CATTELL, EYNSECK, McCRAE AND COSTA'S THEORY OF PERSONALITY

Rationalization: As eysenck (1996) pointed out, these and other studies on the relationship between personality and disease do not prove that psychological factors cause cancer and heart disease. Rather, these diseases are caused by an interaction of many factors. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 424, paragraph 1 Category: Easy Item number 288 Answer: C. Relationship status Rationalization: For cardiovascular disease, these factors include family history, age, gender, ethnic background, and hypertension, unfavorable ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (hdl), smoking, diet, inactive lifestyle, and several personality factors. For cancer, the risks include smoking, diet, alcohol, sexual practices, family history, ethnic background, and personality factors (brannon & feist, 2007). Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 424, paragraph 1 Category: Easy Item number 289 Answer: D. Type iii and type iv Rationalization: Grossarth-maticek had used a short questionnaire and a long personal interview to place people into one of four groups or types and type iii and type iv individuals had very low death rates from either cancer or cvd. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 423, paragraph 5 Category: Easy Item number 290 Answer: D. Hans eysenck Rationalization: Eysenck’s interests extended to other health areas as well and associated the probability of developing certain health problems Reference: Engler (2014) personality theories: An introduction, ninth edition, and international edition. Page 314 Category: Easy Item number 291 Answer: C. People typically reacted to frustration with anger, aggression, and emotional arousal; 148

Rationalization: Grossarth-maticek had used a short questionnaire and a long personal interview to place people into one of four groups or types. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 423, paragraph 5 Category: Average Item number 292 Answer: D. Do not prove Rationalization: As eysenck (1996) pointed out, these and other studies on the relationship between personality and disease do not prove that psychological factors cause cancer and heart disease. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill Education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 424, paragraph 1 Category: Average Item number 293 Answer: A. Grossarth-maticek and eysenck Rationalization: Eysenck and grossarth-maticek also reported a clinical trial showing behavioral therapy could dramatically cut the death risk. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 423-424, paragraph 5 Category: Average Item number 294 Answer: A. None of the above Rationalization: Biological and emotional factors may predispose us to, for example, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and/or addiction. Reference: Engler (2014) personality theories: An introduction, ninth edition, and international edition. Page 314 Category: Average Item number 295 Answer: C. All of the above Rationalization: All the light of this information, avoiding potentially dangerous situations, eating a healthy diet and learning appropriate new responses are ways to prevent the disease. Reference: Engler (2014) personality theories: An introduction, ninth edition, and international edition. Page 314 149

Category: Average Item number 296 Answer: D. Cancer and heart disease Rationalization: As eysenck (1996) pointed out, these and other studies on the relationship between personality and disease do not prove that psychological factors cause cancer and heart disease. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 424, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 297 Answer: C. Both a and b are true Rationalization: For cancer, the risks include smoking, diet, alcohol, sexual practices, family history, ethnic background, and personality factors (brannon & feist, 2007). Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 424, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 298 Answer: C. First statement is true; second statement is false Rationalization: Their research with men in the republic of slovenia supported the hypothesis that personality factors interact with a variety of biological factors to contribute to heart disease. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 424, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 299 Answer: A. All statements are true Rationalization: Grossarth-maticek, eysenck, & vetterto are investigate about the relation of personality and disease Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality ninth edition. Mcgraw-hill education, 2 penn plaza, new york, ny 10121. Page 424, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 300 Answer: B. Addiction and trigger a relapse 150

Rationalization: Davis said that we see eysenck’s concern with individual differences for recovering alcoholics Reference: Engler (2014) personality theories: An introduction, ninth edition, and international edition. Page 314 Category: Difficult Item number 301 Answer: E. None of the above Rationalization: As it turns out, only McCrae and Costa influenced Cattell's work. However, it is important to note that the two indirectly influenced the work of Cattell. Reference: Feist & Feist, (2013). Theories of Personality, 9th Edition McGraw Hill Publishing. Page 384, paragraph 2. Category: Easy Item number 302 Answer: C. Edward L. Thorndike Rationalization: Eight years after obtaining his Ph.D, Cattell was then invited by Edward L. Thorndike to work full- time in his own laboratory situated in New York. Reference: Schultz & Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 265, paragraph 4. Category: Easy Item number 303 Answer: D. Clark University Rationalization: After spending a year under the care of Edward L. Thorndike, Cattell accepted the offer of professorship made by Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. Reference: Schultz & Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 265, paragraph 4. Category: Easy Item number 304 Answer: B. Gordon Allport Rationalization: Included in the roster of colleagues for Cattell, alongside Henry Murray and William Sheldon, is Gordon Allport Reference: Schultz & Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 265, paragraph 4. Category: Easy 151

Item number 305 Answer: A. Predictable Rationalization: According to Raymond Cattell, personality is predictable as it permits a prediction to be done when a person is in a certain situation. Reference: Schultz & Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 273, paragraph 3. Category: Easy Item number 306 Answer: B. Statement II is True Rationalization: The reason why the other statements are false is because the first statement is lacking in terminologies present. It is important to include personality traits when defining a relationship between couples. More so, the reason why the third statement is false is that, according to him, couples who are in a stable marriage have homogenous personality traits. Reference: Schultz & Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 276, paragraph 5. Category: Average Item number 307 Answer: C. Maturity. Rationalization: When a person reaches the stage of development classified as maturity, their personality becomes less flexible in comparison to previous stages in life. Reference: Schultz & Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 273, paragraph 5. Category: Average Item number 308 Answer: E. Ergic - Sentiment - Attitude Rationalization: Attitudes are subsidiary to sentiments; sentiments are subsidiary to ergs. Reference: Schultz & Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 270, paragraph 3. Category: Average Item number 309 Answer: E. None of the statements are true 152

Rationalization: Raymond Cattell did not propose any (1) ultimate or necessary goal which dominates behavior, (2) no drive for self-actualization to pull individuals, and (3) no psychosexual conflicts to push individuals. Reference: Schultz & Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 274, paragraph 3. Category: Average Item number 310 Answer: B. Statement II is true Rationalization: The reason why the other statements are false is because: (1) the 16 PF test is one of his most notable tests, and (2) the responses are scored objectively. Reference: Schultz & Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 275, paragraph 2. Category: Average Item number 311 Answer: B. L-Data Rationalization: According to Cattell, L-Data is the record of behaviors observed in real-life situations. This can include the behavior when inside the classroom or in an office. Reference: Schultz & Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 274, paragraph 5. Category: Difficult Item number 312 Answer: A. Adolescence Rationalization: According to Cattell, individuals who are aged 14 to 23 are susceptible to emotional disorders as well as delinquency. More so, issues on independence, self-assertion, and sex also becomes evident during this stage. Reference: Schultz & Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 274, paragraph 5. Category: Difficult Item number 313 Answer: D. Factor A Low Score Rationalization: Based on Cattell’s source traits of personality, reservedness and detachedness is under Factor A Low Score. Meanwhile for Factor A High Score, the traits of being an easygoing and an outgoing person are found. 153

Reference: Schultz & Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 269. Category: Difficult Item number 314 Answer: A. Factor Q1 High Score Rationalization: Based on Cattell’s source traits of personality, openness to change is a manifestation under Factor Q1 High Score. Meanwhile for Factor Q1 Low Score, disliking change and holding traditional values can be found. Reference: Schultz & Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 269. Category: Difficult Item number 315 Answer: B. Factor I High Score Rationalization: Based on Cattell’s source traits of personality, sensitivity happens to be a characteristic for people with a high score on Factor I. Reference: Schultz & Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 269. Category: Difficult Item number 316 Answer: D. Inductive method Rationalization: Cattell and McCrae and Costa both used an inductive method of gathering data with no preconceived bias concerning the number or name of traits or types. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 384, paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item number 317 Answer: E. Five Rationalization: The NEO-Personality Inventory of Costa and McCrae yields scores on only five personality factors. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 384, paragraph 6 Category: Easy Item number 318 Answer: C. 35 154

Rationalization: Cattell’s multifaceted approach yielded 35 primary or first-order traits, which measure mostly the temperament dimension of personality. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 384, paragraph 6 Category: Easy Item number 319 Answer: E. Correlation coefficient Rationalization: To determine how variables (scores) are related to other variables and to what extent, the correlation coefficient between each variable and each of the other 999 scores is calculated. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 385, paragraph 2 Category: Easy Item number 320 Answer: A. Factor loadings Rationalization: Correlations of scores with factors are called factor loadings which is used to determine the extent of each individual score that contributes to the various factors. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 385, paragraph 4 Category: Easy Item number 321 Answer: A. person’s life record, self-reports, and objective tests. Rationalization: Cattell used three different media of observation to examine people from as many angles as possible. The three sources of data include a person's life record, self-reports, and objective tests. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 384, paragraph 4 Category: Average Item number 322 Answer: A. They have preconceived hypotheses in mind before they begin to collect data. Rationalization: Other factor theorists have used the deductive method because they have preconceived hypotheses in mind before they begin to collect data. 155

Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 384, paragraph 3 Category: Average Item number 323 Answer: D. Traits of temperament are concerned with how a person feels emotion. Rationalization: Cattell claimed that traits of temperament are concerned with how a person behaves. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 384, paragraph 5 Category: Average Item number 324 Answer: B. less than or more than 90°. Rationalization: The oblique method advocated by Cattell assumes some positive or negative correlation and refers to an angle of less than or more than 90°. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 386, paragraph 2 Category: Average Item number 325 Answer: D. temperament, motivation, and ability. Rationalization: Cattell further classified traits into temperament, motivation, and ability. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 384, paragraph 5 Category: Average Item number 326 Answer: C. not essential to an understanding of trait and factor theories of personality, but a general description of this technique should be helpful. Rationalization: The basic factor of analysis involving mathematical operations are not essential for the understanding of trait and factor theories of personality. Therefore, a general description will contribute a big helping of understanding the basics factor of analysis. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 385, paragraph 1 156

Category: Difficult Item number 327 Answer: D. Give indication of the purity of various factors and enable us to interpret semantically. Rationalization: Factor loadings give us an indication of the purity of the various factors and enable us to interpret their meanings. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 385, paragraph 4 Category: Difficult Item number 328 Answer: E. scores plotted on the axes are rotated into a specific mathematical relationship with each other. Rationalization: The axes on which the scores are plotted are usually turned or rotated into a specific mathematical relationship with each other. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 385, paragraph 6 Category: Difficult Item number 329 Answer: C. I, III. Rationalization: Observations are quantified when using factor analysis. Only height measured in inches and aptitude in test scores are using the accurate scales for the quantified observations. Therefore, weight is measured by pounds not in meters and job performance is by rating scales instead of marketing scales. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 385, paragraph 2 Category: Difficult Item number 330 Answer: D. orthogonal rotation usually results in only a few meaningful traits. Rationalization: Psychologically, orthogonal rotation usually results in only a few meaningful traits, whereas oblique methods ordinarily produce a larger number. Reference: Feist, J., Feist, G., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 387, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult 157

Item number 331 Answer: E. Traits Rationalization: Cattell stated that traits may be subjected to change and are the basic structures of understanding one's personality. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 266, paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item number 332 Answer: C. Common Traits Rationalization: Common traits are traits that are evident to most people. It is common and universal according to Cattel’s claim. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 266, paragraph 4 Category: Easy Item number 333 Answer: E. Unique Traits Rationalization: Unique traits are particularly apparent in our interests and attitudes. With this, unique traits may differ from each other based on their interests. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 266, paragraph 5 Category: Easy Item number 334 Answer: D. Environmental-mold Traits Rationalization: Environmental Traits are those traits that are acquirable from the surroundings of a person, thus his/her physical environment. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268, paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item number 335 Answer: A. Temperament Traits 158

Rationalization: Based on Cattel’s theory, temperament traits are the initial traits or the natural behavior we show whenever we react to something. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 267, paragraph 1 Category: Easy Item number 336 Answer: B. Surface Traits Rationalization: Several behavioral elements such as anxiety, indecision, and irrational fear combine to form the surface trait labeled neuroticism. Thus Surface traits are not unitary. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 267, paragraph 2. Category: Average Item number 337 Answer: B. Hereditary Rationalization: Cattell acknowledged the factors of biological effects to his personality traits. One of which is the hereditary potential. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 266, paragraph 4 Category: Average Item number 338 Answer: B. Factor Analysis Rationalization: Although factor analysis is not necessary for grasping personality traits, it is essential for generating source traits. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268, paragraph 1 Category: Average Item number 339 Answer: A. Source Traits Rationalization: Source traits are the underlying characteristic of a personality which means it is embedded within a person unlike surface traits. 159

Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268, paragraph 1 Category: Average Item number 340 Answer: B. Surface Traits Rationalization: Compared to source traits which are permanent, surface traits can change and are also the regular behavior of a person. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 267, paragraph 2 Category: Average Item number 341 Answer: E. Both A (Constitutional Traits) and C (Source Traits) Rationalization: According to Cattell, a person’s behavior when drunk is part of his/her constitutional traits, that depends on our physiological characteristics. Constitutional traits are under Source Traits. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268, paragraph 1, 2 Category: Difficult Item number 342 Answer: C. Environmental-mold Traits Rationalization: Based on the situation given, he acts childish because of the influence he gets from his high school friends. So when he got to college, his behavior changed as his environment had also changed. These influences from the social and physical environment are environmental-mold traits. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268, paragraph 3 Category: Difficult Item number 343 Answer: A. Temperament Traits Rationalization: The initial response we make from our environment is what Cattell described as the temperament traits. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 267, paragraph 1 160

Category: Difficult Item number 344 Answer: D. Source Traits Rationalization: Based on the scenario, Patricia was influenced to be a respectful child. This is an environmental- mold trait she got. And since it was described that it is for long-term, then source traits is the correct answer. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 345 Answer: E. Ability Traits Rationalization: Based on the scenario, Patricia was influenced to be a respectful child. This is an environmental- mold trait she got. And since it was described that it is for long-term, then source traits is the correct answer. Reference: Schultz, Schultz. (2009). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 267, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 346 Answer: B. Factor Analysis Rationalization: Raymond Cattell extensively used factor analysis to identify traits and study personality. Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories:An introduction. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 258, Paragraph 6 Category: Easy Item number 347 Answer: C. Charles Spearman Rationalization: Cattell’s graduate work was also undertaken at the University of London, where he studied under Charles Spearman, who developed the procedure of factor analysis that Cattell would later employ. Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories:An introduction. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 258, Paragraph 4 Category: Easy Item number 348 Answer: B. 19 161

Rationalization: Cattell received his B.Sc. from the University of London in 1924 at the age of nineteen. He majored in chemistry and physics, but his interest in social concerns led him to pursue psychology, in which he earned a Ph.D. in 1929. Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories:An introduction. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 258, Paragraph 4 Category: Easy Item number 349 Answer: R = f(P, S) Rationalization: His general statement may be expressed in the formula R = f(P, S), which reads: A response (R) is a function (f) of the person (P) and the stimuli (S). Cattell observed that the response and the stimuli can be precisely determined in an experiment in which the experimenter carefully structures the situation. However, the person is a less well-known factor that needs further exploration. Reference: Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories:An introduction. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 258, Paragraph 4 Category: Easy Item number 350 Answer: D. Charles E. Spearman Rationalization: Charles E. Spearman is an eminent psychologist-statistician who developed the technique of factor analysis. Raymond Cattell also worked under him after he graduated from the University of London. Reference: Schultz, D.P. Schultz, S. E. (2009). Theories of Personality. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 265, paragraph 3 Category: Easy Item number 351 Answer: C. Source Traits Rationalization: According to Schultz and Schultz (2009), it is important to take note that in Cattell’s system, source traits are the basic elements of personality just as atoms are the basic units of the physical world. Reference: Schultz, D.P. Schultz, S. E. (2009). Theories of Personality. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268, paragraph 6 Category: Average Item number 352 Answer: A. Temperament Traits 162

Rationalization: Cattell later identified additional factors called temperament traits because they relate to the general style and emotional tone of behavior. Examples are the following: excitability, zest, self-discipline, politeness, and self-assurance. Reference: Schultz, D.P. Schultz, S. E. (2009). Theories of Personality. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268, paragraph 5 Category: Average Item number 353 Answer: A. Self-reliance Rationalization: Catell gave examples to his additional factors (temperament traits) and they are: excitability, zest, politeness, self-discipline, and self-assurance. Reference: Schultz, D.P. Schultz, S. E. (2009). Theories of Personality. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268, paragraph 5 Category: Average Item number 354 Answer: D. Both statements are false. Rationalization: In Cattell’s theory of personality, source traits are the basic elements of personality. He also argued that psychologists cannot understand or generate laws about personality without describing precisely the nature of these elements. Reference: Schultz, D.P. Schultz, S. E. (2009). Theories of Personality. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268, paragraph 6 Category: Average Item number 355 Answer: A. First statement is true, second statement is false Rationalization: Cattell presented the traits in bipolar form and used the words that are associated in our everyday conversation when describing our friends and ourselves, to express personality characteristics. Reference: Schultz, D.P. Schultz, S. E. (2009). Theories of Personality. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 268, paragraph 5 Category: Average Item number 356 Answer: A. Erg 163

Rationalization: According to Cattell, behavior has drivers and motivations. Erg is an instinctual driver and therefore, it is a permanent structure of personality. Meanwhile, sentiment is learned or unlearned from the external physical and social influences. Saitama was heavily influenced by his hunger that is why he stole bread from a bakery. Reference: Schultz, D.P. Schultz, S. E. (2009). Theories of Personality. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 269-270, paragraph 2-1 Category: Difficult Item number 357 Answer: C. Temperament Trait Rationalization: According to Cattell, temperament trait defines how easy going we are or how temperamental we are. It also describes how we respond to different situations. Reference: Schultz, D.P. Schultz, S. E. (2009). Theories of Personality. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 267, paragraph 1 Category: Difficult Item number 358 Answer: B. Unique Traits Rationalization: Unique trait is described as something that distinguishes us as an individual. Reference: Schultz, D.P. Schultz, S. E. (2009). Theories of Personality. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 267, table 8.1 Category: Difficult Item number 359 Answer: A. Ability Traits Rationalization: Ability traits are our abilities or skills that determine how well we can attain our goals. Reference: Schultz, D.P. Schultz, S. E. (2009). Theories of Personality. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 267, table 8.1 Category: Difficult Item number 360 Answer: B. Adolescence Rationalization: During adolescence, emotional disorder and delinquency is evident because teenagers and young adults have conflict in their drives for independence, self-assertion, and sex. Reference: Schultz, D.P. Schultz, S. E. (2009). Theories of Personality. Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Page 272, paragraph 2 164

Category: Difficult Item Number 361 Answer: B. Trait Approach Rationalization: It was stated in chapter 13 - related research that, the trait approach taken by McCrae and Paul Costa is very popular in field of personality Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 398, paragraph 1. Category: Easy Item Number 362 Answer: E. NEO - PI Rationalization: Based on the chapter 13: part 4 of Dispositional Theories, Costa and McCrae have developed a widely used personality inventory, namely the NEO – PI (Costa & McCrae, 1985, 1992) Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 398, paragraph 1. Category: Easy Item Number 363 Answer: A. Personality Traits Rationalization: Based on Personality Traits and Performance Topic in Chapter 13, Personality Traits are strong predictors of many aspects of life. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 398, paragraph 3. Category: Easy Item Number 364 Answer: D. Conscientiousness Rationalization: Based on the book, the conscientiousness in five – factor model of personality by Costa and McCrae is defined as hardworking, well organized, and punctual. Those who are high on traits of conscientiousness tend to have a higher GPA. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 399, paragraph 1. Category: Easy Item Number 365 165

Answer: C. Conscientiousness Rationalization: The conscientiousness trait was the most important for predicting both high school and college GPA. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 399, paragraph 1. Category: Easy Item Number 366 Answer: C. Stress Rationalization: Based on Related Research, Traits have been linked to vital outcomes such as physical health (Martin, Friedman, & Schwartz, 2007), well – being (Costa & McCrae, 1980), and Academic Success (Noftle & Robins, 2007: Zyphur, Islam, & Landis, 2007); but traits have also been linked to more common, everyday outcome such as mood. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 398, paragraph 2. Category: Average Item Number 367 Answer: A. Erik Noftle and Richard Robins (2007) Rationalization: Erik Noftle and Richard Robins (2007) conducted a large study in which they measured the traits and academic outcomes of more than 10,000 students. They gave undergraduates self – report questionnaires to measure their score on the “Big Five” traits and asked about their SAT scores and high school and college GPA, which were then checked against university records for accuracy. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 398 - 399, paragraph 3. Category: Average Item Number 368 Answer: C. Poropat 2009 Rationalization: According to Poropat (2002), A meta – analysis of 80 studies on more than 70,000 students confirmed the important role that conscientiousness has in GPA. In fact, conscientiousness has nearly the same influence on GPA as intelligence. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 399, paragraph 1. Category: Average 166

Item Number 369 Answer: D. 17 Rationalization: They conducted a meta – analysis of 17 studies from all over the world that measured personality using a measure of the Big – Five and at least one measure of academic dishonesty. More than 5,000 students were assessed in the 17 studies. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 399, paragraph 3. Category: Average Item Number 370 Answer: C. Statement 1 is False while Statement 2 is True Rationalization: Based on the book, although relatively small in magnitude, correlations showed that scoring low on conscientiousness and low on agreeableness predicted agreeableness. That is, students with personalities that are not very organized, disciplined, planful, or goal directed, and who are somewhat hostile, cold, and lacking in empathy are more likely to cheat on academic assignments. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 399, paragraph 3. Category: Average Item Number 371 Answer: D. Verbal Questions Rationalization: According to Noftle & Robins (2007), Openness was related to scores on the verbal section. Those who scored higher on the trait of openness were likely to do well on the SAT verbal questions. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 399, paragraph 4. Category: Difficult Item Number 372 Answer: E. Openness Rationalization: Based on McCrae and Costa’s Five – Factor Trait Theory, those who score high on the trait of openness are imaginative, creative, and can think broadly, which can be useful approaches to difficult questions on a test. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 399, paragraph 4. Category: Difficult 167

Item Number 373 Answer: C. Neuroticism Rationalization: Based on Chapter 13, some people take the SAT multiple times, whereas other people take it but once. These different approaches to test taking may reflect differences in the trait of neuroticism. Given that those who score high on the trait of neuroticism tend to be more anxious and self – satisfied, it makes sense that these people may be more likely to take the SAT over and over again. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 399, paragraph 6. Category: Difficult Item Number 374 Answer: B. 2007 Rationalization: Based on part IV of Dispositional Theories, Michael Zyphur and Colleagues (2007) conducted a study to see whether those high on neuroticism were indeed more likely to retake the SAT. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 400, paragraph 1. Category: Difficult Item Number 375 Answer: C. Conscientiousness is good for GPA, but not that important for the SAT. Rationalization: Based on Dispositional Theories, Openness is great for verbal ability but doesn’t matter much for mathematical ability while Neuroticism is generally related to greater feelings of anxiety and self – conscientiousness. Reference: Feist, Feist, Roberts. (2018). Theories of Personality Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Page 400, paragraph 2. Category: Difficult Item number 376 Answer: B. Mccrae and costa Rationalization: With eysenck that changed. Eysenck developed a factor theory much like mccrae and costa, but because he fundamentally based his taxonomy in both factor analysis and biology, he derived only three, rather than five, dimensions of personality—extraversion/introversion, neuroticism/stability, and psychoticism/ superego. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 409 paragraph 5 Category: Easy 168

Item number 377 Answer: E. Spontaneous acts or cognitions Rationalization: Eysenck (1947, 1994c) recognized a four-level hierarchy of behavior organization. At the lowest level are specific acts or cognitions. At the second level are the habitual acts or cognitions. Several related habitual responses form a trait—the third level of behavior. Eysenck concentrated on the fourth level, that of types or superfactors. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 414 paragraph 5-7 Category: Easy Item number 378 Answer: A. Factor analysis and biology Rationalization: Eysenck developed a factor theory much like mccrae and costa, but because he fundamentally based his taxonomy in both factor analysis and biology, he derived only three, rather than five, dimensions of personality—extraversion/introversion, neuroticism/stability, and psychoticism/ superego. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 409 paragraph 5 Category: Easy Item number 379 Answer: E. Extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism Rationalization: Eysenck extracted only three general factors, which yielded three general bipolar factors or types: Extraversion/introversion (e), neuroticism/stability (n), and psychoticism/superego (p), although he did not rule out “the possibility that further dimensions may be added later” Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 415 paragraph 2 Category: Easy Item number 380 Answer: B. Epi Rationalization: Eysenck developed another test, the eysenck personality inventory, or epi. The epi contains a lie (l) scale to detect faking, but more importantly, it measures extraversion and neuroticism independently, with a near zero correlation between e and n. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 421 paragraph 2 Category: Easy 169

Item number 381 Answer: A. Cortical arousal level Rationalization: According to eysenck, because extraverts have a lower level of cortical arousal than do introverts, they have higher sensory thresholds and thus lesser reactions to sensory stimulation. Introverts, conversely, are characterized by a higher level of arousal, and as a result of a lower sensory threshold, they experience greater reactions to sensory stimulation. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 417 paragraph 7 Category: Average Item number 382 Answer: A. Diathesis-stress Rationalization: Eysenck accepted the diathesis-stress model of psychiatric illness, which suggests that some people are vulnerable to illness because they have either a genetic or an acquired weakness that predisposes them to an illness. This predisposition (diathesis) may interact with stress to produce a neurotic disorder. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 418 paragraph 5 Category: Average Item number 383 Answer: C. Inductive method of investigation Rationalization: With these assumptions in mind, eysenck listed four criteria for identifying a factor. First, psychometric evidence for the factor’s existence must be established. A second criterion is that the factor must also possess heritability and must fit an established genetic model. Third, the factor must make sense from a theoretical view. The final criterion for the existence of a factor is that it must possess social relevance. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 414 paragraph 1-4 Category: Average Item number 384 Answer: D. Authoritarianism Rationalization: Eysenck later found some scientific support for this hypothesis in a study that demonstrated that although communists were radical and fascists were conservative on one dimension of personality, on the tough- minded versus tender-minded dimension, both groups were authoritarian, rigid, and intolerant of ambiguity (tough- minded). 170

Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 411 paragraph 6 Category: Average Item number 385 Answer: C. Biology Rationalization: Because eysenck’s model of personality is one of the few to take biology seriously, it is one of the only theories that can explain the observations that individuals differ in behavior at birth and that genetics accounts for roughly half of the variability in individual differences. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 428 paragraph 4 Category: Average Item number 386 Answer: D. High on neuroticism Rationalization: They frequently complain of physical symptoms such as headache and backache and of vague psychological problems such as worries and anxieties. Eysenck (1967, 1982) proposed this emotional reactivity in neuroticism is due to having a highly reactive limbic system, including the amygdala and hypothalamus. Neuroticism, however, does not necessarily suggest a neurosis in the traditional meaning of that term. People can score high on neuroticism and be free of any debilitating psychological symptoms. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 418 paragraph 4 Category: Difficult Item number 387 Answer: C. Specific acts or cognitions Rationalization: According to eysenck, at the lowest level are specific acts or cognitions, individual behaviors or thoughts that may or may not be characteristic of a person. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 414 paragraph 5 Category: Difficult Item number 388 Answer: A. Habitual acts or cognitions Rationalization: At the second level are the habitual acts or cognitions, that is, responses that recur under similar conditions. 171

Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 414 paragraph 5 Category: Difficult Item number 389 Answer: E. Trait Rationalization: Several related habitual responses form a trait—the third level of behavior. Eysenck defined traits as “important semi-permanent personality dispositions”. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 414 paragraph 6 Category: Difficult Item number 390 Answer: B. Types or superfactors Rationalization: Eysenck concentrated on the fourth level, that of types or superfactors. A type is made up of several interrelated traits. Reference: Feist, feist, roberts. (2018). Theories of personality, 9th ed (9).: Mcgraw-hill international editions. Page 414 paragraph 7 Category: Difficult 172