MAGAZINE GOOD GOVERNANCE FOR TOMORROW 2018 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Innovation Politics Governance International Public Private Development Trends Partnerships

7 30Contents PROGRAMME 34 KEYNOTE: THE HON. ANDREW HOLNESS ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSION 1 -‘PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS FOR TRANSFORMING GOVERNANCE IN JAMAICA PANEL A: GOVERNANCE, INNOVATION AND THE POLITICS OF TRANSFORMATION …36 PANEL B: TRADE POLICY, GOVERNANCE AND THE GROWTH AGENDA………………….......41 PANEL C: PUBLIC SECTOR TRANSFORMATION FOR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT………………………………………………………………………………………………48 PANEL D: INNOVATION, INFRASTRUCTURE AND URBAN CITY MANAGEMENT…… .….63

67 68Contents PANEL E: BALANCING INVESTMENT, PANEL F: TRANSFORMATIONS IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND NATIONAL SECURITY & ECONOMIC GROWTH GOVERNANCE KEYNOTE: MR. RICHARD 69 KELLY- UNDP PROGRAMME SPECIALIST, REPRESENTATIVE ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSION 2 ON PARTNERSHIPS FOR GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT: THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS74 PANEL G: E-GOVERNANCE & DIGITAL INNOVATION ……...................................................75 PANEL H: GOVERNANCE OF INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS: COMPETITIVENESS COMMERCE AND TRADE……………………………………………………………………………………79

85 88Contents PANEL I: THE FOURTH AND PANEL J: GENDER EQUITY, SOCIAL FIFTH ESTATE - INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVENESS TRANSFORMATIONS IN MEDIA FOR GOVERNANCE AND AND DIGITAL MEDIA FOR GOOD DEVELOPMENT GOVERNANCE 92 PANEL K: COMMUNITY GOVERNANCE & DEVELOPMENT Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur PANEL L: CLIMATE CHANGE, GOVERNANCE, RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE adipiscing elit. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, DEVELOPMENT: IMPLICATIONS AND TRENDS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY……………. 97 consectetur adipiscing elit. SESSION M: DOCTORAL COLLOQUIUM……………………………………………………………....100 ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSION 3 ON TOURISM, GOVERNANCE AND INNOVATION…...103

105 107Contents PANEL N: YOUTH, PANEL O: THE FUTURE OF PARTICIPATION AND GOVERNANCE AND EDUCATION GOVERNANCE: DEVELOPMENT, EMPOWERMENT AND MAINSTREAMING 111 PANEL P: INNOVATION AND CULTURE: INVIGORATING BRAND JAMAICA & MTiatlien Story THE DIASPORA Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur PANEL Q: POSTGRADUATE EXPOSÉ ……………………………………………………………117 adipiscing elit. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.

Programme Wednesday, 25 July 2018 Day 1 INNOVATION, POLITICS & GOVERNANCE OF THE ECONOMY 7.30am Registration All Day Block C Master of Ceremonies, Elon Parkinson - Head of Public Relations - Digicel Jamaica 9.00- 9:05 Stand for the playing of the National Anthem 9:05 – 9:10 Welcome - Dr. Lloyd Waller (Conference Co-Chair) 9.10 – 9:15 Greetings – University Representative 9.15 - 9:20 Introduction of Keynote Speaker – Dr Carol Nelson (Conference Co-Chair) 9:20 – 9:50 Keynote: The Hon. Andrew Holness ON, MP, Prime Minister of Jamaica ‘ ‘Innovating for the Future: Transforming Governance for Growth and Development.’ 7

Programme 10:00 – 11:30 ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSION 1: BLOCK C Chair: Ms. Jennifer Griffith, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Tourism Professor Trevor Munroe, C.D., Executive Director: National Integrity Action (NIA) Ms. Paula V. Llewellyn, C.D., Q.C. Director of Public Prosecutions Senator Aubyn Hill, Head, Executive Director, Economic Growth Council Mrs. Jennifer McDonald, CEO, Private Sector Organization of Jamaica Hon. Mark Golding, Shadow Minister, Minister of Finance & Planning & Director of Proven Management Limited. Senator Sophia Fraser-Binns, Opposition Senator Senator Matthew Samuda, Government of Jamaica Senator 11:30 – 1:00 DIGICEL INNOVATION DIALOGUE – ICT: Facilitating Governance and Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) 8

Programme 2:00 – 3:30 CONCURRENT PANEL SESSIONS 1 Block C PANEL A: GOVERNANCE, INNOVATION AND THE POLITICS OF TRANSFORMATION Facilitator: Professor Rupert Lewis, Professor Emeritus, Department of Government, The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus (UWI) • Ms. Kemesha Kelly, Assistant Lecturer, Department of Government • Dr. Wesley Hughes, CEO, Petro Caribe •Ms. Leah April, Public Sector Specialist, World Bank •Dr. Jermaine McCalpin, Assistant Professor, New Jersey City University •Mr. Damion Gordon, Assistant Lecturer, Department of Government, UWI •Dr. Christopher Malcolm, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, UWI 9

Programme PANEL B: TRADE POLICY, GOVERNANCE AND THE GROWTH AGENDA Facilitator: Dr. Omar Hawthorne, Lecturer, UWI •Ambassador Marcia Gilbert- Roberts, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Foreign Trade •Ambassador Richard Bernal, Founder & Director, Creative Tourism Network ‘The creative tourism as a lever for the territorial development’ •Mr. Marlon Lowe, Senior Director, Central Operations, Jamaica Customs •Mrs. Joan Thomas Edwards, Senior Director, Foreign Trade Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade 10

Programme PANEL C: PUBLIC SECTOR TRANSFORMATION FOR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Facilitator: Dr Eris Schoburgh, Senior Lecturer, University of the West Indies Mr. Wayne Jones Deputy Financial Secretary, SHRMS, Ministry of Finance & the Public Service Mrs. Patricia Sinclair- McCalla, CD, Commissioner, Broadcasting Commission Ms. Joanna Watkins, Senior Public Sector Specialist, World Bank Mr. Andrew Wynter, Chief Executive Officer, Passport Immigration & Citizenship Agency (PICA) Mr. Tashfeen Ahmad, Adjunct Lecturer UWI, Conference Paper: Transformation of Public Procurement in Jamaica’ Mrs. Maxine Henry Wilson, Lecturer, UWI, Mona 11

Programme 3:40– 5:10 CONCURRENT PANEL SESSIONS 2 PANEL D: INNOVATION, INFRASTRUCTURE AND URBAN CITY MANAGEMENT Facilitator: Dr. Orville Taylor, Head of Department, Department of Sociology, Psychology and Social Work Dr Damian Graham, General Manager, Urban Development Corporation Mr. Everton Hunter, CEO, National Works Agency Mrs. Julian Palmer, Director of Finance and Administration, MBJ Airports Ltd Mr. Trevion Manning, President, Jamaica Institute of Planners. Mr. Robert Woodstock, Chairman, Jamaica Institute of Architects, Mr. Christopher Hamilton, President Elect, Jamaica Institution of Engineers 12

Programme PANEL E: BALANCING INVESTMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH Facilitator: Dr. David Smith, Senior Lecturer, University of the West Indies Professor Luca Buscema: University of Milan, Italy, Conference Paper: ‘Sustainable Development, Efficient and Effective Production Processes and Protection of the Environment from Pollution in the Italian Legal System Mr. Ainsworth Carroll, Director of Projects, Planning, Programmes, Monitoring Evaluation & Research –NEPA Mr. Lenworth Tracy, General Manager, Trade and Commercial Lending EXIM BANK Mr. Richard Kelly, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 13

Programme PANEL F: TRANSFORMATIONS IN NATIONAL SECURITY & GOVERNANCE Facilitator: Mr. Donavon Johnson, Florida International University (FIU) Ms. Dianne McIntosh, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of National Security Mr. Rohan Richards, Chief Technical Director, Ministry of National Security Mr. Delroy Simpson, Ministry of National Security, Corporate and HR, Ministry of National Security Mr. Dunstan Bryan, Deputy Financial Secretary, Ministry of Finance Professor Anthony Harriott, Director, Institute of Criminal Justice and Security. 14

Programme Thursday, 26 July 2018 Day 2: INNOVATION,GOVERNANCE AND INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT TRENDS Master of Ceremonies: DIGICEL Block C 9:00 – 9:05 Welcome & Introduction of Keynote Speaker: Dr. Omar Hawthorne, Unit Coordinator, International Relations, Department of Government, The University of the West Indies, Mona 9:05 – 9:40 Keynote: Mr. Richard Kelly- UNDP Programme Specialist, Representative, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Jamaica 15

Programme 9.45- 11:15 Roundtable Discussion 2 Block C PARTNERSHIPS FOR GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT: The Role of the International Development Partners (IDPs) Chairperson : Dr. Omar Hawthorne, Unit Coordinator, International Relations, Department of Government, The University of the West Indies, Mona •Mr. Richard Kelly, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) •Ms. Joanna Watkins, Senior, Public Sector Specialist, (World Bank) •European Union (TBD) •Ms. Adriana La Valley, Chief of Operations, Inter American Development Bank (IDB) 11:30– 1:00 CONCURRENT PANEL SESSIONS 3 16

Programme PANEL G: E-GOVERNANCE & DIGITAL INNOVATION Facilitator: Dr. Lloyd Waller, Conference Co-Chair Mr. David Soutar Slashroots Mr. Ron Mckay, CEO/Co-Founder, Audience Data Strategies Inc. and Immediate Past President of the American Chamber of Commerce for Jamaica Mr. Andrew Nooks, Managing Director of OpenWave Information Security Limited Mr. Walt Brown, Senior Technical Specialist, Research and Innovation Department, eGovJa Ltd. Ms. Leona Atkins, IBM Client Executive for GOJ 17

Programme PANEL H: GOVERNANCE OF INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS: COMPETITIVENESS COMMERCE AND TRADE (Innovations in Trade Agriculture and Commerce; Sustaining the Potential) (Governance of International Networks: Engendering Growth and Competitiveness) Facilitator: Dr. Sonia Gatchair, Lecturer, University of the West Indies Co Facilitator : Natallie Rochester Ms. Elaine Campbell-Daenen, Conference Paper;” Competitiveness, Innovation towards Sustainability and the Regulatory Mechanisms for the Settlement of Investment Disputes for CARICOM States’ Ms. Diane Edwards, President, JAMPRO Dr Cliff Riley, Executive Director, Scientific Research Council Mr. Ative Ennis, Head of Innovations and Entrepreneurship (Digicel) Ms. Eritha Huntley Lewis, Lecturer, Mona School of Business and Management - Paper: The Relationship Between Tourism and Agriculture: A review of the Purchasing Behaviour of Select Hotels in Jamaica 18

Programme PANEL I: THE FOURTH AND FIFTH ESTATE - TRANSFORMATIONS IN MEDIA AND DIGITAL MEDIA FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE (Technological and Media Revolution: Social Devolution for Caribbean States) Facilitator: Mr. Rhys Campbell, Commercial Manager, CPJ Mr. Cordel Green, Executive Director, Broadcasting Commission Dr. Maria Myers Hamilton, Managing Director - Spectrum Management Ms. Davianne Tucker, Brand Manager for Wright Image, Dream Entertainment Mr. Gavin Myers- National Integrity Action (NIA) Conference Paper: We the People Need to Know: Using Social Audits for People Participation and Accountability in Jamaica Mr. Darragh Fitzgerald Selby, Chair, Knowledge Linkages Network, Ministry of Tourism Mrs. Sharon Hay-Webster, Advisor, Minister of Education, Youth and Information 19

Programme 2:00 – 3:30 CONCURRENT PANEL SESSIONS 4 PANEL J: GENDER EQUITY, SOCIAL INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVENESS FOR GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT Facilitator: Ms. Shinique Walters. Lecturer, Department of Government, The University of the West Indies, Mona Mr. Jaevion Nelson, Executive Director, Jamaica Forum for Lesbians, All- Sexuals and Gays Dr. Natasha Mortley, Lecturer and Research Specialist at the Institute for Gender and Development Studies (IGDS) Mrs. Cordia Chambers Johnson, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Mr. David Allen; Faculty Adviser, International University of the Caribbean (IUC) Ms. Cordia Chambers-Johnson, Project Manager, Gender Seal Certification Programme, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 20

Programme PANEL K: COMMUNITY GOVERNANCE & DEVELOPMENT (Innovation and Changing Modalities of Community Development) Facilitator: Dr. Orville Beckford, Department of Sociology Psychology and Social Work, The University of the West Indies, Mona Mr. Tarik Weekes, Research Officer, Institute for Criminal Justice Dr. Sharon Smith, Director, Mona Entrepreneurial & Commercialization Ms. Nicole Satchell - Lecturer, The University of the West Indies Ms. Peisha Bryan, Social Sector Specialist, Planning Institute of Jamaica Dr. Donovan Stanberry, Permanent Secretary, Minister of Industry, Commerce, Agriculture and Fisheries 21

Programme PANEL L: CLIMATE CHANGE, GOVERNANCE, RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: IMPLICATIONS AND TRENDS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY Facilitator: Dr. Barbara Carby, Director: Disaster Risk Reduction Centre, The University of the West Indies, Mona Mr. Carliton Burrell, Project Manager, Caribbean Climate Innovation Centre Dr Babu George, Conference Paper: Inclusive Sustainable Tourism: Leveraging Social Capital to Create Competitive Advantage in Tourism Cooperatives and Business Networks Ms. Beienetch Watson, Lecturer and Tourism and Event Specialist, School of Hospitality and Tourism Management, UTech Ms. Leah April, Climate Resilience & Governance, World Bank Mr. Ainsworth Carroll, Director of Projects, Planning, Programmes, Monitoring Evaluation & Research –NEPA 22

Programme SESSION M: DOCTORAL COLLOQUIUM Facilitator: Dr. Gavin Daley, Lecturer, The University of the West Indies, Mona Dr. Kavita Johnson, Lecturer, The University of the West Indies, Mona Doctoral Presenters: Mr. Glenville McLeod, Doctoral Student, Department of Government (UWI) Mrs. Avalloy McCarthy-Curvin, Doctoral Student, School of Education (UWI) Ms. Cush Sewell, Doctoral Student, Department of Government (UWI) Mr. Robert Miller, Doctoral Student, Department of Government (UWI) Mr. Noel Morgan, Doctoral Student, Mona School of Business and Management (UWI) 23

Programme Friday 27, July 2018 Day 3: GOVERNANCE, INNOVATION AND PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS Master of Ceremonies: DIGICEL 9:00 – 9:05 Dr. Lloyd Waller, Conference Co-Chair 9:05 – 9:40 Keynote: Minister, the Hon. Edmund Bartlett, Minister of Tourism, Jamaica 24

Programme 9.45 - 11.15 Roundtable Discussion 3 TOURISM, GOVERNANCE AND INNOVATION Facilitator: Ms. Simone Harris: Senior Tourism Network Analyst Dr. Andrew Spencer, Executive Director, Tourism Product Development Company, Ministry of Tourism Mr. Donavan White, Director of Tourism, , Ministry of Tourism Dr. Carey Wallace, Executive Director, Tourism Enhancement Fund, Ministry of Tourism Mrs. Carolyn McDonald Riley, Head, Linkages Network, Ministry of Tourism Mr. Omar Robinson, Director Jamaica Hotel and Tourism, Ministry of Tourism Association 11:30 – 1.00 CONCURRENT PANEL SESSIONS 5 25

Programme PANEL N: YOUTH, PARTICIPATION AND GOVERNANCE: DEVELOPMENT, EMPOWERMENT AND MAINSTREAMING Facilitator: Mr. Howard Reid, Research Fellow, Centre for Leadership and Governance Ms. Krystal Tomlinson, President, People’s National Party Youth Organization Mr. Javin Baker, Deputy General Secretary, Generation 2000 (G2K) Mr. Omar Newell, President, Patriots (PNP young professional arm) Mr. Howard Chamberlain, Adviser: Minister of Education, Youth and Information Mr. Davey Haughton, Youth Empowerment Officer, St. Andrew Youth & Adolescent Policy Division Ms. Keitha Osborne, Head of Department (Acting), Special Education at Sam Sharpe Teachers College Ms. Lois Hector, Lecturer, Sam Sharpe Teachers College 26

Programme PANEL O: THE FUTURE OF GOVERNANCE AND EDUCATION (Innovation and Education: Governance for the Education Sector-Pitfalls, Plans and Potential) Facilitator: Dr. Lisa Vascianne, Lecturer, UWI, Mona Professor Bernadette Warner (PhD.), Executive Vice President of Academic Affairs, Internationalization and Online Programme, UCC Dr. Zoya Kinkead-Clarke, Lecturer, Early Childhood Development, School of Education, UWI Ms. Monica Brown, Executive Director, Student Loan Bureau Dr Margaret Chin, Assistant Secretary General, Professional Services of the Jamaica Teacher’s Association (JTA) Professor Fritz Pinnock, Principal, Caribbean Maritime University (CMU) Ms. Martha Corbett-Baugh, Foreign Language Specialist, Centre for Leadership and Governance, UWI 27

Programme PANEL P: INNOVATION AND CULTURE: INVIGORATING BRAND JAMAICA & THE DIASPORA Facilitator: Mr. Corve DaCosta: Brand Manager, Digital PR & Marketing & Political Communications Strategist Ms. Natallie Rochester, Conference Paper \" Implications of Digital Governance for the Promotion of Caribbean Entertainment in the Digital Economy Professor Clinton Hutton, Senior Lecturer, Department of Government Mr. Gregory Simms, Director: Events Management and Production, Jamaica Cultural Development Commission (JCDC) Dr. Clive Muir, Conference Paper \" From Social Axioms to Cultural Innovation in Jamaican Discourse' Mr. Clyde McKenzie, Director, C2W Music Limited Professor Donna P. Hope, Professor of Culture, Gender and Society 28

Programme PANEL Q: POSTGRADUATE EXPOSÉ Facilitator: Dr. Kavita Johnson, Lecturer, Department of Government, The University of the West Indies (Mona) Ms. Ren-Neasha Blake Ms. Reagan Reid Ms. Alexandra Wallace Mr. Steven Gardiner Ms. Alicia Palmer Mr. Chavon Rogers 13:00-14:30 LUNCH Block D RELAUNCH OF THE GOVERNANCE SOCIETY CLOSING CEREMONY 29

KEYNOTE: THE HON. ANDREW HOLNESS ON, MP, PRIME MINISTER OF JAMAICA

Wednesday,25July2018 Jamaica’s vision for sustainable accountable for its actions. The Day1 mandate of vision 2030 to make development will only be realized Jamaica the place of choice to live, INNOVATION,POLITICS&GOVERNANCEOFTHEECONOMY work, raise families, do business if the governance framework and retire in paradise will be no Keynote:TheHon.AndrewHolnessON,MP,PrimeMinister ofJamaica more than a dream if citizens lack ‘InnovatingfortheFuture:Transforming GovernanceforGrowthandDevelopment.’ emphasizes and promotes key confidence in the capacity of State institutions and organs to be fair, values such as transparency, corrupt free and transparent, and to be effective in social and accountability, meritocracy, political transformation. This understanding was the basis for integrity, honesty, consultation, the recent announcement that all members of the Cabinet will cooperation, inclusiveness, participate in programmes to explore and find a deeper The Office of the Prime Minister responsiveness, mutual respect, understanding of the importance of good governance as a measure and a focus on long term national to safeguard against corruption. The administration promises to go This Conference reflects the goals rather than short term further to restore the public’s confidence in the institutions of national approach to governance political imperatives. The government. and development, that the Minister’s responsibility is to government has been aggressively ensure that a framework of good developing and implementing to governance is firmly established promote a consensus-oriented and maintained to promote model of sustainable development sustainable development. in line with Vision 2030. The Otherwise. people will lose trust conference will bring together a in the institutions of the State and large contingent of stakeholders disengage themselves from from various sectors including This Conference will not only society. The essence of good serve as an inclusive platform for academia, business, tourism, fruitful engagement among nation governance is described as builders, and innovators who are media, NGO’s, youth groups, actively engaged in pursuit of predictable, open and enlightened Vision 2030, but it will also community groups, the public provide an opportunity for the policy, together with a government of Jamaica to discuss sector, the justice sector and some of its initiatives and bureaucracy imbued with a programmes that have already student financing to engage in been implemented or will be professional ethos and an rolled out shortly to transform three days of frank discussions Jamaica into a model of good executive arm of government governance. and scholarly presentations around governance, and development related issues. 31

As mentioned before the solution The institutions of governance in The plan is to continue to put to the country’s problems do not the State, the civil society, and the measures in place where rest with government alone. The private sector must be designed necessary for all public agencies to sum total of potential exceeds the to contribute to the sustainable work efficiently and effectively problems, the collective development by establishing the towards the public good. Through capabilities are greater than the political, legal, economic and innovation and technology, challenges. Indeed, governance social circumstances for poverty efficiency and effectiveness must includes the State, but transcends reduction, job creation, transcend all sectors as there is a it by taking into account the environmental protection, and movement towards making private sector and civil society, all indeed prosperity for all. The State Jamaica a true digital economy, of which are critical in promoting has sought to ensure that the government must lead from the and sustaining development. country’s key development front, and for example, in short The introduction of the new Sustainable development can only priorities are aligned with the human resource management order, cabinet ministers will be information system is a significant be realized by deepening the imperatives of the sustainable step in transforming human provided with a secure electronic resource management in the partnership process and the development goals, in the areas of public sector, and it will enable the device complete with the requisite introduction of a new HR ownership by the wider society of sustained economic growth and operating model which includes network and software to facilitate HR shared services and national development plans and development, equity, safety and standardization of HR processes. the delivery and receipt of cabinet To achieve Jamaica’s model of goals through ongoing dialogue security, good health, word class good governance, on route to the papers. The government’s fulfillment of Vision 2030, the and agreed actions based on education and training, good government welcomes all hands communications network on deck as there is commitment to mutual respect and a governance, innovation, lead a government of partnership. “GovNet” which will result in commitment to genuine environmental sustainability and greater public sector corporation, meaningful climate adaptation. interconnectivity and efficiency consultation and honest was officially launched last month. communication. Conducting business with the government of Jamaica has now become easier with the official launch of the gov.jm online portal. 32

The Sustainable Development Goals and Vision 2030 National Development Plan fully and adequately provide the framework for achieving sustainable development through the integration of economic, social, and environmental dimensions. In closing, The views of this conference that involve innovation is now perhaps the most important catalyst for promoting good governance and sustainable development in Jamaica are sound. The effective use of governance, increase State capacity to connect with and better serve innovation will help to modernize marginalized groups, to better implement, monitor, and evaluate the country’s public sector, policy outcomes. This conference will be a success by establishing a encourage government’s reinvigorated and extended consensus-oriented framework for responsiveness to the demand for promoting good governance and sustainable development. more flexible and seamless access to government service, reduce bureaucracy and proceduralism, facilitate the broader participation of society in. 33

ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSION 1:

RoundtableDiscussion1: Speakers: Professor Trevor Munroe, C.D., Description: The Round-Table Discussion Executive Director: National on “Public Private Partnerships for Integrity Action (NIA) Transforming Governance in Jamaica” Ms. Paula V. Llewellyn, C.D., Q.C. will set the stage for the conference. Director of Public Prosecutions Senator Aubyn Hill, Head, The round-table explores the different The role of Civil Society, Interest Executive Director, Economic tenets of good governance: Rule of Law, Groups and other Stakeholders in Growth Council Participation, Inclusion, Equity, contributing to governance within Mrs. Jennifer McDonald, CEO, Accountability, Transparency, Value society? What should the future of Private Sector Organization of Consensus as well as Efficient and good governance look like to encourage Jamaica Effective Government. The panelists will the required transformation towards Hon. Mark Golding, Shadow examine the lessons learned, challenges development which is sustainable? Minister, Minister of Finance & as well as solutions presented and Planning & Director of Proven practiced in the last 30 years and Management Limited. prospects for the future. Critical Senator Sophia Fraser-Binns, questions to be examined include : How Opposition Senator is good governance conceptualized and Senator Matthew Samuda, practiced by the different stakeholders Government of Jamaica Senator in the society? How has the concept and practice of good governance evolved in the last 30 years? What is the value of good governance to the different stakeholders? The role of the Private Sector as a partner for governance?. 35

PANELA: GOVERNANCE, INNOVATIONAND THEPOLITICSOF TRANSFORMATION Description: There has been a silent change and revolution in social expectations about government and the role of government. Multilevel governance networks, transcending the public, private, cultural and social spheres interact, recognizing the difficulties of the political environment. There is a need for a new type of politics, responding to the change in expectations. examining new potentials, and progressive policy agendas in responding to the challenges of development. These challenges include ensuring inclusion, accountability, participation, equity and transparency in government. What have been the trends over the years? What are the lessons learned? What does the future look like? 36

PANELA:GOVERNANCE,INNOVATION First to present was Ms. Kemesha The government is able to ANDTHEPOLITICSOF afford this because they would TRANSFORMATION Kelly who spoke about Social have saved money not having to re-incarcerate these individuals. Panellists: Impact Bonds (SIB). SIBs have This template was also a success in New South Wales, emerged as innovative, Australia success. collaborative approaches to social 37 Ms. Kemesha Kelly, Assistant financing and service delivery. Lecturer, Department of The conversation about Social Government Impact Bonds started in Jamaica in 2017 regarding innovative Dr. Wesley Hughes, CEO, Petro ways of financing tertiary Caribe education. SIBs facilitate the sustainable financing of any social target by joining forces of the Ms. Leah April, Public Sector government, the private sector Specialist, World Bank and NGO entities. The SIB is a payment by result mechanism. Dr. Jermaine McCalpin, Assistant Investors from non-government Professor, New Jersey City University agencies fund social projects and get a return on their investment when the social objective is Mr. Damion Gordon, Assistant fulfilled. In the UK, SIBs emerged Lecturer, Department of in 2010. Through SIBs, the Government, UWI government worked on preventing recidivism of crimes Dr. Christopher Malcolm, Senior by implementing rehabilitation Lecturer, Faculty of Law, UWI programs in which private sector and NGO entities invested. The . investors made long term investments in these prevention programs. At the end of a 5 year period, evaluations were done to see if changes had occurred. After this, investors get a return: principal and interest from the Government.

In Jamaica, the SIB would function The second presentation was done Dr. Hughes pointed out that in the This results in tribalism and by Dr. Wesley Hughes. Dr. Hughes development of a city, without war. The third presentation was similarly and attain a social target spoke on the economic climate of good transportation systems done by Mr. Damian Gordon. post-industrial days when growth there will be low productivity. Coming from a public sector with financial success. Education was significant. In the last 20 years 50% of Jamaica’s population is in vantage point, Mr. Gordon the rate of growth has slowed Kingston or Montego Bay. Dr. proposed that politics ought to is contextualized as an investment. tremendously. Historically, an Hughes posits that these are be a vehicle towards a fair, just, effective welfare state gives inefficient cities. The rural areas equitable and inclusive society. The questions were, how is the protection to those poorest in the are less productive by definition, Too often in Jamaica, there is state. Now, this is being challenged. however, the main goal of a city is delegation of responsibility to return on investment secured? Political systems are being to develop structure to drive officials who are constrained by undermined. China has been pulling economic growth. Tax inequality man power, financing etc. How is tertiary education funded? the country along in terms of the in land is also an issue. High taxes Development requires “all need for commodities, minerals etc. don’t give people the incentive to hands on deck”, people In interviewing various people in They have transformed its economy develop on their property. becoming involved. Jamaicans completely. In the Caribbean, the According to Dr. Hughes this need to see themselves as the field, Ms. Kelly reported that industries the economies are built results in society not developing partners and stakeholders in on have slowed in growth - effectively. Ultimately, Dr. Hughes development. there is more interest and money agriculture mining etc. A major expressed a fear that now, a mode problem facing Jamaica is that the of governance weaponizing anger for SIBs in Early Childhood elite of the society have been able to and hate built on new native capture more than their fair share nationalism is being developed. education in Jamaica than there is because the data is residing in a small population. There is a mindset for tertiary education. Ms. Kelly among people who feel disenfranchised that allows for reported that Senior Advisor to corruption. With low growth, institutions are weakened causing the Education Minister, Dr. corruption to become endemic. Franklin Johnson said that Cabinet must act regarding funding of education in Jamaica. The presentation proposed that SIBs are an innovative solution. Using a SIB will incorporate new public management, governance, policy transfer, public-private partnerships. The benefit of SIBS is that it will allow for innovative ways of tackling social issues. This can be a risky investment but the benefits for the country are great. SIBs will also force the government to start 5 year impact projects that will hopefully create a large impact.. 38

Mr. Gordon proposed that there are . 2. Openness and transparency: The final presentation was given These are the people that three indicators of good governance. Historically, there was a high degree should hold elected officials Economy, which relates to the state of secrecy when it came to by Dr. McCalpin. He defined using its money wisely, governance. In the 80’s, there was accountable. Responsiveness and Effectiveness, an access to information movement governance as the effective Unfortunately, Dr. McCalpin is which relate to high quality services through information resources such noticing that political education that meet the needs and as green papers, bills, policy. Now, management of institutions and and training is left to political expectations of the people. At the with the advent of social media, parties. This causes Government to citizen level and government officials have presences structures with institutions being socialization which embraces Government to Business level, which has eroded the feeling of the parties’ line of politics. People ought to be at the center of them being distant. There is now viewed in light of norms and power. The Government should be electronic feedback on questions responsive to the needs of citizens. which help to erode the concept that rules. Effective governance has Bureaucracy in accessing these individuals are removed from government services is leaving the people. responsive management citizens dissatisfied with services. Innovation is the catalyst for 3. Participatory Governance: People structures and upholding of the transformation of Jamaican state. want to feel that their views are According to Mr. Gordon there are accounted for. Currently, Mr. Gordon rules established by them. Dr. three areas to focus on: believes that they have developed a sense of powerlessness. New McCalpin asserted that Political transformation is 1. Customer Oriented services: E- demand for public service delivery services give greater control to where consumers feel a part of governance can not be left just up stifled when there is focus on people. Public services can be designing and implementing of delivered that defy both geographic public policies. There needs to be to the government. Politics affects the leader and not the policy. boundaries and bureaucracies. co-production of goods and services Electronic services also expand the that they consume. This is a new us all, it is the way in which social Governance must be consumers choices. trend in encouraging participation. For example, regarding security affairs are managed. Dr. McCalpin depoliticized. people are incorporated and incentivized to help ensure their proposed that irrespective of who communities are secure. is leading there needs to be Dr. Mc.Calpin then outlined pillars of democratic sustainability in governance. Now governance. These encompass the Range of processes through it can be seen that after an which society has achieved consensus: election a new person starts and the wheel will have to be reinvented. Democratic governance places the responsibility on those who elect. 39

Legitimacy - Not the guarantee of the constitution but the respect and upholding of traditions of democracy. It includes the right of governmental authorities to act. Engagement or Participation - The involvement of electors, stakeholders and elected officials that plan and decide policy. Responsible Stewardship - This looks beyond a political or electoral cycle. Resources should be effectively allocated. Transparency – Especially in the decision making process and final decision. Predictability Accountability - Answerability and Consequences. Officials being honest about shortcomings and assuming responsibility. Sustainability - No short term goals but instead long term development goals. Responsiveness - Institutions need to respond to the people. 40

PANELB:TRADE POLICY,GOVERNANCE ANDTHEGROWTHAGENDA Description: For small developing economies, trade is envisioned as a vehicle of integration into the global economy. Growth and development are leveraged via the trade interface through production related efficiencies, foreign investment, technology transfers, and market access. Jamaica’s Trade Policy which provides government's framework for the local global interface is a key pillar of development. This theme explores: • What is the contribution of Jamaica’s Trade Policy and its value in supporting the Growth Agenda and Vision 2030? • What are some of the challenges of ‘actioning’ trade policy and how can these be mitigated in the Jamaican context? 41

.Actioning Trade Policy – The The openness of the Jamaican Along with other colleagues in the Recent political positioning on Missing Link in the Growth portfolio Ministry, the Ministry of Agenda? economy sometimes leads to Industry Commerce Agriculture trade by a number of large and Fisheries (MICAF) and (Diplomacy & Regional – industries in Jamaica suffering affiliated Ministries such as the trading partners and their Integration and Innovation for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and 21st Century) injury due to unfair trade practices Foreign Trade, the Commission trading partners have led to a has built and continues to build a PRESENTED BY of producers in other countries or distinguished record for Jamaica seismic shift in the in international trade disciplines Andrea Marie Dawes, Executive unexpected surges of import and related matters. Many predictability of markets and of Director persons think that trade just volumes. The economic rationale for happens – organically. So, the expectation of supply. The Anti-dumping and Subsidies investment the Government Commission trade remedies are the policy makes in foreign policy, actions by some, widely diplomacy, legislation and Jamaica, like most nations in the options to respond to this behaviour facilitation as well as in publicised and debated, and world, has developed strategies to disciplines, rules, mechanisms manage the impact of (dumping and subsidization), which and agencies to organise and nowhere more than at the WTO globalisation and glean the regulate trade are often benefits of international trade on is deemed unfair in international misunderstood. in Geneva, has highlighted the its domestic economy, development and living standards. trade, that can decimate entire interconnectedness across The Anti-dumping and Subsidies industries. The Commission is borders of supply and demand. Commission is one strategic response by the Government of charged with aiding the survival of Jamaica to the critical need to manage the impact of this domestic industry as Jamaica’s So what if the US and China phenomenon and its work is a key start a trade war? part of the Government’s trade producers’ engage more policy. courageously with global trading partners. The work of the --- Exactly. --- Commission serves as a deterrent to exporters’ activity that would One cannot imagine any secluded corner of this potentially decimate the sometimes shrinking terrestrial ball where anyone could live who would vulnerable manufacturing not experience the ripples from that “pebble.” industries and other producers. At this critical time of major shifts and developments on the trade front, the Commission’s work contributes capacity that is unparalleled among peer nations. 42

Given the proximity of Jamaica to Jamaica has included in its trade TRADE REMEDIES are the major markets in North America measures taken at the border and Jamaica’s propensity for policy the passing into law of the against imports in the form of imports, higher trade barriers in the tariffs or quotas that, within the neighbour’s territory can lead to provisions of the World Trade WTO framework, can be utilised trade deflection to Jamaica, among by a Member to defend its others. Indeed, the Commission has Organisation (WTO) on domestic industries in certain seen data which suggests that this specific circumstances. The pattern has occurred in the past, Antidumping and Subsidies and three types of trade remedies where goods trade-flows have been under the WTO Agreements diverted to Jamaica when trade Safeguards. The rules-based which the Commission restricting measures are taken in administers are Anti-dumping, North America. The Commission international trade system provides (Anti-) Subsidies, referred to as helps Jamaica to respond to such Countervail, and Safeguards. threats. As stated in the conference tools that may be used to mitigate Each is designed to counteract a materials , for small developing specific type of challenge to a economies, trade is a major vehicle against adverse external shocks that Member’s domestic industry. of integration into the global economy. The larger economies can cripple a country’s have accomplished their growth through focused, even avaricious manufacturing/industrial base and pursuit of global markets. A page out of their book must be taken. To stymie economic growth. In be a great athlete, one needs to eat yam! Pronouncements from WTO as THE CONTRIBUTION OF JAMAICA’S recognition of this, many developed part of the difficult Doha Round TRADE POLICY TO GROWTH AND have noted that economic growth countries, including the United and development are inextricably DEVELOPMENT linked to trade. Production related States, European Union and Canada, efficiencies and market access Trade Policy must endeavour to preoccupy those whose role is to establish an economic environment have used trade policy tools to support growth in goods trade. in which trade works for the mutual Jamaican businesses must engage benefit of all partners. As a small defend and grow their industrial the global systems and mechanisms open economy, Jamaica must depend to grow. on trade to increase its output from base. Jamaica must also continue to economic activities. However, many of Jamaica’s trading partners are at a use these tools to respond to threats relatively advanced stage of development. Safety valves are from globalization. needed to regulate disruptive, excessive pressure on firms from 43 globalisation and the dominance of developed and certain large emerging economies. Trade is critical. Jamaica must defend and improve its small but important manufacturing base.

Dumping is the pricing strategy These measures permit “breathing A measure of this phenomenon A macroeconomic buffer whereby an exported product is room” for an injured or threatened has been seen by the Staff of Under the Agreements, trade sold for less in the export market industry, without a requirement Commission when industries defence is targeted, contingent, than in the home market of the that there be an unfair pricing which are consulted go public temporary and seeks to producer. Anti-dumping duties strategy or trade practice. The through the media, indicating that promote fair trading practices are applied to counteract the additional duties imposed as a they intend to take trade remedy among partners. effects of this behaviour on the result of a trade remedy action. Enforcement of rules and The trade remedy policy has domestic industry of the importer. investigation and affirmative application of remedies help to provided the Trade Remedy Dumping may include predatory determination provide temporary defend domestic producers from tools. To fully action trade pricing designed to drive domestic defence while facilitating the unfair trade practices, providing policy requires the uptake of industries out of business. It can adjustment of the domestic the following, among other firms and industry groups. In be disciplined in international producers to competition from outcomes that flow from this this area has been found the key trade by imposition of additional imports later on. Trade remedies activity: challenge. duties. Subsidies are contributions are credited with having provided by a foreign government to some the political and economic base that A mechanism to help Jamaica producers/ exporters in its has allowed countries to open their guard against excessive pressures territory, which can give the borders, lower tariffs and embrace from some trading partners on a exported product an unfair globalisation. In fact, there is a vulnerable advantage in the importing school of thought that many nations producing/manufacturing sector. country; such as when imported would not have agreed to open their into Jamaica. Where this results in markets and thus facilitate global injury to the Jamaican producer, trade without the ability to utilise Countervailing Duties may be used trade remedies in appropriate cases. to counteract the harmful effect of In fact, just the existence of a trade subsidies to Jamaica’s domestic remedy authority which has a industry. Safeguard measures are reputation of taking action is a available to permit a country to deterrent against unfair trading counteract serious injury to a practices as exporters and domestic industry by an increase importers too, expect to be the or “surge” in imports under subject of investigations and certain circumstances. measures. 44

The focus of the Commission is The challenges faced with Actioning PANELB:TRADE POLICY, Mrs. Joan Thomas that the private sector must have Trade Policy must be met for the full GOVERNANCEANDTHE Edwards, Senior Director, functioning expert infrastructure realisation of the Growth Agenda. GROWTHAGENDA Foreign Trade Department, through which it can access the The challenges are mitigated by Ministry of Foreign Affairs and available remedies when needed. applying a similar approach to that Panellists: Foreign Trade which the Commission takes to Challenges with Actioning the executing its mandate – which may Policy – Resource Constraints both be a model for others experiencing these challenges: Ambassador Marcia Gilbert- Mrs. Andrea Dawes, Director of For the Commission Roberts, Permanent Secretary, Anti-Dumping and Substantive Ministry of Foreign Affairs & commission in Jamaica Foreign Trade For Firms  An Uncompromising Time Commitment to Excellence Expertise  Collaborative Help Desk and Ambassador Richard Bernal, other Consultative Mechanisms Founder & Director, Creative Tourism Network ‘The creative Unity tourism as a lever for the territorial development’ Money  Conscientious use of resources – A National Database. In summary,  Perseverance – Press On The work of the Commission helps  Will Over Fear (David vs. Mr. Marlon Lowe, Senior Director, Goliath) God being the helper. Central Operations, Jamaica to provide the environment for Customs business to thrive and supports investor confidence. Appropriate defence of industry through effective trade remedy administration and enforcement helps to insulate the economy against some of the shocks of failed businesses. 45

Objectives of the Session: To Echoing the sentiments of the Ranking 118th among the worlds He delved into the current establish the missing links in Honourable Kamina Johnson Smith; merchandise exporters and 96th Trade Policy & the contemporary Minister of Foreign Affairs and among importers, this statistics Trade Policy Formulation which Growth Agenda. Foreign Trade, with the objective of equates to 80% of the labour seeing to Jamaica’s realization of the force involved in occupations though still a draft operates as The session began with career National Development Plan - Vision linked to trade. On the export civil servant and diplomat, serving 2030. market Jamaica distribution what the Ministry Still uses. The as the Senior Director for Foreign shows that she exports 23.7% to Trade; Attorney at Law, Mrs. Joan Mrs. Edwards elucidated on the ROW, with USA 45% EU 15% top agricultural and non Thomas Edwards. traditional linkages that exist in Canada 9.6% Caricom 6.7% with Jamaica’s trade as to trade flow the main trading partners being agricultural imports were Mrs. Joan Thomas Edwards’ patterns in lieu of fortifying that Trinidad. On the import market, presentation centered on foreign trade policy is to fully ROW 42%, USA 43%, are the tabled with Petroleum oils and “Actioning Trade Policy - The Key establish the strength of the major importing partners. The Link in the Growth Agenda” institution in the foreign economy. issue of trade is in relation to Motor cars taking the top spot mirroring the agenda of the The next speaker was Mr. Marlon VISION 2030, Outcome 8 which session as aforementioned. It Lowe- Senior Director of Central seeks to create an enabling as the main importers. Problem focused on disambiguating Operations Jamaica Customs business environment. Ms. Jamaica’s trade policy and how Agency. This presentation started Thomas Edwards closed by with the current approach exactly the state intends to off by analysing the main features of establishing the way forward for integrate its foreign trade into the Jamaican Economy with the first the industry, which seeks to tariffs represents 7.5% of total “national development whilst one being travel and sports. Trade is enhance investment in value improving competitiveness in the engine of economic growth and added products, improve trade taxation revenue. The presenter export.” as such, Vision 2030 must be facilitation and also functional concomitant with such. The special economic zones policies. then delved into a very presentation continued by giving Jamaica’s trade account indicating important aspect of his topic that 81.79% of the economy is open and dependent on trade which is the role of Customs in creating the bridge between economy and trade. To achieve excellence in Customs, trade facilitation and security, institutional resource development and fair revenue collection must be achieved. 46

The trade policy implementation She explained that discipline of Small developing economies The final aspect of the was briefly examined by the imports where the market is there presentation spoke to the speaker which dealt with 6 stages for production in Jamaica is therefore have to be strident to difficulties in managing the of development. An actioning currently at the International trade agencies and helping to guard trade policy was presented as the discipline level. ensure that the larger economies against excessive pressure. This conclusion for this presentation. occurs through difficulties with This conclusion included the Trade does not happen organically, who have position themselves in investment and trade in promotion of growth policies, the investment that Jamaica makes countries enforcement of rules diversity export, diversify trade the GOVT has to make in policy, the trade market does not stifle help to guard against the policy, support to reform and agencies to organize and regulate pressure from trading partners. modernization of border trade and this is where the small developing economies. The The commission is currently regulatory agencies and finally commission falls. The political working on a help desk to best practices and international position of main trading partners speaker spoke in length of the better facilitate the various standard. The final speaker, Mrs. shift in predictability of trade and agencies who have ready Andrea Dawes who is the Director supply referring to the US and main purpose of the commission questions at times, this while of Anti-Dumping and Substantive China, thus it is the duty of the WTO being cognisant of the commission in Jamaica. A brief to regulate the interconnectedness anti-dumping, anti subsidy and resources of the commission. introduction was given by the of borders. If US and China started a panellist and an overview of the trade war all would be troubled thus safeguarding trade. The extent of the work the commission commissions such as this is has been involved in. With the essential in developing states. commission also has to deal with acknowledgement that the board Higher trade barriers can lead to currently servers and assist with trade deflection and Jamaica being the misinterpretation of many Anti-Dumping policies even in receipt of those goods which that of the WTO board. The trade occurred in the past where diverted Dumpling and the purpose of this capacity of Jamaica was goods ended in Jamaica which was highlighted and explained by the an unmanageable format of goods . agency. This agency ensures that speaker, which speaks to the management of import flows to they regulate firms who try to ensure what is being sent here is of international standard. The find market to dump products,, commission deals with the openness of trade economy by this is done when they send ensuring that industries do not suffer from imports as we try to goods into an importing country discipline the market. at a price lower than normal in the country. Subsidies - the practice of GOVT to give special treatment in terms of companies and industries. 47

PANELC: PUBLICSECTOR Panellists: TRANSFORMATIONFOR GROWTHANDDEVELOPMENT Mr Wayne Jones Deputy Description: Public sector Financial Secretary, SHRMS, innovation outcomes are Ministry of Finance & the Public evaluated by the degree to which Service they achieve the goals of the Mrs Patricia Sinclair- McCalla, CD, Commissioner, collective, such as greater Broadcasting Commission efficiencies, service delivery and improvements in social performance This seminar seeks Ms Joanna Watkins, Senior Public Sector Specialist, World to explore innovations within the Bank public sector and those undergirded by networked inter organizational decision making, Mr. Andrew Wynter, Chief Executive Officer, Passport financing and overall social Immigration & Citizenship Agency (PICA) coordination. How has government been an enabler through decision making and the management of information and Mr Tashfeen Ahmad, Adjunct Lecturer UWI, Conference resources to support public sector Paper: Transformation of Public Procurement in Jamaica’ innovation and the adoption of best practices? Mrs. Maxine Henry Wilson, Lecturer, UWI, Mona 48

MrsPatriciaSinclair-McCalla Pat Sinclair McCalla has over Other related competences Biography thirty-five years experience in the include, public sector Public Sector and has held management and managerial positions for the past transformation, policy twenty eight years culminating as formulation, analysis and Permanent Secretary to three evaluation, strategic and Prime Ministers in Jamaica. Prior corporate planning, risk to retirement, her last position analysis and management, was the Chief Executive Officer of change management, project the Public Sector Transformation planning, management, Unit, Office of the Prime Minister monitoring and evaluation. She and Office of the Cabinet recently completed a respectively. Among the skills and consultancy on the “Integration competences acquired over the of the Land Administration and past thirty-five years are strong Management Programme leadership and communication (LAMP) into the National Land skills, organizational Agency” with the Ministry of management and development, Economic Growth and Job transformational leadership Creation. capabilities, new governance modalities and dramatic organizational changes within the public sector. 49

Mrs. Patricia Sinclair- McCalla, CD, Innovation remains elusive and . Transformation of any public The panellist was nonetheless Commissioner, Broadcasting even where technology exists, it is sector requires innovation and persuaded to reference this Commission confined to specific pockets of the innovation is a threat to any small island state, the size of public sector and lacks cohesion and bureaucracy, as it demands Montego Bay, and the radical ‘Public Sector innovation for coordination. There is therefore, an changes to the status quo. The transformation within its public growth and development’ urgent need to address public sector public sector generally is risk sector that dramatically innovation for growth and averse and innovation requires influenced the country’s growth Introduction development. Addressing the topic risk-taking. Is it any wonder then and development. Singapore of ‘Public Sector innovation for that the Caribbean lags behind, in has invested in a plan to build a The main goal of the public sector growth and development” requires terms of growth and ‘smart nation,’ with operations is to enhance the delivery of goods careful examination of what development, when compared residing in the Prime Minister’s and/or services to the citizenry. currently exists and how effective with other countries similar in Office. Progressive countries have sought innovation has been within the characteristics to Jamaica’s? to invest in research and public sector to influence and Despite the dramatic difference in development and information impact growth and development. the political culture of Singapore, technology, while creating and Specific reference will be made to fostering a culture of innovation. the Jamaican context, as it is the The facilitation of new ideas, public sector which is familiar as methodologies and systems has many years have been invested to enabled such governments, to attempt to transform and advance tremendously in the modernize the sector. The efficacy of production of goods and services such efforts is yet to be assessed. that encourage investments, This presentation will focus the resulting in economic growth and discussion on the imperatives that social cohesion. The public sector impact innovation within the public in the Caribbean generally sector and examines briefly, the remains for the most part extent to which innovation could entrenched in bureaucracy - that impact growth and development in is, static and archaic. Despite the Jamaica. advances in the recruitment of highly educated public officers, the 50 systems and structures remain primarily cumbersome and time- consuming.