Class 2 - Term 2 - PRIME YEARS

Multiplication Table of 9: The multiplication table of 9 is easy to learn. You will find a very interesting pattern in the table which makes it easy to learn. 1 x 9 = 0 9 2 x 9 = 1 8 3 x 9 = 2 7 4 x 9 = 3 6 5 x 9 = 4 5 6 x 9 = 5 4 7 x 9 = 6 3 8 x 9 = 7 2 9 x 9 = 8 1 10 x 9 = 9 0 You will observe that: 1. Unit’s digits decrease from 9 to 0. 2. Ten’s digit increase from 0 to 9. 3. Sum of digits in any product is 9. Eg : 0 + 9 = 9, 2 + 7 = 9 1 + 8 = 9, 3 + 6 = 9 Write this multiplication table according to the pattern. 51

Problems in multiplication Guided 1. Find the following products by repeated addition: a. 5 x 6 = 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 = ____ b. 7 x 8 = 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 = ____ c. 3 x 9 = 9 + 9 + 9 = ____ d. 8 x 6 = ____ e. 4 x 8 = ____ f. 7 x 9 = ____ 2. Find the following products using repeated addition and show that they are equal. a. 2 x 5 , 5 x 2 b. 3 x 6, 6 x 3 c. 3 x 8, 8 x 3 Independent 1. Find the products using multiplication tables: a. 7 x 5 f. 3 x 9 b. 3 x 8 g. 8 x 8 c. 9 x 6 h. 7 x 9 d. 5 x 8 i. 6 x 3 e. 7 x 4 j. 7 x 8 52

2. Refer to the multiplication grid and show that: (find the values of both) a. 3 x 8 = 8 x 3 b. 5 x 9 = 9 x 5 c. 8 x 6 = 6 x 8 d. 7 x 3 = 3 x 7 e. 4 x 8 = 8 x 4 Multiplication of 2-digit numbers 1. Multiply 12 by 3 We write it as 12 x 3 Step 1: Multiply the unit’s place by 3 2 x 3 = 6 Write below the units place. Step 2: Multiply the ten’s place by 3 1 x 3 = 3 Write below tens place. Ans: 36 2. Multiply 24 by 2 1. Multiply the one’s place by : 2 x 4 = 8 2. Multiply the ten’s place by: 2 x 2 = 4 Ans = 48 T U 1 2 3 3 6 x 2 4 2 4 8 x 53

1. 32 x 3 = 2. 23 x 3 = 3. 31 x 3 = 4. 52 x 2 = 5. 22 x 2 = Independent Multiplication with carry over 1. 35 x 4 1. Multiply the units place: 5 x 4 = 20 There are 2 tens. Carry the tens to the ten’s place, and put 0 in the unit’s place. 2. Multiply the ten’s digit by 4 3 x 4 = 12 Add the carried over numbers 12 + 2 = 14 Write in tens place. Ans: 140 T U 3 5 4 1 4 0 x 2 54

2. 42 x 6 Multiply Units digits: 2 x 6 = 12 Carry the 1 ten to the ten’s place, and write 2 in the unit’s place Multiply the tens digit: 6 x 4 = 24 Add the carried over numbers: 24 + 1 = 25 Write in ten’s place. Ans: 252 T U 4 2 6 2 5 2 x 1 Guided 1. 28 x 3 2. 34 x 4 3. 24 x 7 Multiplication of any number by 0 gives zero. 0 x 1 = 0, 0 x 2 = 0 0 x 3 = 0, 0 x 10 = 0 Do the following multiplications: 1. 25 x 6 2. 37 x 3 3. 53 x 4 4. 36 x 0 5. 50 x 8 6. 70 x 3 7. 54 x 6 8. 34 x 6 9. 29 x 7 10. 30 x 0 11. There are 15 roses in one vase. How many roses are there in 6 such vases? 12. One note book costs Rs. 25. What is the cost of 7 such notebooks? 55 Independent

1. Do the following multiplications: a. 12 x 4 b. 21 x 5 c. 24 x 2 d. 23 x 3 e. 32 x 2 2. Do the following multiplications: a. 25 x 4 b. 82 x 8 c. 74 x 5 d. 60 x 8 e. 90 x 6 f. 32 x 7 g. 18 x 6 3. If there are 25 children in a row and there are 8 rows, what is the total number of children? 4. If there are 35 children, and each child is to be given 5 chocolates, how many chocolates are required? 56

Can you find these products from the multiplication grid? 1) 12 x 4 = 2) 21 x 4 = 3) 23 x 3 = 4) 14 x 2 = 5) 21 x 3 = 6) 12 x 4 = 1. For 12 x 4: Look for 1 table 4 row, th And 2 tab le 4 row th You find 48. The answer is 48 2. For 21 x 4 What you find under 2 should be written first (reverse the digits) Therefore it becomes 84 . Find the others 1 2 2 4 3 6 4 8 4th row 57 2 1 4 2 6 3 8 4 4th row

Division If multiplication is repeated addition, division is repeated subtraction. If multiplication is putting together, division is dividing the collection. Let us consider a situation There are 15 chocolates. Each child should get 5 chocolates. How many children will get the chocolates? By applying basic logic, we can do it in the following manner. One child is given 5 chocolates. Find how many chocolates are left. 10 chocolates remain. Again, give 5 chocolates to a second child. See how many chocolates are left. Now, 5 chocolates remain. We give the 5 chocolates to a third child. Thus, we have nothing left. From that, we conclude that 15 chocolates can be given to 3 children, if each child should get 5 chocolates. 1 5 - 5 1 0 - 5 5 - 5 0 1st child 2nd child 3rd child In the above example, we subtracted five 3 times. 58

The Division symbol The above problem can be written like this: 15 ÷ 5 = 3 15 = number of chocolates which are to be divided 5 = No. of chocolates to be given to each child 3 = No. of children (Answer) 15 is called the dividend. 5 is the divisor. 3 is the quotient. Let us take another situation: We have 15 chocolates. They are to be divided equally among 5 children. How many chocolates will each child get? First, 1 chocolate is given to each child. Thus, 10 chocolates are left. Now, 1 more chocolate is given to each child. After the second round, 5 chocolates remain. Again, 1 chocolate is given to each child. Now, we have no chocolates left. Thus, we can conclude that if 15 chocolates are to be divided among 5 children, each child will get 3 chocolates. 15 ÷ 3 = 5 15 is the total number of chocolates. 5 is the number of children. 3 is the number of chocolates each child gets. 59

Problem: There are 24 students. They are to be arranged in rows of 6. How many rows will be there? No. of students in each row = 6 Take off 6 from 24 - 18 remain. Take off 6 from 18 - 12 remain. Take off 6 from 12 - 6 remain. 2 4 - 6 1 8 - 6 1 2 - 6 1 2 3 6 - 6 0 Take off 6 again, and we have nothing left. Thus, when 24 students are divided in rows of 6, there will be 4 rows. 24 ÷ 6 = 4 24 dividend 6 divisor 4 quotient Guided 1. Do the following divisions by repeated subtraction a. 12 ÷ 3 b. 16 ÷ 4 c. 21 ÷ 7 Independent 1. Do the following divisions by repeated subtraction a. 24 ÷ 8 b. 18 ÷ 6 c. 20 ÷ 5 60 4

Division is the reverse of multiplication Example:1 12 ÷ 3 Recall the multiplication table for 3. Recall it till you get 12. 3 x 4 = 12 therefore, 12 ÷ 3 = 4 Example:2 14 ÷ 2 Recall the multiplication table of 2 till you get 14. 2 x 7 = 14 therefore, 14 ÷ 2 = 7 Example:3 21 ÷ 7 Recall the multiplication table for 7 till you get 21. 7 x 3 = 21 therefore, 21 ÷ 7 = 3 Independent 1. Do the following divisions using multiplication tables: a. 24 ÷ 3 b. 30 ÷ 6 c. 28 ÷ 7 d. 27 ÷ 9 e. 32 ÷ 4 f. 35 ÷ 5 61

Multiplication and division facts 1. There are 12 chocolates 3 chocolates are given to each student. How many students will get the chocolate? It is given by 12 ÷ 3 = 4 Ans = 4 students Similarly, if 12 chocolates are distributed among 4 students such that each gets an equal number of chocolates, how many chocolates will each student get? It is given by 12 ÷ 4 = 3 As you can see from the above, with the same set of numbers, there can be 2 division facts. Both the division facts are obtained from the same multiplication fact. 4 x 3 = 12 – Multiplication fact 12 ÷ 3 = 4 Division fact 12 ÷ 4 = 3 Division fact Guided 1. Write the division facts for the given multiplication facts: a. 3 x 5 = 15 b. 2 x 7 = 14 c. 4 x 8 = 32 62

1. Give the division facts for the following multiplication facts: a. 4 x 5 = 20 b. 6 x 4 = 24 c. 7 x 4 = 28 d. 3 x 6 = 18 e. 5 x 7 = 35 Independent Properties of Division 1. If there are no chocolates, how many chocolates will each of the 5 students get? 0 ÷ 5 is not possible because “nothing” cannot be divided. 2. If 15 chocolates are divided among 15 students, how many chocolates will each get? 15 ÷ 15 = 1 Thus, a number divided by itself gives 1 3. What will be the quotient if a number is divided by 1? 15 ÷ 1 You can subtract 1, 15 times from 15 Therefore 15 ÷ 1 = 15 Thus, a number divided by 1 gives the number itself. 1 5 - 1 1 4 - 1 1 3 - 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 0 15 times 63

Fill in the boxes 0 ÷ 8 = 11 ÷ 11 = 13 ÷ 1 = 25 ÷ 25 = 0 ÷ 15 = 24 ÷ 24 = 37 ÷ 1 = Independent 1. Find the quotient by repeated subtraction: a. 24 ÷ 4 b. 18 ÷ 3 c. 56 ÷ 8 d. 27 ÷ 9 2. Find the quotient of the above problems using multiplication tables. 3. Write two division facts for each of the following multiplication facts: a. 4 x 5 = 20 b. 8 x 4 = 32 c. 4 x 7 = 28 d. 9 x 6 = 54 64

4. Fill in the blanks with correct numbers. a. 4 ÷ 1 = _______ b. 4 ÷ 4 = _______ c. 0 ÷ 4 = _______ d. 4 x 2= 8 8 ÷ 4 = _______ 8 ÷ 2 = _______ 4 ÷ 4 = _______ 4 ÷ 1 = _______ e. 2 x 6 = 12 12 ÷ 6 = _______ 12 ÷ 2 = _______ f. 6 x _______ = 30 g. 2 x _______ = 10 h. _______ x 4 = 12 65

Long Division Example: 15 ÷ 3 Write as shown 3 x 5 = 15 Write 5 on the top Write 15 below 15, and Subtract Quotient = 5 Practice: Solve the following by long division method. 1) 27 ÷ 3 2) 45 ÷ 9 3) 16 ÷ 4 In the case of large numbers we cannot divide the number in a single step. Example: 48 ÷ 2 Step 1. Take 4. 2 x 2 = 4 Write 2 in the quotient, 4 below 4, and subtract. Step 2. Bring down the 8 2 x 4 = 8 Write 4 in the quotient, 8 below 8, and subtract Thus, quotient = 24 1 5 - 1 5 0 5 3 4 8 0 8 24 2 -4 -8 66 0

Do the division. 1. 36 ÷ 3 = 2. 84 ÷ 4 = 3. 63 ÷ 3 = 4. 64 ÷ 4 = 5. 96 ÷ 4 = Guided 1. Do the division. a. 52 ÷ 4 = b. 90 ÷ 9 = c. 40 ÷ 5 = d. 50 ÷ 5 = e. 56 ÷ 4 = f. 42 ÷ 2 = g. 72 ÷ 2 = 2. Do the following by long division method. a. 18 ÷ 2 = b. 45 ÷ 5 = c. 24 ÷ 2 = d. 66 ÷ 3 = e. 92 ÷ 4 = f. 81 ÷ 3 = 67

3. Fill in the boxes 9 6 1 6 4 -8 0 8 4 1 4 7 -7 - 0 6 5 1 5 5 -5 0 a. b. c. 4. Label the dividend, divisor and quotient. 5. 20 pens are put equally in 5 boxes. How many pens are there in each box? Divide and show the quotient. 6. 72 trees are grown in 6 rows in a garden, each row having equal number of trees. How many trees are there in each row? 1 8 0 9 -1 8 2 a. 2 4 0 6 -2 4 4 b. Fun time 1. Divide these balls into groups of 5. Write the division and multiplication facts for it. 68 - -

Fraction Activity 1: 1. There is one apple and there are 4 children. The apple is to be divided equally among the children, How much will each get? Draw the sketch and show. 2. If a watermelon is to be equally distributed among 8 children, how many pieces should it be cut into? How much will each get? Draw and show. 3. Cut this pizza into 6 equal parts. What portion will each part of the pizza be ? 69

4. Is this triangle cut into 4 equal parts? 5. Divide this shape into 5 equal parts. What portion will be each part? Activity 2: Your teacher will give you paper cut outs. Fold them into half, quarter, one third, one sixth. Shade the fractions. Yes No Stick all the papers in your note book. divide into half by folding divide into quarter by folding divide into 3 equal parts by folding divide into 6 equal parts by folding Activity 3: Sit in groups. Each group will have a collection of seeds, beads or pebbles. Count them (say 12) Spread them in any pattern. 1. Find 1/2 of the collection by counting ________________ 2. Find 1/3 of the collection by counting ________________ 3. Find 1/4 of the collection by counting ________________ 70

Next, take 18 beads or seeds. 1. How many beads or seeds are there in 1/2 of 18? 2. How many beads or seeds are there in 1/3 of 18? 3. How many beads or seeds are there in 1/6 of 18? Ordering Fractions Activity : 4 Take 3 paper strips of the same size. Fold one strip into half, colour one part of it. This is ½. Fold the second strip into 4 equal parts. Colour one part of it. This is ¼. Fold the 3 strip into 4 equal parts. Colour 3 rd parts of it. This is ¾ Which is the largest fraction? _________ Which is the smallest fraction? __________ 71 ½ ¼ ¾

1. Shade 1/2 2. Shade 3. Shade 4. What is the fraction shaded in the given figure? 72 1 4 1 3

Measurements Measurement of Length: We use centimeters to measures small lengths like pencil, notebook etc. We use metres to measure larger lengths like dimensions of a room etc. We use kilometers to measure distance. 1 kilometre = 1000 metres 1 metre = 100 centimetres In which unit will you measure the following? 1. Length of a pencil ___________ 2. Width of the road ___________ 3. Length of the playground ___________ 4. Height of your school building ___________ 5. Distance from your house to school ___________ 6. Width of a finger ___________ 7. Length of the pencil box ___________ 8. Length of your foot ___________ 9. Length of the floor carpet ___________ 10. Length of your teacher's table ___________ 73

Ruler: A ruler is marked in centimeters. A small ruler has markings from 0 to 15 cm. A larger ruler has markings from 0 to 30 cm. A metre scale has markings from 0 to 100cm. Activity 1: To measure the length of an object, keep the ruler on one end of the object and see which mark falls on the other end of the object. Length of the pencil = 7 cm Using a ruler, measure the length of the following: 1. Length of your mathematics text book ________________ 2. Length of your table or desk ________________ 3. Your friend’s height ________________ 4. Length of your pencil box ________________ Write the lengths of these objects in your notebook. 74

1. Measure the lengths of these objects. Measurement of mass Large masses are measured in kilograms. For example: mass of oil, food grains etc. is measured in kilograms. Smaller masses are measured in grams. For example: mass of objects such as tiffin box, bread, a packet of biscuits etc. is measured in grams. Very small masses are measured in milligrams. For example: mass of objects like bread, a single grain of rice etc. is measured in milligrams. 1 kilogram = 1000 grams 1 gram = 1000 milligrams a. b. c. d. e. _____ cm _____ cm _____ cm _____ cm _____ cm 75

1. In what unit would you measure the mass of the following? a. A bag of rice __________ b. A gold chain __________ c. Silver bowl __________ d. Pencil __________ e. Vegetables __________ Activity 1: What combination of stones will you use to measure the following weights? One has been done for you as an example. To weigh a. 450 gm = 200 gm + 200gm + 50 gm b. 250 gm = _______________ c. 750 gm = _________________ d. 2 kg = _________________ e. 150 gm = ________________ f. 3 kg = ________________ g. ½kg = ___________________ 76

2. Find 2 items you measure in 1. Milligrams ______________ 2. Grams ______________ 3. Kilograms ______________ Activity 2: What are the different types of balances used by sellers? Find out and write here 1. What type of balance is used in a super market? 2. What type of balance is used in a jewellery shop? 3. What type of balance is used by vegetable vendors? Capacity Capacity is the quantity of liquid that a vessel can hold. Very large quantities of liquid are measured in kilolitres. For example, capacity of water tanks is measured in kilolitres. Large quantities of liquid are measured in litres. For example, capacity of a water bottle is measured in litres. Very small quantities are measured in millilitres. For example, capacity of a glass is measured in millilitres. 1 kilolitre = 1000 litres 1 litre = 1000 millilitres 50ml. 100 ml. 200 ml. 500 ml. 1 litre 77

1. How many 100 ml cans can fill a 1 litre can? ____________ 2. How many times do you have to use a measuring glass of capacity 200ml to fill a 1 litre can? ____________ 3. How many times do we have to use a measuring can of capacity 500 ml to fill a 2-litre can? ____________ 1. 1 metre = ___________ centimeters 1 kilogram= _________ grams 1 litre = _________ millilitres 1 gram = ___________ milligrams 2. How will you weigh 1kg with a 500 gm stone? 3. How many 200 ml make 1 litre? 4. What units will you use to measure the following? a. Mass of gold chain = _____________ b. Medicine = _____________ c. Water in the tank = _____________ d. Mass of a bag of wheat = _____________ e. Mass of 5 packets of oil = _____________ f. Mass of stones used in ornaments = _____________ g. Mass of a feather = _____________ 78

Solid Shapes We see objects of different shapes at home, in the neighbourhood, and at school. It has 6 faces; 8 corners; And 12 edges. All the sides of a cube are equal Example: Dice, ice cubes Let’s see some common solid shapes: 1. Cube: corner face edge 2. Cuboid: No. of faces – 6 No. of corners – 8 No. of edges – 12 Opposite faces are equal 3. Cone: One flat face, And one curved surface. One corner or vertex. 79 Vertex Curved surface Flat surface

4. Cylinder 2 flat faces, One curved surface. No corners 5. Sphere No edges No corners Only a curved surface Activity 1: Hold the models of different shapes in your hand. Examine the surfaces, corners and edges of the model. Complete the table. Shapes Cube Cuboid Cylinder Cone faces (surfaces) vertices (corners) edges 80

1. Find the names of 2 objects for each. a. Cube : _________ ______________ __________ b. Cuboid : _________ ______________ __________ c. Cylinder : _________ ______________ __________ d. Cone : _________ ______________ __________ e. Sphere : _________ ______________ __________ 2. Tick ( ) the correct shapes of given objects. Cube Cone Cube Cone Sphere Cylinder Cone Sphere Cylinder Cube Cube Cuboid 81

Identify these shapes 1. One flat surface and one curved surface __________ 2. All edges are equal __________ 3. One vertex __________ 4. No vertices, no flat surfaces __________ 5. 6 faces, all equal __________ 6. 6 faces, opposite sides equal __________ 7. Two flat surfaces and one curved surface __________ 82 1. Draw 5 objects with each of the shapes and name them. 3. Draw a circle with a bangle or a circular lid. Cut it out. Cut out a part (tear off) along the dotted line and fold the edges to make a cone. 2. Draw a similar sketch or trace it and cut out. Fold it to make a cube.

Data Management and Representation A survey was conducted in a class about the favourite T.V shows of children. The following information was obtained. a. 8 children liked Chota Bheem b. 4 children liked Tom and Jerry c. 6 children liked Oggy d. 4 children liked 'MAD art show' e. 5 children liked Bal Ganesh Now, we will show the following information as a picture representation, So data can then be easily understood. Chota Bheem Tom and Jerry Oggy MAD Bal Ganesh 83

1. In a flower garden, there are 5 roses, 7 sunflowers, 2 marigolds and 6 lotuses. Draw a pictograph for this information. 84 2. In a party, there were 20 Pizzas, 40 Cakes, 50 Ice-creams and 20 bottles of Cool drinks. Draw one picture for every 5 items of each kind and draw a pictograph. Give the scale. Example: = 5 Ice-creams.

3. In a show room, there are 25 cars, 35 motorcycles, 25 scooters and 30 tractors. Show this information through a pictograph. 85 5 cars = 5 motor cycles = 5 scooters = 5 tractor = Mention the scale on the graph.

86 Hint: 25 cars = 5 car pictures 35 motorcycles = 7 pictures of motorcycles 25 scooters = 5 pictures of scooters 30 tractors = 6 pictures of tractors

Contents Class 2 Term 2 1. Food and Health..................................88 2. Our Environment .................................93 3. Clothing .............................................100

Food and Health We need food to grow and to do work. Food items that give us energy to do work are called energy giving food. Bread, butter, ice cream, cooked rice, food made of wheat and millets are energy giving foods too. 88 Examples of such food items are rice, wheat, milk, maize, millets, oils, sugar and fats Rice Wheat Milk Oil Maize Sugar Ice - Cream Butter Bread Roti Pulses Rice

Foods that help our body grow are protein rich foods. Some examples of such food items are eggs, milk, meat, fish, and pulses like, green gram, red gram, Bengal gram etc. Foods that keep our body healthy are vitamin rich foods. Vegetables and fruits contain vitamins and minerals required by our body. Balanced Diet: A meal that contains energy giving food, protein rich food, and vitamin rich food in the correct amount is called a balanced diet. A balanced diet contains more of rice or wheat, pulses and vegetables, and very less sugar, fat and oil. 89

90 Activity 1: What did you have for breakfast, lunch and dinner yesterday? Enter it in the table below. Meal Food item Food groups Present in each (Energy, Vitamin, Protein) item Breakfast Lunch Dinner Activity 2: Classify the following food items into energy giving food and protein rich food. Energy giving food Protein rich food Rice, Wheat, Egg, Milk, Maize , Sugar, Oil, Meat, Pulses, Peas, Ghee, Butter, Cheese, Fish, Nuts

Activity 3: You have learned about food habits in class I. Write them down. Your teacher will supplement the information with more information such as: 1. Wash your hands before and after meals 2. Drink water after meals 3. Don’t spill food while eating 4. Don’t eat from road - side eateries 5. Eat at fixed times 6. Don’t eat stale food 7. Eat lots of vegetables and include milk & curd in the meals. 8. Keep food items covered Prepare a display chart for the class. Each one writes one statement on the chart. Decorate it with pictures. 1. Millets - Grains that grow in dry areas. Example: Ragi, bajra 2. Diet - Ingredients in daily meals 3. Pulses - Seeds obtained from pods 91

1. Why do we need food? 2. What are the three classes of food? 3. Which food items help us to do work? 4. Which food items help our body grow? 5. Which food items keep us healthy? 6. Write 5 good food habits. 1. Circle the pulses below: Rice, peas, green gram, maize, sweet potato 2. Circle the spices below: Peas, ginger, onion, garlic, clove, spinach 3. Strike off the wrong word: a. We eat the (stem/leaf) of onion. b. We eat the (root/stem) of potato. c. We eat the (stem/root) of radish. d. We eat the (seed/fruit) of rice plant. e. We eat the (fruit/seed) of mango. f. Pulses and grains are (fruit/seeds) of plants. 92

Our Environment Air, buildings and all the other movable and immovable things around us is called our environment. In the environment, we see natural things as well as man-made things. Natural things consist of living as well as non living things. Activity 1: Look around you. 1. Write down 5 natural things that you see around you. _____________ ________________ _______________ _____________ ________________ 2. Write down 5 man-made things that you see in your environment. _____________ ________________ _______________ _____________ ________________ 3. Write down 5 living things that you see in your environment. _____________ ________________ _______________ _____________ ________________ 4. Write down 5 non - living natural things that you see in your environment. _____________ ________________ _______________ _____________ ________________ 93

Nature provides us with a healthy environment. Everything in nature happens on its own. Plants grow new flowers. New plants sprout up. Animals give birth to young ones. The water cycle carries on, bringing us rain and snow at the right time. Seasons change regularly. However, at times, we disturb the environment through our activities. Air, water and land gets polluted by our activities. 94 Water Cycle

Air pollution: Gases from factories mix with air and pollute it. Water pollution: Throwing plant and animal parts into rivers and ponds; waste water from factories flowing into rivers and lakes; and sewage mixing with fresh water cause water pollution. Land pollution: We throw garbage in the streets. Over a time, this accumulates, giving out foul smelling gases. These gases cause diseases. Noise pollution: Nowadays, in any celebrations, loud speakers are used. They produce a lot of noise. Cars, bikes and buses also produce noise. Noise pollution can lead to problems in hearing. Cutting down trees We cut down trees to build apartments. When trees are cut down, we do not get enough fresh air. 95 Cutting Trees

Activity 2: Go out in your neighborhood with your parents and observe the area. Make a list of things thrown around, and the various ways in which air and water get polluted. Activity 3: Discuss in groups and suggest some ways to prevent pollution. 1. _________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________________ 5. _________________________________________________ How can we save our environment? We can save our environment by keeping air, water, and land clean. 1. Preventing air pollution: 1. Do not let out poisonous gases from factories. 2. Plant more trees. 3. Dispose off garbage at regular intervals. 4. Reduce the use of petrol and diesel vehicles. 96

2. Prevention of water pollution: 1. Do not throw decayed plant and animal parts into water bodies. 2. Do not let waste from factory to mix with water in rivers or lakes. 3. Take care to keep sewage leak proof. 3. Prevention of noise pollution: 1. Avoid use of loud speakers if possible. 2. Reduce the use of horns. 3. Play music at low volume. 97 1. Pollution - Harmful things getting mixed with air, water, food and soil. 2. Sewage - The outlet for dirty water from toilets, kitchens etc. 3. Garbage - Waste material that give out foul smell.

1. What are the different types of pollution? 2. What causes pollution? 3. How can we reduce air pollution? 1. Which of the following causes air pollution? (Tick that) a. Sewage mixing with river water b. Planting trees c. Animals giving birth to young ones d. Garbage decaying in the open 2. Which of the following reduces air pollution (Tick that) a. Planting more trees and plants b. Mixing of factory waste in the air c. Lack of rainfall d. Stopping the use of loud speakers 98 1. Suggest 3 ways to reduce pollution. _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 2. Draw the sketch of a polluted, dirty neighbourhood.

Draw and colour the following message: 99

Clothing Different types of clothes: We wear clothes to protect our body from heat and cold. People in different countries wear different dresses. Have you seen such dresses? Identify people of which countries were them. We wear different dresses according to occasion. Festival dresses Professional dresses or uniforms. 100