CATTELL, EYNSECK, McCRAE AND COSTA'S THEORY OF PERSONALITY

D. Exploratory Research E. Empirical Research 250. Choose the right correlation between emotion and personality traits. A. Awe and Conscientiousness B. Contentment and Openness C. Love and Agreeableness D. Amusement and Conscientiousness E. Pride and Neuroticism 251. Which statement demonstrated the result of Robinson and Clore’s research regarding neuroticism and negative mood? A. Researchers predicted that the case was only for those who not only were high on neuroticism but also were relatively slow at categorizing incoming information. B. Researchers showed that the case was only for those who not only were high on neuroticism but also can decrease negative mood. C. Researchers demonstrated that acting neuroticism can decrease negative moods. D. Researchers predicted that the case was only for those who not only were low on neuroticism but also were relatively slow at categorizing incoming information. E. Researchers predicted that the case was only for those who not only were high on neuroticism but also were relatively fast at categorizing incoming information. 252. The excellent rating of the Trait and Factor Theories A. is found in the essence of parsimony. B. is determined in guiding the actions of practitioners. C. is shown in organizing knowledge. D. lies in falsifiability. E. cannot be found in all options. 253. Which of the following statements best describes the correlation between traits and emotions? A. Based on the study, women who scored high on extraversion and openness to experience were significantly more likely to experience negative life events. B. Extraversion was negatively related to emotional well-being. C. Neuroticism was positively related to emotional well-being. D. Based on the study, women who scored high on neuroticism and openness to experience were significantly more likely to experience positive life events. E. Extraversion was positively related to emotional well-being. 254. Trait and Factor Theories rated high on their ability to organize knowledge and clearly received moderate to high ratings on A. the criterion of falsification B. generating research 48

C. guiding the actions of practitioners D. internal consistency E. the criterion of parsimony 255. Researchers on traits and emotions concluded that A. Conscientious people experience more of the agency-related emotions of love and compassion. B. Neuroticism was significantly positively related with joy, contentment, pride, and love. C. Openness is more strongly related to compassion and amusement. D. Extraversion and neuroticism are related to positive and negative moods respectively and are not accurate. E. Agreeable individuals experience more pride and joy. 256. The following are ergs identified by Cattell’s factor-analytic research except: A. Gregariousness B. Anger C. Love D. Appeal E. Security 257. There are few psychological problems in this stage of personality development. A. Old age B. Adolescence C. Infancy D. Maturity E. Childhood 258. Cattell defined ______ as our interests in and our emotions and behaviors toward some person, object, or event. A. Subsidiation B. Attitudes C. Sentiment D. Self-Sentiment E. Curiosity 259. In what stage of personality development are emotional disorders and delinquency becomes evident? A. Old Age B. Childhood C. Infancy D. Adolescence E. Maturity 260. It is defined as a pattern of learned attitudes that focuses on an important aspect of life, such as a person’s community, spouse, occupation, religion, or hobby. 49

A. Subsidiation B. Attitudes C. Sentiment D. Self-Sentiment E. Curiosity 261. In what concept do our dynamic traits relate to our attitudes? A. Subsidiation B. Sentiments C. Ergon D. Dynamic Lattice E. Self-Sentiment 262. Cattell described dynamic traits as the traits concerned with motivation. Cattell believed that even if a personality theory failed to consider the impact of dynamic or motivating forces, it is complete. A. The first statement is correct while the second statement is incorrect. B. Both statements are incorrect. C. Both statements are correct. D. The first statement is incorrect while the second statement is correct. E. None of the statements. 263. According to Cattell attitudes are subsidiary to sentiments; sentiments are subsidiary to ergs. He expressed these relationships in a diagram in which he called: A. Subsidiation B. Source Traits C. Ergon D. Dynamic Lattice E. Surface Traits 264. According to Cattell, one-fourth of our personality is genetically based. Two-thirds are determined by social and environmental influences. A. The first statement is correct while the second statement is incorrect. B. Both statements are incorrect. C. Both statements are correct. D. The first statement is incorrect while the second statement is correct. E. None of the statements. 265. Which of the following statements is true about the concept of sentiment? A. Sentiment is our interests in and our emotions and behaviors toward some person, object, or event. B. Sentiment is an environmental mold source trait because it derives from external social and physical influences. C. Sentiment provides stability, coherence, and organization to the source traits. 50

D. Sentiment is the organizer of our attitudes and motivations. E. Sentiment is the innate energy source or driving force for all behaviors, the basic units of motivation that direct us toward specific goals. 266. Which of the following statements shows the development of an individual in the stage of late maturity? A. Luffy and Camie met while they were both in high school, and they were both initially attracted to each other. He then began courting Camie, and the two became romantically involved. B. Mr. Luffy celebrated his 60th birthday today, and his coworkers commended and recognized him for his commitment and dedication to his career since he's resigning. C. To commemorate the first anniversary of Mr. Luffy's death, his coworkers compiled a playlist of musical tributes to him. He was able to establish a legacy before his death at the age of 78. D. Mrs. Camie and Mr. Luffy gave birth to Tony, their third-born child, at their 33rd age. E. Luffy and Camie planned to be married as soon as they graduated from high school and obtained a stable job since they have managed to maintain their relationship. 267. Hinata is a volleyball player who is dedicated to improving his abilities and talent. Which of the following motivational forces displays Hinata's feelings and behaviors toward his passion for sport? A. Self-Sentiment B. Ergs C. Attitudes D. Sentiment E. Subsidiation 268. Eli was a sweet little girl, as per her parents' description of her. But after so many years, she started isolating herself and cut her connection with people whom she used to bond with for untold reasons. Which of the following stages of personality displays Eli's behavior? A. Maturity B. Infancy C. Old Age D. Adolescence E. Late Maturity 269. Therese and Marthy were great friends in high school. They were both more familiar with one another than anyone else. Therese, however, developed affections for Marthy, who is only interested in their friendship. Therese was devastated because she felt rejected; so, she distanced herself from him and began cutting any ties between them. Marthy, on the other hand, tried to mend their friendship but failed. He then lets Therese free and never bothers her again. Therese was still reeling from their fate. Thus, anything that reminded her of him put her in a grumpy mood. What concept is being shown in this situation? A. Subsidiation B. Ergs C. Sentiment D. Attitudes 51

E. Self-Sentiment 270. Lizzy grew up without the care of her father. She craves the love and attention of a father figure. As a result, whenever she falls in love, she always looks for this care and attention from guys she tries to have a romantic relationship with. She then ends up getting manipulated and gaslighted. Which of the following ergs displays Lizzy's situation? A. Self-Assertion B. Appeal C. Self-Submission D. Curiosity E. Gregariousness 271. These/this is/are the method/s that Cattell identified in order to study personality: A. Clinical Approach B. Multivariate Approach C. Bivariate Approach D. All of the above E. A and B only 272. This is one of the two forms of factor analysis that Cattell favored in which the proponents gather huge amounts of data obtained from a single subject over a long period of time. A. P Technique B. D Technique C. R Technique D. B Technique E. C Technique 273. This is also Cattell’s favored form of factor analysis, which is huge amounts of data obtained from a group of people instead of a single subject. A. P Technique B. D Technique C. R Technique D. B Technique E. C Technique 274. What is the other term for the approach that studies only one variable at a time? A. Bivariate B. Univariate C. Onevariate D. Duvariate E. None of the above 52

275. It was found in a study that the test questions of 16 PF Test change meanings when translated into the Tshivenda language. What country was this study conducted? A. Spain B. Sudan C. South Korea D. Saudi Arabia E. South Africa 276. Which of the following statements is/are false? A. Cattell criticized contemporary psychologists for not being able to successfully master and apply factor analysis at age 79. B. Cattell is considered the father of the personality trait approach. C. Critiques suggest that there might be a subjective error in Cattell’s approach. D. Both a and b. E. Both a and c. 277. These are some of the techniques included in the research method of Cattell which does not result in verifiable and quantifiable data. A. Case studies, dream analysis, and free association B. Case studies, laboratory method, and dream analysis C. Dream analysis, observation, and scientific research D. Dream analysis, case studies, and observation E. Dream analysis, free association, and scientific research 278. i. The 16PF Test translated in Greek was not effective in distinguishing the personality characteristics of the elementary and preschool teachers from Greece. ii. The 16PF Test translated in Turkish is found to be valid in measuring personality differences. iii. The 16PF Test, like other personality tests, can be distorted or faked. A. The first statement (i) is true. B. The first statement (i) is false. C. The second statement (ii) is false. D. The first (i) and second statement (ii) are true. E. The second (i) and third (iii) statement are false. 279. i. Determine which factor-analytic technique will be utilized. ii. Alongside this, determine the appropriate level of significance. iii. Decide which test will be used and what aspect of behavior will be measured. What is the sequence of the initial step of data collection? A. ii, i, iii B. iii, i, ii C. i, ii, iii D. iii, i, ii 53

E. ii, iii, i 280. Cattell applied his 16 PF Test in defining the relationship existing between personality traits and marital stability. ii. The subjects of the study are married couples with stable marriage. iii. The results show that the scores from 16PF Test could predict marital stability. A. The first (i) statement is false. B. The second (ii) statement is false. C. The third (iii) statement is false. D. Both the second (ii) and third (iii) statement are true. E. None of the statements are false. 281. Ethan’s group wanted to conduct research on the relationship of personality traits and study habits using Cattell’s 16 PF Test. In order to do this, they gathered case studies and made an analysis out of them. What research method did they use to conduct the study? A. Clinical Approach B. Multivariate Approach C. Clinical and Multivariate Approach D. Bivariate and Clinical Approach E. Univariate Approach 282. Jay and his group mates are tasked to conduct a study which involves the utilization of Cattell’s 16PF Test. They wanted to use the approach in which they can gather a huge amount of data from several groups of people. Which approach should they apply? A. P Technique, Bivariate Approach B. P Technique, Univariate Approach C. R Technique, Bivariate Approach D. P Technique, Multivariate Approach E. R Technique, Multivariate Approach 283. Niki and Jake need to create a study as their final performance task for Practical Research II. After settling on a research topic, they decided to use a research method in studying personality. In accordance with this, which of the following statements is true? A. Niki and Jake will use a univariate approach to study the case of Mr. Lee, their divorced neighbor. B. Niki and Jake will use the P technique of univariate approach to gather one subject which they will be testing for weeks. C. Niki and Jake will use the multivariate approach which involves the factor analysis’ sophisticated statistical procedure. D. Niki and Jake will use the clinical approach to make a study in the laboratory. E. Niki and Jake will use the bivariate approach, most specifically, the R technique in conducting their study. 54

284. Professor June of Namkanda University wants to conduct a personality test as one of the activities in his Theories of Personality class. Which of the following results are least likely to happen? A. When his students took the 16PF twice, the results of the test were not all similar. B. When his students took the 16PF twice, the results were still all similar. C. When he made a direct translation of the 16PF Test to his native language, the responses remained valid. D. Both a and c E. Both b and c 285. Johnny cannot help but get curious on the marital status of the ill-tempered couple living beside his house. Eventually, he also got curious whether their personality traits have something to do with their marital stability. Which of the following statements is/are least likely to happen? A. Johnny will use Cattell’s 16PF Test to describe the relationship that occurs between marital stability and personality traits. B. Johnny will find out that there is an existing relationship between marital stability and personality traits. C. Johnny will include individuals who are not married. D. Both a and b E. All of the above 286. What four groups or types had used a short questionnaire and a long personal interview to place people wherein individuals regarded their own autonomy as important? A. Type IV B. Type I C. Type II D. Type III E. Type V 287. Eysenck contended that cigarette smoking alone does not cause cancer or CVD. A. True B. False C. Not sure D. Maybe E. None of the Above 288. For cardiovascular disease, these factors EXCEPT: A. Family History. B. Ethnic Background C. Relationship Status D. Hypertension E. Personality factor 289. ___________individuals had very low death rates from either cancer or CVD. A. Type I and Type III 55

B. Type III and Type II C. Type II and Type IV D. Type III and Type IV E. Type I and Type II 290. ___________associated the probability of developing certain health problems such as heart disease or cancer with various personality traits. A. Grossarth-Maticek B. Vetter C. David Kissen D. Hans Eysenck E. Jung 291. A short questionnaire and a long personal interview to place people into one of four groups or types. A. people typically reacted to frustration with anger, aggression, and emotional arousal B. people were ambivalent, shifting from the typical reaction of Type I people to the typical reaction of Type IIs and then back again; C. people typically reacted to frustration with anger, aggression, and emotional arousal; D. individuals regarded their own autonomy as important individuals regarded their own autonomy as important. E. None of the Above 292. The relationship between personality and disease ____________ that psychological factor causes cancer and heart disease. A. Prove B. not sure C. they think D. do not prove E. know that 293. Who reported a clinical trial showing behavioral therapy could dramatically cut the death risk? A. Grossarth-Maticek and Eysenck B. Gudjonsson and Eysenck C. Marusic and Eysenck D. None of the above E. All of the Above 294. What are the examples except about the Biological and Emotional factors? A. None of the Above B. Cardiovascular Disease C. Obesity D. Addition 56

E. All of the Above 295. How to prevent diseases like cancer and heart disease? A. Avoid potentially dangerous situations, B. Eat a healthy diet and C. All of the Above D. Learn appropriate new responses. E. None of the Above 296. Nic's grandfather is confined because of his disease and it really affects his health. What psychological factors cause personality and disease? A. Brain Tumor and Brain Cancer B. Liver and Lungs C. Appendix and Kidney D. Cancer and Heart Disease E. Brain Tumor and Lung Cancer 297. Erika’s father is a smoking addict. He always used cigarettes every day until one day her father had cancer. What was the reason that Erika’s father had a disease? A. Her father is a smoking addict B. Use cigarettes everyday C. Both A and B are true D. None the the above E. Her father is a alcoholic 298. Eysenck and his associates (Marusic, Gudjonsson, Eysenck, & Starc, 1999) developed a complex biopsychosocial model for heart disease that included 11 biological and 7 psychosocial factors. Their research with men in the Republic of Croatia does not support the hypothesis that personality factors interact with a variety of biological factors to contribute to heart disease. A. All statements are true B. All Statement are False C. First statement is true; Second statement is false D. First statement is false; Second statement is true E. The statement is not sure it's either true and false 299. Grossarth-Maticek, Eysenck, & Vetter to investigate not only the relationship between personality and disease. But also, the effectiveness of behavior therapy on prolonging the life of cancer and CVD patients. A. All statements are true B. All Statement are False C. First statement is true; Second statement is false D. First statement is false; Second statement is true E. The statement are not sure it's either true and false 57

300. Christ wants to quit for being alcoholic. When he consulted the doctor, He need extremely careful with medication. What was the reason to be extremely careful about medication? A. Good Health B. Addiction and trigger a relapse C. Change Behavior D. Affect the body function E. Bad health 301. Which of the following persons directly affected Cattell’s work? A. McCrae B. Costa C. Eysenck D. All of the above E. None of the above 302. Who invited Cattell to spend a year at their personal laboratory situated in Columbia University located in New York? A. Henry Murray B. Gordon Allport C. Edward L. Thorndike D. William Sheldon E. Robert McCrae 303. After spending a year in Columbia University in New York, which of the following universities offered Cattell professorship before transferring to Harvard in 1941? A. Worcester State University B. Becker College C. Westfield State University D. Boston College E. Clark University 304. Which among the following is a colleague of Raymond Cattell? A. Robert McCrae B. Gordon Allport C. Edward L. Thorndike D. Paul Costa Jr. E. Hans Eysenck 305. Cattell’s definition of personality lies on the idea that personality is? A. Predictable B. Constant 58

C. Lawful D. Orderly E. Dynamic 306. Among the following choices, which is the best answer? I. Cattell used the 16 PF Test in defining the marital stability of a couple. II. Cattell grounded the criterion for stability on the basis of whether or not a couple had taken steps toward dissolving the marriage. III. Couples who are in a stable marriage have heterogeneous personality traits in relation to their partner. A. Statement I is True B. Statement II is True C. Statement III is True D. Statements I and II are True E. Statements I and III are True 307. Among the following, which best describes the stage where the personality is inclined to become less flexible? A. Childhood B. Adolescence C. Maturity D. Late Maturity E. Old Age 308. For levels of subordination, which of the following is the correct arrangement? A. Ergic - Attitude - Sentiment B. Attitude - Sentiment - Ergic C. Sentiment - Ergic - Attitude D. Attitude - Ergic - Sentiment E. Ergic - Sentiment - Attitude 309. Which among the following statements is/are true? I. Cattell proposed there is an ultimate goal dominating behavior II. Catell proposed there is a pushing drive for self-actualization III. Catell proposed there is no psychosexual conflicts which pulls an individual A. Statement I is True B. Statement II is True C. Statement III is True D. All the statements are true E. None of the statements are true 310.Which among the following statements is/are true about the 16 PF Test? I. One of the least famous test made by Cattell is the 16 PF (Personality Factor) Test II. The 16 PF Test is designed to be answered by individuals aged 16 and above 59

III. The responses of the test are scored subjectively. A. Statement I is True B. Statement II is True C. Statement III is True D. All the statements are true E. None of the statements are true 311. In one of your classes, you noticed that one of your classmates frequently asks the teacher to go out to the bathroom. Based on Cattell’s theory, which of the following assessment techniques would you use in measuring personality? A. Q-Data B. L-Data C. T-Data D. E-Data E. B-Data 312. You are in a relationship with someone who is the same age as you. However, as your relationship starts to develop, you notice that your partner tends to become submissive and needy. During which stage of Cattell’s personality development are the both of you in? A. Adolescence B. Maturity C. Late Maturity D. None of the Above E. All of the Above 313. In your circle of friends, one of them has the tendency to show reservedness and detachedness from the rest of the group. Based on Cattell’s source traits of personality, which factor from the following set is your friend most likely manifesting? A. Factor E High Score B. Factor A High Score C. Factor E Low Score D. Factor A Low Score E. None of the above 314. A friend of yours is proliferating misinformation through social media. Upon noticing the information being shared, you reached out to your friend and conversed with them regarding misinformation. After a while, they begin asking questions on how to verify information. The trait manifested by your friend is under which factor? A. Factor Q1 High Score B. Factor Q2 High Score C. Factor Q3 High Score D. Factor Q4 High Score E. Factor Q5 High Score 60

315. In your circle of friends, one of them is a member of the LGBTQ+ community. One day, while walking towards the cafeteria, that friend of yours got sexually harrassed by someone by grabbing his buttocks. Your friend was shocked to experience that kind of thing. Luckily, one friend from the circle responded civilly and by pointing out the harassment committed. Your friend who stood up showed a manifestation under which factor? A. Factor G High Score B. Factor I High Score C. Factor G Low Score D. Factor L High Score E. None of the above 316. Cattell, McCrae, and Costa all used this kind of method for gathering data A. Deductive method B. Division of unique traits C. Distinguishing source traits D. Inductive method E. Division of common traits 317. How many personality factors the NEO-Personality Inventory of Costa and McCrae yield? A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four E. Five 318. How many primary/first-order traits Cattell multifaceted approach have yielded? A. 90 B. 75 C. 35 D. 25 E. 20 319. Which of the following is needed to determine how variables are related to other variables? A. Factor Analysis B. Deductive method C. Inductive method D. Hypothesis E. Correlation coefficient 320. Correlations of scores with factors are called A. Factor loadings B. Factor analysis 61

C. Correlation coefficient D. Variables E. Traits 321. What are the three sources of data Cattell used to examine people for different media of observation? A. person’s life record, self-reports, and objective tests B. person’s life record, self-reports, and subjective tests C. person’s life record, diagnostic reports, and objective tests D. person’s life record, diagnostic reports, and subjective tests E. person’s life record, diagnostic reports, and case studies 322. Why do other factor theorists use the deductive method? A. They have preconceived hypotheses in mind before they begin to collect data B. They have preconceived hypotheses in mind after collecting data C. They have no preconceived hypotheses in mind before they begin to collect data D. They have no preconceived hypotheses in mind after collecting data E. They have no available data 323. Which of the following statements is not true? A. Cattell divided traits into common traits and unique traits B. Cattell distinguished source traits from trait indicators C. Motivation deals with why one behaves D. Traits of temperament are concerned with how a person feel emotion E. Ability refers to how far or how fast one can perform 324. Advocated by Cattell, the oblique method assumes positive or negative correlation and refers to an angle of: A. less than or more than 30° B. less than or more than 90° C. less than or more than 135° D. less than or more than 180° E. less than or more than 360° 325. Which of the following are not the further classified traits of Cattell? A. temperament, motivation, and personality B. temperament, motivation, and emotions C. temperament, motivation, and traits D. temperament, motivation, and ability E. temperament, motivation, and self-efficacy 326. A comprehensive knowledge of the mathematical operations involved in factor analysis is: A. dependent to the understanding of trait and factor theories of personality, and a general description of this technique should be helpful 62

B. essential to an understanding of trait and factor theories of personality, but a general description of this technique should be not helpful C. not essential to an understanding of trait and factor theories of personality, but a general description of this technique should be helpful D. essential to an understanding of trait and factor theories of personality, but a general description of this technique should be helpful E. not essential to an understanding of trait and factor theories of personality, but a general description of this technique should be not helpful 327. Jia found that if scores for algebra, geometry, and calculus contribute highly to Factor M but not to other factors, they will have high factor loadings on M. Which of the following shows the significance between factor loadings and scores? A. Represent a cluster of closely related variables B. It is related to the units of personality derived through factor analysis C. Shows that number of factors will be smaller than the original number of observations D. Give indication of the purity of various factors and enables to interpret semantically E. Can account for a large number of variables with a smaller number of more basic dimensions 328. Which of the following shows how to mathematically derive factors to have a psychological meaning? A. scores plotted on the axes are scaled from zero to some large amount B. scores plotted on the axes shows the high and low correlation coefficient C. scores plotted on the axes generates through factor analysis which may be either unipolar or bipolar D. scores plotted on the axes extends from one pole to an opposite pole with zero representing a midpoint E. scores plotted on the axes are rotated into a specific mathematical relationship with each other 329. One begins by making specific observations of many individuals when using factor analysis which are quantified in some manner. Crisna was tasked by her professor to enumerate observations for her test. Yet, she later found out that there had been inaccurate quantified observations she included. Identify which from the following observations are true. I. height is measured in inches II. weight in meters III. aptitude in test scores IV. job performance by marketing scales A. I only B. II, III C. I, III D. I, III, & IV E. I, II, III, & IV 330. Which of the following statements is true? A. oblique methods ordinarily produce a lesser number B. oblique methods unusually produce a larger number 63

C. oblique methods unusually produce a lesser number D. orthogonal rotation usually results in only a few meaningful traits E. orthogonal rotation usually results in only a lot meaningful traits 331. It is considered as relative permanent reaction tendencies that are the basic structural units of the personality. A. Behavior B. Attitude C. Temperament D. Patterns E. Traits 332. These are the traits possessed to some degree by all persons. A. Environmental Traits B. Social Traits C. Common Traits D. Influential Traits E. Prevalent Traits 333. These are the aspects of personality shared by few other people and are particularly apparent in our interests and attitudes. A. Ability Traits B. Surface Traits C. Source Traits D. Temperament Traits E. Unique Traits 334. These are composed of traits that are learned from the social and physical environments. A. Physical-mold Traits B. Social-mold Traits C. Surface-mold Traits D. Environmental-mold Traits E. Behavioral-mold Traits 335. It describes the general style and emotional tone of our behavior; helps determine how we react to the people and situations in our environment. A. Temperament Traits B. Surface Traits C. Source Traits D. Reaction Traits E. Environmental Traits 64

336. It is a kind of trait that shows correlation but does not constitute a factor because they are not determined by a single source. A. Source Traits B. Surface Traits C. Temperament Traits D. Ability Traits E. None of the above 337. According to Cattell, common traits are universal because all people are subject to similar social pressures and similar _________ potential. A. Modifying B. Hereditary C. Collective D. Influencing E. Reaction 338. Source traits are individual factors derived from ________ that combine to account for surface traits. A. Correlation Coefficient B. Factor Analysis C. Factor Loadings D. NEO-PI E. 16 PF Scale 339. These traits are the permanent elements of our personality. A. Source Traits B. Surface Traits C. Temperament Traits D. Ability Traits E. None of the above 340. Traits that are not permanent and are unstable in nature. A. Source Traits B. Surface Traits C. Temperament Traits D. Ability Traits E. None of the above 341. Introvert Jiho went to a party with his colleagues. After sometime, he was under the influence of the alcohol for taking too much from how much he can handle. His behavior changed and he became outgoing compared to his normal habits. This is an example of what trait according to Cattel? A. Constitutional Traits B. Environmental-mold Traits 65

C. Source Traits D. Both b and c E. Both a and c 342. Luther was a delinquent when he was in his highschool days. It is normal for him to cause trouble for his classmates with his childishness along with his friends. But after he went to college, his behavior seems to change over the course. His classmates don't tolerate his acts and were able to influence him to be a proper student. His behavior was a result of __________ from personality traits of Cattell. A. Temperament Traits B. Constitutional Traits C. Environmental-mold Traits D. Source Traits E. Ability Traits 343. Jasper and Chedriel met during their first experience at work. They are nice friends to each other but they seem to be not so comfortable to fool around or make jokes with one another. The other day, Jasper decided to put stones in his backpack as a prank to his friend. Chedriel was wondering why his bag felt heavier than before. After he took a peak, he saw stones and became furious with his friend Jasper. Chedriel’s reaction was an example of what trait? A. Temperament Traits B. Constitutional Traits C. Surface Traits D. Source Traits E. Ability Traits 344. Patricia is a nice girl. She was taught to use “po” and “opo” to her elders as a sign of respect since her childhood. Her parents also influenced her to take her academics seriously. As she grows up, these personalities of hers are still manifesting within her. This type of trait which is for a long-term basis is a kind of what personality traits? A. Temperament Traits B. Constitutional Traits C. Surface Traits D. Source Traits E. Ability Traits 345. After Janna graduated from senior high school, she was considering what program she will take for college. Her parents suggested that she must pursue medicine as it will be beneficial in many aspects. But Janna insisted that she will take law instead, as she is great at public speaking and wants to serve the public. What kind of trait Janna elicited from this scenario? A. Temperament Traits B. Constitutional Traits C. Surface Traits D. Source Traits 66

E. Ability Traits 346. What did Raymond Cattell use to identify traits and study personality? A. The Formula A=f(P,R) B. Factor Analysis C. Source Traits D. Empirical Data E. Quantitative Research 347. Whom did Cattell work under in 1929 after he graduated in his Ph.D? A. Carl Jung B. E.L. Thorndike C. Charles Spearman D. Alfred Adler E. Abraham Maslow 348. How old was Cattell when he received his B.Sc. in 1924 at the University of London? A. 25 B. 19 C. 23 D. 20 E. 22 349. His general statement about personality may be expressed through this: A. R = f (P, S) B. Correlation Coefficiency C. Factor Analysis D. Factor Loadings E. NEO-PI 350. Who is the psychology-statistician that developed the factor analysis? A. Raymond Cattell B. Hans J. Eysenck C. David Buss D. Charles E. Spearman E. Gordon Allport 351. These are the basic elements of personality according to Cattell. A. Temperament traits B. Surface Traits C. Source Traits D. Dynamic Traits 67

E. Genetic Traits 352. They are the additional factors that Cattell later identified in his personality theory. A. Temperament traits B. Surface Traits C. Source Traits D. Dynamic Traits E. Genetic Traits 353. The following are the examples given in the temperament traits except from: A. Self-reliance B. Self-assurance C. Self-discipline D. Zest E. Politeness 354. According to Cattell, dynamic traits are the basic factors of personality. He also argued that psychologists cannot understand or generate laws about personality without proper research about the nature of these elements. A. First statement is true, second statement is false B. Both statements are true C. First statement is false, second statement is true D. Both statements are false E. Neither of the two statements are true or false 355. Cattell presented the traits in bipolar form. He used words we do not usually use in our everyday conversation when describing our friends and ourselves, to express personality characteristics. A. First statement is true, second statement is false B. Both statements are true C. First statement is false, second statement is true D. Both statements are false E. Neither of the two statements are true or false 356. Saitama is a thief. He usually steals food from the market or bakery and shares it with his siblings who are all malnourished just like him. What causes him to steal? A. Erg B. Sentiment C. Socially Shaped Ergic Manifolds (SEMS) D. Both a and b E. None of the above 68

357. All Might is an easy-going person. He always smiles and just goes with the flow of life. That's why many favored him. Whenever he is faced with a problem, he looks at it positively and does not really take it seriously. All Might’s personality is an example of: A. Surface Trait B. Source Trait C. Temperament Trait D. Ability Trait E. Unique Trait 358. Midoriya, Nagisa, Kento, Todoroki and Bakugou are called “The Quirkies” in their class. Those who know them described that they are a group of eccentric people. Midoriya loves hot food that can burn his tongue. Similarly, Nagisa prefers the egg yolk in the boiled egg while the egg white in the sunny side up. On the other hand, Kento drinks water before brushing his teeth while Todoroki loves the smell of an old book that’s why he always brings one. Their personality are examples of: A. Common Traits B. Unique Traits C. Quirky Traits D. Ability Traits E. Uncommon Traits 359. Her workmates always commend Yukine for finishing her tasks early. Her focus and dedication to achieve her goals are what earned her name as the wonder woman in her work. Her characteristics are example of: A. Common Traits B. Unique Traits C. Quirky Traits D. Ability Traits E. Uncommon Traits 360. Chihiro is an unpredictable, hard headed young woman. She craves for her independence because she feels like she’s not free in their home. So, she does impulsive things to feel independent while being emotionally unstable. At what stage is she in Cattell’s stages of personality development? A. Childhood B. Adolescence C. Maturity D. Late Maturity E. Old Age 361. It is very popular in the field of personality. A. Big Five Traits B. Trait Approach C. Bottom – Up Approach D. Five – Factor Theory 69

E. Humanistic Personality Theory 362. It is a widely used personality inventory. A. Trait Inventory B. Humanistic Inventory C. GPA D. SAT E. NEO - PI 363. What are the strong predictors of many aspects of life? A. Personality Traits B. Big Five Traits C. Conscientiousness D. Taxonomy E. Imaginative 364. It is defined as hardworking, well organized, and punctual. A. Agreeableness B. Openness C. Extraversion D. Conscientiousness E. Neuroticism 365. It is the most important trait for predicting GPA. A. Openness B. Devoted C. Conscientiousness D. Ambitious E. Agreeableness 366. The following are vital outcomes that the traits have linked except: A. Physical Health B. Well – being C. Stress D. Mood E. Academic Success 367. They conducted a study wherein they measured the traits and academic outcomes of students. A. Erik Noftle and Richard Robins (2007) B. Costa and McCrae (2003) C. Friedman and Schwartz (2007) D. Giluk and Postle (2015) 70

E. Erik Noftle and Richard Robins (1998) 368. According to __________, A meta – analysis of 80 studies confirmed the important role that conscientiousness has in GPA. A. Costa 1985 B. McCrae 1992 C. Poropat 2009 D. Landis 2007 E. Arenberg 1980 369. How many studies of meta - analysis did Giluk and Postlewaite (2015) conducted that measured personality. A. 66 B. 32 C. 58 D. 17 E. 12 370. True/False. Although relatively small in magnitude, correlations showed that scoring high on conscientiousness and low on agreeableness predicted agreeableness (1). That is, students with personalities that are not very organized, disciplined, planful, or goal directed, and who are somewhat hostile, cold, and lacking in empathy are more likely to cheat on academic assignments (2). A. Both Statements are True B. Both Statements are False C. Statement 1 is False while Statement 2 is True D. Statement 2 is False while Statement 1 is True E. None of the above 371. Jamaica has a higher score on the trait of openness, what SAT questions are more likely she can do well? A. Non – Verbal Questions B. Science Questions C. English Questions D. Verbal Questions E. Mathematics Questions 372. In every difficult situation and question, Ronald is always ready to deal with it. He is able to do an action for him to cope with the specific situation.. What trait does Ronald have? A. Neuroticism B. Conscientiousness C. Extraversion D. Agreeableness E. Openness 71

373. Before, during, and after the examination, Roxanne always felt anxious about her score. In what trait does Roxanne score high? A. Openness B. Agreeableness C. Neuroticism D. Extraversion E. Conscientiousness 374. What year did Michael Zyphur and colleagues conduct a study to see whether those high on neuroticism were indeed more likely to retake the SAT? A. 1989 B. 2007 C. 1975 D. 1999 E. 2016 375. Which of the following is incorrect? A. Agreeableness is great for verbal ability but doesn’t matter much for mathematical ability. B. Extraversion is generally related to greater feelings of anxiety and self – conscientiousness. C. Conscientiousness is good for GPA, but not that important for the SAT. D. Both A and B E. None of the Above 376. Eysenck developed a factor theory much like __________. A. Raymond Cattell B. McCrae and Costa C. Henry Murray D. Isabel Myers and Katharine Briggs E. Howard Gardner 377. Eysenck recognized a four-level hierarchy of behavior organization except: A. specific behaviors or cognitions B. habitual acts or cognitions C. traits or personal dispositions D. types or superfactors E. spontaneous acts or cognitions 378. Hans Eysenck and others have used __________ to identify traits, that is, relatively permanent dispositions of people. A. Factor analysis and biology B. General factors and biology 72

C. Factor analysis and personality D. General factors and personality E. General and specific factors 379. Genetic differences lead to structural differences in the central nervous system, including brain structures, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and these differences in biology lead to differences along the three factors of personality namely: A. Psychoticism, neuroticism, and agreeableness B. Neuroticism, extraversion, and openness C. Extraversion, conscientiousness, and psychoticism D. Openness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness E. Extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism 380. Which of the following is not one of the personality assessments created and developed by Eysenck? A. EPQ B. EPI C. MMPI D. NEO PI R E. 16PF 381. Eysenck believed that the primary cause of differences between extraverts and introverts is one of __________, a physiological condition that is largely inherited rather than learned. A. cortical arousal level B. optimal level of stimulation C. subjectivity versus objectivity D. their way of viewing the world E. psychological health versus psychological disturbance 382. Eysenck accepted the __________ model of psychiatric illness, which suggests that some people are vulnerable to illness because they have either a genetic or an acquired weakness that predisposes them to an illness. A. Diathesis-stress B. behavioral modification C. Explanatory D. Genetic E. Nature-nurture 383. Which of the following is not one of Eysenck’s criteria for identifying factors? A. psychometric evidence B. Heritability C. inductive method of investigation D. make sense from a theoretical view E. possess social relevance 73

384. Eysenck’s encounter with the fascist right and his later battles with the radical left suggested to him that the trait of__________, was equally prevalent in both extremes of the political spectrum. A. Egomania B. Greed C. Narcissism D. Authoritarianism E. Machiavellianism 385. The key for Eysenck was that the individual differences in people’s personalities were due to _________. A. Ethnicity B. Environment C. Biology D. Nurture E. Nature 386. People who score __________ often have a tendency to overreact emotionally and to have difficulty returning to a normal state after emotional arousal. A. low on extraversion B. high on psychoticism C. low on psychoticism D. high on neuroticism E. low on neuroticism 387. In Eysenck's four-level hierarchy of behavior organization, a student finishing a reading assignment would be an example of______. A. habitual acts or cognitions B. types or superfactors C. specific acts or cognitions D. general or specific factors E. trait 388. In Eysenck's four-level hierarchy of behavior organization, if a student frequently keeps at an assignment until it is finished, this behavior becomes a ___________. A. habitual acts or cognitions B. types or superfactors C. specific acts or cognitions D. general or specific factors E. trait 389. In Eysenck four-level hierarchy of behavior organization, students would have the trait of persistence if they habitually complete class assignments and keep working at other endeavors until they are finished. 74

A. habitual acts or cognitions B. types or superfactors C. specific acts or cognitions D. general or specific factors E. trait 390. In Eysenck's four-level hierarchy of behavior organization, persistence may be related to inferiority, poor emotional adjustment, social shyness, and several other traits, with the entire cluster forming the introverted __________. A. habitual acts or cognitions B. types or superfactors C. specific acts or cognitions D. general or specific factors E. trait 75

PART II Item number 1 Answer: A. factor analysis Rationalization: Researchers studying personality traits in the present agree with five major dimensions of personality and this is a result of the factor analysis which many researchers took to answer the best measurement test of personality. Reference: Feist, Feist, and Roberts (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 383 paragraph 5 and page 406 Category: Easy Item number 2 Answer: D. 1980’s Rationalization: It was only until the 1980's when the case of psychologists having no common list or dimension of personality traits ended. Reference: Feist, Feist, and Roberts (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 383, paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item number 3 Answer: C. Hostility Rationalization: Each dimension of personality reiterates more indication of such traits. Neuroticism as a negative anxious emotional state disposes such negative indications- anxiety, hysteria, obsessive-compulsive disorders, or criminality in high scores. However, hostility covers for low scores on agreeableness which is a trait involving cooperation (high) or manipulation (low). Reference: Feist, Feist, and Roberts (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 406, 3rd line Category: Easy Item number 4 Answer: B. NEO-PI-R Rationalization: NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) is a personality inventory that examines a person's Big Five personality traits that is defined as showing a degree of long-term stability subjective to such specific age. Reference: Feist, Feist, and Roberts (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 406, last line Category: Easy 76

Item number 5 Answer: C. Gordon Allport Rationalization: While contemporary theorists agree that there are five personality domains, no more and no less, the beliefs of earlier theorists differ and one of then is Gordon Allport who began developing his theory through a dictionary, compiling every term found relating to personality traits. With thousands of initial lists of traits down to hundred, he categorized them claiming that there are 5-10 traits in central disposition. Reference: Feist, Feist, and Roberts (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Pages 383-384, paragraph 5 Category: Easy Item number 6 Answer: D. many earlier personality psychologists focus on traits as their study although they look on no particular dimension Rationalization: Early personality psychologists before the five major dimensions of personality came up had their own particular list of personality traits they focused on to explain a person’s behavior but there was little general agreement as to what the major dimensions of personality were. Reference: Feist, Feist, and Roberts (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 283 paragraph 3 Category: Average Item number 7 Answer: C. product of factor analytic techniques Rationalization: The factor analytic approach was used by researchers to determine the major dimensions of personality from varying lists of traits. As imposed from the text, in the present, most researchers who study personality traits agree that five, dominant traits continue to emerge from factor analytic techniques, no less and no additional. Reference: Feist, Feist, and Roberts (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 384 paragraph 4 Category: Average Item number 8 Answer: E. conscious versus unconscious determinants of behavior Rationalization: One of the views on humanity of McCrae and Costa’s theory asserted that people are able to evaluate their performance and to render reasonably reliable reports concerning their attitudes, temperament, needs, interests, and behaviors, an ability that is more than consciousness but indicates self-consciousness. 77

Reference: Feist, Feist, and Roberts (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 405 paragraph 2 Category: Average Item number 9 Answer: D. Both A and B Rationalization: It is according to the text that the traits under the Five-Factor Theory may differ in terms to many researchers who have different cultural perspectives and background, the whole concept is still similar. The answer can also be supported by one of the theory’s views on humanity about individual differences over similarities. Five- Factor Theory does not accommodate how similar people may be but rather their traits that make them unique. Reference: Feist, Feist, and Roberts (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 384 paragraph 1 and page 405 paragraph 4 Category: Average Item number 10 Answer: B. ‘How can personality best be measured?’ and ‘How many traits or personal dispositions does a single person possess?’ Rationalization: There are many assessments, which majorly revolve around determining the best way to measure personality and the common number of traits a person has, that several research individuals and teams did during the past 25 to 45 years. By factor analytic approach, the contemporary theorists came up with five major dimensions of personality. Reference: Feist, Feist, and Roberts (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 383 paragraph 4 Category: Average Item number 11 Answer: C. In a way, yes, however there are still many different ways that one would describe or profile someone Rationalization: Traits tell an individual’s personality. However, this theory is only one way, given that it encompasses major dimensions such as openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism, there is also so much that other theories of personality can say since describing a person can be broad. From the context that traits are the focus of study of many personality psychologists but different psychologists in the history had their own particular list of personality traits, we can connote that there are varying views on how to describe a person but they are not told to be invalid. Reference: Feist, Feist, and Roberts (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 383 paragraph 3 Category: Difficult 78

Item number 12 Answer: C. Social psychologists Rationalization: There is a difference between explaining the behavior of a person by a situation and by enduring traits. By a situation is what social psychologists are likely to explain but by enduring traits is what personality psychologists are likely to explain on the other hand. Trait to define, is indeed a person’s distinguishing characteristic that built up his personality. Reference: Feist, Feist, and Roberts (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 383 paragraph 3 Category: Difficult Item number 13 Answer: D. Trait theory Rationalization: Trait theory explains that a person’s behavior lies on consistency in different situations over time and only not on a single situation, like in the given case, Anne’s current situation is that she is stressed and sleep- deprived causing her to exclusively behave that way. But in other situations that show her average behavior and actions, this refers to her traits explaining her personality. Reference: Feist, Feist, and Roberts (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 405 paragraph 2 Category: Difficult Item number 14 Answer: D. I will side on both of them Rationalization: Personality trait theorists, like McCrae and Costa, place equal emphasis on biological and environmental influences on personality. In the dimensions of biological versus social influences on personality, they believe that traits and factors are both inherited and have strong genetic and biological components but they also believe that environment plays a crucial role in shaping a person’s dispositions. Reference: Feist, Feist, and Roberts (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 405 paragraph 4 Category: Difficult Item number 15 Answer: B. conscious versus unconscious determinants of behavior Rationalization: More than consciousness, trait and factor theory places emphasis on self-consciousness which is one of the high abilities of humans. Humans are capable of evaluating their performance and rendering reasonably reliable reports concerning their attitudes, temperament, needs, interests, and behaviors. Thus, Kate imposes self- consciousness for the fact that she perceives real information about herself, therefore her personality which is different from what her peers perceive of her. 79

Reference: Feist, Feist, and Roberts (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 405 paragraph 2 Category: Difficult Item number 16 Answer: B. personality inventory Rationalization: To measure his superfactors, Eysenck evolved four personality inventories, the Maudsley personality Inventory, Eysenck Personality Inventory, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 421, paragraphs 2 and 3 Category: Easy Item number 17 Answer: A. Psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism Rationalization: Eysenck estimated that about three fourths of the variance of the three personality dimensions can be accounted for by heredity and about one fourth by environmental factors. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 421, paragraph 4 Category: Easy Item number 18 Answer: D. biological intermediaries Rationalization: Biological intermediaries, which are indirectly affected by the genetic determinant, help mold the P, E, and N. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 421, paragraph 4 Category: Easy Item Number 19 Answer: C. third progression Rationalization: In the five-step progression in the model of the major components of Eysenck’s theory of personality, the P, E, and N are in the middle (third), from genetic personality determinants, biological 80

intermediaries, Psychometric Trait constellations the P, E, and N, Experimental studies and lastly the Social behavior. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 422, paragraph 1 Category: Easy Item Number 20 Answer: B. antecedents Rationalization: In Eysenck’s theory of personality, psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism have both antecedents, genetic and biological, and consequences, experimental variables and social behavior. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 421, paragraph 6 Category: Easy Item Number 21 Answer: E. social behavior Rationalization: In Eysenck’s theory of personality, psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism have both antecedents, genetic and biological, and consequences, experimental variables and social behavior. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 421, paragraph 6 Category: Average Item Number 22 Answer: C. Creativity Rationalization: According to the model of the major components of Eysenck’s theory of personality, Conditioning, Sensitivity, Vigilance, Perception, Memory and Reminiscence is under the proximal consequences. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 421, paragraph 6 Category: Average Item Number 23 Answer: B. criterion analysis 81

Rationalization: Criterion analysis was the method Eysenck used in constructing improved personality inventory questionnaires. He identified two criterion groups and gave them questionnaires and observed them. Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 296, paragraph 6 Category: Average Item Number 24 Answer: E. Personality Questionnaire-RevisedRationalization: The P scale in the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire received subsequent criticism which led to another revision, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 421, paragraph 3 Category: Average Item Number 25 Answer: None of the above Rationalization: Biological intermediaries, which are indirectly affected by the genetic determinant, help mold the P, E, and N. P, E, and N then contribute to experimental studies which contribute to social behavior. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 422, paragraph 1 Category: Average Item Number 26 Answer: A. higher concordance between same-gender fraternal twins Rationalization: Eysenck (1990) cited three threads of evidence for a strong biological component in personality, which are the identical factors among people found in various parts of the world, individuals tend to maintain their position over time on the different dimensions of personality and the higher concordance between identical twins than between same-gender fraternal twins reared together. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 421, paragraph 5 Category: Difficult Item Number 27 Answer: A. Maudsley personality Inventory 82

Rationalization: The first personality inventory constructed by Eysenck is the Maudsley personality Inventory, which measures only the E and N factors to yield some correlation between them. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 421, paragraph 2 Category: Difficult Item Number 28 Answer: D. distal consequence Rationalization: In the major components of Eysenck’s theory of personality, sociability, criminality, creativity psychopathology and sexual behaviors are included in the distal consequences. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 421, paragraph 6 Category: Difficult Item Number 29 Answer: B. Eysenck Personality Inventory Rationalization: Eysenck developed Eysenck personality inventory that has a lie scale which detects faking measures extraversion and neuroticism separately. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 421, paragraph 3 Category: Difficult Item Number 30 Answer: B. P, E and N affects social behavior and was affected by biological intermediaries. Rationalization: Biological intermediaries, which are indirectly affected by the genetic determinant, help mold the P, E, and N. P, E, and N then contribute to experimental studies which contribute to social behavior. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 422, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 31 Answer: B. Psychoticism 83

Rationalization: Psychoticism is actually part of eysenck's 3-part theory of personality. It is a personality type that is prone to take risks, might engage in antisocial behaviors, impulsiveness, or non-conformist behavior. The latest and weakest of eysenck's personality factors is psychoticism / superego. High psychotic symptoms indicate anxiety, hysteria, and egocentrism. Both normal and abnormal individuals may score high on the neuroticism scale. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 456 paragraph 4 Category: Easy Item number 32 Answer: D. Conscientiousness versus assertiveness Rationalization: Eysenck noted that the dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism have been recognized as basic elements of personality since the time of the ancient greek philosopher. The result of their efforts is a personality theory based on three dimensions as super factors. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 278 paragraph 6 Category: Easy Item number 33 Answer: A. Openness Rationalization: For instance, in a direct comparison of their model with eysenck's inventory, costa and mccrae reported that eysenck's first two factors (n and e) are completely consistent with their first two factors. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 389 paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item number 34 Answer: A. Neuroticism and psychoticism Rationalization: Neuroticism refers to a mild mental disorder characterised by physical and mental disturbance. Certain mental and physical disturbances and inner struggles characterize neurosis. Psychoticism, on the other hand, is a major personality disorder marked by mental and emotional disruptions. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 415 paragraph 1-5 Category: Easy Item number 35 Answer: C. Neuroticism and extraversion 84

Rationalization: After several years of alluding to psychoticism (p) as an independent personality factor, eysenck finally elevated it to a position equal to e and n. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 419 paragraph 1 Category: Easy Item number 36 Answer: D. All of the above Rationalization: Recall that eysenck's theory assumes that extraversion is a product of low cortical arousability. Therefore, introverts, compared with extraverts, should be more sensitive to a variety of stimuli and learning conditions. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 422 paragraph 2 Category: Average Item number 37 Answer: C. Heritability Rationalization: With these assumptions in mind, eysenck listed four criteria for identifying a factor. First, psychometric evidence for the factor’s existence must be established. A second criterion is that the factor must also possess heritability and must fit an established genetic model. Third, the factor must make sense from a theoretical view. The final criterion for the existence of a factor is that it must possess social relevance. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 414 paragraph 1-4 Category: Average Item number 38 Answer: B. Overview of factor and trait theory Rationalization: Eysenck proposed a theory of personality based on biological factors, arguing that individuals inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability to learn and adapt to the environment. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 439 paragraph 2-3 Category: Average Item number 39 Answer: B. Eysenck's factor theory 85

Rationalization: Eysenck's theory of personality focused on temperaments, which he believed were largely controlled by genetic influences. He utilized a statistical technique known as factor analysis to identify what he believed were the two primary dimensions of personality: Extraversion and neuroticism. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 440 paragraph 5 Category: Average Item number 40 Answer: D. Criteria for identifying factors Rationalization: Eysenck's theory of personality focused on temperaments, which he believed were largely controlled by genetic influences. He utilized a statistical technique known as factor analysis to identify what he believed were the two primary dimensions of personality: Extraversion and neuroticism. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 450 paragraph 4 Category: Average Item number 41 Answer: A. People high on psychoticism. Both normal and abnormal individuals may score high on the neuroticism scale. Rationalization: A high score in neuroticism can mean you: Often feel vulnerable or insecure. Get stressed easily. Struggle with difficult situations. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 498 paragraph 1-3 Category: Difficult Item number 42 Answer: C. High on biological influences and the uniqueness of individuals. Low on social factors. Average unconscious versus unconscious influences. The concept of free choice, optimism versus pessimism, and causality versus teleology are not clearly addressed. Rationalization: Eysenck assumed that personality springs from genetic and neurophysiological bases. If this assumption has validity, neurophysiological differences should exist between people high on one end of a dimension (for instance, introversion) and those high on the other end of that dimension (extraverts). Second, the basic personality dimensions should be universal and not limited to a given culture. Another of eysenck's hypotheses that has generated some research is optimal level of arousal. Eysenck theorized that introverts should work best with lower levels of sensory stimulation and extraverts with higher levels. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 500 paragraph 7 86

Category: Difficult Item number 43 Answer: C. Epq Rationalization: The eysenck personality questionnaire (epq) is a questionnaire to assess the personality traits of a person. In devising a temperament-based theory, eysenck did not exclude the possibility that some aspects of personality are learned, but left the consideration of these to other researchers. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 421 paragraph 1-2 Category: Difficult Item number 44 Answer: B. Eysenck's complex model of personality Rationalization: Eysenck's theory argues strongly that biological predispositions towards certain personality traits combined with conditioning and socialization during childhood in order to create our personality. This interactionist approach may, therefore, be much more valid than either a biological or environmental theory alone. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 422 paragraph 3-4 Category: Difficult Item number 45 Answer: C. Neurophysiology Rationalization: The brain regions showing this association include a number of cortical regions implicated in emotion regulation, depression and anxiety, in addition to many sub-cortical/limbic regions. Currently, there are few studies directly assessing the relationship between extraversion and the cortical arousal system in the context of varying stimulations but data available so far are remarkably consistent with eysenck's model. Future neuroimaging studies guided by relevant personality and cognitive theories, and with sufficient power to allow application of sophisticated analysis methods (for example, machine learning) are now needed to improve our understanding of the biological basis of individual differences and its application in the promotion of well-being and mental health. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 424 paragraph 7-8 Category: Difficult 87

Item number 46 Answer: D. L-data. Rationalization: In Cattell’s objective measurements of personality, the L-data technique involves observers’ ratings of specific behaviors exhibited by people in real-life settings such as a classroom or office. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 274- 275, paragraph 1 Category: Easy Item number 47 Answer: B. Q-data Rationalization: The Q-data technique, in Cattell’s objective measurements of personality, relies on questionnaires. Whereas L-data calls for observers to rate the research subjects, Q-data requires subjects to rate themselves. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 274- 275, paragraph 2 Category: Easy Item number 48 Answer: C. 16 PF Test Rationalization: Cattell developed several personality tests but the most notable among all of them is the 16PF. This test is intended for use with people 16 years of age and older and yields scores on each of the 16 scales. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 275- 276, paragraph 1 Category: Easy Item number 49 Answer: A. T-data Rationalization: According to Cattell, T-data technique involves the use of “objective” tests, in which a person responds without knowing what aspect of behavior is being evaluated. These tests circumvent the Q-data’s shortcomings by making it difficult for a subject to know precisely what a test is measuring. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 274- 275, paragraph 1 Category: Easy 88

Item number 50 Answer: C. 3 Rationalization: In Cattell’s objective measurements of personality used three primary assessment techniques, which he called L-data (life records), Q-data (questionnaires), and T-data (tests). Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 274- 275, paragraph 1 Category: Easy Item number 51 Answer: A. The first statement is incorrect while the second statement is correct. Rationalization: Cattell’s definition of personality gives us clues about his view of human nature. He wrote, “Personality is that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation” (Cattell, 1950, p. 2). For behavior to be considered predictable, it must be lawful and orderly. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 273, paragraph 1 Category: Average Item number 52 Answer: C. Common traits Rationalization: On the uniqueness-universality issue, Cattell took a moderate position, noting the existence of common traits, which apply to everyone in a culture, and unique traits, which describe the individual. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 273, paragraph 3 Category: Average Item number 53 Answer: A. He predicted we would gain greater awareness of and control over our environment. Rationalization: Cattell’s personal view of human nature is clearer. In his younger years, he was optimistic about our ability to solve social problems. He predicted we would gain greater awareness of and control over our environment. He expected to see the level of intelligence rise, along with the development of “a more gracious community life of creatively occupied citizens”. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 273, paragraph 4 Category: Average 89

Item number 54 Answer: D. None of the above. Rationalization: For behavior to be considered predictable, Cattell believed that it must be lawful and orderly. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 273, paragraph 1 Category: Average Item number 55 Answer: A. Society Rationalization: Reality did not live up to his expectations, and eventually he came to believe that human nature and society had regressed. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 273, paragraph 4 Category: Average Item number 56 Answer: B. L-data. Rationalization: James used the L-data technique to observe the frequent absence of his student Carl. The L-data technique involves observers’ ratings of specific behaviors exhibited by people in real-life settings such as a classroom or office. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 274- 275, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 57 Answer: A. The first statement is correct while the second statement is incorrect. Rationalization: Cattell’s view of human nature admits little spontaneity because that would make predictability more difficult. On the free will versus determinism issue, Cattell falls more on the side of determinism. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 273- 274, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 58 Answer: D. Q-data. 90

Rationalization: The Q-data technique is a self-report questionnaire rating of our characteristics, attitudes and interests. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 274- 275, paragraph 2 Category: Difficult Item number 59 Answer: E. T-data. Rationalization: T-data technique involves the use of “objective” tests, in which a person responds without knowing what aspect of behavior is being evaluated. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 274- 275, paragraph 3 Category: Difficult Item number 60 Answer: D. The first statement is incorrect while the second statement is correct. Rationalization: According to Cattell, the Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test, and the word association test are considered to be objective because they are resistant to faking. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 274- 275, paragraph 4 Category: Difficult Item number 61 Answer: B. Extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism Rationalization: According to eysenck theory, the three (3) dimensions of personality are extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 415, paragraph 2 Category: Easy Item number 62 Answer: E. Biological and genetic in nature Rationalization: According to eysenck (1982), however, the principal differences between extraversion and introversion are not behavioral, but rather biological and genetic in nature. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 417, paragraph 2 91

Category: Easy Item number 63 Answer: C. Strong behavioral base exists Rationalization: Eysenck contended that each of these factors meets his four criteria for identifying personality dimensions. First, strong psychometric evidence exists for each, especially factors e and n. Second, eysenck (1994a, 1994b) argued that a strong biological base exists for each of his three superfactors. Third, eysenck’s three personality dimensions make sense theoretically. Fourth, eysenck repeatedly demonstrated that his three factors relate to such social issues. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 417, paragraph 1-5 Category: Easy Item number 64 Answer: D. Cortical arousal level Rationalization: Eysenck (1997a) believed that the primary cause of differences between extraverts and introverts is one of cortical arousal level, a physiological condition that is largely inherited rather than learned. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 417, paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item number 65 Answer: C. Pessimistic Rationalization: Introverts are characterized by traits opposite those of extraverts. They can be described as quiet, passive, unsociable, careful, reserved, thoughtful, pessimistic, peaceful, sober, and controlled. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 417, paragraph 2 Category: Easy Item number 66 Answer: E. Have higher sensory thresholds Rationalization: Because extraverts have a lower level of cortical arousal than do introverts, they have higher sensory thresholds and thus lesser reactions to sensory stimulation. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 417- 418, paragraph 3 Category: Average 92

Item number 67 Answer: A. Introverts have higher levels of cortical arousal while extroverts have lower levels of cortical arousal. Rationalization: Introverts have higher level of arousal, and as a result of a lower sensory threshold, they experience greater reactions to sensory stimulation while extraverts have a habitually low level of cortical arousal where they need a high level of sensory, stimulation to maintain an optimal level of stimulation. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 418, paragraph 3-4 Category: Average Item number 68 Answer: B. Avoid situations that will cause too much excitement Rationalization: To maintain an optimal level of stimulation, introverts, with their congenitally low sensory threshold, avoid situations that will cause too much excitement. Hence, introverts shun such activities as wild social events, downhill skiing, skydiving, competitive sports, leading a fraternity or sorority, or playing practical jokes. Reference: Feist, feist (2009). Theories of personality seventh edition. The mcgraw-hill Company, page 412, paragraph 3 Category: Average Item number 69 Answer: D. They become bored and uninterested Rationalization: Because extraverts have a lower level of cortical arousal, however, they become more quickly accustomed to strong stimuli (sexual or otherwise) and respond less and less to the same stimuli, whereas introverts are less likely to become bored and uninterested in routine activities carried on with the same people. Reference: Feist, feist (2009). Theories of personality seventh edition. The mcgraw-hill Company, page 412, paragraph 4. Category: Average Item number 70 Answer: C. Introverts - pessimistic; extroverts - optimistic Rationalization: Extraverts are characterized primarily by sociability and impulsiveness but also by jocularity, liveliness, quick-wittedness, optimism, and other traits indicative of people who are rewarded for their association with others (eysenck & eysenck, 1969). Introverts are characterized by traits opposite those of extraverts. They can be described as quiet, passive, unsociable, careful, reserved, thoughtful, pessimistic, peaceful, sober, and controlled. Reference: Feist, feist (2009). Theories of personality seventh edition. The mcgraw-hill Company, page 411, paragraph 1-2 93

Category: Average Item number 71 Answer: D. Joshua went to a pool party with his friends. Rationalization: Extraverts are characterized primarily by sociability and impulsiveness but also by jocularity, liveliness, quick-wittedness, optimism, and other traits indicative of people who are rewarded for their association with others (eysenck & eysenck, 1969). Reference: Feist, feist (2009). Theories of personality seventh edition. The mcgraw-hill Company, page 411, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 72 Answer: A. Neuroticism and extraversion are not limited to pathological individuals, although disturbed people tend to have higher scores than a normal person on a scale measuring these factors. Rationalization: Neuroticism and psychoticism are not limited to pathological individuals, although disturbed people tend to score higher than normal people on scales measuring these two factors. Reference: Feist, feist (2009). Theories of personality seventh edition. The mcgraw-hill Company, page 410, paragraph 3. Category: Difficult Item number 73 Answer: C. People who score high in extraversion tend to be dominant, assertive and impulsive. Rationalization: Extraverts are oriented toward the outside world, prefer the company of other people, and tend to be sociable, impulsive, adventurous, assertive, and dominant. Reference: Schultz,Schultz. (2009). Theories of personality ninth edition. Wadsworth, cengage learning, 10 Davis Drive,Belmont, ca 94002-3098, usa. Page 280, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 74 Answer: Enjoying a cup of coffee at home instead of going out with friends. Rationalization: Extraverts are oriented toward the outside world, prefer the company of other people, and tend to be sociable, impulsive, adventurous, assertive, and dominant. Reference: Schultz,Schultz. (2009). Theories of personality ninth edition. Wadsworth, cengage learning, 10 Davis Drive,Belmont, ca 94002-3098, usa. Page 280, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult 94

Item number 75 Answer: E. Because introverts are quiet while extroverts are very lively. Rationalization: Neuroticism and psychoticism are not limited to pathological individuals, although disturbed people tend to score higher than normal people on scales measuring these two factors. Reference: Feist, feist (2009). Theories of personality seventh edition. The mcgraw-hill Company, page 410, paragraph 3. Category: Difficult Item number 76 Answer: A. Hodge podge Rationalization: He described the big five as a “hodge-podge” Of factors and superfactors. Reference: Engler. (2014). Personalities theories ninth edition. Wadsworth, cengage learning. Page 295, paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item number 77 Answer: C. Genetic determinants Rationalization: Eysenck believed that individual differences in the three major superfactors are primarily due to genetic determinants. Reference: Engler. (2014). Personalities theories ninth edition. Wadsworth, cengage learning. Page 294, paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item number 78 Answer: D. Intelligence Rationalization: A final superfactor that eysenck believed plays a major role in personality is intelligence. Reference: Engler. (2014). Personalities theories ninth edition. Wadsworth, cengage learning. Page 303, paragraph 5 Category: Easy Item number 79 Answer: B. Biosocial Rationalization: Eysenck advocated a biosocial approach in which he emphasizes biological and genetic factors as well as social and environmental ones. 95

Reference: Engler. (2014). Personalities theories ninth edition. Wadsworth, cengage learning. Page 288, paragraph 1 Category: Easy Item number 80 Answer: A. Evoked potential Rationalization: Eysenck believed that the physiological mechanism for intelligence is related to evoked potential. Reference: Engler. (2014). Personalities theories ninth edition. Wadsworth, cengage learning. Page 304, paragraph 6 Category: Easy Item number 81 Answer: A. Cattell focused on traits while eysenck focused on supertraits. Rationalization: Cattell’s theory was primarily concerned with traits whereas eysenck preferred to emphasize supertraits. Reference: Engler. (2014). Personalities theories ninth edition. Wadsworth, cengage learning. Page 295, paragraph 2 Category: Average Item number 82 Answer: D. Proximal and distal consequences Rationalization: Eysenck argued that an effective theory of personality should predict both proximal and distal consequences. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 422, paragraph 3 Category: Average Item number 83 Answer: A. Serotonin Rationalization: Schizophrenics and people who score high on psychoticism have lower levels of serotonin, a chemical neurotransmitter in the brain. Reference: Engler. (2014). Personalities theories ninth edition. Wadsworth, cengage learning. Page 300, paragraph 3 Category: Average 96

Item number 84 Answer: B. A more or less stable and enduring organization of a person’s character, temperament, intellect, and physique. Rationalization: Eysenck defined personality as “a more or less stable and enduring organization of a person’s character, temperament, intellect, and physique which determines his unique adjustment to the environment”. Reference: Engler. (2014). Personalities theories ninth edition. Wadsworth, cengage learning. Page 292, paragraph 3 Category: Average Item number 85 Answer: A. Orthogonal Rationalization: Cattell’s sixteen personality factors are oblique, which is to say that the various factors may also correlate with each other, whereas eysenck’s superfactors are orthogonal, or without further correlations. Reference: Engler. (2014). Personalities theories ninth edition. Wadsworth, cengage learning. Page 295, paragraph 3 Category: Average Item number 86 Answer: A. Psychoticism Rationalization: Eysenck hypothesized that psychoticism (p) is related to genius and creativity. Children with the same creative potential who are also high in psychoticism (p) are able to resist the criticisms of parents and teachers and to emerge as creative adults. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 423, paragraph 2 Category: Difficult Item number 87 Answer: D. Troublemakers Rationalization: Eysenck and s. B. G. Eysenck reported that both high p scorers and high e scorers are likely to be troublemakers as children. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 423, paragraph 3 Category: Difficult Item number 88 Answer: E. Both a and b 97