Dictionary 243 Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neuronal Plasticity: The capacity of the nervous system to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurosurgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neurotrophins: A nerve growth factor. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nociceptors: Peripheral receptors for pain. Nociceptors include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. All nociceptors are free nerve endings. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH]
244 Physical Therapy Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nurse Midwives: Professional nurses who have received postgraduate training in midwifery. [NIH] Obturator Nerve: A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to the lower extremity. The obturator nerve provides motor innervation to the adductor muscles of the thigh and cutaneous sensory innervation of the inner thigh. [NIH] Occupational Medicine: Medical specialty concerned with the promotion and maintenance of the physical and mental health of employees in occupational settings. [NIH] Occupational Therapy: The field concerned with utilizing craft or work activities in the rehabilitation of patients. Occupational therapy can also refer to the activities themselves. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Olfactory Bulb: Ovoid body resting on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone where the olfactory nerve terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose dendrites the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the vomeronasal organ via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here. [NIH] Olfactory Receptor Neurons: Neurons in the olfactory epithelium with proteins (receptors, odorant) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. Olfactory receptor neurons are bipolar. They send to the surface of the epithelium apical dendrites with non-motile cilia from which project odorant receptor molecules. Their unmyelinated axons synapse in the olfactory bulb of the brain. Unlike other neurons, they can be generated from precursor cells in adults. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opioid Peptides: The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the enkephalins, the dynorphins, and the endorphins. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and pro- opiomelanocortin, respectively. There are also at least three classes of opioid receptors, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Orthopedic Procedures: Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and
Dictionary 245 injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paradoxical: Occurring at variance with the normal rule. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. \"General paresis\" and \"general paralysis\" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without
246 Physical Therapy an outside stimulus. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with gravidity, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH] Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Periarthritis: Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. [EU] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution,
Dictionary 247 and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pharyngeal Muscles: The muscles of the pharynx are the inferior, middle and superior constrictors, salpingopharyngeus, and stylopharyngeus. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Phonophoresis: Use of ultrasound to increase the percutaneous adsorption of drugs. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH] Physician Self-Referral: Referral by physicians to testing or treatment facilities in which they have financial interest. The practice is regulated by the Ethics in Patient Referrals Act of 1989. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase \"physiologic age,\" it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH] Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH]
248 Physical Therapy Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placebo Effect: An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as \"alutiae\". [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called \"change of life.\" [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the
Dictionary 249 convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Prejudice: A preconceived judgment made without adequate evidence and not easily alterable by presentation of contrary evidence. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Pro-Opiomelanocortin: A precursor protein, MW 30,000, synthesized mainly in the anterior pituitary gland but also found in the hypothalamus, brain, and several peripheral tissues. It incorporates the amino acid sequences of ACTH and beta-lipotropin. These two hormones, in turn, contain the biologically active peptides MSH, corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, alpha-lipotropin, endorphins, and methionine enkephalin. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Proprioception: The mechanism involved in the self-regulation of posture and movement through stimuli originating in the receptors imbedded in the joints, tendons, muscles, and labyrinth. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va
250 Physical Therapy and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulposus: Prolapse of the nucleus pulposus into the body of the vertebra; necrobacillosis of rabbits. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons,
Dictionary 251 and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Rarefaction: The reduction of the density of a substance; the attenuation of a gas. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Odorant: Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. The large number of different odorant receptors appears to arise from several gene families or
252 Physical Therapy subfamilies rather than from DNA rearrangement. [NIH] Recovery of Function: A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recuperation: The recovery of health and strength. [EU] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rehabilitative: Instruction of incapacitated individuals or of those affected with some mental disorder, so that some or all of their lost ability may be regained. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Respiratory Mechanics: The physical or mechanical action of the lungs, diaphragm, ribs, and chest wall during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc. [NIH] Restitution: The restoration to a normal state. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines
Dictionary 253 with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rheumatology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of inflammatory or degenerative processes and metabolic derangement of connective tissue structures which pertain to a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, such as arthritis. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH]
254 Physical Therapy Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or \"seizure disorder.\" [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH] Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: Tenosinovitis in the shoulders and arms of persons having a poor posture while working with visual display terminals. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU]
Dictionary 255 Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Isolation: The separation of individuals or groups resulting in the lack of or minimizing of social contact and/or communication. This separation may be accomplished by physical separation, by social barriers and by psychological mechanisms. In the latter, there may be interaction but no real communication. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soft Tissue Injuries: Injuries of tissue other than bone. The concept is usually general and does not customarily refer to internal organs or viscera. It is meaningful with reference to regions or organs where soft tissue (muscle, fat, skin) should be differentiated from bones or bone tissue, as \"soft tissue injuries of the hand\". [NIH] Solanaceae: Family of flowering plants (order Solanales). Among the most important are potatoes, tomatoes, capsicum (green and red peppers), tobacco, and belladonna. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatosensory Cortex: Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving general sensations. It lies posterior to the central sulcus. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH]
256 Physical Therapy Space Flight: Travel beyond the earth's atmosphere. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Speech-Language Pathology: The study of speech or language disorders and their diagnosis and correction. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splint: A rigid appliance used for the immobilization of a part or for the correction of deformity. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body.
Dictionary 257 [NIH] Standardize: To compare with or conform to a standard; to establish standards. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatognathic System: The mouth, teeth, jaws, pharynx, and related structures as they relate to mastication, deglutition, and speech. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress incontinence: An involuntary loss of urine that occurs at the same time that internal abdominal pressure is increased, such as with laughing, sneezing, coughing, or physical activity. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Supine: Having the front portion of the body upwards. [NIH] Supine Position: The posture of an individual lying face up. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the
258 Physical Therapy beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Talus: The second largest of the tarsal bones and occupies the middle and upper part of the tarsus. [NIH] Telecommunications: Transmission of information over distances via electronic means. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome: A symptom complex consisting of pain, muscle tenderness, clicking in the joint, and limitation or alteration of mandibular movement. The symptoms are subjective and manifested primarily in the masticatory muscles rather than the temporomandibular joint itself. Etiologic factors are uncertain but
Dictionary 259 include occlusal dysharmony and psychophysiologic factors. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tibia: The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the fibula laterally, the talus distally, and the femur proximally. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH]
260 Physical Therapy Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trusses: A surgical device designed for retaining a hernia in a reduced state within the abdominal cavity. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH]
Dictionary 261 Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulnar Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Ultraviolet Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the \"personal unconscious\". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving
262 Physical Therapy around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrissae: Stiff hairs projecting from the face around the nose of most mammals, acting as touch receptors. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Walkers: Walking aids generally having two handgrips and four legs. [NIH] Weight Lifting: A sport in which weights are lifted competitively or as an exercise. [NIH] Weight-Bearing: The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot. [NIH] Wheelchairs: Chairs mounted on wheels and designed to be propelled by the occupant. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or
Dictionary 263 brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
265 INDEX Anabolic, 37, 213, 245 Anaesthesia, 213, 234 A Anal, 24, 213, 229 Abdominal, 28, 188, 211, 225, 245, 257, 260 Analgesic, 33, 52, 211, 213, 227 Abdominal fat, 188, 211 Analog, 133, 213 Abduction, 59, 211 Analogous, 39, 213, 260 Aberrant, 33, 211 Anatomical, 20, 129, 213, 215, 220, 234, 254 Acetaminophen, 19, 211 Androgenic, 214, 245 Acetylcholine, 45, 211, 243 Androgens, 212, 214, 223 Acoustic, 139, 211 Anesthesia, 30, 143, 212, 214 Acrylonitrile, 211, 253 Animal model, 31, 37, 46, 214 Actin, 211, 242 Ankle, 32, 60, 128, 130, 135, 147, 148, 214, Activities of Daily Living, 11, 12, 17, 24, 261 36, 43, 211, 225 Ankle Joint, 32, 214 Acupuncture Points, 19, 211 Anterior Cruciate Ligament, 40, 92, 125, Adaptation, 9, 47, 153, 211, 235, 248 Adductor, 211, 244 214 Adhesions, 125, 211 Antibacterial, 214, 256 Adipose Tissue, 211 Antibiotic, 214, 256 Adjunctive Therapy, 38, 211 Antibodies, 214, 239 Adjustment, 7, 10, 128, 159, 161, 211 Antibody, 212, 214, 221, 233, 234, 236, 241, Adrenal Cortex, 212, 223, 233 Adrenal Medulla, 212, 219, 227, 243 251, 256, 263 Adrenergic, 212, 226, 228, 258 Antigen, 35, 212, 214, 221, 233, 234 Adsorption, 212, 247 Anti-inflammatory, 35, 88, 211, 214, 215, Adverse Effect, 212, 254 Aerobic, 11, 12, 17, 148, 150, 212, 228 223, 231 Aerobic Exercise, 11, 12, 148, 150, 212 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 214, 215, 223 Afferent, 30, 143, 212 Antineoplastic, 214, 223 Affinity, 212, 255 Antipyretic, 211, 214 Age Groups, 52, 212 Anus, 213, 214, 217, 235, 246, 252 Aged, 80 and Over, 212 Anxiety, 52, 215, 245, 247 Aggravation, 131, 146, 212 Anxiety Disorders, 215, 245 Agonist, 212, 226 Aorta, 215, 261 Agoraphobia, 212, 245, 247 Apolipoproteins, 215, 238 Airway, 66, 139, 212, 218 Applicability, 10, 155, 215 Algorithms, 42, 212, 216 Approximate, 126, 145, 215 Alienation, 27, 212 Aqueous, 215, 216, 227 Alimentary, 213, 235 Arterial, 11, 12, 215, 220, 233, 250, 258 Alkaline, 213, 218 Arteries, 215, 217, 219, 223, 236, 238, 240, Alkaloid, 213, 218 Allergen, 213, 225 242 Alpha Particles, 213, 250 Artery, 68, 215, 223, 236, 240, 250 Alternative medicine, 34, 175, 213 Arthritis, Rheumatoid, 176, 215 Ameliorating, 26, 213 Arthrography, 56, 69, 215 Amino acid, 213, 214, 228, 230, 246, 249, Arthroplasty, 33, 57, 71, 215 Articular, 214, 215, 245 250, 253, 254, 260 Articulation, 49, 215 Amino Acid Sequence, 213, 214, 228, 249 Aspirin, 88, 215 Amniotic Fluid, 213, 231 Atelectasis, 139, 215 Amphetamine, 8, 17, 75, 117, 213, 225 Atrium, 215, 261
266 Physical Therapy Brachial Plexus, 217, 261 Brachytherapy, 218, 235, 236, 251, 263 Atrophy, 38, 90, 125, 130, 135, 153, 177, Bradykinesia, 49, 218 215 Branch, 36, 207, 218, 231, 238, 250, 256, 259 Breakdown, 218, 225, 230 Audiology, 36, 215 Bronchi, 218, 228, 260 Autoimmune disease, 215, 241 Bronchiectasis, 59, 218 Autonomic, 211, 215, 216, 243, 246, 258 Bronchitis, 61, 73, 87, 137, 218, 220 Axonal, 143, 215 Bronchodilator, 79, 218 Axons, 215, 242, 244 Bruxism, 164, 218 B Burns, 36, 52, 59, 98, 99, 137, 218 Back Injuries, 29, 40, 93, 174, 215 Burns, Electric, 218 Back Pain, 4, 29, 34, 40, 149, 151, 174, 216 C Bacteria, 212, 214, 216, 227, 229, 240, 256, Calcium, 143, 218, 221 260, 261 Capsaicin, 143, 218 Bacterial Physiology, 211, 216 Capsicum, 218, 255 Bactericidal, 216, 261 Carbohydrate, 218, 223, 231, 248 Basal Ganglia, 216, 233 Carbon Dioxide, 218, 229, 230, 252 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 216, 233 Carcinogenic, 218, 257, 261 Base, 39, 122, 123, 129, 134, 151, 157, 216, Cardiac, 11, 22, 28, 36, 68, 125, 218, 227, 224, 236, 258 228, 232, 242, 257 Bed Rest, 145, 153, 156, 216 Cardiac Output, 11, 218 Behavior Therapy, 188, 216 Cardiomyopathy, 28, 218 Behavioral Symptoms, 25, 216 Cardiopulmonary, 22, 64, 111, 164, 165, Belladonna, 216, 255 Benign, 84, 216, 251 218 Bereavement, 27, 216 Cardiorespiratory, 212, 218 Bifida, 216 Cardiovascular, 11, 12, 17, 36, 65, 160, 213, Bilateral, 31, 38, 84, 85, 123, 216, 245 Bile, 216, 230, 233, 238, 257 219, 228, 254 Biochemical, 216, 245, 254 Cardiovascular disease, 17, 219 Biomechanics, 16, 39, 59, 216 Carnitine, 28, 219 Biotechnology, 54, 166, 175, 187, 216 Case report, 78, 84, 88, 94, 219, 221 Biotic, 217, 261 Case series, 81, 219, 221 Bladder, 217, 222, 224, 230, 234, 241, 249, Catabolism, 36, 219 Catecholamine, 22, 219, 226, 247 261 Caudal, 219, 248 Blast phase, 217, 220 Causal, 111, 219, 235 Blood Coagulation, 217, 218 Cell Division, 216, 219, 239, 248, 249 Blood Glucose, 188, 217, 235 Cell membrane, 219, 225, 236, 247 Blood pressure, 11, 12, 89, 188, 217, 219, Cellulose, 219, 248 Central Nervous System, 11, 13, 20, 32, 233, 241, 255 Blood vessel, 217, 219, 220, 227, 236, 238, 211, 213, 219, 225, 230, 241, 248, 254 Cerebellum, 219, 223, 248 240, 246, 255, 257, 259, 261 Cerebral Arteries, 219, 240 Body Fluids, 170, 217, 255 Cerebral Cortex, 20, 219, 228, 229 Body Mass Index, 217, 245 Cerebral Palsy, 20, 32, 46, 52, 60, 77, 94, Bolus, 157, 217 Bolus infusion, 217 110, 136, 219, 256 Bone Marrow, 217, 220, 238 Cerebrovascular, 67, 117, 136, 157, 216, Bone scan, 217, 253 Boron, 133, 217 219 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 217 Cerebrum, 219, 223, 258 Bowel, 213, 217, 225, 230, 257 Cervical, 88, 137, 145, 149, 157, 176, 217, Bowel Movement, 217, 225, 257 Brace, 128, 129, 138, 146, 217 220, 232, 242, 261 Brachial, 217, 261 Cervix, 220, 229
Character, 220, 224 Index 267 Chemotherapy, 26, 170, 220 Chest wall, 66, 139, 220, 252 Control group, 7, 10, 19, 30, 39, 43, 51, 223, Chilblains, 137, 220 251 Chin, 146, 157, 220, 239 Chiropractic, 30, 34, 55, 134, 158, 220 Controlled clinical trial, 50, 223 Cholesterol, 216, 220, 223, 238, 257 Controlled study, 22, 94, 223 Cholesterol Esters, 220, 238 Contusion, 137, 223 Chondrocytes, 35, 220, 229 Coordination, 11, 12, 15, 19, 53, 155, 161, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 26, 220 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 220 170, 219, 223, 241 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 217, 220 Coronary, 68, 219, 223, 240, 242 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Coronary heart disease, 219, 223 Coronary Thrombosis, 223, 240, 242 24, 51, 59, 220 Corpus, 50, 223 Chronic phase, 14, 220 Cortex, 21, 44, 223, 240 Chronic renal, 78, 220 Cortical, 6, 10, 14, 20, 30, 37, 44, 223, 254 Chylomicrons, 220, 238 Cortices, 30, 223 Civilization, 151, 221 Corticosteroid, 56, 62, 174, 223 Clamp, 159, 221 Cortisol, 50, 223 Clinical Protocols, 52, 221 Cost-benefit, 26, 104, 223 Clinical study, 8, 221, 223 Cranial, 219, 224, 243, 246 Clinical trial, 5, 7, 14, 18, 19, 26, 37, 48, 52, Craniomandibular Disorders, 163, 224 Curative, 137, 224, 259 53, 74, 117, 118, 187, 221, 223, 250, 251 Custodial Care, 41, 224 Cloning, 216, 221 Cutaneous, 52, 224, 233, 244 Clubfoot, 87, 221 Cyclic, 35, 125, 145, 224 Cofactor, 221, 250 Cystitis, 92, 224 Collagen, 213, 215, 221, 233 Cytokine, 22, 224 Collagen disease, 221, 233 D Collapse, 159, 218, 221 Data Collection, 53, 224 Complement, 221, 222 Decision Making, 21, 60, 92, 94, 224 Complementary and alternative Decompression, 82, 224 Decubitus, 24, 156, 224 medicine, 26, 97, 98, 102, 222 Decubitus Ulcer, 24, 224 Complementary medicine, 98, 222 Degenerative, 176, 224, 245, 253 Compliance, 17, 23, 26, 222 Deglutition, 224, 257 Computational Biology, 187, 222 Dendrites, 224, 243, 244 Computed tomography, 176, 222, 253 Density, 11, 12, 16, 217, 224, 238, 244, 251, Computer Systems, 131, 222 Conduction, 9, 222 255 Cone, 140, 222 Dental Care, 170, 224 Confounding, 13, 222 Dentists, 163, 224 Connective Tissue, 217, 221, 222, 229, 230, Depersonalization, 224, 245, 254 Depolarization, 143, 225 238, 240, 253, 259 Derealization, 224, 225, 245 Consciousness, 213, 222, 250 Dermatology, 80, 94, 225 Constipation, 222, 230 Desensitization, 143, 225 Constriction, 222, 236 Dexterity, 133, 225 Consumption, 23, 222, 245 Dextroamphetamine, 118, 213, 225 Contamination, 48, 222 Diabetic Foot, 66, 225 Contracture, 38, 222 Diagnostic procedure, 121, 175, 225 Contraindications, ii, 12, 98, 222 Diaphragm, 225, 252 Contralateral, 30, 37, 223 Diarrhea, 137, 225, 230 Contrast medium, 215, 223 Diastolic, 225, 233 Diathermy, 189, 225 Digestion, 213, 216, 217, 225, 238, 257
268 Physical Therapy Epinephrine, 212, 226, 227, 243, 260 Epithelium, 228, 244 Digestive system, 119, 225 Ergometer, 17, 125, 228 Dilatation, 218, 225, 249 Ergonomics, 122, 195, 228 Diploid, 225, 248 Erythema, 220, 228 Direct, iii, 10, 14, 32, 34, 52, 53, 76, 82, 130, Erythroplakia, 169, 228 Esophagus, 225, 228, 247, 257 152, 161, 179, 225, 226, 241, 252, 258 Evoke, 228, 257 Disabled Persons, 124, 225 Excitability, 9, 228 Discrete, 225, 259 Exercise Test, 22, 228 Discrimination, 21, 225 Exercise Therapy, 19, 198, 228 Disparity, 128, 225 Exon, 28, 228 Dissection, 28, 226, 238 Extensor, 17, 38, 228 Distal, 37, 215, 226, 227, 250 External-beam radiation, 228, 236, 251, Distention, 56, 126, 226 Dizziness, 171, 226, 245, 262 262 Dominance, 226, 237 Extracellular, 222, 228, 240, 255 Dopamine, 92, 213, 225, 226, 241, 243 Extracellular Space, 228, 240 Dorsal, 32, 46, 60, 65, 226, 248 Extraction, 11, 228 Drive, ii, vi, 132, 150, 152, 160, 163, 226 Extrapyramidal, 226, 228 Drug Interactions, 49, 180, 181, 226 F Drug Tolerance, 226, 259 Duodenum, 216, 226, 257 Facial, 93, 228 Dynamometer, 47, 226 Facial Paralysis, 93, 228 Dysmenorrhoea, 137, 226 Family Planning, 187, 229 Dysphagia, 157, 226 Fat, 51, 69, 188, 211, 217, 223, 224, 229, 237, Dyspnea, 51, 226, 245 Dystrophy, 56, 65, 86, 96, 226 241, 245, 253, 255 E Fathers, 7, 229 Effector, 211, 221, 226 Fatigue, 26, 220, 229, 241 Efficacy, 7, 8, 18, 19, 23, 26, 35, 37, 38, 42, Feces, 222, 229, 257 Femur, 11, 12, 214, 229, 259 47, 48, 51, 52, 56, 62, 64, 108, 117, 226, Fibroblast Growth Factor, 18, 229 260 Fibrosis, 10, 61, 66, 79, 99, 222, 229, 254 Elastic, 161, 226, 255 Fibula, 214, 229, 259 Elasticity, 12, 226 Fixation, 33, 77, 129, 229 Elective, 33, 226 Flatus, 229, 230 Electrode, 132, 227 Flexion, 38, 124, 128, 129, 141, 145, 176, Electrolyte, 223, 227, 240, 255 Electromyography, 23, 157, 227 229 Embolism, 69, 227 Flexor, 130, 228, 229 Embryo, 227, 234 Food Handling, 170, 229 Emphysema, 220, 227 Foot Care, 39, 229 Emulsion, 227, 229 Foot Ulcer, 225, 230 Endocrine System, 227, 243 Foramen, 220, 230, 232 Endogenous, 226, 227, 230, 244, 261 Forearm, 155, 217, 230, 261 Endorphin, 227, 230 Fovea, 229, 230 Endothelial cell, 227, 229 Frail Elderly, 15, 48, 113, 174, 230 Endotoxic, 227, 237 Friction, 141, 159, 230 Endotoxin, 227, 260 Frontal Lobe, 230, 241 End-stage renal, 220, 227 Functional Disorders, 137, 230 Energetic, 36, 227 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Environmental Health, 186, 188, 227 Enzymatic, 213, 218, 221, 227, 252 14, 30, 230 Enzyme, 28, 226, 227, 240, 241, 257, 262 Fundus, 229, 230 Epidural, 13, 143, 227
G Index 269 Gait, 8, 11, 12, 15, 23, 33, 38, 39, 43, 47, 49, Hepatomegaly, 28, 232 75, 92, 124, 136, 230 Heredity, 231, 232 Hernia, 232, 260 Gallbladder, 211, 225, 230 Herniated, 144, 145, 232 Gamma Rays, 230, 250, 251 Herpes, 137, 232 Gamma-Endorphin, 230 Herpes Zoster, 232 Ganglia, 211, 216, 230, 242, 246, 258 Homologous, 233, 258 Ganglioside, 70, 230 Hormonal, 215, 223, 233 Gas, 145, 218, 229, 230, 233, 243, 250, 251, Hormone, 12, 223, 227, 230, 233, 235, 245, 252 253 Gas exchange, 230, 252 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 12, 233 Gastric, 219, 230 Hospice, 68, 189, 233 Gastrin, 230, 233 Housekeeping, 170, 233 Gastrointestinal, 88, 228, 230, 254 Humoral, 22, 233 Gene, 28, 35, 46, 75, 166, 216, 226, 231, 248, Humour, 233 Hybrid, 4, 233 251 Hydrocortisone, 95, 233 Gene Expression, 29, 75, 231 Hydrogen, 216, 218, 233, 240, 241, 243, 250 General practitioner, 78, 231 Hydrophobic, 233, 237 Generator, 9, 137, 139, 231 Hyperalgesia, 30, 233 Genetic Counseling, 5, 25, 231 Hypersensitivity, 213, 225, 233, 253 Genetic testing, 25, 231 Hypertension, 11, 12, 137, 219, 233 Genetics, 25, 189, 226, 231 Hyperthermia, 225, 233 Genital, 13, 231 Hypesthesia, 233, 243 Genotype, 231, 247 Hypokinesia, 49, 233 Gestational, 7, 231 I Gestational Age, 7, 231 Id, 98, 194, 195, 199, 206, 208, 233 Gland, 212, 231, 238, 245, 248, 249, 254, Idiopathic, 49, 87, 233 Illusion, 233, 261 257 Immersion, 63, 234 Glucocorticoid, 231, 233 Immune response, 214, 215, 223, 234, 262 Glucose, 12, 217, 219, 231, 235 Immune system, 189, 234, 239, 241, 261, Glucose tolerance, 12, 231 Glucose Tolerance Test, 231 262 Glycogen, 28, 231, 241 Immunodeficiency, 170, 234 Glycogen Storage Disease, 28, 231 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 170, 234 Glycoprotein, 232, 260 Immunogenic, 234, 237 Governing Board, 232, 248 Immunologic, 231, 234, 251 Gravidity, 232, 246 Immunotherapy, 225, 234 Groin, 26, 232 Impairment, 6, 14, 17, 19, 20, 23, 38, 40, 47, Growth, 10, 18, 33, 50, 214, 229, 232, 242, 65, 111, 128, 155, 215, 234, 237, 239 248 Implant radiation, 234, 235, 236, 251, 262 H In vitro, 28, 35, 234 In vivo, 35, 45, 234, 240 Haploid, 232, 248 Incision, 86, 234, 236 Health Education, 5, 25, 51, 232 Incontinence, 23, 234 Health Promotion, 39, 114, 232 Indicative, 164, 234, 261 Health Status, 10, 48, 73, 232 Induction, 35, 214, 225, 234 Heart attack, 219, 232 Infancy, 45, 234 Heart Transplantation, 22, 232 Infant, Newborn, 212, 234 Helminths, 232, 234 Infarction, 234 Hemiparesis, 9, 232 Infection, 98, 146, 151, 225, 234, 237, 238, Hemiplegia, 14, 20, 53, 196, 232 Hemorrhage, 69, 232, 257 239, 253, 257, 262 Hepatic, 231, 232, 241
270 Physical Therapy Leukocytes, 217, 237, 260 Leukoplakia, 169, 237 Infestation, 26, 234 Library Services, 5, 206, 237 Infrared Rays, 137, 235 Library Technical Services, 6, 237 Ingestion, 231, 235, 248 Ligament, 98, 214, 237, 249, 256 Inlay, 235, 252 Lipid, 12, 215, 235, 237, 241 Innervation, 6, 217, 235, 244, 261 Lipid A, 12, 237 Inotropic, 226, 235 Lipopolysaccharides, 237 Insight, 29, 235 Lipoprotein, 12, 237, 238 Institutionalization, 7, 24, 71, 235 Liver, 28, 211, 216, 219, 225, 227, 229, 230, Insulator, 235, 241 Insulin, 12, 188, 231, 235 231, 232, 238, 241, 253 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 235 Liver scan, 238, 253 Intensive Care, 7, 235 Localized, 220, 229, 232, 234, 238, 241, 242, Intermittent, 100, 145, 146, 235, 238 Internal Medicine, 30, 38, 66, 78, 83, 235, 248, 254, 260 Locomotion, 23, 161, 238, 248 253 Locomotor, 18, 23, 238 Internal radiation, 235, 236, 251, 262 Loneliness, 10, 238 Interstitial, 92, 218, 228, 235, 236, 262 Long-Term Care, 22, 36, 238 Intervention Studies, 14, 235 Loop, 142, 232, 238 Intervertebral, 67, 232, 235, 238 Low Back Pain, 4, 29, 31, 34, 40, 55, 57, 63, Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 235, 64, 65, 67, 71, 88, 100, 102, 108, 238 238 Low-density lipoprotein, 238 Intestinal, 231, 235 Lubricants, 13, 238 Intestines, 98, 137, 211, 229, 230, 235 Lumbago, 145, 238 Intoxication, 236, 262 Lumbar, 29, 67, 77, 78, 81, 145, 149, 216, Intracellular, 35, 234, 236 Intrinsic, 9, 212, 236 235, 238, 244 Invasive, 26, 30, 35, 46, 236, 239 Lumen, 157, 238 Involuntary, 32, 216, 236, 242, 252, 255, Lymph, 25, 220, 227, 233, 238, 242 Lymph node, 220, 238, 242 257 Lymphadenectomy, 26, 238 Ion Channels, 31, 236 Lymphatic, 26, 60, 100, 234, 238, 240, 248, Ionizing, 213, 236, 251, 261 Ions, 216, 227, 233, 236 256, 259 Ipsilateral, 30, 236 Lymphatic system, 238, 256, 259 Irradiation, 26, 144, 217, 236, 263 Lymphedema, 25, 60, 77, 238 Ischemia, 17, 215, 224, 230, 236 Lymphocyte, 50, 67, 214, 239 Ischemic stroke, 37, 236 Lymphocyte Subsets, 50, 67, 239 Isotonic, 127, 236 M K Kb, 186, 236 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 22, 37, 239, L 253 Labyrinth, 236, 249, 262 Lacerations, 13, 236 Malnutrition, 215, 239 Language Development, 237 Mandible, 220, 239 Language Development Disorders, 237 Manifest, 215, 232, 239 Language Disorders, 198, 237, 256 Masseter Muscle, 157, 239 Language Therapy, 57, 237 Mastication, 239, 257 Large Intestine, 225, 236, 237, 252, 255 Masticatory, 224, 239, 258 Laryngeal, 156, 157, 237 Mechanoreceptors, 239, 252 Larynx, 84, 157, 237, 260 Medial, 123, 214, 239, 259, 261 Laterality, 30, 237 Mediate, 35, 226, 239 Length of Stay, 72, 237 Medical Records, 130, 239, 253 Leprosy, 89, 230, 237 MEDLINE, 187, 239 Meiosis, 239, 258
Membrane, 143, 219, 222, 225, 228, 236, Index 271 237, 239, 240, 247, 252, 253, 258, 260 Myelin, 241, 242 Memory, 38, 132, 133, 171, 239 Myocardial infarction, 24, 223, 240, 242 Meninges, 219, 239, 256 Myocardium, 240, 242 Menstruation, 226, 239 Myopathy, 28, 242 Mental, iv, 4, 7, 35, 79, 119, 186, 190, 218, Myosin, 36, 242 N 219, 220, 225, 229, 233, 237, 239, 244, Narcolepsy, 225, 242 247, 250, 252, 253 Nausea, 19, 242, 245 Mental Disorders, 119, 233, 237, 239, 250 NCI, 1, 118, 185, 242 Mental Health, iv, 4, 35, 119, 186, 190, 239, Neck dissection, 176, 242 244, 250 Neck Pain, 66, 78, 176, 242 Mental Processes, 239, 250 Needs Assessment, 45, 105, 242 Mentors, 22, 240 Neonatal, 7, 242 Mesenchymal, 215, 240 Neoplastic, 233, 242 Meta-Analysis, 75, 240 Nerve Endings, 242, 243 Metabolic disorder, 231, 240 Nerve Fibers, 143, 217, 242 MI, 122, 123, 124, 140, 145, 160, 161, 209, Nerve Growth Factor, 242, 243 240 Nervous System, 6, 21, 212, 213, 216, 219, Microbiology, 211, 240 Microdialysis, 30, 240 239, 242, 243, 246, 258 Microorganism, 221, 240, 262 Neural, 10, 18, 46, 212, 233, 239, 241, 242, Middle Cerebral Artery, 18, 240 Midwifery, 240, 244 252 Mineralocorticoids, 212, 223, 240 Neuritis, 76, 243 Mobility, 7, 9, 24, 38, 41, 42, 58, 65, 66, 109, Neuroendocrine, 38, 243 123, 132, 136, 148, 160, 240 Neurologic, 9, 17, 243 Mobilization, 30, 134, 143, 167, 240 Neuromuscular, 20, 23, 31, 38, 41, 153, Modeling, 14, 23, 24, 80, 240 Modification, 58, 128, 213, 240, 250 211, 229, 243 Molecular, 28, 30, 35, 153, 187, 191, 216, Neuromuscular Junction, 211, 243 222, 240, 253, 260 Neuronal, 13, 18, 45, 143, 243 Molecule, 214, 216, 221, 226, 240, 251 Neuronal Plasticity, 18, 243 Monitor, 22, 28, 42, 133, 240, 243 Neurons, 13, 45, 224, 230, 242, 243, 244, Monoamine, 213, 225, 241 Monoamine Oxidase, 213, 225, 241 251, 258 Monoclonal, 236, 241, 251, 263 Neurophysiology, 9, 225, 243 Mononuclear, 241, 260 Neurosis, 243, 247 Morale, 55, 241 Neurosurgery, 8, 32, 60, 243 Morphological, 32, 227, 241 Neurotransmitter, 211, 213, 226, 236, 243 Morphology, 31, 241 Neurotrophins, 13, 243 Motility, 230, 241, 254 Neutrons, 213, 217, 236, 243, 250 Motion Sickness, 100, 241, 242 Nitrogen, 213, 214, 229, 243 Motor Activity, 14, 30, 37, 241 Nociceptors, 143, 243 Motor Cortex, 44, 241 Norepinephrine, 212, 226, 243 Multiple sclerosis, 20, 72, 136, 241 Nuclear, 35, 216, 230, 243 Muscle Fatigue, 23, 153, 241 Nuclei, 213, 229, 239, 243, 244, 250 Muscle Fibers, 241, 242 Nucleus, 35, 216, 224, 230, 235, 239, 241, Muscular Diseases, 229, 241 Muscular Dystrophies, 226, 241 243, 244, 249, 250 Musculature, 15, 233, 241, 256 Nurse Midwives, 13, 244 Musculoskeletal System, 30, 153, 241, 244 O Mutagenic, 241, 261 Obturator Nerve, 84, 244 Occupational Medicine, 66, 244 Odds Ratio, 57, 244 Olfactory Bulb, 244 Olfactory Receptor Neurons, 45, 244, 251 Oncology, 74, 244
272 Physical Therapy Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 232, 246 On-line, 5, 209, 244 Opacity, 224, 244 Phallic, 229, 246 Ophthalmology, 229, 244 Pharmacokinetic, 58, 246 Opioid Peptides, 244 Pharmacologic, 49, 52, 214, 247, 260 Oral Health, 169, 170, 244 Pharmacotherapy, 188, 247 Orthopaedic, 32, 57, 62, 63, 64, 75, 78, 79, Pharyngeal Muscles, 157, 247 Pharynx, 157, 247, 257 80, 82, 85, 88, 89, 90, 92, 96, 244 Phenotype, 28, 247 Orthopedic Procedures, 33, 244 Phobia, 98, 247 Osteoarthritis, 19, 31, 35, 60, 66, 78, 83, 85, Phobic Disorders, 247 Phonophoresis, 95, 247 100, 117, 164, 174, 189, 245 Phospholipids, 229, 238, 247 Osteoporosis, 68, 130, 245 Phosphorus, 218, 247 Outpatient, 33, 41, 43, 63, 73, 82, 83, 88, Physical Examination, 189, 231, 247 Physical Fitness, 15, 125, 135, 154, 228, 247 106, 108, 197, 245 Physician Self-Referral, 91, 247 Overweight, 188, 245 Physiologic, 10, 22, 26, 38, 157, 212, 233, Oxandrolone, 37, 245 Oxygen Consumption, 228, 245, 252 236, 239, 247, 251, 252 P Physiology, 7, 22, 30, 36, 39, 48, 52, 64, Palliative, 27, 49, 93, 245, 259 Palsy, 32, 245 122, 153, 243, 247 Pancreas, 211, 225, 235, 245 Pilot study, 8, 27, 34, 66, 248 Pancreatic, 219, 245 Pituitary Gland, 223, 229, 248, 249 Panic, 52, 245 Placebo Effect, 19, 248 Panic Disorder, 52, 245 Plants, 143, 213, 216, 218, 231, 241, 243, Paradoxical, 170, 245 Paralysis, 84, 117, 229, 232, 245, 256 248, 255, 260 Parasite, 245 Plasma, 12, 50, 188, 214, 219, 220, 231, 240, Parasitic, 26, 232, 234, 245 Paresis, 229, 232, 243, 245 248, 254 Paresthesias, 243, 245 Plasticity, 6, 10, 18, 21, 30, 44, 248 Parietal, 246, 255 Platinum, 238, 248 Parietal Lobe, 246, 255 Plexus, 217, 244, 248 Parity, 7, 13, 246 Pneumonia, 130, 137, 139, 223, 248 Paroxysmal, 84, 246 Poisoning, 236, 242, 248 Patch, 228, 237, 246 Polyarthritis, 176, 248 Patient Compliance, 23, 246 Polysaccharide, 214, 219, 248 Patient Education, 65, 111, 198, 204, 206, Pons, 229, 248 Posterior, 136, 146, 213, 215, 216, 219, 226, 209, 246 Patient Satisfaction, 88, 108, 246 242, 245, 248, 255 Pelvic, 23, 83, 92, 98, 246, 249 Postmenopausal, 245, 248 Pelvis, 159, 170, 211, 238, 246, 261 Postoperative, 59, 164, 248 Peptide, 213, 229, 230, 244, 246, 249, 250 Post-traumatic, 125, 248 Perception, 10, 52, 222, 224, 246, 254 Postural, 23, 29, 52, 89, 106, 130, 139, 248 Percutaneous, 246, 247 Practicability, 248, 260 Perfusion, 30, 246 Practice Guidelines, 19, 190, 248 Perianal, 84, 246 Precancerous, 169, 249 Periarthritis, 137, 246 Precursor, 226, 227, 230, 243, 244, 249, 260 Perineal, 13, 84, 246 Pregnancy Tests, 231, 249 Perineum, 13, 246 Prejudice, 32, 249 Perioperative, 64, 246 Premalignant, 249 Peripheral Nervous System, 232, 243, 245, Prevalence, 16, 24, 244, 249 Probe, 240, 249 246 Progression, 23, 28, 41, 49, 198, 214, 249
Progressive, 28, 35, 45, 50, 128, 220, 226, Index 273 232, 241, 245, 249 Reaction Time, 12, 251 Prone, 128, 249 Receptor, 18, 45, 211, 214, 222, 226, 244, Pro-Opiomelanocortin, 230, 244, 249 Prophase, 249, 258 251, 254 Proportional, 24, 133, 249 Receptors, Odorant, 244, 251 Proprioception, 15, 29, 249 Recovery of Function, 13, 18, 252 Prospective study, 16, 29, 249 Rectal, 26, 252 Prostate, 26, 71, 249 Rectum, 214, 217, 225, 229, 230, 234, 237, Prostatitis, 83, 249 Protein C, 213, 215, 237, 249 249, 252 Protein S, 166, 216, 250, 253 Recuperation, 124, 252 Proteins, 35, 213, 214, 215, 219, 221, 240, Refer, 1, 221, 226, 229, 232, 238, 243, 244, 243, 244, 246, 248, 250, 251, 254 252, 255, 260, 262 Protocol, 10, 17, 23, 28, 33, 40, 49, 164, 250 Reflex, 9, 29, 56, 65, 86, 96, 110, 131, 153, Protons, 213, 233, 236, 250 Proximal, 11, 12, 53, 148, 226, 250 252 Psychiatry, 229, 250 Refraction, 252, 256 Psychic, 239, 243, 250, 254 Regeneration, 229, 252 Psychoactive, 250, 262 Regimen, 8, 23, 26, 41, 49, 127, 134, 153, Psychology, 5, 6, 36, 40, 52, 58, 250 Psychotomimetic, 213, 225, 250 221, 226, 246, 247, 248, 252 Public Health, 5, 29, 171, 190, 250 Rehabilitative, 13, 14, 30, 35, 44, 124, 252 Public Policy, 187, 250 Relapse, 44, 252 Pulmonary, 10, 22, 36, 61, 69, 88, 138, 139, Reliability, 74, 87, 252 Research Design, 26, 52, 252 217, 222, 228, 250, 261 Respiration, 218, 240, 252 Pulmonary Artery, 217, 250, 261 Respiratory failure, 84, 252 Pulmonary Ventilation, 139, 250 Respiratory Mechanics, 49, 252 Pulposus, 144, 145, 235, 250 Restitution, 14, 252 Pulse, 241, 250 Restoration, 38, 247, 252, 262 Q Retina, 252, 253 Retinal, 222, 225, 252 Quality of Life, 10, 11, 12, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, Retrospective, 26, 48, 84, 87, 253 33, 41, 43, 49, 95, 195, 250 Retrospective study, 84, 253 Rheumatic Diseases, 93, 176, 189, 253 R Rheumatism, 189, 253 Rheumatoid, 4, 35, 38, 56, 73, 87, 174, 189, Race, 7, 250 Radiation, 137, 170, 223, 228, 230, 233, 235, 221, 253 Rheumatoid arthritis, 4, 35, 38, 56, 73, 87, 236, 250, 251, 253, 262 Radiation therapy, 170, 228, 235, 236, 250, 174, 189, 221, 253 Rheumatology, 19, 56, 62, 65, 68, 73, 81, 263 Radio Waves, 225, 251 88, 89, 253 Radioactive, 217, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, Rhinitis, 137, 253 Ribosome, 253, 260 243, 251, 253, 263 Rigidity, 138, 248, 253 Radiography, 189, 231, 251 Risk factor, 29, 57, 88, 169, 249, 253 Radioisotope, 251, 260 Risk patient, 42, 253 Radiolabeled, 236, 251, 263 Rod, 127, 128, 221, 253 Radiopharmaceutical, 231, 251 Rubber, 148, 211, 253 Radiotherapy, 218, 236, 251, 263 S Random Allocation, 251 Salivary, 225, 253 Randomization, 27, 30, 42, 251 Salivary glands, 225, 253 Randomized clinical trial, 7, 9, 18, 20, 26, Scans, 118, 253 Schizoid, 253, 262 34, 52, 251 Schizophrenia, 253, 254, 262 Rarefaction, 215, 251
274 Physical Therapy Spleen, 238, 256 Splint, 217, 256 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 224, Spondylitis, 68, 74, 89, 176, 189, 256 254, 262 Sprains and Strains, 238, 256 Staging, 253, 256 Scleroderma, 81, 254 Standardize, 163, 257 Sclerosis, 221, 241, 254 Steel, 122, 221, 257 Screening, 43, 164, 221, 254 Sterilization, 144, 257 Secretion, 223, 233, 235, 240, 254 Steroid, 223, 257 Sedentary, 156, 254 Stimulant, 17, 213, 225, 257 Seizures, 246, 254 Stimulus, 143, 157, 226, 227, 235, 236, 246, Self Care, 211, 254 Semen, 249, 254 247, 251, 252, 257, 259 Senile, 245, 254 Stomach, 137, 211, 225, 228, 230, 231, 233, Sensibility, 213, 233, 254 Sequencing, 28, 254 235, 242, 247, 255, 256, 257 Serotonin, 241, 243, 247, 254 Stomatognathic System, 164, 257 Serum, 188, 221, 236, 238, 240, 254, 260 Stool, 158, 234, 237, 257 Shock, 139, 233, 254, 260 Stress, 23, 35, 61, 67, 123, 125, 131, 135, Shoulder Impingement Syndrome, 62, 254 Side effect, 18, 179, 212, 254, 259 137, 140, 189, 219, 223, 230, 242, 253, 257 Signs and Symptoms, 252, 255 Stress incontinence, 23, 61, 67, 257 Skeletal, 11, 12, 22, 36, 42, 146, 153, 180, Styrene, 253, 257 Subacute, 4, 26, 37, 48, 52, 234, 257 214, 221, 241, 245, 255 Subclinical, 234, 254, 257 Skeleton, 11, 12, 211, 229, 236, 255, 259 Substrate, 137, 257 Skull, 145, 146, 255, 258 Supine, 23, 158, 257 Small intestine, 220, 226, 233, 236, 255 Supine Position, 158, 257 Smoking Cessation, 188, 255 Support group, 25, 257 Smooth muscle, 218, 241, 255 Suppression, 35, 223, 257 Sneezing, 255, 257 Survival Rate, 46, 257 Social Environment, 250, 255 Sympathetic Nervous System, 243, 258 Social Isolation, 24, 254, 255 Sympathomimetic, 213, 225, 226, 227, 243, Social Work, 25, 61, 189, 255 Sodium, 143, 240, 255 258 Soft tissue, 51, 137, 143, 154, 159, 176, 217, Symphysis, 220, 249, 258 Symptomatic, 19, 27, 258 255 Synapse, 212, 243, 244, 258, 260 Soft Tissue Injuries, 176, 255 Synapsis, 258 Solanaceae, 143, 218, 255 Synaptic, 45, 243, 258 Somatic, 233, 239, 246, 255 Synergistic, 27, 258 Somatosensory Cortex, 20, 255 Synovial, 35, 215, 258 Sound wave, 139, 222, 225, 255 Synovial Membrane, 215, 258 Space Flight, 153, 256 Systemic, 82, 180, 215, 217, 221, 228, 234, Spastic, 32, 60, 256 Spasticity, 46, 60, 84, 256 236, 251, 254, 258, 263 Spatial disorientation, 226, 256 Systemic disease, 82, 215, 258 Specialist, 200, 256 Systolic, 233, 258 Species, 216, 218, 228, 232, 233, 239, 241, T Talus, 214, 258, 259 245, 250, 256, 260, 262 Telecommunications, 140, 222, 258 Specificity, 61, 212, 256 Telencephalon, 216, 219, 258 Spectrum, 137, 235, 251, 256, 261 Temporal, 140, 258 Speech-Language Pathology, 43, 256 Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Sphincter, 157, 237, 256 Spina bifida, 58, 256 Syndrome, 224, 258 Spinal Cord Diseases, 232, 256 Tendon, 32, 256, 259 Spinal Stenosis, 78, 81, 256 Therapeutics, 96, 181, 241, 259
Thermal, 81, 144, 217, 243, 259 Index 275 Thigh, 22, 38, 43, 64, 129, 170, 232, 244, 259 Thoracic, 76, 145, 149, 216, 217, 225, 259, Ultraviolet Rays, 137, 261 Unconscious, 159, 233, 261 261, 262 Urethra, 249, 261 Thorax, 211, 238, 259 Urinary, 23, 61, 67, 224, 234, 261 Threshold, 38, 228, 233, 259 Urine, 24, 50, 217, 234, 257, 261 Thrombosis, 125, 250, 257, 259 Uterus, 220, 223, 229, 230, 239, 261 Thrombus, 223, 234, 236, 259 V Thymus, 238, 259 Vaccine, 250, 261 Tibia, 214, 229, 259 Vagina, 137, 220, 239, 261 Ticks, 234, 259 Vaginal, 13, 261 Tolerance, 52, 231, 259 Varicose, 98, 261 Tomography, 45, 222, 253, 259 Varicose vein, 98, 261 Tone, 92, 123, 159, 161, 256, 259 Vascular, 44, 100, 225, 234, 256, 259, 261 Tonic, 110, 125, 259 Vasodilator, 226, 261 Tonicity, 236, 259 Vein, 125, 243, 261 Tonus, 259 Venous, 250, 261 Tooth Preparation, 211, 259 Ventricle, 22, 250, 258, 261 Torsion, 128, 234, 259 Ventricular, 11, 261 Toxic, iv, 131, 257, 259, 260 Vertebrae, 149, 235, 256, 261 Toxicity, 226, 260 Vertebral, 56, 145, 216, 256, 261 Toxicology, 188, 260 Vertigo, 84, 101, 171, 261 Toxin, 227, 259, 260 Vestibular, 52, 85, 106, 171, 262 Trace element, 217, 260 Vestibule, 262 Tracer, 26, 260 Veterinary Medicine, 187, 262 Trachea, 218, 237, 247, 260 Vibrissae, 20, 262 Traction, 134, 144, 145, 150, 158, 176, 221, Virus, 170, 262 Viscosity, 159, 262 260 Vitro, 29, 35, 262 Transcutaneous, 77, 189, 260 Vivo, 35, 262 Transfection, 216, 260 Volition, 236, 262 Translation, 26, 213, 260 W Translational, 26, 260 Walkers, 122, 148, 262 Translocation, 35, 260 Weight Lifting, 11, 12, 51, 262 Transmitter, 211, 226, 236, 243, 260 Weight-Bearing, 125, 262 Transplantation, 220, 260 Wheelchairs, 17, 122, 150, 262 Trauma, 13, 56, 59, 69, 125, 135, 139, 176, White blood cell, 214, 217, 220, 237, 238, 216, 252, 260 239, 262 Treatment Outcome, 24, 47, 260 Windpipe, 247, 262 Trees, 253, 260 Withdrawal, 153, 262 Trusses, 138, 260 Wound Healing, 95, 229, 262 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 22, 260 X Tyrosine, 226, 260 Xenograft, 214, 262 U X-ray, 22, 51, 222, 223, 230, 236, 243, 250, Ulcer, 137, 156, 224, 260, 261 Ulceration, 224, 261 251, 253, 261, 262 Ulnar Nerve, 82, 171, 261 X-ray therapy, 236, 262 Ultrasonography, 231, 261 Y Yeasts, 247, 263
276 Physical Therapy
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