CATTELL, EYNSECK, McCRAE AND COSTA'S THEORY OF PERSONALITY

Rationalization: Eysenck believed that introverted children prefer and do better with the more passive reception learning. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 423, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 89 Answer: A. High e scoring; high p scoring Rationalization: The high e scoring troublemakers tend to grow into productive adults, while the high p scoring troublemakers tend to continue to have learning problems, to get into crime, and to have difficulty making friends. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 423, paragraph 3 Category: Difficult Item number 90 Answer: A. Extravert Rationalization: According to eysenck, children who are extraverted learn best in a situation that emphasizes discovery. Reference: Engler. (2014). Personalities theories ninth edition. Wadsworth, cengage learning. Page 306, paragraph 3 Category: Difficult Item number 91 Answer: C. Factor analysis Rationalization: Eysenck had begun the structure of human personality (1952b), in which he argued for the efficacy of factor analysis as the best method of representing the known facts of human personality. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121.page 412, paragraph 5 Category: Easy Item number 92 Answer: A. Eysenck Rationalization: Most standard clinical diagnostic categories, on the other hand, did not sit well with eysenck. He discovered two primary personality factors—neuroticism/emotional stability and extraversion/introversion. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 412, paragraph 2 98

Category: Easy Item number 93 Answer: E. Eysenck Rationalization: In the early 1950s, eysenck upset many psychoanalysts and other therapists by claiming that there was no proof that psychotherapy was more beneficial than spontaneous remission. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 413, paragraph 1 Category: Easy Item number 94 Answer: B. 4 (four) Rationalization: With these assumptions in mind, eysenck listed four criteria for identifying a factor: First, psychometric evidence for the factor’s existence, second criterion is that the factor must also possess heritability, third, the factor must make sense from a theoretical view, and final criterion for the existence of a factor is that it must possess social relevance. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 414, paragraph 1 Category: Easy Item number 95 Answer: B. Third Rationalization: Third, the factor must make sense from a theoretical view. Eysenck employed the deductive method of investigation. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 414, paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item number 96 Answer: C. Human personality and personality dimensions Rationalization: Eysenck (1977a, 1997a) contended that psychometric sophistication alone is not sufficient to measure the structure of human personality and that personality dimensions arrived at through factor analytic methods are sterile and meaningless unless they have been shown to possess a biological existence. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hillEducation, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 413, paragraph 6 Category: Average 99

Item number 97 Answer: D. Behavioral; biological and genetic Rationalization: According to eysenck (1982), however, the principal differences between extraversion and introversion are not behavioral, but rather biological and genetic in nature. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 417, paragraph 6 Category: Average Item number 98 Answer: B. No, because agreeableness and conscientiousness are the traits in five-factor taxonomy. Rationalization: Second, eysenck (1994a, 1994b) argued that a strong biological base exists for each of his three superfactors. At the same time, he claimed that traits such as agreeableness and conscientiousness, which are part of the five-factor taxonomy (john, 1990; w. T. Norman, 1963; tupes & christal, 1961), do not have an underlying biological foundation. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 417, paragraph 2 Category: Average Item number 99 Answer: D. Both a and c Rationalization: People who score high on neuroticism often have a tendency to overreact emotionally and to have difficulty returning to a normal state after emotional arousal. They frequently complain of physical symptoms such as headache and backache and of vague psychological problems such as worries and anxieties. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 418, paragraph 3 Category: Average Item number 100 Answer: B. Mathematically Rationalization: The final criterion for the existence of a factor is that it must possess social relevance; that is, it must be demonstrated that mathematically derived factors have a relationship (not necessarily causal) with such socially relevant variables Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 414, paragraph 4 Category: Average 100

Item number 101 Answer: D. Both a and b Rationalization: Eysenck regarded all three factors as part of normal personality structure. All three are bipolar, with extraversion being at one end of factor e and introversion occupying the opposite pole. Similarly, factor n includes neuroticism at one pole and stability at the other. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 415, paragraph 3 Category: Difficult Item number 102 Answer: E. Introvert Rationalization: Introverts are characterized by traits opposite those of extraverts. They can be described as quiet, passive, unsociable, careful, reserved, thoughtful, pessimistic, peaceful, sober, and controlled. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 417, paragraph 6 Category: Difficult Item number 103 Answer: C. Specific response Rationalization: Eysenck (1947, 1994c) recognized a four-level hierarchy of behavior organization. At the lowest level are specific acts or cognitions, individual behaviors or thoughts that may or may not be characteristic of a person. A student finishing a reading assignment would be an example of a specific response. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 414, paragraph 5 Category: Difficult Item number 104 Answer: A. Extravert Rationalization: Extraverts are characterized primarily by sociability and impulsiveness but also by jocularity, liveliness, quick-wittedness, optimism, and other traits indicative of people who are rewarded for their association with others (eysenck & eysenck, 1969). Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 417, paragraph 5 Category: Difficult 101

Item number 105 Answer: D. Habitual response Rationalization: Eysenck (1947, 1994c) recognized a four-level hierarchy of behavior organization. At the lowest level are specific acts or cognitions, individual behaviors or thoughts that may or may not be characteristic of a person. A student finishing a reading assignment would be an example of a specific response. At the second level are the habitual acts or cognitions, that is, responses that recur under similar conditions. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 414, paragraph 5 Category: Difficult Item number 106 Answer: C. Eysenck Rationalization: Eysenck was perhaps the most prolific writer in the history of psychology, having published some 800 journal articles or book chapters and more than 75 books. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2008). Theories of personality seventh edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york 10121. Page 404, paragraph 1 Category: Easy Item number 107 Answer: A. Deductive Rationalization: Eysenck used a deductive method to identify three personality factors. That is, he had some preconceived hypothesis in mind before he began gathering data. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2008). Theories of personality seventh edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york 10121. Page 405, paragraph 2 Category: Easy Item number 108 Answer: D. Psychologist Rationalization: Eysenck was perhaps the most prolific writer in the history of psychology, having published some 800 journal articles or book chapters and more than 75 books. His range of interests was exceedingly broad, and his willingness to step into almost any controversy was legendary. He was a gadfly to the conscience of psychology since he first entered its ranks. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2008). Theories of personality seventh edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york 10121. Page 404, paragraph 1 & 2 Category: Easy 102

Item number 109 Answer: B. Traits Rationalization: At this point, we turn to factor analysis, which can account for a large number of variables with a smaller number of more basic dimensions. These more basic dimensions can be called traits, that is, factors that represent a cluster of closely related variables. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2008). Theories of personality seventh edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york 10121. Page 406, paragraph 2 Category: Easy Item number 110 Answer: C. Five (5) Rationalization: Presently, most researchers who study personality traits agree that five, and only five, and no fewer than five dominant traits continue to emerge from factor analytic techniques—mathematical procedures capable of sifting personality traits from mountains of test data. Whereas many contemporary theorists believe that five is the magic number. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2008). Theories of personality seventh edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york 10121. Page 401, paragraph 3 & 4 Category: Easy Item number 111 Answer: B. Three (3) Rationalization: Eysenck’s factor analytic technique yielded three general bipolar factors or types. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2008). Theories of personality seventh edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york 10121. Page 402, paragraph 1 Category: Average Item number 112 Answer: C. Factor analysis Rationalization: To use factor analysis, one begins by making specific observations of many individuals. These observations are then quantified in some manner Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2008). Theories of personality seventh edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york 10121. Page 406, paragraph 1 Category: Average Item number 113 Answer: E. Both a and b 103

Rationalization: Traits generated through factor analysis may be either unipolar or bipolar. Unipolar traits are scaled from zero to some large amount. Height, weight, and intellectual ability are examples of unipolar traits. In contrast, bipolar traits extend from one pole to an opposite pole, with zero representing a midpoint. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2008). Theories of personality seventh edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york 10121. Page 406, paragraph 4 Category: Average Item number 114 Answer: B. Bipolar Rationalization: Introversion versus extroversion, liberalism versus conservatism, and social ascendancy versus timidity are examples of bipolar traits. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2008). Theories of personality seventh edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york 10121. Page 406, paragraph 4 Category: Average Item number 115 Answer: D. Dimensions of personality Rationalization: Using factor analysis, he found that two major personality factors—neuroticism/emotional stability and extraversion/introversion—could account for all the traditional diagnostic groups. These early theoretical ideas led to the publication of his first book, dimensions of personality. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2008). Theories of personality seventh edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york 10121. Page 403, paragraph 3 Category: Average Item number 116 Answer: D. Factor analysis Rationalization: To use factor analysis, one begins by making specific observations of many individuals. These observations are then quantified in some manner; for example, height is measured in inches; weight in pounds; aptitude in test scores; job performance by rating scales; and so on. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2008). Theories of personality seventh edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york 10121. Page 406, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 117 Answer: C. Introvert 104

Rationalization: Introverts are characterized by traits opposite those of extraverts. They can be described as quiet, passive, unsociable, careful, reserved, thoughtful, pessimistic, peaceful, sober, and controlled. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2008). Theories of personality seventh edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york 10121. Page 417, paragraph 7 Category: Difficult Item number 118 Answer: A. Michael has a high p score. Rationalization: High p scorers are often egocentric, cold, nonconforming, impulsive, hostile, aggressive, suspicious, psychopathic, and antisocial. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2008). Theories of personality seventh edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york 10121. Page 414, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 119 Answer: B. Mr. Mallari has a high n score. Rationalization: People who score high on neuroticism often have a tendency to overreact emotionally and to have difficulty returning to a normal state after emotional arousal. They frequently complain of physical symptoms such as headache and backache and of vague psychological problems such as worries and anxieties. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2008). Theories of personality seventh edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york 10121. Page 412, paragraph 4 Category: Difficult Item number 120 Answer: A. Extravert Rationalization: Extraverts are characterized primarily by sociability and impulsiveness but also by jocularity, liveliness, quick-wittedness, optimism, and other traits indicative of people who are rewarded for their association with others (eysenck & eysenck, 1969). Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2008). Theories of personality seventh edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york 10121. Page 411, paragraph 6 Category: Difficult 105

Item number 121 Answer: B. Common trait Rationalization: A common trait is one that is possessed by everyone to some degree. Intelligence, extraversion, and gregariousness are examples of common traits. Everyone has these traits, but some people have them to a greater extent than others. Cattell’s reason for suggesting that common traits are universal is that all people have a similar hereditary potential and are subject to similar social pressures, at least within the same culture. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2017). Theories of Personality Eleventh Edition. Cengage Learning. Page 216, paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item number 122 Answer: D. Temperament trait Rationalization: Temperament traits describe the general style and emotional tone of our behavior; for example, how assertive, easygoing, or irritable we are. These traits affect the ways we act and react to situations. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2017). Theories of Personality Eleventh Edition. Cengage Learning. Page 217, paragraph 2 Category: Easy Item number 123 Answer: C. Unique Trait Rationalization: People differ, as we said, in that they possess different amounts or degrees of these common traits. They also differ because of their unique traits, those aspects of personality shared by few other people. Unique traits are particularly apparent in our interests and attitudes. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2017). Theories of Personality Eleventh Edition. Cengage Learning. Page 216, paragraph 4 Category: Easy Item number 124 Answer: B. Surface Trait Rationalization: Surface traits are personality characteristics that correlate with one another but do not constitute a factor because they are not determined by a single source. For example, several behavioral elements such as anxiety, indecision, and irrational fear combine to form the surface trait labeled neuroticism. Thus, neuroticism does not derive from a single source. Because surface traits are composed of several elements, they are less stable and permanent and, therefore, less important in describing personality. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2017). Theories of Personality Eleventh Edition. Cengage Learning. Page 217, paragraph 3 106

Category: Easy Item number 135 Answer: A. Constitutional Traits Rationalization: Constitutional traits originate in biological conditions but are not necessarily innate. For example, alcohol or drug use can lead to behaviors such as carelessness, talkativeness, and slurred speech. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2017). Theories of Personality Eleventh Edition. Cengage Learning. Page 218, paragraph 1 Category: Easy Item number 126 Answer: D. The first statement is incorrect while the second statement is correct. Rationalization: Environmental-mold traits derive from influences in our social and physical environments. These traits are learned characteristics and behaviors that impose a pattern on the personality. The first statement has an intent of omitting the social and physical environment as the influence of environmental-mold traits which made it incorrect. Social and physical environments impact the personality of a person in environmentally-mold traits. The second statement is correct as it molds people based on their learnings from the environment. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2017). Theories of Personality Eleventh Edition. Cengage Learning. Page 218, paragraph 2 Category: Average Item number 127 Answer: B. Both statements are incorrect. Rationalization: Of greater importance are source traits, which are unitary personality factors that are much more stable and permanent. Each source trait gives rise to some aspect of behavior. Source traits are those individual factors derived from factor analysis that combine to account for surface traits. The first statement is incorrect because source traits constitute a greater importance among other traits as it is more permanent and stable. It contained the word lesser to describe the importance of source traits that made it incorrect. The second statement is incorrect as there is an assumption that source traits are derived from principal component analysis which is a statistical procedure created by Karl Pearson (Surabhi, 2021). Rather than principal component analysis, it must be factor analysis that consists of individual factors that accounts for surface traits when consolidated. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2017). Theories of Personality Eleventh Edition. Cengage Learning. Page 217, paragraph 4 Category: Average Item number 128 Answer: D. The first statement is incorrect while the second statement is correct. 107

Rationalization: Several behavioral elements such as anxiety, indecision, and irrational fear combine to form the surface trait labeled neuroticism. Thus, neuroticism does not derive from a single source. The first statement incorrecly presupposes that a variety of behavioral elements compose the neuroticism. Instead of source trait, surface trait is behind the behavioral elements of neuroticism. The second statement is correct since it postulates a fact that neuroticism is not a product of only one source. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2017). Theories of Personality Eleventh Edition. Cengage Learning. Page 217, paragraph 3 Category: Average Item number 129 Answer: C. Both statements are correct. Rationalization: Constitutional traits originate in biological conditions but are not necessarily innate. For example, alcohol or drug use can lead to behaviors such as carelessness, talkativeness, and slurred speech. The first statement is correct due to reinstatement of the fact that constitutional traits arise from biological conditions but doesn’t mean that it is inherent. The second statement is correct as it is true that substance use is an example of constitutional trait. The second statement also supposes that alcohol or drug use can cause people to have slurred speech, be careless and noisy. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2017). Theories of Personality Eleventh Edition. Cengage Learning. Page 218, paragraph 1 Category: Average Item number 130 Answer: B. Both statements are incorrect. Rationalization: Cattell showed great interest in the relative influences of heredity and environment in shaping personality. He was able to estimate the extent to which differences in traits could be attributed to genetic or to environmental influences. The first statement is incorrect as it contains a fallacy that Cattell used biology and society to form his personality model. Rather than biology and society, it must be heredity and environment that constructs the relative influences of Cattell’s theory of personality. The second statement is incorrect as it has a presumption that the influence of biology and society makes up the differences of traits. It must be genetics and environmental influences to make the statement correct as these are the real influences why a person varies from another individual. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2017). Theories of Personality Eleventh Edition. Cengage Learning. Page 219, paragraph 3 Category: Average Item number 131 Answer: B. Constitutional Traits 108

Rationalization: Constitutional traits originate in biological conditions but are not necessarily innate. For example, alcohol or drug use can lead to behaviors such as carelessness, talkativeness, and slurred speech. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2017). Theories of Personality Eleventh Edition. Cengage Learning. Page 218, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 132 Answer: D. Temperament Traits. Rationalization: Temperament traits describe the general style and emotional tone of our behavior; for example, how assertive, easygoing, or irritable we are. These traits affect the ways we act and react to situations. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2017). Theories of Personality Eleventh Edition. Cengage Learning. Page 217, paragraph 2 Category: Difficult Item number 133 Answer: C. Common Traits Rationalization: A common trait is one that is possessed by everyone to some degree. Intelligence, extraversion, and gregariousness are examples of common traits. Everyone has these traits, but some people have them to a greater extent than others. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2017). Theories of Personality Eleventh Edition. Cengage Learning. Page 216, paragraph 3 Category: Difficult Item number 134 Answer: B. Unique Traits Rationalization: They also differ because of their unique traits, those aspects of personality shared by few other people. Unique traits are particularly apparent in our interests and attitudes. For example, one person may have a consuming interest in genealogy, whereas another may be passionately interested in Civil War battles or baseball or Chinese martial arts. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2017). Theories of Personality Eleventh Edition. Cengage Learning. Page 216, paragraph 4 Category: Difficult Item number 135 Answer: C. Ability Traits Rationalization: Ability traits determine how efficiently we will be able to work toward a goal. Intelligence is an ability trait; our level of intelligence will affect the ways in which we strive for our goals. 109

Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2017). Theories of Personality Eleventh Edition. Cengage Learning. Page 217, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 136 Answer: D. With the power of construct to predict future events. Rationalization: Cattell was concerned not with the efficacy of psychoanalysis as a predictive tool but with the compelling character of the vision of one’s self or humanity that it provided. Cattell, in contrast, was concerned with the power of a construct to predict future events. Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories: An introduction. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 259, Paragraph 2 Category: Easy Item number 137 Answer: E. Overt behaviors. Rationalization: If a trait theory is to be useful, the traits postulated need to go beyond an individual’s overt behaviors. Just as any. Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories: An introduction. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 259, Paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item number 138 Answer: B. Traits Rationalization: Cattell believed that the exploration of traits assists us in understanding the structure and function of personality. Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories: An introduction. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 259 Paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item number 139 Answer: C. Allport. Rationalization: Although Cattell, unlike Allport, was interested in the physical and neurological components that influence behavior, he did not maintain that the traits he explored necessarily had any real physical or neural status. Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories: An introduction. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 259 Paragraph 3 110

Category: Easy Item number 140 Answer: C. Prediction Rationalization: In a sense, prediction is more difficult than explanation, for it is easier to account for events that have happened than to predict them. Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories:An introduction. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 259 Paragraph 2 Category: Easy Item number 141 Answer: B. First statement is false, the second statement is true. Rationalization: The ego strength is the one that accounts for the surface manifestation and permits us to speculate about related characteristics. Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories:An introduction. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 259 Paragraph 3 Category: Average Item number 142 Answer: A. First statement is true, the second statement is false. Rationalization: Surface traits are clusters of overt behavior responses that appear to go together, such as integrity, honesty, self-discipline, and thoughtfulness. Source traits are the underlying variables that seem to determine the surface manifestation. Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories:An introduction. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 259 Paragraph 4 Category: Average Item number 143 Answer: D. All are surface traits except iv. Rationalization: Ego strength is used as an example for source traits. Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories:An introduction. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 259 Paragraph 4 Category: Average 111

Item number 144 Answer: E. Only the third statement is true. Rationalization: The study of source traits is valuable for several reasons. Because they are probably few in number, source traits permit economy in describing an individual. Second, source traits presumably have a genuine structural influence on personality and thus determine the way we behave. Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories:An introduction. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 259 Paragraph 5 Category: Average Item number 145 Answer: D. Both statements are false. Rationalization: Cattell identified 16 basic source traits and those are considered as the “building blocks” of personality. Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories:An introduction. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 260 Paragraph 1 Category: Average Item number 146 Answer: A. Source traits. Rationalization: Source traits are the underlying variables that seem to determine the surface manifestation, in this case, unitary intelligence (surface trait) was shown through the good academic performance in a variety of fields (source traits). Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories:An introduction. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 259 Paragraph 4 Category: Difficult Item number 147 Answer: E. Surface traits. Rationalization: It was mentioned that a successful trait construct goes beyond simply asserting that a particular behavior pattern exists. The surface manifestation in this situation is being lazy. From the stepmom’s point of view, the surface trait seen is Sunako being a lazy person, these have the underlying variables of the source traits such as Sunako not placing her shoes on the shoe racks, forgetting to bring her cups downstairs, and she being seen “idling”, using her phone. Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories:An introduction. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 259 Paragraph 3 - 4 112

Category: Difficult Item number 148 Answer: B. ii, iii, i Rationalization: According to Cattle, Factor analysis follows these steps: First step is to make up a correlational matrix by computing a correlational coefficient for each variable to show how it relates to every other one. The second step is to compute a correlation between each of the identified factors and each of the original variables. The last step is where the factors are named. Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories:An introduction. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 260 Paragraph 3- 4 Category: Difficult Item number 149 Answer: A. Source Traits Rationalization: In this situation, the surface trait is being altruistic. The scenarios that showed her unselfishness, being non greedy, and thoughtful are source traits. Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories:An introduction. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 259 Paragraph 3 - 4 Category: Difficult Item number 150 Answer: E. Both a and d are correct. Rationalization: Both a and d are considered as surface traits, while the content of choices b, c and e, are considered as source traits. Surface traits are from the collection of source traits.Source traits determine the surface manifestation. Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories:An introduction. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 259 Paragraph 3 - 4 Category: Difficult Item number 151 Answer: D. basic tendencies, characteristic adaptations, and self-concept Rationalization: Basic tendencies, characteristic adaptations, and self-concept are three essential components of personality theory identified by McCrae and Costa. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 393, paragraph 2 113

Category: Easy Item number 152 Answer: A. plasticity Rationalization: The components of the personality system have core postulates except for biological bases. The four postulates of basic tendencies are individuality, origin, development, and structure, according to McCrae and Costa. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 396, paragraph 5 Category: Easy Item number 153 Answer: E. basic tendencies Rationalization: Basic tendencies along with characteristic adaptations, self-concept, biological bases, objective biography, and external influences are the central components of personality. Basic tendencies are the universal raw material of personality capacities and dispositions that are generally inferred rather than observed, as described by McCrae and Costa. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 393, paragraph 6 Category: Easy Item number 154 Answer: C. maladjustment Rationalization: Adaptations, maladjustment, and plasticity are all part characteristic adaptations. The second characteristic adaptation which is maladjustment implies that our responses are not always in line with our personal objectives or cultural norms. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 398, paragraph 2 Category: Easy Item number 155 Answer: B. biological bases, objective biography, and external influences Rationalization: McCrae and Costa explained three peripheral components: biological bases, objective biography, and external influences. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 395, paragraph 4 114

Category: Easy Item number 156 Answer: C. Both statements are true. Rationalization: Costa and McCrae understood that old theories should not easily be discarded. They believe that these should be replaced by a new set of concepts based on prior conceptual understanding and current empirical discoveries. These resulted to motivate them in constructing an alternative theory. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 392, paragraph 5 Category: Average Item number 157 Answer: B. Variability in our genotype is responsible for most of our individuality. Rationalization: Our genotype is responsible for the majority of our uniqueness which is why we all have different levels of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 396, paragraph 5 Category: Average Item number 158 Answer: B. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true. Rationalization: According to McCrae and Costa (1996), earlier theories were overly reliant on clinical experiences and assumptions. They also believe that a new theory should include the field's progress over the last 25 years. Costa and McCrae had been the pioneers of contemporary personality research for 25 years, expanding on the Five-Factor Model. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 392, paragraph 5 Category: Average Item number 159 Answer: C. In younger persons, increases in agreeableness and conscientiousness are more beneficial. Rationalization: McCrae and Costa (2003) proposed several evolutionary and adaptive explanations for the changes in traits. High extraversion, openness, and neuroticism are advantageous when people are young and forming relationships. These attributes are no longer as adaptive as people become older and settle down. Increases in agreeableness and conscientiousness may be advantageous as people age. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 397, paragraph 3 115

Category: Average Item number 160 Answer: C. Both statements are true. Rationalization: Heritability coefficients were employed to identify genetic influence in adoption studies and twin studies. It examines the differences in personality trait correlations between genetically identical twins and those who are siblings that only share around half of their DNA. The result indicates that identical twins have more personality similarities than other siblings, even if they are raised in distinct settings. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 397, paragraph 1 Category: Average Item number 161 Answer: D. characteristic adaptations Rationalization: According to McCrae and Costa, characteristic adaptations refer to people adapting to their environment throughout time. As a result, our traits have an impact on how we adjust to changes in our surroundings, and our basic tendencies lead us to seek for and select specific situations that complement our personalities. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 398, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 162 Answer: E. maladjustment Rationalization: Maladjustment is one of the postulates for characteristic adaptation. It implies that our responses are not always in line with our personal goals or cultural values. The characteristic adaptations are determined by one's behaviors, attitudes, and skills that can become maladaptive when rigid or compulsive. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 398, paragraph 2 Category: Difficult Item number 163 Answer: D. plasticity Rationalization: Another characteristic adaptation postulate is plasticity. According to McCrae and Costa, biological and environmental factors, or deliberate interventions can modify our basic traits throughout time. It recognizes that while underlying tendencies may be relatively consistent over time, characteristic adaptations are not. 116

Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 398, paragraph 3 Category: Difficult Item number 164 Answer: C. origin Rationalization: The second postulate of basic tendencies is the origin. It suggests that endogenous or internal reasons, such as genetics, are solely responsible for all personality traits. It means that the development of basic tendencies is not affected by the family environment. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 397, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 165 Answer: B. individuality Rationalization: Each individual has different levels of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. As a result, each of us has a unique set of traits and a unique combination of trait patterns. The concept of Allport that individuality is the essence of personality is in line with this postulate. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 396, paragraph 5 Category: Difficult Item number 166 Answer: D. United States Rationalization: In the Chapter 13 of Feist & Feist Theories of Personality, 9th Edition in “The Pioneering Work of Raymond B. Cattell,” Cattel was introduced as an important figure in the early years of psychometrics (1905-1998), who was born in England but who spent most of his career in the United States. Reference: Feist & Feist, (2013). Theories of Personality, 9th Edition McGraw Hill Publishing. Page 384, paragraph 1. Category: Easy Item number 167 Answer: A. L-data Rationalization: Cattell used three different media of observation to examine people from as many angles as possible. One of the three sources he used is the L-data which includes the person's life records. This data is derived from observations made by other people. 117

Reference: Feist & Feist, (2013). Theories of Personality, 9th Edition McGraw Hill Publishing. Page 384, paragraph 3. Category: Easy Item number 168 Answer: E. T-data Rationalization: Cattell used three different media of observation to examine people from as many angles as possible. One of the three sources he used is the T-data. T-data is used to measure performance such as intelligence, speced of responding, and other such activities designed to challenge people's maximum performance. Reference: Feist & Feist, (2013). Theories of Personality, 9th Edition McGraw Hill Publishing. Page 384, paragraph 3. Category: Easy Item number 169 Answer: B. Temperament Traits Rationalization: Raymond Cattell further classified traits into three (3) which are temperament, motivation, and ability. He defined temperament traits as concerned with how people behave. Reference: Feist & Feist, (2013). Theories of Personality, 9th Edition McGraw Hill Publishing. Page 384, paragraph 4. Category: Easy Item number 170 Answer: B. 12 Rationalization: Cattell's multifaceted approach yielded 35 primary, or first-order, traits, which measure mostly the temperament dimension of personality. Among these traits, Cattell distinguished 12 traits that measure the pathological dimension. Reference: Feist & Feist, (2013). Theories of Personality, 9th Edition McGraw Hill Publishing. Page 384, paragraph 5. Category: Easy Item number 171 Answer: B. He had direct influence on Mcrae and Costa. Rationalization: A is correct because Cattell was really described in the book (Feist & Feist Theories of Personality, 9th Edition) as an important figure in the early years of psychometrics. C is correct because Cattell used three (3) media of observation to examine people which are the L-data, Q-data, and T-data. 118

D is correct because Cattell did divide the traits into two (2) which are the common traits and the unique traits. E is also correct because the oblique method is indeed advocated by Cattell. The Oblique method assumes some positive or negative correlation and refers to an angle of less than or more than 90°. Therefore, B, the only choice left is the incorrect. Cattell had influence on McRae and Costa but it's only indirect influence. Reference: Feist & Feist, (2013). Theories of Personality, 9th Edition McGraw Hill Publishing. Page 384, paragraphs 1, 2, and 5, & Page 386, paragraph 2 Category: Average Item number 172 Answer: D. 23 Rationalization: Cattell's multifaceted approach yielded 35 primary, or first-order, traits, which measure mostly the temperament dimension of personality. Among these traits, Cattell distinguished 23 traits that characterize the normal population. Reference: Feist & Feist, (2013). Theories of Personality, 9th Edition McGraw Hill Publishing. Page 384, paragraph 5. Category: Average Item number 173 Answer: A. Only the first (i) statement is correct. Rationalization: Only the first statement is correct because Cattell and McRae and Costa really used the inductive method of gathering data. What made the second statement wrong is that it should be “began with no preconceived bias\" because this is the principle of the inductive method which is “the researchers began with no preconceived bias concerning the number or name of traits or types.” For the third statement, it is wrong because other theorists actually used a different method. The used deductive method where they already have preconceived hypotheses in mind before they begin to collect data. Reference: Feist & Feist, (2013). Theories of Personality, 9th Edition McGraw Hill Publishing. Page 384, paragraph 2. Category: Average Item number 174 Answer: B. Why a person behaves. Rationalization: Cattell presented his further classification of traits which are the temperament, motivation, and ability. Cattell classified motivation traits as the traits that deal with why a person behaves. Therefore, B is the correct answer. Reference: Feist & Feist, (2013). Theories of Personality, 9th Edition McGraw Hill Publishing. Page 384, paragraph 4. 119

Category: Average Item number 175 Answer: B. Questionnaires about one's subjective view of themselves. Rationalization: Cattell used three different media of observation to examine people from as many angles as possible. One of the three sources he used is the Q-data. Q stands for questionnaires. Therefore, the Q-data is obtained from the answers to the questionnaires made by the researcher, or let's say Cattell, which he gave to the people he's observing and let them answer it. Q-data are obtained from questionnaires and other techniques designed to allow people to make subjective descriptions of themselves (people being observed). Reference: Feist & Feist, (2013). Theories of Personality, 9th Edition McGraw Hill Publishing. Page 384, paragraph 3. Category: Average Item number 176 Answer: A. L-data Rationalization: L-data is one of the media that Cattell used in his observation of people. L-data includes a person's life record which are from the observations made by other people. In the given situation, Miura got the information about Ishimori from Endou, Ishimori's long-time friend and probably knows her already. Since it's from others and not from the person herself, the data that Miura gathered was an example of L-data. Reference: Feist & Feist, (2013). Theories of Personality, 9th Edition McGraw Hill Publishing. Page 384, paragraph 3 Category: Difficult Item number 177 Answer: E. T-data Rationalization: In this situation, Takt wants to measure his respondent’s intelligence by giving them purely objective questionnaires to answer. The source being objective will be the key to pinpoint what type of data Takt could obtain and that is T-data. T-data are the objective tests which measure performance such as intelligence, speced of responding, and other such activities designed to challenge people's maximum performance. Reference: Feist & Feist, (2013). Theories of Personality, 9th Edition McGraw Hill Publishing. Page 384, paragraph 3 Category: Difficult Item number 178 Answer: C. Questionnaires prepared for the examinations of the students' final examination. Rationalization: Q-data are obtained from questionnaires which the people being observed answered. But aside from that, the questions should be about personal information and could make people have a subjective view of themselves. There is no correct answer because it may differ from person to person. The questionnaires seeking for family medical history, about self-image, personality scales, and seeking for one's view of something based on 120

their experiences have the aforementioned characteristics. The questionnaires prepared for the final examination of the students are different. This requires only one correct answer and is objective. It is not an example of Q-data but of T-data. Reference: Feist & Feist, (2013). Theories of Personality, 9th Edition McGraw Hill Publishing. Page 384, paragraph 3 Category: Difficult Item number 179 Answer: A. 23 years old Rationalization: Raymond Cattell presented the 6 Stages of Personality Development in his Trait Theory. In Duvan's case, he is on a stressful stage. He also experiences emotional struggles and conflicts with his self-assertion. He lacks confidence that makes it hard for him to express himself. According to Cattell, Adolescence stage is the most stressful stage of Personality Development. An adolescence may experience emotional disorders and conflicts about their independence, self-assertion, and sex. The age range for this stage is 14-23 and the only right answer from the choices is letter A which is 23 years old. Therefore, Duvan might be a 23 year-old man. Reference:Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 271- 272, paragraph 2. Category: Difficult Item number 180 Answer: E. Old Age Rationalization: Raymond Cattell presented 6 Stages of Personality Development in his Trait Theory. In the given situation, Cossette is at the Old Age stage. According to Cattell, this stage involves adjustments to different kinds of losses—the death of spouses, relatives, and friends; a career lost to retirement; loss of status in a culture that worships youth; and a pervasive sense of loneliness and insecurity. Cossette used to be a happy-go-lucky type of person but as time passed by, she aged and years later she became old enough to continue her career. She's also at her point of life where she's starting to lose her friends and other people close to her heart. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 273, paragraph 2 Category: Difficult Item number 181 Answer: A. Overreact emotionally. Rationalization: According to eysenck, people who score high on neuroticism often have a tendency to overreact emotionally and to have difficulty returning to a normal state after emotional arousal. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 439, paragraph 2 Category: Easy 121

Item number 182 Answer: C. Diathesis-stress model. Rationalization: Eysenck accepted the diathesis-stress model of psychiatric illness, which suggests that some people are vulnerable to illness because they have either a genetic or an acquired weakness that predisposes them to an illness.. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 439, paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item number 183 Answer: E. Stress. Rationalization: This predisposition (diathesis) may interact with stress to produce a neurotic disorder. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 439, paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item number 184 Answer: B. N scale. Rationalization: Eysenck assumed that people at the healthy end of the n scale have the capacity to resist a neurotic disorder even in periods of extreme stress.. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 439, paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item number 185 Answer: D. Factor analytic. Rationalization: Eysenck factor analytic technique assumes the independence of factors, which means that the neuroticism scale is at right angles (signifying zero correlation) to the extraversion scale. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 439-440, paragraph 4 Category: Easy Item number 186 Answer: C. Neuroticism / stability 122

Rationalization: The second superfactor extracted by eysenck is neuroticism/stability (n). Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 439, paragraph 1 Category: Average Item number 187 Answer: A. Criminality and delinquent tendencies Rationalization: An extraverted neurotic individual, will probably manifest psychopathic qualities such as criminality and delinquent tendencies (eysenck, 1967, 1997a). Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 440, paragraph 1 Category: Average Item number 188 Answer: B. Anxiety, depression, phobias, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms Rationalization: An introverted neurotic is characterized by anxiety, depression, phobias, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 440, paragraph 1 Category: Average Item number 189 Answer: E. Hysteria, suggestibility, and somatic symptoms Rationalization: According to eysenck, individuals who are high on neuroticism but only average on extraversion, are likely to be characterized by hysteria (a neurotic disorder associated with emotional instability), suggestibility, and somatic symptoms. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 440, paragraph 1 Category: Average Item number 190 Answer: D. Increasingly less frequent, just as scores on the ends of a bell-shaped curve are less frequent than those near the midpoint Rationalization: As scores move toward the outer limits of the diagram, they become increasingly less frequent, just as scores on the ends of a bell-shaped curve are less frequent than those near the midpoint. 123

Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 440, paragraph 2 Category: Average Item number 191 Answer: E. Hysteria, suggestibility, and somatic symptoms Rationalization: Person b, who is high on neuroticism but only average on extraversion, is likely to be characterized by hysteria (a neurotic disorder associated with emotional instability), suggestibility, and somatic symptoms. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 440, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 192 Answer: B. Anxiety, depression, phobias, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms Rationalization: Person a, an introverted neurotic, is characterized by anxiety, depression, phobias, and obsessive- compulsive symptoms Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 440, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 193 Answer: A. Criminality and delinquent tendencies Rationalization: Person c, an extraverted neurotic individual, will probably manifest psychopathic qualities such as criminality and delinquent tendencies. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 440, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 194 Answer: D. High Rationalization: People who score high on neuroticism often have a tendency to overreact emotionally and to have difficulty returning to a normal state after emotional arousal. They frequently complain of physical symptoms such as headache and backache and of vague psychological problems such as worries and anxieties. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 440, paragraph 1 124

Category: Difficult Item number 195 Answer: B. Because neuroticism can be combined with different points on the extraversion scale Rationalization: Because neuroticism can be combined with different points on the extraversion scale, no single syndrome can define neurotic behavior. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 439, paragraph 4 Category: Difficult Item number 196 Answer: D. Individuality Postulate Rationalization: The individuality postulate stipulates that adult have a unique set of traits and that each person exhibits a unique combination of trait patterns and this postulate is consistent with the idea of Allport's that says the essence of personality is uniqueness as according to McCrae and Costa. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 396, paragraph 5 Category: Easy Item number 197 Answer: B. Origin Postulate Rationalization: According to McCrae and Costa, the origin postulate takes a clear if somewhat controversial stance: All personality traits are the result solely of endogenous (internal) forces, such as genetics, hormones, and brain structures. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 397, paragraph 1 Category: Easy Item number 198 Answer: E. Development Postulate Rationalization: As stated by McCrae and Costa, the development postulate assumes that traits develop and change through childhood, but in adolescence their development slows, and by early to mid-adulthood. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 397, paragraph 2 Category: Easy 125

Item number 199 Answer: C. Structure Postulate Rationalization: As reported by McCrae and Costa, the structure postulate states that traits are organized hierarchically from narrow and specific to broad and general, just as Eysenck (1990) had suggested and this postulate grows out from long-held positions that personality dimensions is five, and only five. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 397, paragraph 4 Category: Easy Item number 200 Answer: A. Maladjustment Rationalization: The second characteristic adaptation postulate—maladjustment—suggests that our responses are not always consistent with personal goals or cultural values as declared by McCrae and Costa. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 398, paragraph 2 Category: Easy Item number 201 Answer: D. Basic Tendencies Rationalization: As defined by McCrae and Costa (1996), basic tendencies are one of the central components of personality, along with characteristic adaptations, self-concept, biological bases, objective biography, and external influences. McCrae and Costa defined basic tendencies as the universal raw material of personality capacities and dispositions that are generally inferred rather than observed. Basic tendencies may be inherited, imprinted by early experience or modified by disease or psychological intervention, but at any given period in an individual’s life, they define the individual’s potential and direction. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 393, paragraph 5 Category: Average Item number 202 Answer: C. Characteristic Adaptation Rationalization: As said by McCrae and Costa, core components of Five-Factor Theory include the characteristic adaptations, that is, acquired personality structures that develop as people adapt to their environment. The principal difference between basic tendencies and characteristic adaptations is their flexibility. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 394, paragraph 1 Category: Average 126

Item number 203 Answer: E. Self-Concept Rationalization: Self-concept is actually a characteristic adaptation, but it gets its own box because it is such an important adaptation in accordance with McCrae and Costa's definition, they also wrote that it “consists of knowledge, views, and evaluations of the self, ranging from miscellaneous facts of personal history to the identity that gives a sense of purpose and coherence to life” Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 395, paragraph 2 Category: Average Item number 204 Answer: A. Biological Bases Rationalization: The Five-Factor Theory rests on a single causal influence on personality traits, namely biology. The principal biological mechanisms that influence basic tendencies are genes, hormones, and brain structures although it was not elaborated more by McCrae and Costa and they have not yet provided specific details about which genes, hormones, and brain structures play what role in their influence on personality. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 395, paragraph 5 Category: Average Item number 205 Answer: B. Objective Biography Rationalization: The second peripheral component is objective biography, defined as “everything the person does, thinks, or feels across the whole life span” in the words of McCrae and Costa. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 396, paragraph 1 Category: Average Item number 206 Answer: D. Basic Tendency Rationalization: According to McCrae and Costa, how quickly we learn (talent, intelligence, aptitude) is a basic tendency. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 394, paragraph 2 127

Category: Difficult Item number 207 Answer: C. Characteristic Adaptation Rationalization: Characteristic responses are shaped and molded by basic tendencies, what makes them characteristic is their consistency and uniqueness; hence, they reflect the operation of enduring personality traits based on the words of McCrae and Costa. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 394, paragraph 2 Category: Difficult Item number 208 Answer: E. Self-Concept Rationalization: McCrae and Costa (1996) wrote that it “consists of knowledge, views, and evaluations of the self, ranging from miscellaneous facts of personal history to the identity that gives a sense of purpose and coherence to life.\" Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 395, paragraph 2 Category: Difficult Item number 209 Answer: B. Objective Biography Rationalization: According to McCrae and Costa, objective biography emphasizes what has happened in people’s lives (objective) rather than their view or perceptions of their experiences (subjective). Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 396, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 210 Answer: A. Biological Bases Rationalization: The principal biological mechanisms that influence basic tendencies are genes, hormones, and brain structures in accordance with McCrae and Costa's definition. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 395, paragraph 4 Category: Difficult 128

Item number 211 Answer: C. Taxonomy Rationalization: In Chapter 1, we defined a taxonomy as a classification of things according to their natural relationships. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 387, paragraph 1. Category: Easy Item number 212 Answer: E. Five-Factor Model (FFM) Rationalization: In the following discussion of McCrae and Costa’s Five-Factor Model (FFM), we will see that their work began as an attempt to identify basic personality traits as revealed by factor analysis. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 387, paragraph 2. Category: Easy Item number 213 Answer: B. predict and explain behavior Rationalization: This work soon evolved into a taxonomy and the Five-Factor Model. After much additional work, this model became a theory, one that can both predict and explain behavior. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 387, paragraph 2. Category: Easy Item number 214 Answer: D. McCrae and Costa Rationalization: The collaboration between Costa and McCrae has been unusually fruitful, with well over 200 co- authored research articles and chapters, and several books, including Emerging Lives, Enduring Dispositions (McCrae and Costa, 1984), Personality in Adulthood: A Five-Factor Theory Perspectives, 2nd ed. (McCrae and Costa, 2003), and Revised NEO Personality Inventory (Costa and McCrae, 1992). Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 388, paragraph 8. Category: Easy Item number 215 129

Answer: A. Generate Research Rationalization: We also suggested that taxonomies are an essential starting point for the advance of science, but that they are not theories. Whereas theories generate research, taxonomies merely supply a classification system. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 387, paragraph 1. Category: Easy Item number 216 Answer: D. Robert Roger McCrae Rationalization: Robert Roger McCrae was born April 28, 1949 in Maryville, Missouri, a town of 13,000 people located about 100 miles north of Kansas City. Maryville is home to Northwest Missouri State, the town’s largest employer. McCrae, the youngest of three children born to Andrew McCrae and Eloise Elaine McCrae, grew up with an avid interest in science and mathematics. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 387, paragraph 3. Category: Average Item number 217 Answer: E. James Fozard Rationalization: It was Fozard who referred McCrae to another Boston-based personality psychologist, Paul T. Costa Jr., who was on the faculty at University of Massachusetts at Boston. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 388, paragraph 1. Category: Average Item number 218 Answer: C. Walter Mischel Rationalization: During the 1960s and 1970s, Walter Mischel (see Chapter 17) was questioning the notion that personality traits are consistent, claiming that the situation is more important than any personality trait. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 387, paragraph 4. Category: Average Item number 219 Answer: A. Paul T. Costa, Jr. 130

Rationalization: Paul T. Costa, Jr. was born September 16, 1942 in Franklin, New Hampshire, the son of Paul T. Costa, Sr. and Esther Vasil Costa. He earned his undergraduate degree in psychology at Clark University in 1964 and both his master’s (1968) and PhD (1970) in human development from the University of Chicago. His long standing interests in individual differences and the nature of personality increased greatly in the stimulating intellectual environment at the University of Chicago. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 388, paragraph 7. Category: Average Item number 220 Answer: A. Henry Weinberg Rationalization: At Boston University, McCrae’s major professor was Henry Weinberg, a clinical psychologist with only a peripheral interest in personality traits. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 387, paragraph 3. Category: Average Item number 221 Answer: B. Quiet Rationalization: McCrae’s work on traits while in graduate school was a relatively lonely enterprise, being conducted quietly and without much fanfare. As it turns out, this quiet approach was well-suited to his own relatively quiet and introverted personality. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 388, paragraph 4. Category: Difficult Item number 222 Answer: E. All of the Above Rationalization: After McCrae completed his PhD in 1976, Costa hired him as project director and co-principal investigator for his Smoking and Personality Grant. McCrae and Costa worked together on this project for 2 years, until they both were hired by the National Institute on Aging’s Gerontology Research Center, a division of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) housed in Baltimore. Costa was hired as the chief of the section on stress and coping, whereas McCrae took the position as senior staff fellow. Because the Gerontology Research Center already had large, well-established datasets of adults, it was an ideal place for Costa and McCrae to investigate the question of how personality is structured. During the 1970s, with the shadow of Mischel’s influence still hanging heavily over the study of personality and with the concept of traits being nearly a taboo subject, Costa and McCrae conducted work on traits that ensured them a prominent role in the 40-year history of analyzing the structure of personality. 131

Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 388, paragraph 6. Category: Difficult Item number 223 Answer: C. Humanistic Personality Theory Rationalization: While at Chicago, he worked with Salvatore R. Maddi, with whom he published a book on humanistic personality theory (Maddi & Costa, 1972). Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 388, paragraph 7. Category: Difficult Item number 224 Answer: A. He was not completely happy with the open-ended and non-empirical nature of philosophy Rationalization: A National Merit Scholar, he nevertheless was not completely happy with the open-ended and non- empirical nature of philosophy. After completing his undergraduate degree, he entered graduate school at Boston University with a major in psychology. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 387, paragraph 3. Category: Difficult Item number 225 Answer: C. Internally Rationalization: At Boston University, McCrae’s major professor was Henry Weinberg, a clinical psychologist with only a peripheral interest in personality traits. Hence, McCrae’s interest in traits had to be nourished more internally than externally. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 387, paragraph 3. Category: Difficult Item number 226 Answer: C. Introversion Rationalization: Robert McCrae (1949) and Paul Costa (1942) worked at the Gerontology Research Center of the National Institutes of Health in Baltimore, Maryland. They began an intensive research effort that resulted in identifying five so-called robust or Big Five-factor models. Neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness are the personality traits involved. 132

Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality, Ninth Edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 10 Davis Drive, Belmont, CA 94002-3098, USA. Page 282, paragraph 2. Category: Easy Item number 227 Answer: B. Internet Use Rationalization: The findings of the Dutch Youth study by Van Der Aa and colleagues (2009) show that everyday Internet use is not connected with low well-being. Rather, any risks to people's health are linked to their inclination to use the internet compulsively—unable to stop surfing, fixated with it, or letting it interfere with other duties. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 400, paragraph 4. Category: Easy Item number 228 Answer: D. Eysenck Rationalization: In agreement with Eysenck, McCrae and Costa asserted that personality traits are bipolar and distributed in a distribution curve. In other words, most people fall somewhere in the middle of the distribution, with only a tiny minority falling on either extreme. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 390, paragraph 3. Category: Easy Item number 229 Answer: A. Agreeableness Rationalization: Studies by McCrae and Costa have indicated that four of the five variables have a stronger hereditary component: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness. Agreeableness was discovered by Bergeman et al. (1993) to have a stronger environmental component. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality, Ninth Edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 10 Davis Drive, Belmont, CA 94002-3098, USA. Page 283, paragraph 3. Category: Easy Item number 230 Answer: A. Van Der Aa and colleagues Rationalization: A recent study of Dutch youth by Van der Aa and colleagues (2009) found that not all teens use the Internet the same way and that not all teens are affected in the same way by that usage. They intended to explore the contribution of the personality features of youth to Internet usage and its impact on their well-being. 133

Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 400, paragraph 3. Category: Easy Item number 231 Answer: A. Neuroticism Rationalization: Costa and McCrae conceptualize neuroticism (N) and extraversion (E) as the two most powerful and pervasive personality qualities, like how Eysenck characterized them. In addition, neurotic individuals are anxious, temperamental, self-pitying, self-conscious, emotional, and prone to stress-related disorders. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 390, paragraph 4. Category: Average Item number 232 Answer: D. Introverted Rationalization: It makes intuitive sense that youth who are more introverted and neurotic and less agreeable could find face-to-face social engagement less gratifying than their more extroverted, friendly, and emotionally stable peers. Because of this, such youth likely find the Internet a more enjoyable context for conversation. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 401, paragraph 1. Category: Average Item number 233 Answer: E. Internet Rationalization: Although there has been considerable public debate over the impact of Internet use on adolescents' well-being, early research on this subject produced inconsistent findings. As many parents and educators worry, some research suggests that everyday Internet use is connected with increased depression and decreased well-being in adolescents (e.g., Van den Eijnden et al., 2008), while others find no correlation between these factors (e.g., Gross et al., 2002). Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 400, paragraph 3. Category: Average Item number 234 Answer: D. Compulsive use 134

Rationalization: Personality factors were found to be predictive of this obsessive Internet use in the study. Adolescents and young adults who were more introverted, less pleasant, and neurotic were more likely to score highly on compulsive use, which was a stronger predictor of feelings of loneliness and having depressive symptoms. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 400, paragraph 4. Category: Average Item number 235 Answer: E. Conscientiousness Rationalization: Conscientiousness, the fifth factor, characterizes ordered, regulated, organized, ambitious, goal- oriented, and self-disciplined. Individuals that score well on conscientiousness are typically diligent, conscientious, punctual, and persistent. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 392, paragraph 3. Category: Average Item number 236 Answer: A. Julia reduced her internet usage, and her parents provided her with rewarding offline activities. Rationalization: Van der Aa and colleagues (2009) hypothesize that these young people may become trapped in a vicious cycle of increasing Internet use that becomes compulsive, predisposing them to lower well-being. Perhaps then, addressing teens who exhibit this feature profile to reduce Internet usage and provide rewarding offline activities could help improve their mental health. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 401, paragraph 1. Category: Difficult Item number 237 Answer: E. Compulsive Rationalization: According to Van der Aa and colleagues (2009), any risks associated with Internet use in terms of well-being are more likely to be related to individuals' predispositions for compulsive Internet use. Feel unable to stop surfing, be preoccupied with the Internet, or have Internet use interfere with other responsibilities are consequences of this compulsive use. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 400, paragraph 4. Category: Difficult 135

Item number 238 Answer: B. Dalmi is high in Agreeableness Rationalization: The Agreeableness Scale distinguishes those with a kind heart from those who are harsh. Individuals that score high on the agreeableness scale are usually trustworthy, kind, yielding, accepting, and good-natured. Individuals who score negatively are often suspicious, parsimonious, unpleasant, angry, and judgmental of others. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 392, paragraph 2. Category: Difficult Item number 239 Answer: C. Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Rationalization: The factors were confirmed by a range of assessment methodologies including self-ratings, objective tests, and observers’ reports. These factors are neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 282, paragraph 5. Category: Difficult Item number 240 Answer: D. High level of Extraversion and low level of Conscientiousness Rationalization: The table in 13.1 includes Costa and McCrae's Five-Factor Model of Personality, separating the qualities and characteristics of the five with low and high levels. According to the table, a high degree of agreeableness entails being gentle, trusting, generous, obedient, lenient, and good-natured. On the other hand, low conscientiousness levels include being negligent, lazy, disorganized, late, aimless, and quitting. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 392, table 13.1. Category: Difficult Item Number 241 Answer: D. Positive Emotion Rationalization: Based on Shiota, Keltner, and John correlational study, all seven (7) distinct positive emotions such as joy, contentment, pride, love, compassion, amusement, and awe were significantly correlated with extraversion, as predicted, with more extraverted people experiencing more all of the seven (7) distinct positive emotions than more introverted people. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 401, paragraph 2 136

Category: Easy Item Number 242 Answer: C. Awe Rationalization: People need to set up oneself for more experience of awe and wonder to be open to the world. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 401, paragraph 4 Category: Easy Item Number 243 Answer: B. Trait and Factor Theories Rationalization: Trait and Factor Theories were built by collecting data as much as possible on a large number of people, intercorrelation of the scores, factor analyzing correlation matrices, and applying appropriate psychological significance to the resultant factors. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 404, paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item Number 244 Answer: E. DPES Rationalization: Shiota, Keltner, and John Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 404, paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item Number 245 Answer: B. Empathy Rationalization: The seven (7) distinct positive emotions in the study of Shiota, Keltner, and John are joy, pride, love, compassion, commitment, amusement, and awe. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 401, paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item Number 246 Answer: A. McNiel and Fleeson 137

Rationalization: McNeil and Fleeson had 45 participants who came into the psychology laboratory. They were interested in determining whether acting in an extraverted manner causes people to experience positive feelings and whether acting in a neurotic manner causes people to experience negative feelings. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 402, paragraph 3 Category: Average Item Number 247 Answer: D. Psychometric Approach Rationalization: Trait and Factor Theories were built by applying appropriate psychological significance to the resultant factors. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 404, paragraph 3 Category: Average Item Number 248 Answer: B. Correlational Study Rationalization: Based on the result of the study, many interesting significant relationships emerged between participants’ self-ratings of their positive emotions. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 401, paragraph 4 Category: Average Item Number 249 Answer: E. Empirical Research Rationalization: According to Costa and McCrae, the research has shown that the traits of extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness are not limited to Western nations, but are found in a variety of cultures, using myriad translations of the revised NEO – PI. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 404, paragraph 4 Category: Average Item Number 250 Answer: C. Love and Agreeableness Rationalization: Based on the study of Shiota, Kelter, and John, more agreeable individuals experience more love and compassion than their more disagreeable experiences. 138

Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 401, paragraph 4 Category: Average Item Number 251 Answer: A. Researchers predicted that the case was only for those who not only were high on neuroticism but also were relatively slow at categorizing incoming information. Rationalization: The reasoning for the prediction was that those who are fast at processing things in the environment do not rely on the traits such as neuroticism to interpret events and thereby cause a negative mood. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 404, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item Number 252 Answer: A. is found in the essence of parsimony. Rationalization: Trait and Factor Theories must receive an excellent rating in parsimony because factor analysis is predicated on the idea of the fewest explanatory factors possible. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 405, paragraph 3 Category: Difficult Item Number 253 Answer: E. Extraversion was positively related to emotional well-being. Rationalization: Researchers concluded that people high in extraversion and low in neuroticism were genetically predisposed to emotional stability. The trait of extraversion is related to positive moods or feelings. Reference: Schultz, D., & Schultz, S. E. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 10 Davis Drive Belmonte, CA 94002 – 3098, USA. Page 282, paragraph 3 Category: Difficult Item Number 254 Answer: A. the criterion of falsifiability Rationalization: The work of McCrae and Costa lends itself to falsification, even though some of the research coming from the non – Western countries suggests that traits other than the Big Five may be needed to explain personality in Asian countries. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 404, paragraph 5 139

Category: Difficult Item Number 255 Answer: D. Extraversion and neuroticism are related to positive and negative mood respectively is not accurate. Rationalization: It does not portray the complete picture of the complex relationship between trait and emotion. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 403, paragraph 5 Category: Difficult Item number 256 Answer: C. Love Rationalization: Cattell’s factor-analytic research identified 11 ergs. These are: anger, appeal, curiosity, disgust, gregariousness, hunger, protection, security, self-assertion, self-submission, and sex. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268- 270, paragraph 2 Category: Easy Item number 257 Answer: E. Childhood. Rationalization: Between ages 6 and 14, the childhood stage of personality formation, there are few psychological problems. This stage marks the beginning of a trend toward independence from parents and an increasing identification with peers. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 271- 273, paragraph 2 Category: Easy Item number 258 Answer: B. Attitudes. Rationalization: Cattell defined attitudes as our interests in and our emotions and behaviors toward some person, object, or event. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268- 270, paragraph 4 Category: Easy Item number 259 Answer: D. Adolescence. 140

Rationalization: The childhood stage is followed by a more troublesome and stressful stage, adolescence, from 14 to 23. Emotional disorders and delinquency may be evident as young people experience conflicts centered on the drives for independence, self-assertion, and sex. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 271- 273, paragraph 2 Category: Easy Item number 260 Answer: C. Sentiment. Rationalization: According to Cattell a sentiment is a pattern of learned attitudes that focuses on an important aspect of life, such as a person’s community, spouse, occupation, religion, or hobby. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268- 270, paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item number 261 Answer: A. subsidiation. Rationalization: In subsidiation, our dynamic traits—the ergs and sentiments —are related to our attitudes, which means that within the personality some elements subsidiate, or are subordinate to, other elements. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268- 270, paragraph 5 Category: Average Item number 262 Answer: A. The first statement is correct while the second statement is incorrect. Rationalization: Cattell described dynamic traits as the traits concerned with motivation, which is an important issue in many personality theories. Cattell believed that a personality theory that failed to consider the impact of dynamic, or motivating, forces is incomplete, like trying to describe an engine but failing to mention the type of fuel on which it runs. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268- 270, paragraph 1 Category: Average Item number 263 Answer: D. Dynamic Lattice. 141

Rationalization: Cattell expressed the relationships among ergs, sentiments, and attitudes in a diagram which he called the dynamic lattice. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268- 270, paragraph 5 Category: Average Item number 264 Answer: D. The first statement is incorrect while the second statement is correct. Rationalization: Cattell concluded that overall, one-third of our personality is genetically based, and two-thirds is determined by social and environmental influences. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 270- 271, paragraph 2 Category: Average Item number 265 Answer: B. Sentiment is an environmental mold source trait because it derives from external social and physical influences. Rationalization: According to Cattell, a sentiment is an environmental mold source trait because it derives from external social and physical influences. A sentiment is a pattern of learned attitudes that focuses on an important aspect of life, such as a person’s community, spouse, occupation, religion, or hobby. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268- 270, paragraph 3 Category: Average Item number 266 Answer: B. Mr. Luffy celebrated his 60th birthday today, and his coworkers commended and recognized him for his commitment and dedication to his career since he's resigning. Rationalization: In Cattell’s stages of personality development, the stage of late maturity, ages 50 to 65, involves personality developments in response to physical, social, and psychological changes. A decline in health, vigor, and physical attractiveness may be visible and the end of life may be in view. During this phase people reexamine their values and search for a new self. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 271- 272, paragraph 4 Category: Difficult Item number 267 Answer: C. Attitudes. 142

Rationalization: According to Cattell, attitudes are our interests in and emotions and behaviors toward some person, object, or event. As Cattell applied the term, it does not refer exclusively to an opinion for or against something, which is a commonplace usage of the word attitude. This is a broader definition than typically used in psychology. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268- 270, paragraph 5 Category: Difficult Item number 268 Answer: D. Adolescence. Rationalization: According to Cattell’s stages of personality development, adolescence, ages 14 to 23, is a troublesome and stressful stage. In this stage, young individuals experience conflicts about independence, self- assertion, and sex. Thus, emotional disorders and delinquency may be evident. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 271- 273, paragraph 2 Category: Difficult Item number 269 Answer: C. Sentiment. Rationalization: Sentiment is an environmental-mold source trait that motivates behavior. It is a pattern of learned attitudes that focuses on an important aspect of life, such as a person’s community, spouse, occupation, religion, or hobby. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268- 270, paragraph 3 Category: Difficult Item number 270 Answer: C. Self-submission. Rationalization: According to Cattell the word erg derives from the Greek word ergon, which means work or energy. Ergs are the basic innate units of motivation. In Cattell’s factor-analytic research, he identified 11 ergs. These are anger, appeal, curiosity, disgust, gregariousness, hunger, protection, security, self-assertion, self-submission, and sex. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268- 270, paragraph 2 Category: Difficult 143

Item number 271 Answer: D. All of the above. Rationalization: In discussing research methods, Cattell listed bivariate, clinical, and multivariate approaches to study personality. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 223, paragraph 4 Category: Easy Item number 272 Answer: A. P Technique Rationalization: The P technique involves collecting a large amount of data from a single subject over a long period of time. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 224, paragraph 5 Category: Easy Item number 273 Answer: C. R Technique Rationalization: The R technique involves collecting large amounts of data from a group of people. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 224, paragraph 5 Category: Easy Item number 274 Answer: B. Univariate Rationalization: Bivariate approach is also called univariate because only one variable is studied at a time. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 224, paragraph 1 Category: Easy Item number 275 Answer: E. South Africa Rationalization: A study conducted in South Africa found that translation into the Tshivenda language changed the meanings of the test questions so much that the responses were invalid. 144

Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 225, paragraph 1 Category: Easy Item number 276 Answer: A. Cattell criticized contemporary psychologists for not being able to successfully master and apply factor analysis at age 79. Rationalization: Cattell made his criticisms at age 85 to the contemporary psychologists for failing to master and apply factor analysis. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 225, paragraph 6 Category: Average Item number 277 Answer: A. Case studies, dream analysis, and free association. Rationalization: The clinical approach, which includes case studies, dream analysis, free association, and similar techniques, is considered to be highly subjective. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 224, paragraph 3 Category: Average Item number 278 Answer: B. The first statement (i) is false. Rationalization: Research using the Greek version of the 16PF Test was able to clearly distinguish the personality characteristics of Greek elementary and preschool teachers. From the test norms for the population of Greece as a whole. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 225, paragraph 2 Category: Average Item number 279 Answer: D. iii, i, ii Rationalization: In the initial data collection, researchers must first decide which tests to use and what aspects of behavior to measure. After this, they must determine which factor-analytic technique to apply, and what level of significance will be accepted as appropriate. 145

Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 225, paragraph 4 Category: Average Item number 280 Answer: B. The second (ii) statement is false. Rationalization: In Cattell’s study of the relationship of marital stability and personality traits using the 16PF Test, Cattell’s subjects include married couples identified as either having a stable or an unstable marriage. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 224, paragraph 8-9 Category: Average Item number 281 Answer: A. Clinical Approach Rationalization: Studying case studies is one of the techniques in the clinical approach of conducting research. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 224, paragraph 3 Category: Difficult Item number 282 Answer: E. R Technique, Multivariate Approach Rationalization: R Technique is one of the forms of the multivariate approach which involves collecting large amounts of data from a group of people. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 224, paragraph 5 Category: Difficult Item number 283 Answer: C. Niki and Jake will use the multivariate approach which involves the factor analysis’ sophisticated statistical procedure. Rationalization: A is false as studying case studies is one of the techniques in the clinical approach of conducting research. B is false since the P technique is one of Cattell’s two favored forms of factor analysis in the multivariate approach. D is false since the bivariate approach is for the standard laboratory experimental method. 146

E is false since the R technique is also one of Cattell’s favored forms of factor analysis in the multivariate approach. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 224, paragraph 1-5 Category: Difficult Item number 284 Answer: D. Both b and c. Rationalization: B is less likely to happen since the 16PF Test could be distorted or faked hence the results may not be similar. C is less likely to happen because a study from South Africa found that like other personality tests and some languages, a literal translation proved impossible, and their results might be invalid. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 224, paragraph 9 Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 225, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 285 Answer: C. Johnny will include individuals who are not married. Rationalization: C is least likely to happen as the proponent will be having married couples, either in a stable or unstable relationship, as subjects to conduct his study. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 224, paragraph 8-9 Category: Difficult Item number 286 Answer: A. Type iv Rationalization: Grossarth-maticek had a four groups or types and the type ii is an individuals regarded their own autonomy as an important individuals regarded their own autonomy as an important Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 423, paragraph 5 Category: Easy Item number 287 Answer: A. True 147