Art Education WS 31003

1 The Essence of Way of Life Skills Textbook Art Education (WS31003) Upper Secondary Level Non-Formal Education Basic Curriculum of B.E. 2551 (Revised Edition B.E. 2554) Office of the Non-Formal and Informal Education Office of the Permanent Secretary Ministry of Education Not for sale This textbook is published with a national budget allocated for the purpose of people’s lifelong learning. Copyright owned by the Office of the Non-Formal and Informal Education, Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education.

2 Way of Life Skills Textbook Arts Education (WS31003) Upper Secondary Education Level (Revised Edition of B.E. ) Copyright belong to the Office of the Non-Formal and Informal Education, Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education.

3 Preface The Ministry of Education introduced the Non-Formal and Informal Basic Education Curriculum of B.E. 2551 on 18 September, 2551, to replace the Basic Education Curriculum of B.E.2544, which was developed for managing distance for adults who are interested in their continuing education. In the budget year 2554, the Ministry of Education specified a strategic plan to increase the potential and capabilities of people in order that they may be more competitive in acquiring a good and stable income, be a disciplined human resource filled with morals and ethics and be responsible for themselves and others. ONIE decided to revise the principles, goals, standards, expected learning outcomes and content of the Non-Formal and Informal Basic Education Curriculum of B.E. 2551 to correspond with the policies of the Ministry of Education. This resulted in the development and revision of a textbook by adding and integrating content that is related to occupations, morality and ethics and the preparation for entrance into ASEAN. The principles of developing a textbook that leads to self learning still remain. Practice, activity, exercises, testing of learning, group presentation and learning from local wisdom and other sources are also a focus. This development of the textbook received excellent cooperation from experts in different subject areas and those involve with education management. They researched and accumulated information from different sources to create content that meets all the standards, expected learning outcomes and key for each of the subjects. ONIE would like to thank everyone involved and hope that this set of textbooks will be valuable to students, teachers, lecturers and all related parties at every level. If there are any suggestions, ONIE is pleased to hear from you. Prasert Boonruang Secretary General of ONIE Novemeber 2554

4 Table of Contents Preface Page Advice on using the textbook Course structure 11 Chapter 1 Visual Arts 22 32 Topic 1 Dots, lines, colors, lights, shadows, shapes, forms and textures. 34 Topic 2 International visual arts 38 Topic 3 Commenting and criticizing a visual art 42 Topic 4 Natural beauty 44 Topic 5 Beauty of international visual arts Topic 6 Nature and visual arts 48 Topic 7 Creativity, body and home decoration 50 Chapter 2 Music 56 Topic 1 International music 62 Topic 2 Different types of international music Topic 3 Values and melodious of international music 67 Topic 4 History and wisdom of international music 71 Chapter 3 Dancing Art 74 Topic 1 Dancing Art definition 94 Topic 2 Aesthetic of dancing art 96 Topic 3 International art of the neighbors of Thailand 101 Topic 4 Drama that has influence from the western culture 107 Topic 5 Types of drama Topic 6 Drama and international intellectual Topic 7 History and evolution of international dance sport

Chapter 4 Designing and the occupation 5 Topic 1 Specific characteristics of an occupation in a 109 different field of design Topic 2 Interior-Decorator 109 Topic 3 Furniture Designer 112 Topic 4 Fashion Designer 114

6 Advice on Using the Textbook The Way of Life Skills textbook of Visual Arts (WS31003) is published for non-formal and informal education. In using the textbook on the Essence of Learning the Visual Arts, students should follow the following advice: 1. Study the structure of the subject in order to understand its main concepts, expected learning outcomes and the scope of the subject. 2. Study in detail the content of each chapter, complete the exercises and understand the new content before continuing on to the next topic. 3. Complete the exercises at the end of the chapters to summarize one’s learning and understanding of each topic. The completed exercises and activities can be evaluated by teachers and friends learning the same subject. 4. The textbook has 4 Chapters Chapter 1 Visual Arts Topic 1 Dots, lines, colors, lights, shadows, shapes, forms and textures. Topic 2 International visual arts Topic 3 Commenting and criticizing a visual art Topic 4 Natural beauty Topic 5 Beauty of international visual arts Topic 6 Nature and visual arts Topic 7 Creativity, body and home decoration Topic 8 Creativity in decoration Chapter 2 Music Topic 1 International music Topic 2 Different types of international music Topic 3 Values and melodious of international music Topic 4 History and wisdom of international music

7 Chapter 3 Dancing Art Topic 1 Dancing Art definition Topic 2 Aesthetic of dancing art Topic 3 International art of the neighbors of Thailand Topic 4 Drama that has influence from the western culture Topic 5 Types of drama Topic 6 Drama and international intellectual Topic 7 History and evolution of international dance sport Chapter 4 Designing and the occupation Topic 1 Specific characteristics of an occupation in a different field of design Topic 2 Interior-Decorator Topic 3 Furniture Designer Topic 4 Fashion Designer

8 Course Structure for Visual Art Education High School Education Level (WS31003) Main point: Learn, understand with a sense of morality and ethics, and appreciate the value and beauty of the visual arts, music and international dance and be able to offer comments and constructive criticism. Expected learning outcome: Explain the meaning, significance, history and rationale of international visual arts, international music and understand their history, wisdom and lasting appeal. Scope of content: Chapter 1 Visual Arts Topic 1 Dots, lines, colors, lights, shadows, shapes, forms and textures. Topic 2 International visual arts Topic 3 Commenting and criticizing a visual art Topic 4 Natural beauty Topic 5 Beauty of international visual arts Topic 6 Nature and visual arts Topic 7 Creativity, body and home decoration Topic 8: Creativity in decoration Chapter 2 Music Topic 1 International music Topic 2 Different types of international music Topic 3 Values and melodious of international music Topic 4 History and wisdom of international music

9 Chapter 3 Dancing Art Chapter 4 Topic 1 Dancing Art definition Topic 2 Aesthetic of dancing art Topic 3 International art of the neighbors of Thailand Topic 4 Drama that has influence from the western culture Topic 5 Types of drama Topic 6 Drama and international intellectual Topic 7 History and evolution of international dance sport Designing and the occupation Topic 1 Specific characteristics of an occupation in a different field of design Topic 2 Interior-Decorator Topic 3 Furniture Designer Topic 4 Fashion Designer

10 Chapter 1 Visual arts Main point: Students learn, understand, value and appreciate the visual arts and able to comment and criticize appropriately. Expected learning outcome: Explain the meaning, significance, rationale of international visual arts and understand the history, wisdom and conservation. Scope of content: Topic 1: Dots, lines, colors, lights, shadows, shapes, forms and textures. Topic 2: International visual arts Topic 3: Commenting and criticizing a visual art Topic 4: Natural beauty Topic 5: Beauty of international visual arts Topic 6: Nature and visual arts Topic 7: Creativity, body and home decoration Topic 8: Creativity in decoration.

11 Topic 1: Dots, lines, colors, lights, shadows, shapes, forms and textures. Dots ……………………………………………………………… Dots are the smallest component which can be used to show locations and directions by connecting the dots to form a line. The combination of dots can create weight that gives a volume to a figure. Lines Lines are connected dots that line up together in length by dragging a line from one dot to another in different directions such as 45degrees 90degrees 180degrees or any other angles. Dragging the lines in an alternate direction can create different appearances. In the context of art, line can be categorized mainly as: vertical, lateral, diagonal, curve, wavy and zigzag. Feelings toward the line Line is an important basic component of creativity. Line can give meaning to the image and create different feelings through the different characteristics of the line. The basic lines are straight line and curve. From a straight line and curve, new lines can be created that give different feelings as follows: Vertical line strength, eminent, magnificent, stately Lateral line calm and peaceful, broad, rest, still

12 Diagonal line insecure, unsafe, unstable, moving Cross line feelings of connection, strength Curve gentle and delicate Wiggle feelings of movement, flow, cheerful, continuous Dotted line feelings of incomplete, mysterious, displaying the unseen Spiral feelings of dizziness and swirling Zig Zag feelings of contradiction, scary, exciting, unfamiliar Designers use the feelings toward the lines to create an applied arts by using lines to change the shape of a letter to create the feelings of movement and able to convey the meaning better.

13 Color Theory of color It is a theory of color which is visible to the eyes. 300 years ago, Isaac Newton found that a white light from the sun which refract through a prism will disperse to form a rainbow called a spectrum with 7 colors: violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red and formulated this as a theory of light. In reality, rainbow is a natural occurrence that is created by the refraction of lights that passes through the vapor in the air and reflected to our eyes as color. Color has psychological effects in terms of emotions and feelings. By visualizing the colors, eyes will send the feelings to the brain to create different feelings depending on the influence of each color such as refreshing, hot, cold or excited. Human beings are always involved with colors since our surroundings are made up of variety of colors Scholars in different fields are researching on color until a theory of color was formed based on the different discipline. Primary colors for Physicist (Spectrum Primaries) Are colors that formed from a mixed of sound wave. There are 3 colors. Primary colors for Chemist (Pigmentary Primaries) Are colors that are used in an industry and arts. It is also known as pigmentary primaries that we are learning at this moment. It is used in drawings for commercial arts, advertising, and drawings of various artists which made up of the following:

14 Primary color which has 3 basic colors 1. Yellow 2. Red 3. Blue Secondary color Made up of colors from the primary color mixed proportionately to form 3 new colors. 1. Orange (Mixture of red and yellow) 2. Violet (Mixture of red and blue) 3. Green (Mixture of yellow and blue) Intermediate color Made up of a mixed of color from the primary and secondary color to form 6 additional colors. 1. Violet-blue – created from a mixture of blue and violet 2. Blue-green - created from a mixture of blue and green 3. Green-yellow - created from a mixture of yellow and green 4. Yellow-orange - created from a mixture of yellow and orange 5. Orange-red - created from a mixture of red and orange 6. Red-violet - created from a mixture of red and violet

15 We can create hundreds of new colors from the mixtures of colors in the same approach by following the characteristics of each color. As you can see from the 3 levels of theory of color, we can use it as a guideline for choosing colors for our creative work. The design work is not limiting only within the theory but we can think outside and beyond the theories as far as our creative mind will allow us. (violet-red, violet, violet-blue, blue, green-blue, green, green-yellow, yellow, orange-yellow, orange, orange-red, red) Color cycle of 12 colors. 3 respects of color characteristics 1. True color (Hue) refers to the 12 colors in the natural color cycle (refer to the color cycle). The colors we seen everyday can be divided into 2 degrees by dividing the color cycle into 2 parts from yellow until violet. 1. Warm color give the feelings of aggression, hot, excited which composed of the color yellow, yellow-orange, orange, red-orange, red, violet-red and violet

16 2. Cool color give the feelings of coolness, calm, and comfortable to the eyes which composed of the color yellow, green-yellow, blue-green, blue, blue-violet, violet. We can see that yellow and purple are colors that fall under both degrees of warm and cool. 2. Intensity means brightness or pureness of any particular color and also color that are mixed with black until it became gloomy. Intensity or pureness will decrease from the most intense until the different level of gloominess through slowly mixing black color until the intensity of color is almost black. 3. Values mean Brightness, Grayness and Darkness of every color. Each color has its own values and will increase its brightness when mixed white color or reduce in brightness if slowly mixed with white color. We will get the values of color ranging from darkest to lightest by mixing the color with white, grey and black. The values of color will be reduced when mixed with white color (tint) which created the feelings of softness, pleasant and comfortable to the eyes. The values will increase slightly with a mixed of grey (tone) which will reduced the intensity of the color creating the feeling of calmness and plain. The values will be increased with the mixed of black (shade) which will reduced the intensity of the color creating the feeling of seriousness, and mysterious. The values of color also refer to the ranking of the values of the true color in comparison to light and dark and white and black. We can clearly make a comparison between color image and black and white image when we take the color image which has a different intensity of red (light, medium and dark) to photocopy, we will see that the red color will range from light to dark ranging from white, grey and black because red has a different range of color values. Various colors that we can sense it through our eyes will create a sudden feeling right when we see the color from body decorations, home or other equipments. How can we use the color appropriately and correspond with the psychological principal. We need to understand how color has the effects on people. These feelings of color can be categorized as follow. Red gives the feelings of hotness, aggression, arousal, challenge, movement, excited, powerful, complete, wealthy, love, important, dangerous and plentiful.

17 Orange gives the feeling of hotness, warmness, cheerfulness, liveliness and feeling of being released. Yellow gives the feeling of cheerfulness, freshness, brightness and a new life. Green gives the feeling of growth, freshness, calmness, serene, relaxation, relaxing with nature, safety, ordinary, happiness, wise and careful Dark green gives the feeling of sadness and old Dark blue gives the feeling of calmness, seriousness, firm, attentive to details, dignified, proud and humble Blue gives the feeling clearness, wide, transaparent, clean, safe, bright, breath and freedom. Indigo gives the feeling of calmness Violet gives the feeling of charm, mysterious, powerful, interesting, have hidden power, love, sadness, disappointment, peace and highness. Brown gives the feeling of old, heavy and silence. White gives the feeling of pureness, cleanliness, new and lively Black gives the feeling of heaviness, depress, sad and deadend. Pink gives the feeling of warness, softness, sweet, love, care, teenagers and young adults, cute and lively. Dark yellow gives the feeling of heartiness and youth. Grey gives the feeling of sadness, giving up, depressing, oldness, quietness, polite and humble. Gold gives the feeling of luxurious, pricey, important, prosperity, happiness, richness and dispersion. From the feelings above, we can apply it to our everyday lives. We can also create work that involve with colors in the ways that will reflect our feelings precisely and will reduce problems in choosing the colors such as.

18 1. To display time and environment in drawings and paintings. The color in the drawings can show whether it is in the morning, noon or afternoon. 2. In commercial usage, it can help create the attractiveness of the products and can also be used in advertisement and posters to help promote the sales. 3. In work efficiency such as in an industry. If painted with the right psychological principal, color will help create a good work atmosphere, workers will be more productive and efficiency will increase. 4. In decorating the room and furniture, color can help with the room brightness and also increase the happiness of the room usage. In school, children will learn better. In hospital, patients will heal faster. Designers and architects will involve directly with colors. Interior designers will create a color for decorations. Stage designers for plays will create color involving with lighting. Painters will create a color that is appropriate for their thinking and imagination. Then why can’t we create a color for our beauty and our own happiness? The color that goes into the design for the beauty and to serve our needs has two main principal which are the harmonious of color and the contrast of color. 1. Harmonious of color To create the harmony in color is to use the values of colors that are close or similar such as monochrome color, the use of different intensity of the same color. Using adjacent color is to use 2 or 3 colors that are adjacent to each other in the color circle such as red, orange-red, and violet-red. Using similar color is to use the colors that are adjacent to each other in the color circle that doesn’t exceed 5 colors or also with the use of warm tone and cool tone colors. 2. Contrast of color Contrast color is the color located on the opposite side of the color circle (refer to the diagram on the left). The use of contrast color is very important in design work because it help create an interest on the first impression. The true contrast and made up of 6 pairs. 1. Yellow opposite of violet

19 2. Orange opposite of blue 3. Red opposite of green 4. Yellow-orange opposite of violet-blue 5. Orange-red opposite of blue-green 6. Violet-red opposite of yellow-green In designing or displaying work, if we are able to create an overall condition of warm tones or cool tones we can then control and create a harmonious and beautiful work easier since colors has a big influence on mass, volume and space. Color that can create harmony or contrast can create a distinctive point and the combination can also create a unity. We, as a color user need to be able to apply the different color principal to fit with the objectives of our work since color has the following impacts on design. 1. Building feelings. Color creates different feelings to different people depending on their background and reference. Color can also act as a therapy for some psychological disorder. The use of color both interior and exterior and help create the atmosphere. 2. Building interest. Color is a big influence in the art of design. It helps create strong impression and interest on its first impression. 3. Colors show the symbol of an object based on experience and reference such as red symbolized fire or danger, green symbolized vegetation or safety. 4. Colors create perception and remembrance. Arts and design are created for viewers to remember, impress and appreciate the piece of work. The use of colors need to catch the eyes and has unity. Light and shadow Light and shadow means lights that reflect on a surface of light and dark color and with a high and low, curve or rough textures creating different light and shadow. The indicator on the level of color values and intensity of the shadow depends on the intensity of lights. In a very bright space, shadow will be more intense. In a low light space,

20 shadow will not be clear. In a no light space, there will be no shadow since shadow will always be in the opposite end of the light. The values of light and shadow that appear on an object can be classified with the following characteristics. 1. Hi-Light. The area that is closest to the source of lights. This will be the brightest. A glossy surface will reflect the source of lights very clearly. 2. Light. This is the area that receives the light second to the hi-light area since it is further away from the source and will have a low value of color. 3. Shade. This is an area that don’t receive the light or an area that are protected from the light. The values of light will be darker than the area with light. 4. Hi-shade. This is an area that is farthest from the source of light or an area with a multiple shields from the light. The values of light will be very dark until darkest. 5. Descended shadow. This is the back area that the shadow falls upon. The area outside of the objects that the shadow is positioned. The color values depend on the darkness of the shadow, weight of the surface, back, direction and distance of the shadow. Importance of color values 1. Give the differences to image and surface or shape and empty space. 2. Give the feelings of movement. 3. Give the feeling of 2 dimensional to a shape and 3 dimensional to a figure. 4. Create the dimensions of dept and length and distance of the image. 5. Create the harmony and unity of the image. Activities 1. Students will draw different lines as studied to form a picture from their imagination on an empty piece of A4 paper. The students will then present their work in class for comments and critics. 2. Keep the work from no. 1 in a student’s portfolio.

21 Topic 2: International visual arts Meaning of arts and visual arts Arts means a results of human creativity that are expressed in the form of different objects to create aesthetics, impressions and feelings through experiences, tastes and skills of each individuals. Philosophers and scholars gave a different definition such as duplication of the nature and the expression of human emotional personality. Relationships between arts and human Creating arts by human being is an activity to develop intellect and emotion which originated since the Stone Age or approximately 4,000-5,000 years ago. Since the time when human beings were living in cave and make a living through hunting and searching for food in the forest. Most of the arts are in the form of drawings which can be found on the walls of the caves such as a drawing of bison in Altarima cave in Spain or various drawings of animals in Lascaux cave in France. In Thailand, we can see it in Pha-tam, Ubonratchatani or a pottery in Ban Chiang, Udonthani.

22 Visual arts can be categorized into 4 categories 1. Painting 2. Sculpture 3. Architecture 4. Print Painting. Painting is an art that is expressed through drawings, paintings and organizing the compostion of beauty to create a 2 dimensional image that don’t have dept or bulge. Painting is one form of a visual art. People who work in the area of painting are called painters. John Canaday defined painting as painting of colors on a level plane. It is the organization and accumulation of shape and the preparation of colors from each painter on their paintings. A dictionary explained the terms as creating a visual art on a level plane by dragging, painting, scraping, and constructing of paints. The oldest painting that is well known is in Chauvet cave in France. Some historian claims that the painting is as old as 32,000 years. The painting was carved and painted with red clay and black dyed color showcasing horse, rhinoceros, lion, buffalo, mammoth and human hunting.

23 Painting can be classified into two categories by the characteristics of the work and the tools used for the creation. Drawing is a visual arts vocabulary which is to draw lines or some people just use the same English word as drawing. At present, tools and advanced technologies are used in drawing and painting. Drawers might use these different tools to create their own drawings. Drawing in the printed press can be divided into drawings and cartoon. Painting is the creation of 2 dimensional works on a level plane with the use of a variety of color such as water color, oil color, powder color, chalk color or acrylic color. The creation from the paintings will have its own differences such as. 1. Colour Painting 2. Oil Painting

24 3. Acrylic Painting Sculpture is an art that expressed in 3 dimensions which has volume, weight and also eat up the space in the air through the use of different materials. The materials used in the sculpture will determine the approach of the creation. The beauty of the sculpture can be created in 4 ways. 1. Casting is to build 3 dimensional shapes from the materials that are sticky, deform and bonded well. The common materials are clay, plasticine, cement, powder, wax, paper or sawdust mixed with glue. 2. Carving is to build 3 dimensional shapes from a hard, fragile materials by using tools and materials such as wood, stone, mirror, glass and plaster. Carving

25 3. Molding is to build 3 dimensional shapes from materials that can be hardened after fusion with the use of mold. Molding can create an exact same output of 2 or more pieces. The common materials are metal, cement, glass, wax, resin, plastic and etc. 4. Construction is to build 3 dimensional shapes by assembling and connecting different materials together. The approach of the creation of a sculpture depends on the materials used. Regardless of the approach, sculpture work has 3 different characteristics: Bas Relief, High Relief and Round Relief. Sculpture creators are called sculptor. Types of a sculpture 1. Bas Relief sculpture is a sculpture that bulged up from the floor or the background which can be seen only from one side which is the front. The height from the floor is less than half of the real size of the object such as the bulge on coins, the bulge on decorations of containers, the bulge on the decorations of the base of the monument or some amulets. 2. High Relief is a various form of a sculpture with the similarities of the Bas Relief but has the height from the floor from half the size of the real object onwards which can display the pattern with more dept, clarity and with more realism than the Bas Relief but has the same usage.

26 3. Round Relief is a sculpture that can be seen from 4 or more sides such as containers, icons, image of Buddha, graven image of important people, animals and ideology. Architecture is the design of visual arts in the form of a construction that people is able or unable to live in such as shrine, pagoda, monument and house. In addition, architecture includes the diagram of areas for the beauty and usefulness of the areas. Architecture is the accumulation of most of the physical aspects of visual arts and usually displays the identity of the given society at a given period of time. We can divide the characteristics of architecture in 3 different branches. 1. Architecture for construction such as for buildings and houses. 2. Landscape Architecture such as plan and diagram, plan for gardens and trees. 3. Urban Architecture is a design for town for proper order, cleanliness and sanitary. We called a creator in architecture as architect. Important components of architecture Point of interest and the meaning of the science of architecture is changing in a different era.

27 Article named De Architectura from Vitruvius is the oldest article about architecture that was found stated that architecture needs to composed of 3 main compositions that blend in together with balance and harmony which includes. Beauty (Venustas) Proportion, composition, placement, color, materials and textures of the structure that blend in with balance and lift up the soul of people who witnessed or visited those places. Strength and Firmness (Firmitas) And Benefits of usage (Utilitas) means the responsiveness of the values and the fulfillment of the intended usage including the philosophy of the respective places. Western Architecture Such as house, church, cathedral, castle and palace which has the historic architecture such as Gothic and Bicentennial up until the modern architecture. Art of Print (Printmaking) Print by its definition clearly means the picture that is created by printing. For Thai people at large, prints are not a familiar word since printing is only been used 30 years ago. By definition alone, people might get confused with prints in the industrial form such as poster or a reproduction of a photo or painting. In reality, print is a specific word in art which

28 means a product of fine arts in the category of visual arts in the same way as painting and sculpture. Prints generally has the same characteristics as painting and photo which has only 2 dimensions and the 3rd dimensions is the dept that is created from the technical words on visual arts which are line, color, intensity and texture that created to trick the eyes to see into the plane of the 2 dimensional surface. Print has specific characteristics that are different from paintings in the method of creation. Painting is created by the painters who painted colors onto the canvas or paper and produces a picture immediately but printmaking started with producing the mold as a medium and then went through the printing process to create the desired pictures. The process of creation through printmaking allow the artists to create multiple pieces of original work just like a sculptor that sculpted soil and created a mold to make the creation permanent such as brass and bronze. All the pieces that was produced from a mold is considered an original and not a reproduction because the print is not a reproduction of the original paintings but the print is a work of creativity that the artists use the expertise, intentions and special techniques in printing. Each of the pieces is created through imagination, thought and emotion which is different from bringing a readymade painting and reproduce them through the printing process. In printing the work, the artist will limit the quantity according to the international standard which the Association of International Art that Thailand is also a member has set up.

29 The artist will write down the number of production on the bottom left corner of the print such as 3/30. The number 3 means the number of the print and number 30 mean the total number of production. In some of the prints, the artists will sign the word A/P which stands for Artist’s Proof meaning that the print has been printed after the artist has made a correction until he is satisfied and signed the word A/P on the 10% of the total production before starting to print the amount of prints that was previously set. After that the artists will destroy the mold by scratching, scraping or by any means and will produce the last print as a proof called Cancellation Proof. Lastly, the artist will sign the number of production, date, month and year, and his autograph at the bottom right corner of every print as a quality assurance. The amount of prints depends on the demand on the market and many other factors. For the majority of Thai artists, they will limit the production to around 5-10 prints per each of their work. The international rules on the number of prints are set to maintain the standard of printmaking which can help promote and create an acceptance for the prints. Forms of the technical aspects of printmaking 1. Printing process on bulge surface (Relief Process) 2. Printing process on trench surface (Intaglio Process) 3. Printing process on level plane (Planography Process) 4. Printing process on perforated material (Serigraphy) 5. Printing process as a mixed techniques (Mixed Techniques) 6. Basic printing techniques (Non – Figuration Form)

30 Importance of contents 1. There are many characteristics in the process of building a mold in printmaking and each of the characteristics has its own unique techniques. Each of the techniques is able to generate the content of the arts such as an intaglio process could express the contents in the area of texture with the most efficiency. 2. The theory of aesthetics can differentiate the arts in a different form which can express the various expressions of the artists. Activity 1. Students will try to create paintings such as sceneries, vegetables, fruits and etc. by using water color or other types of colors. 2. Students will sculpt the figure of people, animals or fruits with the height of no less than 20cm. by using mud or clay. 3. Students will bring the two creations above to showcase them to the teachers and classmates for discussions.

31 Topic 3: Commenting and criticizing a visual art Meaning Analyzing arts is to consider and differentiate each of the components of art part by part including visual elements, art component and various relationships, and technical process of creation so that the information can be used to analyze the work of art to evaluate the values of beauty, essence, emotion and feeling. Criticizing arts is to express our thinking toward arts and the artists who created it. The critics will based their criticism on the fundamental and principle of arts including aesthetics and other various contents. The criticism provides comments to improve the art or to use as an evaluation and comparison among different pieces of arts. Qualities of a critic 1. Should have knowledge of both folk arts and international arts. 2. Should have knowledge on art history. 3. Should have knowledge on aesthetics to see beauty in different angles. 4. Must be visionary and not easily influenced by others. 5. Dare to express themselves based on the fundamental of arts principles and also based on feelings and experiences. Theory of art creation can be divided into 4 categories. 1. Imitation Theory is seeing the beauty of the nature and duplicating its shape, form and color.

32 2. Formalism Theory is to create new figures by using the visual elements (line, shape, figure, color, values, texture and empty space) and other techniques. 3. Emotional Theory is to create an art with different feelings that are expressed through the art by the artists. 4. Imagination Theory is an art that express imagination and dream that are different from the nature or things that we see every day. Approach for analysis and evaluation of the values on art The analysis and evaluation on art generally are considered in 3 aspects as follow. 1. Beauty To analyze and evaluate the values of art in terms of skills, usage of visual elements and organization of art components to see whether the art is able to express the beauty appropriately and whether it creates an aesthetical impacts on the audience. The expressions of the beauty vary through different forms and eras. Critics and evaluators must study and understand the art as deeply as possible. 2. Contents To analyze and evaluate the values of art to see whether each of the arts has the characteristics that promote moral, ethic and other objectives together with the psychological aspects of whether the arts has contributed any essence to the audience. The essence can be about the nature, society, religion, politics, wisdom, thinking, imagination and dream. 3. Emotions and Feelings This is to analyze and evaluate the aspects of the qualities that create the arousal and convey a very deep meaning of the piece of work which is the result of using the techniques to express thought, power and feelings in the creation of the artists.

33 Topic 4: Natural beauty Natural is defined as anything visual in the cycle of the solar system that human being doesn’t create such as night, day, darkness and brightness, mountain, waterfall which is considered as natural or other natural phenomenon. The dictionary of a philosopher of arts has defined broadly from their personal viewpoint as follow. The word ART from an international perspective came from the word ARTI and ARTE which is widely use in the period of art recovery. The word ARTI means a skill craftsman from 14th, 15th and 16th century and the word ARTE means skills which include the knowledge of the usage of art materials such as mixing of colors for background, oil painting or preparing and using any of the art objects. The meaning of Art according to the Thai dictionary of the Royal Institute of Thailand 1950 is refer to as skills of craftsman, displaying in satisfactory level, creating an emotional impact and be deeply touched. Professor Silpa Bhirasri defined art as work that needs to be accomplished with skills and knowledge like tailor, pottery, and planting. When talk about Fine Arts, it refers to the perseverance of human being. Not only to accomplish the work by hands but also by thoughts and also intellectual and spiritual emanation. ART according to the Thai dictionary of the Royal Institute of Thailand 1987 explained it as the outcome of human imagination in different forms that create aesthetic, impression and deeply touched in remarkable aptitude, spiritual emanation, experience, taste, and individual talent that are created for satisfaction, fun, tradition and religious beliefs. Important components in art 1. Form in art, it means the shape that the artists express it in the concrete form of art which can be divided into 3 types. 1.1 Natural form such as waterfall, mountain, tree, canal, day, night, sky and sea. 1.2 Geometric form such as rectangle, triangle, circle and cylinder. 1.3 Abstract form such as pattern that the artists created with freedom or from distortion of the nature to be left with symbol that convey a specific meaning of the artists. With the forms stated above, artists can select and create an art from their feelings of their personal satisfaction or impression.

34 2. Content means the reflection of stories into the different forms such as day, night, love, change in the economy, politics and the values of the composition of arts. 3. Technique means the process of choosing the materials up until the creative process to produce a particular piece of art such as oil paint, chalk paint, water paint in paintings or wood, metal and rock in a sculpture. 4. Aesthetical elements have 3 elements including beauty, picturesqueness and sublimity. A piece of art can have a mixed of both beauty and sublimity such as a Buddha statue during Sukhothai period which may have both the beauty and sublimity. When a person has aesthetic in their reflections, it is called aesthetical experience which required the maturity of the knowledge of the theory and the interest in the movement in the world of art with consistency such as visiting the art exhibition hosted by the art galleries. Referring to the visual arts and its important composition by looking back to the history until present, we can categorize the type of creation of the artists into 3 groups. 1. Realistic refers to the group that adheres to the realism of nature to create art similarly to the characteristics of a camera or only cut out some minor component. This group is trying to solve a problem for those who are inexperience in consuming art and also make it easier to communicate art to the audience comparing to other creations. 2. Abstract refers to the group that adheres to the opposite of the realistic group. This group is creating a new FORM that doesn’t rely on the natural form or if using the natural form, the creation will use distortion until the structure is only left with symbols such as the art work of MONDIAN. 3. Semi-Abstract refers to the group that is in between the realistic and abstract group. This group is creating art through DISTORTION of the details of the natural elements to form a different type of arts for the outcome of the COMPOSITION or result of the expression of the outcome which still has structure of the origin but is not very clear. From what the writer has stated above regarding the different types of creation from the 3 different groups of artists, an art scholar has made the comparison for better understanding. Realistic group is similar to a printed

35 handwriting. Abstract group is like an autograph and Semi-abstract group is like scribble handwriting. Human and arts When mentioned about art, why do we only have to limit it to what human being created. Beehive, termite hill, and bird nest can be an outstanding architecture that is created from animals. We should try to understand the origin of the creation which can be divided into 2 aspects. Aspect 1, why do termite hill, bee hive or bird nest are not considered art? Aspect 2, why is human creation considered art? From the first aspect, we might be able to analyze the reason for not considering it as an art because termite, bee, and weaver bird created their hive, hill and nest from the natural instinct to provide themselves with safety which is an instinct of every animal to protect themselves from the natural elements of rains and sun or its own personal warmth. Another factor is that termite hill, bee hive and bird nest never developed in the form or creativity to create a new appearance. It is always created with the same appearance forever. This is not considered art. But if at present, a human being uses bird nest and bee hive to decorate it with a personal creativity. We can consider this and art because it came from an inspiration of the intrinsic value of the artist that appreciates the beauty of the natural element and using it as a medium of creativity. From the second aspect, why is human creation considered art? Considering this aspect, we can provide a few reasoning in brief. 1. Human being created art with the objective of a creation such as an Egyptian created Mastaba which has the shape that resemble a bench with a tall rectangular pieces of level plane sloping into the base. Mastaba is built from a large piece of rock which is used as a grave for a bureaucrat or the wealthy one which later developed into a pyramid that contain the mortuary of the king or Pharoah. The corpse are bath with a chemical to preserve it from being perished by making a mummy inside which then wait for the soul to be returned to the body. This is the Egyptian belief of reincarnation. Buddhist places such as temple, ubosot, sermon hall in a

36 monastery is created to serve the objective of religion rituals, an accommodation for monks and a place to spread the teaching of Buddhism. 2. The creation has a limitless development as seen from the pre historic period where human lives in a cave to sheltered themselves from natural disaster and wild animals. With an understanding of the natural phenomenon and the understanding of tools, the shelter evolves and develops into different forms of buildings and homes according to the change in the culture, development and technology. Reinforced concrete and modern materials help assist in constructing buildings, houses and other constructions. The development also created an architecture that is in harmony with the environment such as “The Kauf Mann House” of Frank Lloyd Wright in Pennsylvania, USA. 3. The physical needs of human being are primary to people of all nationality and race to create the convenience to live in a modern day society as seen from the consumer goods and tools which are created from the creativity of human being in the form of art similarly to how an artist would not be tedious in the old form of arts or repeatedly producing the old form of arts. They will instead discover the new content or technique for themselves to develop and create a systematic form of art that are personal to the artist and easy for the audience to understand the creativity of the art. Activity Please answer the following questions 1. Explain the meaning of “Nature”? 2. What are the components of art? 3. Why art is only created by human?

37 Topic 5: Beauty of international visual arts Perception of art Human can perceived art in 2 ways which is through sight and sound which can then be divided into 3 types. 1. Visual art is an art that can be perceived through the eyes from seeing. Most of the arts are in the form of visual art such as painting, sculpture, architecture, decorative art, industrial art and commercial art. 2. Audio art is an art that are perceived through the ears from listening. Art that are considered to be in this type are music and literature. 3. Audiovisual art can be perceived in both seeing and hearing. This type of art is dancing art, drama and cinema. Evolution of international art There are a lot of similarities in the art from different countries in the western part of the world so as a result an international art was developed. Beliefs have a lot of influence on human thought, expression and ways of life specifically in an art with a various form of beauty that derived from the beliefs and faiths of people regarding the subject matter. Pattern of beauty deriving from beliefs The beauty of art appeared from the thought of the craftsman combined with the skills in those specific periods. The qualities of the tools are not advanced which caused the paintings in pre-historic age not to be so beautiful in the eyes of modern people. 1. Medieval Arts. Visual arts resulted from Christianity Beliefs during the Middle ages arise in the time where Christianity is at its peak of prosperity and that largely influences the people’s way of life and the creation of arts in the western world. The belief that beauty is a creation from God which is carried through in the form of art is influencing the artists to create their work that represents the story of Christ and the disciples. The belief has the following influences on the visual art.

38 Architecture such as church during Gothic period is an architecture that has a very tall structure. The peak of the church construct is where the holy cross is located so it can be used as a mean of communication with God in heaven. There are also singing and composing of music in the church of Notre Damn in Paris, France which is a Gothic designed church. HM King Chulalongkorn the Great or Rama V has ordered that the church be modeled and built it at Niwet Thamm Pravat temple , Bang Pa-in, Phra Nakorn Sri Ayutthaya province. Paintings also display the contents of Christianity as well as other branches of arts. 2. Byzantine This is the first era on the belief of art for Christianity. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Europe is separated into many countries and there’s a strong trust in Christianity which is a guideline towards the people’s way of life. Especially during the Byzantine, it is considered to be the first empire where Christian artists and craftsmen are all working for the religion or working to promote the faith of Christianity. Architecture Building church and temple to symbolize and also to perform religion rituals.

39 Sculpture There were a sculpture of the image of Jesus by using wood and stone and also a decorative rock called mosaic. Byzantine architecture 3. Renaissance A belief due to the Byzantine Empire is the age of a Renaissance which means a rebirth or a revival. The art in the concept of Greek and Roman has gain back its popularity after the remains of the Greeks and Romans town were found.

40 Activity The students must answer the following questions 1. How many ways that human being can perceived art? And how many types? 2. What is the belief in the creation of art during the Medieval age? 3. Who does the Byzantine artist work for? 4. What is the meaning of Renaissance?

41 Topic 6: Nature and visual arts Human is a part of nature Nature can describe the experiences and things that happened in the past. Nature is considered as a teacher. When human use their creativity, they will try to consider the natural environment that they are a part of and then modify it by using the appropriate technique and expertise to create their own art. Human rely on nature for survival. Majority of the output uses for living also come from the nature. Natural materials that human use it for the creations of arts are: 1. Plant 2. Rock and gravel 3. Sand 4. Soil The use of natural components to mix with art (product of thanonkondern.com/Chiangmai)

42 Activity Student must use natural materials to create a body decoration item with the use of art. Topic 7: Creativity, body and home decoration Human is continuously using their creativity which depends on the amount of experience they have. Designing is a form of human creation on art. 1. Home design - Designing everything inside and around the house for beauty and convenience by using the materials available or obtained by using the principles of art elements. 2. Body design - Designing of body and the decoration for beauty, appropriateness and satisfaction such as designing the hairstyle, clothing, jewelry, and cosmetic by using the principles of art and creativity. 3. Product design - Creating an outer shape of a product to create attention and selling point in the industrial sector through the use of creativity. 4. Office design - Designing the work station, chair, desk and office both interior and exterior to create a design that are conducive to working and usage. The designs are in two categories. 1. Interior design includes every type of interior design such as home interior design, office interior, building interior or even the interior of a vehicle. Home interior design

43 Shop interior design Office interior design Vehicle interior design

44 2. Exterior design includes garden design or the external part of the buildings including landscaping such as in the public park, road, bridge and etc. Exterior design on a large garden Home garden exterior design by using rocks, trees, and water Home garden exterior design that imitates nature Exterior design on street isle

45 Activities 1. Student must do an interior or exterior design anywhere in their home and the take a picture and discuss them in class with their teacher and classmates. 2. Keep the work in the student portfolio.

46 Chapter 2 Music Main essence Meaning, importance, history, technical evaluation, approaches of various types of music, values, beauty and melodious of international music Expected learning outcome Explaining the meaning, importance, history of international music. Understanding of the origin, wisdom and heritage of music. Scope of content Topic 1 International music Topic 2 Different types of international music Topic 3 Values and melodious of international music Topic 4 History and wisdom of international music

47 Topic 1 International music Music was born right at the same time as the birth of human beings. In the earlier era, human lived in cave and in hollow of a tree but human knew how to sing and dance with the nature. They clapped, stroked on rock and wood, whistled, blew on horn and sang. They sang to plead for a protection from God, to be blessed with happiness and prosperity or to worship God to show thankfulness for their happiness. In the earlier stage, music has only one sound and range called Melody. Harmonizing did not start until the 12th century. Human started to use different sounds and harmonize them simply to create different sound of music. Different era of music Philosopher of music categorize music into different era 1. Polyphonic Period (1200-1650) - This is the first era which evolves into a theory and pattern of music. Professional music band at the church and royalty are created together with musical school. 2. Baroque Period (1650-1750) - This is the era where musical subject became strengthened. Arts education is more systematic and well developed. Musical school teaching Opera were formed. There are two world’s great musician named J. S. Bach and G.H. Handen. 3. Classical Period (1750-1820) - This is where music staring to enter into a new era. The musical industry is very prosperous. The world’s great musicians are Haydn, Gluck and Mozart. 4. Romantic Period (1820-1900) - This is an era where music is clearly focusing on emotions. An era where music is the most prosperous and referred to as the golden age of music. Beethoven and many other great musicians are from this era. 5. Modern Period (1900-present) - This is an era where music has undergone a tremendous change. Jazz started to come back and gained its influence up until present. Culture and tradition of different country and different religion especially in the western music tend to have a very close relationship with religion. Songs about religion or church songs are composed

48 through proper musical principle and academic. Composer needs to have a very high skills and knowledge to be able to compose a song that influence people to have more faith in the religion. Gradual in Christianity have music playing as a prelude to a prayer. With an increased in the number of songs about religion, people have invented symbols to represent the different rhythm so that it will not be forgotten. In the year 1000, these symbols are called Note. Note in the basic musical principles are Do, Re, and Me which is a prayer in Latin. We can say that music has its origination from a temple or religion. In Europe, songs about religion are the highest level of songs. Musical band during the early century up until present has different characteristics. Musical instruments also are different in numbers and types depending on the different fashion. The name of the musical band is different due to the different mixture of band, mixture of different types of instruments or the varying number of musicians.

49 Topic 2 Different types of international music Different types of music can be categorized into 6 different types as follow. 1. Songs play by an Orchestra - Symphony refers to playing with a full band Sonata. Sonata means individual songs of each musical instrument such as Violin Sonata for violin. Other instruments are in the same way. The combination of a different sonatas created in harmony are called symphony. - Concerto is the mixed of a sonata and symphony instead of having only an individual song or playing the music simultaneously. The solo of the musical instrument are usually by violin or piano. - Miscellaneous song is composed miscellaneously without a lyric. Orchestra band 2. Songs play by Chamber Music are short songs that intended to showcase the design and pattern of music and the harmony. Stringed instruments such as violin, viola and cello are used. Chamber musical band

50 3. Solo Songs of this type are composed for one musical instrument called sonata. 4. Oratorio and Cantata are religious songs used in the church. It is considered one form of Opera but with the religious content. Oratorio band 5. Opera refers to songs that are used in drama and play with performers singing back and forth throughout the play. This type of songs uses a large musical band. The Phantom of the Opera, one of the world’s most famous opera 6. General Songs such as songs that sang by a solo or a chorus in an orchestra band. A Combo band or Shadow band which are fond to listen to through gramophone record or band are very general.