xoS;k 2- i<+ $ vkowQ ¾ i<+kowQ 39 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

izR;; mnkgj.k izR;; mnkgj.k vkbZ fy[kkbZ @ i<+kbZ @ d<+kbZ] p<+kbZ] yM+kbZ dj ns[kdj] lqudj] i<+dj vuh; iBuh;] dFkuh;] opuh;] fuanuh; bZ udyh] g¡lh] cksyh] iQk¡lh vu fparu] euu] feyu] <Ddu Å >kM+w] yqVkÅ] fcdkÅ] mM+kÅ vDdM+ HkqyDdM+] ?kqeDdM+ vkSrh eukSrh] fiQjkSrh var fHkMa +r] x<ar b;y vfM+;y] lfM+;y vkok fn[kkok] iNrkok] cqykok] Hkqykok uh drjuh] /kSaduh] pVuh vkoV fy[kkoV] ltkoV] feykoV] cukoV vkÅ fcdkÅ] [kkÅ] fVdkÅ vkyq o`Qikyq] n;kyq] Jn~/kyq okyk j[kokyk] [kkusokyk] i<+usokyk vku mM+ku] feyku] mBku] yxku vkM+h f[kykM+h] vukM+h 2- rn~f/r çR;; & tks izR;; /krq dks NksM+dj vU; laKk] fo'ks\"k.k] loZuke vkSj vO;;ksa vkfn osQ ckn yxdj u, 'kCn cukrs gSa] os rn~f/r izR;; dgykrs gSaA tSls& 1- xjhc $ bZ ¾ xjhch 2- viuk $ iu ¾ viukiu izR;; mnkgj.k yk vxyk] fiNyk] igyk yq n;kyq] 'kadkyq] o`Qikyq ouk Mjkouk] yqHkkouk] lqgkouk gjk bdgjk] nksgjk oku xq.koku] n;koku] :ioku] /uoku] fon~;koku] cyoku okyk lC”khokyk] Bsysokyk] nw/okyk] ?kjokyk] xkM+hokyk bd lkekftd] ,sfrgkfld] /kfeZd] vkSn~;ksfxd] lkalkfjd bdk xkf;dk] ukf;dk] ckfydk] ysf[kdk] laikfndk bZ <ksydh] [ksrhs] Øks/h] caxkyh] ?kaVh] csVh] xjeh] ujeh] taxyh br lEekfur] viekfur] vkuafnr] gf\"kZr] vaoqQfjr] vafdr bu /ksfcu] yqgkfju] lqukfju] ekfyu] iqtkfju] fHk[kkfju b;k ?kfV;k] cqf<+;k] fMfc;k] jlksb;k] xqfM+;k] fpfM+;k] canfj;k bZu uedhu] jaxhu] izkphu] oqQyhu bZyk xBhyk] lthyk] jaxhyk] jlhyk] pedhyk] uqdhyk bZ; vuqdj.kh;] okaNuh;] jk\"Vªh;] Hkkjrh; ,syk fo\"kSyk] dlSyk ,jk ppsjk] eesjk] iqQisQjk] yqVsjk] lisjk d ikBd] ys[kd] BaMd] egd] /ed vk f'k\";k] Hkw[kk] I;klk] ljkZi+ Qk] I;kjk] ckyk] iwtk] cks>k fganh O;kdj.k & 8 40

vkbZ vPNkbZ] cqjkbZ] feBkbZ] prqjkbZ] HkykbZ] fpdukbZ vkuk lkykuk] jks”kkuk] esgurkuk] enkZuk] tukuk vkuh tsBkuh] nsojkuh] lsBkuh] Hkokuh vkj lqukj] yqgkj] pekj vkgV dM+okgV] fpdukgV] dykdkj] lkfgR;dkj] laxhrdkj dkj i=kdkj] peZdkj] peRdkj] va/dkj xj lkSnkxj] tknwxj] ck”khxj M+k nq[kM+k] eq[kM+k] peM+k re mPpre] Js\"Bre] dfBure] fuEure rj y?kqrj] mPprj rk fe=krk] y?kqrk] laqnjrk] izHkqrk] i'kqrk] 'k=kqrk] ekuork] lH;rk] ew[kZrk Ro nsoRo] viuRo] izHkqRo] ukjhRo ukd nnZukd] [krjukd] 'keZukd] [kkSi+ Qukd iu cpiu] yM+diu] ijk;kiu] viukiu] dkykiu] Hkksykiu ean ”k:jrean] vDyean] nkSyrean] ,glkuean ,d 'kCn esa milxZ o izR;; nksuksa dk iz;ksx milxZ ewy 'kCn izR;; fufeZr 'kCn Lo ra=k rk Lora=krk l iQy rk liQyrk ij ra=k rk ijra=krk ifj Je bZ ifjJeh lq xa/ br lqxaf/r vi eku br viekfur vfHk eku bZ vfHkekuh cs b””kr bZ csb””krh fu Mj rk fuMjrk nks izR;;ksa dk ,d lkFk iz;ksx ewy 'kCn izR;; $ izR;; fufeZr 'kCn ewy 'kCn izR;; $ izR;; fufeZr 'kCn jk\"Vªh;rk Hkkjr bZ; $ rk Hkkjrh;rk jk\"Vª bZ; $ rk n;kyqrk cPpk iu $ vk cpiuk n;k vkyq $ rk rSjkdh cu vkoV $ bZ cukoVh rSj vkd $ bZ fganh O;kdj.k & 8 41

milxZ rFkk izR;; esa varj milxZ 'kCn osQ vkjaHk esa tqM+rk gS tcfd izR;; 'kCn osQ var esaA tSls & mi (milxZ) $ ns'k ('kCn) ¾ mins'k ¾ xq.koku xq.k ('kCn) $ oku (izR;;) milxZ o izR;; esa lekurk 1- milxZ vkSj izR;; nksuksa gh 'kCnka'k gSaA budk Lora=k :i ls iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA 2- milxZ vFkok izR;; nksuksa osQ gh 'kCn esa tqM+us ls 'kCn osQ vFkZ esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA 3- ,d 'kCn esa milxZ vkSj izR;; nksuksa Hkh tksM+s tk ldrs gSaA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • milxZ&os 'kCnka'k tks fdlh lkFkZd 'kCn ls igys tqM+dj mlosQ vFkZ esa fo'ks\"krk ;k ifjorZu ykrs gSaA • izR;; & os 'kCnka'k tks fdlh lkFkZd 'kCn osQ var esa tqM+dj mlosQ vFkZ esa fo'ks\"krk ;k ifjorZu ykrs gSA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr milxksZ osQ ;ksx ls rhu&rhu 'kCn cukvksA d- v -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- [k- vo -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- x- mr~ -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ?k- iz -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- Ä- fpj -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa iz;qDr milxZ] ewy 'kCn o izR;; vyx&vyx djosQ fy[kksA 'kCn milxZ ewy 'kCn izR;; -------------------------- -------------------------- d- ijra=krk -------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------- [k- vfHkekuh -------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------- x- fuMjrk -------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------- ?k- ifjJeh -------------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 8 42

3- uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa ls muosQ izR;; vyx djksA mM+ku ----------------- nsoRo ----------------- ?kjokyk ----------------- osQafnzr ----------------- HkykbZ ----------------- cpiu ----------------- lqukj ----------------- O;fDrxr ----------------- 4- fuEufyf[kr jaxhu 'kCnksa esa iz;qDr lgh milxZ ij (ü) dk fpg~u yxkvksA d- vR;kpkj & 1- vr~ 2- vR; 3- vfr 4- v [k- mUufr& 1- mu~ 2- mr~ 3- mr 4- m x- nqnZ'kk& 1- nqj~ 2- nqj 3- nq% 4- nq ?k- la'kks/uk& 1- la 2- le~ 3- le 4- l Ä- ln~xfr& 1- ln~ 2- ln 3- lr~ 4- l 5- fuEufyf[kr izR;;lsa osQ ;ksx ls nks&nks 'kCn cukb,A d- ,jk & -------------------------- -------------------------- [k- vkSuk & -------------------------- -------------------------- x- b;k & -------------------------- -------------------------- ?k- gjk & -------------------------- -------------------------- Ä- ,syk & -------------------------- -------------------------- p- ljk & -------------------------- -------------------------- N- vkbu & -------------------------- -------------------------- 43 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

7 lekl (Compound) lekl vusd 'kCnksa dks laf{kIr djosQ u;k 'kCn cukus dh izfozQ;k dks lekl dgrs gS] tSls& jktk dk egy & jktegy ekrk vkSj firk & ekrk&firk gou osQ fy, lkexzh & gou& lkexzh ukS jkf=k;ksa dk lewg & uojkf=k lekl dk vFkZ lekl jpuk esa nks inksa dk gksuk vko';d gksrk gS ftlesa igyk in ^iwoZin* vkSj nwljk in ^mÙkj in* dgykrk gSA bu nksuksa inksa osQ esy ls cuk 'kCn ^leLrin* ;k lkekfld 'kCn dgykrk gSA lkekfld inksa osQ vkilh laca/ksa dks Li\"V djuk ^lekl foxzg* dgykrk gSA tSls& ^jlksbZ osQ fy, ?kj* & 'kCn lewg esa ^jlksbZ*&iwoZin (osQ fy,) ^?kj* ^mÙkjin* RkFkk ^jlksbZ ?kj* & ^leLr in* ;k ^lkekfld 'kCn* gSA ;fn ^jlksbZ ?kj* osQ lHkh inksa dks iqu% vyx&vyx djs& ^jlksbZ osQ fy, ?kj* rks ;g izfoQ;k ^lekl foxzg* gksxhA lekl osQ Hksn lekl osQ eq[; :i ls N% Hksn gSa% 1- vO;;hHkko lekl] 2- rRiq#\"k lekl] 3- deZ/kj; lekl] 4- n~foxq lekl] 5- n~oan~o] 6- cgqozhfg 1- vO;;hHkko lekl & vO;;hHkko lekl esa iwoZin ^vO;;* gksrk gS] rFkk ogh in iz/ku gksrk gSA vO;;hHkko lekl dk foxgz djrs le; ^mRrjin* igys fy[kk tkrk gS vkjS ^iow iZ n* ckn eas fy[kk tkrk gSA leLrin iwoZin $ mRrjin foxzg ;Fkkefr ;Fkk $ efr efr osQ vuqlkj ;Fkkfof/ ;Fkk $ fof/ fof/ osQ vuqlkj ;FkkozQe ;Fkk $ ozQe ozQe osQ vuqlkj vktUe vk $ tUe vkej.k vk $ ej.k tUe Hkj ej.k rd fganh O;kdj.k & 8 44

2- rRiq#\"k lekl & ftl lekl esa mRrjin iz/ku gksrk gS] mls RkRiq#\"k lekl dgrs gSaA bl lekl esa leLrin cukrs le; nksuksa inksa osaQ chp esa vk, dkjd fpg~uksa dk yksi gks tkrk gSA tSls& deZ dkjd dh foHkfDr ^dks* dk yksi leLrin iwoZin $ mRrjin foxzg xzkexr xzke $ xr loZHk{kh loZ $ Hk{kh xzke dks xr fxjgdV fxjg $ dV lcdks [kkus okyk ijyksdxeu ijyksd $ xeu fxjg dks dkVus okyk ijyksd dks xeu dj.k dkjd dh foHkfDr ^ls* dk yksi leLrin iwoZin $ mRrjin foxzg xq.k;qDr xq.k $ ;qDr xq.k ls ;qDr euekuk eu $ ekuk eu ls ekuk 'kksdkoqQy 'kksd $ vkoqQy 'kksd ls vkoqQy Kku;qDr Kku $ ;qDr Kku ls ;qDr laiznku dkjd dh foHkfDr ^osQ fy,* dk yksi leLrin iwoZin $ mRrjin foxzg ns'k osQ fy, HkfDr ns'k&HkfDr ns'k $ HkfDr gkFk osQ fy, dM+h gFkdM+h gkFk $ dM+h gou osQ fy, lkexzh gou&lkexzh gou $ lkexzh ;K osQ fy, 'kkyk ;K'kkyk ;K $ 'kkyk foxzg viknku dkjd dh foHkfDr ^ls* dk yksi Lusg ls jfgr Hk; ls Hkhr leLrin iwoZin $ mRrjin ns'k ls fudkyk LusgfjDr Lusg $ fjDr Hk;Hkhr Hk; $ Hkhr ns'k&fudkyk ns'k $ fudkyk 45 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

laca/ dkjd dh foHkfDr ^dk @ dh @ osQ* dk yksi foxzg leLrin iwoZin $ mRrjin nsoksa dk vky; jke dk Hkou nsoky; nso $ vky; jktk dh oqQekjh jke&Hkou jke $ Hkou Hkw dk nku jktoqQekjh jkt $ oqQekjh Hkwnku Hkw $ nku leLrin dkjd dh foHkfDr ^esa @ ij* dk yksi foxzg leLrin iwoZin $ mRrjin 'kj.k esa vkxr vius ij chrh 'kj.kkxr 'kj.k $ vkxr x`g esa izos'k vkichrh vki $ chrh x`g&izos'k x`g $ izos'k isV esa nnZ isV&nnZ isV $ nnZ 3- deZ/kj; lekl & ftl lekl osQ nksuksa inksa esa fo'ks\"k.k&fo'ks\"; ;k mies;&mieku dk laca/ gks] og deZ/kj; lekl dgykrk gSA blesa mRrjin iz/ku gksrk gS] tSls& fo'ks\"k.k&fo'ks\"; leLrin fo'ks\"k.k $ fo'ks\"; foxzg va/owQi va/ $ owQi va/k gS tks owQi (oqQvk¡) va/fo'okl va/ $ fo'okl va/k gS tks fo'okl uhy $ uhyk gS tks daB uhydaB egk $ daB egku gS tks nso egknso nso mies;&mieku mieku foxzg leLrin mies; $ vfXu ozQks/ :ih vfXu ozQks/kfXu ozQks/ $ ve`r opu :ih ve`r opuke`r opu $ 46 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

mies;&mieku leLrin mieku $ mies; foxzg panzeq[k panz $ eq[k panzek osQ leku eq[k e`xu;u e`x $ u;u e`x osQ leku u;u izk.kfiz; izk.k $ fiz; izk.k osQ leku fiz; dudyrk dud $ yrk dud osQ leku yrk 4- n~foxq lekl & ftl leLrin dk iwoZin la[;kokph fo'ks\"k.k gks] mls n~foxq lekl dgrs gSa] tSls& leLrin iwoZin $ mRrjin foxzg uojRu uo $ jRu uo (ukS) jRuksa dk lewg uoxzg uo $ xzg uo (ukS) xzgksa dk lewg 'krkCnh 'kr $ vkCnh 'kr (lkS) o\"kksZa dk lewg iapoVh iap $ oVh ik¡p oVksa (o`{kksa) dk lekgkj v\"Vkè;k;h v\"V $ vè;k;h vkB vè;k;ksa dk lewg 5- n~oan~o lekl & ftl lekl esa nksuksa gh in iz/ku gksa] og n~oan~o lekl dgykrk gS] tSls& leLrin foxzg leLrin foxzg jke&y{e.k jke vkSj y{e.k [kjk&[kksVk [kjk vkSj [kksVk iki&iq.; iki vkSj iq.; vk'kk&fujk'kk vk'kk vkSj fujk'kk jktk&iztk jktk vkSj iztk ru&eu ru vkSj eu vkVk&nky vkVk vkSj nky ljnh&xjeh ljnh vkSj xjeh /wi&nhi /wi vkSj nhi thou&ej.k thou vkSj ej.k xaxk&;equk xaxk vkSj ;equk Å¡p&uhp Å¡p vkSj uhp 6- cgqozhfg lekl & ftl lekl esa nksuksa gh in (iwoZin vkSj mRrjin) iz/ku u gksa] cfYd dksbZ vU; in gh iz/ku gks] og cgqozhfg lekl dgykrk gS] tSls& leLrin iwoZin $ mRrjin foxzg prqHkqZt prqj $ Hkqt pkj gSa Hkqtk,¡ftldh (vFkkZr fo\".kq) 'osrkacj 'osr $ vacj 'osr gSa oL=k ftlosQ (vFkkZr ljLorh) 47 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

leLrin iwoZin $ mRrjin foxzg f=kykspu f=k $ ykspu rhu gSa us=k ftlosQ (vFkkZr f'ko) fu'kkpj fu'kk $ pj fu'kk esa fopj.k djus okyk (vFkkZr jk{kl) ckjgflaxk ckjg $ flaxk ckjg lhaxksa okyk (vFkkZr i'kq fo'ks\"k) vkvks nksgjk,¡ • nks ;k nks ls vf/d 'kCnksa ls feydj cus gq, ,d uohu ,oa lkFkZd 'kCn dks lekl dgrs gSaA • laf/ o.kks± esa gksrh gSA blesa foHkfDr ;k 'kCn dk yksi ugha gksrk gSA vH;kl dk;Z 1- ^lekl* 'kCn dk lkekU; vFkZ D;k gS\\ 2- lekl & foxzg ls vki D;k le>rs gS\\ mnkgj.k crkvksA 3- fuEufyf[kr osQ nks&nks mnkgj.k fy[kksA d- deZ rRiq#\"k ----------------------------- ----------------------------- [k- dj.k rRiq#\"k ----------------------------- ----------------------------- x- laiznku rRiq#\"k ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ?k- viknku rRiq#\"k ----------------------------- ----------------------------- Ä- laca/ rRiq#\"k ----------------------------- ----------------------------- 4- fUkEu 'kCnksa dk foxzg djks vkSj lekl dk uke fy[kksA d- deyu;u foxzg lekl [k- uhydey ----------------------------- ----------------------------- x- ihrkacj ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ?k- yacksnj ----------------------------- ----------------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 8 ----------------------------- ----------------------------- 48

Ä- panzeq[k ----------------------------- ----------------------------- p- n'kkuu ----------------------------- ----------------------------- N- iapoVh ----------------------------- ----------------------------- 5- fn, x, fodYiksa esa ls lgh lekl osQ uke ij (ü) dk fpg~u yxkvksA d- jktiq#\"k & 1- RkRiq#\"k 2- cgqozhfg 3- deZ/kj; 4- n~oan~o [k- ;Fkkefr & 1- RkRiq#\"k 2- n~foxq 3- vO;;hHkko 4- deZ/kj; x- prqHkqZt & 1- RkRiq#\"k 2- cgqozhfg 3- n~foxq 4- vO;;hHkko ?k- ej.kklUu & 1- n~foxq 2- rRiq#\"k 3- deZ/kj; 4- vO;;hHkko Ä- ekrk&firk & 1- n~oan~o 2- n~foxq 3- rRiq#\"k 4- vO;;hHkko 6- fuEufyf[kr leLrinksa dk nks&nks izdkj ls bl izdkj foxzg dhft, fd ;s nks vyx&vyx leklksa osQ mnkgj.k cu tk,¡A leLrin foxzg lekl ----------------------------- ----------------------------- d- egkohj ----------------------------- ----------------------------- [k- uhydaB ----------------------------- ----------------------------- x- yacksnj ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ?k- n'kkuu ----------------------------- ----------------------------- Ä- ?ku';ke 6- fuEufyf[kr osQ lkekftd 'kCn cukb, rFkk crkb, fd ;s fdl lekl osQ varxZr vkrs gSaA leLrin lekl dk uke d- ?kj gh ?kj esa -------------------------------------- [k- vki ij chrh -------------------------------------- x- nso dh dU;k -------------------------------------- ?k- /eZ dh j{kk -------------------------------------- Ä- FkksM+k ;k cgqr -------------------------------------- 49 fganh O;kdj.k & 8