Social and Life Skill Book Class 11

ljm| ofsnfk != hGd, dT[ o' / a;fO;“ /fO h:tf hg;fª\\lVos tŒjx¿n] hg;ªV\\ of kl/jt{gdf s:tf] k|efj kfb5{ g\\, sIffdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ k:| tt' ug'{xf;] \\ . @= kf7df pNnv] u/]sf eGbfafxs] hg;ª\\Vof Joj:yfkgsf kT| oIf / ckT| oIf pkfox¿ s] s] xg' ;S5g,\\ sIffdf 5nkmn u/L l6kf6] ug{x' f;] \\ . cEof; != hg;ª\\Vof Joj:yfkg egs] f] s] xf,] o;sf] dxŒj cfkm\\ g} zAbdf j0fg{ ug{x' f];\\ . @= hGd lj?4sf] gLlt / hGd kIfsf] gLltlar km/s 5'6o\\ fpg'xf;] \\ . #= ;o+ S' t kl/jf/sf] ;+/rgf / pRr lzz' dT[ ob' /n] s;/L hg;ª\\Vof jl[ 4b/ a9fp5“ , pNn]v ugx{' f];\\ . $= hg;ª\\Vofdf tLj| j[l4sf sf/0f lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf] If]qdf kg]{ c;/x¿ pNn]v ug{'xf;] \\ . %= xfdf| ] bz] df ljBdfg hg;ª\\Vof Joj:yfkgsf r'gf}tLx¿ pNn]v ub}{ cfk\\mgf] ;fyLnfO{ lr7L n]Vg'xf;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !! 147

! k f7 M PsfO !) cyt{ Gq / ljsf; g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf cfwf/ / ljz]iftfx¿ != gk] fnsf] cyt{ Gqsf cfwf/ g]kfn k|fs[lts ;|f]tn] el/k\"0f{ b]z xf] . ljZjdf kfOg] w]/} k|sf/sf xfjfkfgL, jg:klt / w/ftnLo :j¿k oxfF kfOG5g\\ . g]kfndf kz| :t hn ljBt' \\ lgsfNg ;lsg] gbLx¿ / ckf/ hnsf] e08f/sf ;|ft] lxdfno kjt{ >]0fLx¿ /xs] f 5g\\ . afx}| dlxgf ljleGg ks| f/sf afnLgfnL nufpg ;lsg] xfjfkfgL / ew\" /ftn /xs] f] 5 . xfjfkfgL / k|fs[lts ;G' b/tfsf sf/0f ko6{ g Joj;fosf] klg 7n' f] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . bfofaF fofF 7n' f] hg;ªV\\ of ePsf l5ds] L b]z rLg / ef/t ePsf sf/0f gk] fnaf6 lgoft{ Jofkf/sf] 7'nf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . kxf8df ePsf vlgh ;f| ]tsf sf/0f cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] klg plQs} ;Defjgf 5 . olt 7n' f] ;Defjgf eP/ klg gk] fnn] To;sf] kofK{ t pkof]u ug{ cem} w/] } sfd ug{ afsF L 5 . xfnsf] g]kfnsf] cyt{ GqnfO{ ljZni] f0f ubf{ cy{tGqsf cfwf/x¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M -s_ s[lif g]kfn s[lifkw| fg dn' s' xf] . oxfFsf ^)=$ k|ltzt hg;ª\\Vof s[lifdf cfa4 5g\\ . gk] fnLx¿n] vfBfGg cfkl\" t{, cfDbfgL / /f]huf/Lsf lx;fan] s[lifnfO{ g} /fh] s] f] bl] vG5 . clwsf+z g]kfnLx¿ s[lifnfO{ ;/' lIft k;] f dfGb5g\\ lsgls s[lifdf yf]/} nufgLdf g} lgjf{xsf nflu cfjZos vfBj:t' k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . gk] fnsf clwsf+z s[ifssf] cfkmg\\ } hUuf ePsf sf/0f klg of] k];faf6 aflxl/g g]kfnL si[ fsx¿nfO{ sl7g ePsf] b]lvG5 . gk] fndf s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf @&=^ k|ltzt ofu] bfg s[lifsf] /xs] f] 5 . To;}n] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] d\"n cfwf/ sl[ if g} xf] eGg ;lsG5 . gk] fnsf] sl[ if k|0ffnLnfO{ cfwl' gsLs/0f ug]{ jm| d a9s] f] 5 . o;sf nflu sl[ ifsf] Joj;foLs/0f, rsnfaGbL v]tL, cfw'lgs s[lif pks/0fsf] ko| fu] , pGgt laplahg tyf dnvfbsf] ko| f]udf j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . sl[ ifsf] ljsf;df ePdf oL ko| f;x¿n] tLj|tf kfPdf l566\\ } g} gk] fnsf] cflys{ ;dl[ 4 xg' ] b]lvG5 . -v_ pBf]u g]kfndf pBf]u If]qsf] ljsf; ck]Iffst[ ¿kdf x'g g;s] klg o;sf] of]ubfg eg] dxŒjk\"0f{ /xs] f] 5 . hgtfsf nflu cfjZos j:t' tyf ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] o; If]qsf] dxŒj lbgfg'lbg a9b\\ } uPsf] 5 . uf| dL0f Ifq] df s'6L/ pBf]un] s]xL cfjZostf k\"/f u/]sf] 5 eg] ;x/L If]qdf 148 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !!

;fgf tyf demfn} f pBfu] sf] afxN' o /x]sf] 5 . lbgk|ltlbg demf}nf / 7n' f pBfu] :yfkgf xg' ] jm| d rln/xs] f] 5 . gk] fnsf] sn' ufx:{ y pTkfbgdf cfB} fl] us Ifq] sf] ofu] bfg %=% kl| tzt /xs] f] 5 . lj=;=+ @)&%÷&^ kmfug' ;Dddf gk] fndf &,*#@ pBfu] x¿ ;~rfngdf /xs] f lyP . ljbz] L nufgL lelqPsf] / lzIffsf] ljsf;;Fu} g]kfndf s[lif tyf k/Dk/fut k;] faf6 pBfu] tkm{ ¿kfGt/0f x'g] j|md a9s] f] bl] vG5 . gk] fndf lj=;=+ @)&^ ;Dddf cfB} fl] us Ifq] af6 sl/a 5 nfv kGw| xhf/ hgfnfO{ /fh] uf/L ldns] f] 5 . cfB} fl] us pTkfbg a9fpg ;sd] f cfB} fl] us j:t' lgoft{ u//] ljbz] L db' f| cfhg{ ug{ klg ;lsG5 . w/] h} ;f] pBfu] x¿ sl[ ifdf cfwfl/t xg' fn] sl[ ifdf cfpg] ptf/r9fjn] o;nfO{ kT| oIf ke| fj kfb5{ . kl5Nnf] ;dodf pmhf{d\"ns pBf]u, l;d]G6 pBf]u / lgdf{0f pBfu] x¿tkm{ nufgLstfs{ f] cfsif{0f a9]sf] b]lvG5 . -u_ ko{6g gk] fn ko{6g Joj;fosf nflu lgs} ;Defjgf af]s]sf] b]z xf] . oxfF ljljw ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgL, k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tf, ;fxl;s ko{6gsf nflu pko'St cj:yfx¿ ljBdfg 5g\\ . ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf, wflds{ tLy{:ynx¿ Pjd\\ Pl] txfl;s tyf k'/ftflŒjs dxŒjsf :ynx¿ /x]sfn] ljbz] L ko{6ssf] uGtJo :yfg aGg ;Sg] 7n' f] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . ljljw ks| f/sf k|fsl[ ts ;f}Gbos{ f sf/0f oxfF lkmNdL ko6{ gsf] klg 7n' f] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . ko{6g pBfu] af6 k|z:t ljbz] L d'b|f cfhg{ x'g ;S5 eg] b]zdf /f]huf/Lsf] l;hg{ f klg xg' ;S5 . ;g\\ @)@% ;Dddf jflif{s @% nfv ko{6snfO{ gk] fn e|d0f u/fpg] nIosf ;fy g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfd ul//xs] f] 5 . clxn]sf] ko6{ sx¿sf] ;/b/ a;fO !# lbg /xs] f] 5 . o;nfO{ jl[ 4 ug{ ;sd] f cem} kmfObf xg' ;S5 . ko6{ g pBf]usf ¿kdf xfd] :6,] xf6] n, l/hf]6,{ nh, /]:6'/]G6, dgf/] ~hg :ynx¿sf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . /fkml\\ 6ª, kbofqf, lxdfn cf/fx] 0f, Sofgfl] oª, dfpG6g] afOlsª, aGhL hlDkª, Kof/f UnfOl8ª h:tf ;fxl;s ko6{ gsf] klg ljsf; eO/xsf] 5 . To:t} gk] fndf uf}td a'4sf] hGd:yfg n'lDagL, cf/fWobj] kzk' ltgfy, dl' Stgfy, hgsk/' wfdnufotsf ;ofF} tLy:{ ynx¿ /xs] fn] wflds{ ko6{ gsf] klg 7n' f] ;Defjgf /xs] f] 5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] k/' ftflŒjs dxŒjsf snfs[lt, ;f:+ s[lts ljljwtf, k|fs[lts ;G' b/tfn] ubf{ g]kfn ljZje/sf ko6{ sx¿sf] uGtJo aGg ;S5 . -3_ hn;|ft] hn;|f]t g]kfnsf] cyt{ Gqsf] Ps dxŒjk\"0f{ cfwf/ aGg ;S5 . g]kfnsf] lxdfno kj{t >]0fLaf6 c6'6 ¿kdf aUg] gbLx¿af6 hnljB't\\ pTkfbg u//] lgoft{ ug{ ;sd] f g]kfnsf] cflys{ ;dl[ 4df dbt u5{ / Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfndf kxf8L le/fnf] hldgaf6 aUg] gbLx¿ kz| :t ePsfn] hnljBt' \\ pTkfbgsf] 7n' f] ;Defjgf /xs] f] 5 . cfly{s ¿kn] $@,))) du] fjf6 pTkfbg Ifdtf /xs] fdf cf=j= @)&^÷&& kmfu'g d;fGt ;Dddf !)*#=!# d]ufjf6 hnljB't\\ pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . xfn;Dd lgdf{0ffwLg /xs] f, cg'dlt kfPsf / cgd' ltsf nflu lgj]bg lbPsf cfof]hgfsf] ;dt] s'n @(,%&&=* du] fjf6 ljBt' \\ pTKffbgsf] tof/Ldf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !! 149

;/sf/n] lj=;+= @)&%–*% nfO{ pmhf{ tyf hn;|ft] bzssf ¿kdf dgfpg] lg0fo{ u/]sf] 5 . o;n] b]zleq} cf}Bfl] usLs/0f ug;{ d]t ;xof]u kU' 5 . ljBt' \\ k;| f/0f / lgoft{ sf nflu cfGtl/s / cGt/bz] Lo ljBt' \\ k;| f/0f nfOgx¿sf] lgdf0{ f sfo{ klg tLj| ¿kdf cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf gbLx¿sf] kfgLnfO{ gx/åf/f kxf8sf aF;] L, leqL dw;] / t/fO{sf pj/{ el\" d tyf kmf6F x¿df k¥' ofP/ l;FrfO u/L sl[ if pTkfbsTj a9fpg ;lsG5 . gk] fndf sn' @^ nfv $! xhf/ x]S6/ s[lifofU] o e\"lddWo] @@ nfv ^% xhf/ xS] 6/ l;FrfOofU] o hldg /xs] f] 5 . cf=j= &%÷&^ ;Dddf !$ nfv &# xhf/ xS] 6/ hldgdf l;rF fO ;l' jwfsf nflu k\"jfw{ f/ ljsf; ePsf] 5 . -ª_ dfgj ;;+ fwg h'g;'s} b]zsf] cyt{ Gqdf To; b]zsf dfgj ;;+ fwgsf] 7'nf] e\"ldsf xG' 5 . sl[ if, pBf]u, ko{6g, Jofkf/nufotsf ;a} ultljlw dfgjn] g} ;~rfng ug]{ xf] . hxfF dfgj ;+;fwg Jofks kl/rfng x'G5 To; bz] sf] cfly{s ku| lt klg tLj| x'G5 . g]kfndf ;lj|mo hg;ª\\Vof a9L ePsf] xg' fn] oxfFsf] hgzlStsf] pkof]u ug{ ;s] b]zsf] ljsf; l56\\6} x'g ;S5 . g]kfndf dfgj ;f| ]tnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/n] pkofu] ePsf] kfOG5 . s]xL dfgj ;f| t] nfO{ :jbz] leq g} /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;hg{ f u/L ljm| ofzLn agfOPsf] 5 . sx] L hgzlSt :j/fh] uf/df ;+nUg ePsf 5g\\ eg] sx] L hgzlSt jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/df uP/ ljk]|if0f /sd kf| Kt ul/Psf] 5 . k9fOsf] lgx'F u/]/ ljbz] hfg] / pt}sf] :yfoL afl;Gbf jf gful/s eP/ al;lbgfn] Psftkm{ bz] df ljki|] f0f /sd lelqg ;ss] f] 5g} eg] csf{tkm{ af}l4s hgzlSt knfog ePsf] 5 . b]zdf pknAw dfgj ;+;fwfgsf] ;b'kofu] ug{sf nflu /fHon] :jbz] leq g} /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;hg{ f ug{ ;Sg'kb5{ . o;sf nflu k|fljlws lzIffdf hf]8, sl[ ifsf] cfwl' gsLs/0f, pBf]usf] lj:tf/, ;]jf Ifq] sf] lj:tf/ / ko{6g Ifq] sf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 . bz] df pknAw hgzlStnfO{ lzIff, Jofj;flos l;k, khF' L / pBdzLntfsf] dfWodaf6 :jbz] df g} ;ljm| o /xg] jftfj/0f agfpgk' b5{ . @= gk] fnsf] cy{tGqsf ljzi] ftf gk] fn;Fu;uF } cflys{ ljsf;df cl3 a9s] f ;dfg x}l;ot /fVg] b]zx¿ clxn] ljZjsf ljsl;t bz] sf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f xg' ;kmn ePsf 5g\\ . pgLx¿n] Tof] cj:yf s;/L xfl;n u/] / xfdLn] lsg ;s]gf}F eGg] lrGtg ug'{ h?/L ePsf] 5 o; cj:yfaf6 d'St xg' ] pkfosf] vfh] L ug{' h?/L 5 . ;dud| f g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M -s_ lgjfx{ d'vL sl[ if k|0ffnL xg' ' bz] sf] 7'nf] hgzlSt sl[ if / kz'kfngdf ;+nUg /xs] f] 5 . k/Dk/fut ;fr] / kl| jlwdf cfwfl/t lgjfx{ dv' L sl[ if k0| ffnL sfod ePsf sf/0f Gog\" pTkfbsTj cj:yf 5 . 150 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !!

-v_ cfB} fl] usLs/0fdf ;:' ttf gk] fnsf] pBf]ux¿sf] ljsf;sf] ult ;:' t /xs] f] 5 . w/] h} ;f] pBf]ux¿ sl[ ifdf cfwfl/t 5g\\ . -u_ Go\"g cfo tyf hLjg:t/ a]/f]huf/ tyf cfl+ zs /f]huf/sf sf/0f Gog\" cfo / hLjg:t/ ePsf hg;ªV\\ of 7n' f] /xs] f] 5 . sl[ ifdf ns' s] f] /f]huf/ sfod /xs] f] 5 . -3_ kh“' L / ;|f]t ;fwgsf cefj kF'hLsf] cefj ePsfn] nufgL j[l4 x'g ;s]sf] 5g} . pTkflbt bIf hgzlSt ljb]z knfog eP/ hgzlStsf] cefjsf] cj:Yff l;hg{ f ePsf] 5 . vlgh, hn;|ft] , df6f], ;fo} { pmhf{ cflb kf| sl[ ts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Gog\" pkof]usf] cj:yf 5 . -ª_ cfoftdv' L cyt{ Gq lgof{teGbf a9L d\"Nosf] cfoft ugf{n] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ 3f6f j[l4 xb'F } uPsf] 5 . k/lge/{ tf pGd'v cfly{s k|0ffnL sfod /x]sf] b]lvG5 . -r_ cfodf c;dfgtf b]zdf @! k|ltzt hgtf ul/aLsf] /]vfdl' g /xs] f] / sx] L ;Lldt ju;{ uF ;f] cfodf w]/} g} c;dfgtf bl] vG5 . lj|mofsnfk != g]kfn kf| s[lts ¿kn] wgL eP/ klg ul/aLsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . o; ljifodf sIffdf jStT[ jsnf k|ltofl] utf cfofh] gf ugx{' f;] \\ . @= g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;dl[ 4sf] kl/sNkgf ub{} lrq, gS;f, sljtf, kf]:6/, uLt, ;j+ fbdWo] s'g} Pssf] /rgf ug'{xf;] \\ / sIffdf k|:tt' ug'x{ f;] \\ . #= olb tkfO“{ cyd{ GqL xg' 'eof] eg] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] ljzi] ftfx¿nfO{ s;/L abNgx' G' 5, ab“' fut ¿kdf pNn]v ug{'xf;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 151

cEof; != w}/}cf]6f cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|of;sf afah'b klg g]kfnsf] cy{tGqn] ult lng ;s]sf] b]lvb“ }g . o;sf sf/0fx¿ klxNofpgx' f];\\ . @= g]kfnsf] cyt{ Gqsf ;an / sdhf]/ kIfx¿ klxNofO{ g]kfnsf] cyt{ GqnfO{ ;b' 9[ ug{] pkfox¿ n]Vgx' f];\\ . kl/ofh] gf sfo{ cfkmg\\ f] kb| ]z jf kflnsfsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf cfwf/x¿ ;f]wvf]h u/L l6kf]6 ug'{xf;] \\ . ;fy} tL cfwf/nfO{ ;an agfpg] pkfox¿;dt] sIffdf k|:tt' ug{x' f];\\ . 152 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

@kf7 M ;fjh{ lgs, lghL tyf ;xsf/L Ifq] bz] ljsf; ugs{ f nflu ljleGg Ifq] x¿ ljm| ofzLn ePsf x'G5g\\ . b]zdf ;fj{hlgs If]q ;a}eGbf 7n' f] If]q xf] . tyflk sg' } klg b]zsf] ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs If]q dfq ljsf; u5{' eg]/ ;Dej x'bF }g . ToxfsF f lghL nufgLstf{, pBdL Joj;foLx¿ Pjd\\ ;xsf/L;uF sf] ;xsfo{ / ;dGjodf g} ljsf;sf] gk] fnsf] cyt{ Gq ult cl3 a9\\g ;Sb5 . ;fjh{ lgs Ifq] k'Ug lghL Ifq] ;xsf/L If]q g;ss] f] 7fpdF f lghL If]qn] 6j] f k¥' ofO/x]sf] xg' ;S5 eg] hxfF oL bj' } Ifq] ku' ]sf 5}gg\\ ToxfF ;xsf/L If]qn] 6]jf k¥' ofpg ;S5 . o;/L b]z ljsf;sf] jm| ddf ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] ;xof]uLsf ¿kdf lghL tyf ;xsf/L Ifq] n] ;xofu] ul//xs] f x'G5g\\ . gk] fndf oL tLgcf]6} If]qlar Pscfk;sf ;xsfo{ u/L hgtfnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L ;l' jwf lbg] gLlt ckgfOPsf] 5 h;nfO{ tLg vDa] gLlt elgG5 . -s_ ;fjh{ lgs Ifq] ;fj{hlgs If]qnfO{ ;/sf/L If]q elgG5 . ;/sf/;Fu /fi6« ljsf;sf nlu b\"/b[li6, of]hgf, ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿ pknAw xG' 5g\\ . ;f| t] / ;fwgsf] kl/rfng ug{sf nflu ;+ljwfg, sfgg' , dfgj ;;+ fwg / hgtfåf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] zlSt klg x'G5 . hgtfaf6 ;ª\\sng ul/Psf] /fh:jdf cfwfl/t ah]6 / ;f] ah]6 vr{ ug]{ clwsf/ klg x'G5 . ;/sf/n] bz] lgdf{0fsf nflu gLlt, ofh] gf, /0fgLlt tyf dfkb08sf] th'{df ub{5 . ;fx] Lcg;' f/ ljleGg lgsfodfkm{t ljsf; lgdf0{ f / ;fdflhs ;j] fsf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng x'G5g\\ . ;fjh{ lgs Ifq] n] ;du| ljsf; ko| f;df lghL, ;xsf/L, ;fd'bflos / u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] nufgL / ;xeflutfsf nflu ;dt] pTk]|/0ff k|bfg ub5{ . o;n] pRr, lbuf] / ;dfj]zL cflys{ jl[ 4 / :yfloTj sfod ug{ nufgLsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ub{5 . gk] fndf ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] nufgLsf nflu tLg txsf ;/sf/x¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . oL tLgcf]6} ;/sf/x¿ cfk;L ;dGjodf :jtGq 9ªu\\ n] cflys{ ljsf;df ;ljm| o /xs] f xG' 5g\\ . -c_ ;ª3\\ sG] b|Lo ;/sf/nfO{ ;ª\\3Lo ;/sf/ elgG5 . o;n] /fli6«o ;fr] , p2Z] o, nIo tyf k|fyldstf ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !! 153

k\"/f ug{sf nflu k|b]z tyf :yfgLo tx;Fu ;xsfo{, ;dGjo / ;fem]bf/L ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf] 5 . ;ª\\3Lo ;/sf/n] s]Gb|Lo of]hgf, gLlt lgdf{0f, lgodg, ;dGjo, dfkb08 lgdf0{ f tyf 7n' f / ax[ t\\ k|efj kfg]{ cfofh] gf Pjd\\ sfoj{ |md sfof{Gjog ub{5 . To;} u/L /0fgLlts ljsf;, pTkfbg, ;j] fsf] ;l' glZrttf / cg;' Gwfg tyf ljsf;df ;ª\\3n] hf]8 lbG5 . ;ª3\\ n] ljZjljBfno, c:ktfn, nfs] dfu{, ljBt' \\ cfof]hgf, xjfO{ db} fgcflbdf nufgL ub{5 . sx] L ;fjh{ lgs ;+:yfgdfkmt{ ahf/df j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f ub5{ . -cf_ k|bz] g]kfndf ;ftcf]6f kb| z] x¿df kb| ]z ;/sf/x¿ /xs] f 5g\\ . kb| ]z ;/sf/x¿n] /fli6«o ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo / /0fgLltcg¿' k ;ª\\3;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng ub{5 . ;fy} kb| ]z txsf] ofh] gf, gLlt / sfo{jm| d th{'df u/L sfofG{ jog, cgu' dg / d\"Nofªs\\ g ub{5 . kb| z] txdf ljsf;sf pko'St jftfj/0f l;hg{ f u/L cGt/kb| z] kl| t:kwfs{ f cfwf/df ljsf;sf of]hgf tyf sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng ub{5 . kb| ]z:t/Lo cflys{ ;fdlhs ljsf;sf nflu lghL, u/} ;/sf/L, ;xsf/L / ;fdb' flos If]q;Fu ;xsfo{, ;dGjo / ;femb] f/L ub{5 . o;/L k|bz] txaf6 klg bz] df kj\" fw{ f/ ljsf;, ;fdflhs ljsf; / hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g] sfo{df nufgL ePsf] x'G5 . k|bz] txn] ;8s cfof]hgf, vfgk] fgL, l;rF fO, pRr lzIffnufotsf dWd :t/sf ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿sf nflu nufgL ub{5 . -O_ :yfgLo tx gk] fndf &%# cf6] f :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿ 5g\\ h;n] ;ª\\3 / k|b]zsf ljsf;;DaGwL ;fr] , p2Z] o, nIo, gLlt tyf sfo{jm| d sfofG{ jogsf nflu ;dGjo, ;xofu] / ;xsfo{ ub5{ . gful/snfO{ cfwf/e\"t ;]jf kb| fg ug{] sfo{df :yfgLo txsf] dxŒjk0\" f{ el\" dsf /xs] f] xG' 5 . o; txn] ;ª\\3 tyf k|bz] sf of]hgf tyf gLltcg¿' ksf cfkm\\g} of]hgf tyf sfo{j|md klg agfP/ sfof{Gjog ub{5 . hgtfnfO{ ljsf;sf] k|ToIf cg'e\"lt lbnfpg lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, ljB't\\, ;/;kmfOnufotsf ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] kT| ofel\" t ug{ o; txsf] dV' o e\"ldsf /xs] f] xG' 5 . o;n] sfg'gadf]lhd cfkm}F /fh:j p7fpg], ah]6 agfpg,] sfof{Gjog ug]{, cgu' dg tyf dN\" ofªs\\ g ug]{ sfo;{ dt] ug{] x'Fbf hgtfn] ljsf;sf] k|ToIf cge' l\" t ug{ ;Sb5g\\ . :yfgLo txn] cfkmg\\ f] If]q leqsf ljBfnox¿sf] Joj:yfkg, :jf:Yorf}sLx¿, sl[ if tyf kzk' fng, k\"jf{wf/ lgdf0{ f h:tf If]qdf nufgL ub5{ . -v_ lghL If]q ;/sf/sf] ljsf;;DaGwL ;fr] , gLlt / of]hgfadfl] hd nIo tyf p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ lghL Ifq] sf] klg dxŒjk0\" f{ el\" dsf /x]sf] x'G5 . cf7f}F k~rjifL{o ofh] gfdf g]kfndf v'nf tyf pbf/ cy{tGqsf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 lghL Ifq] sf] e\"ldsf cem dxŒjk\"0f{ aGg uPsf] xf] . To;kl5 154 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

sl[ ifsf] Joj;foLs/0f, cfB} fl] us ljsf;, /fh] uf/Lsf] l;hg{ f, Jofkf/sf] ljljwLs/0f, kj\" fw{ f/ lgdf0{ f / ;fdflhs If]qdf lghL Ifq] sf] nufgL lelqg yfns] f] bl] vG5 . gk] fndf ;ª3\\ Lotfsf] sfofG{ jog;uF } lghL Ifq] sf] el\" dsf cem Jofks ePsf] 5 . o;n] /fHosf tLgcf6] } tx;uF ;xsfo{ ug{ kfpg5] . lghL Ifq] n] u0' f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;j] f pTkfbg, ;xh / ;n' e cfkl\" t{ Joj:yfkg, u0' f:t/Lo kj\" fw{ f/ lgdf0{ f cfoft Joj:yfkg / lgoft{ kj| w{g Pjd\\ pTkfbgzLn / dof{lbt /fh] uf/L l;hg{ fdf ;xofu] ub5{ . lghL Ifq] sf] ljsf;n] ;fjh{ lgs Ifq] sf nflu cfjZos /fh:jsf] cfkl\" td{ f dxŒjk0\" f{ el\" dsf ofu] bfg lbPsf] xG' 5 . lghL Ifq] sfh] lt a9L ;n+ Ugtf eof] Tolt g} w/] } s/ kf| Kt x'G5 . s/af6 k|fKt /sdnfO{ g} ;fjh{ lgs Ifq] n] vr{ ug]{ xf] . kGwfF} of]hgfn] lghL Ifq] af6 %%=^ k|ltzt nufgL xg' ] ckI] ff u/s] f] 5 . o;sf nflu lghL Ifq] nfO{ ;xhLs/0f / kf| ]T;fxg;lxt nufgLdq} L jftfj/0f l;hg{ f, u/L lghL Ifq] sf] kl| t:kwL{ Ifdtf / nufgL clejl[ 4df ofh] gf sl] Gbt| /xg] tYo pNn]v 5 . lghL nufgL hlxn] klg gfkmf jf nufgLsf] k|ltkmn;uF hfl] 8Psf] xG' 5 . ;/sf/n] lghL nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ gLltut, sfgg' L Joj:yf / ;'/lIft nufgLsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/lbPdf lghL Ifq] km:6fpg ;S5 . o;n] sl[ if, Jofkf/, pBfu] , ko6{ g, ;j] fdn\" s Joj;fonufotsf If]qdf nufgL u/L /fh] uf/Lsf] l;h{gf;dt] ub{5 . lghL If]q gfkmfd\"ns xg' ] eP tfklg o;n] ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjnfO{ ;d]t jxg ug{k' g{] xG' 5 . To;f] ePdf hgdfg;df lghL Ifq] k|ltsf] ljZjf; a9\\g ;S5 . lghL If]qnfO{ lgodg ug{ ;/sf/n] ;an cgu' dg ;+oGq ljsf; ugk'{ b5{ . -u_ ;xsf/L If]q ;xsf/Ln] 5l/P/ /x]sf >d, l;k, k|ljlw / k'hF LnfO{ Pslqt u/L pTkfbg, pTkfbsTj / /f]huf/L jl[ 4af6 /fli6«o cy{tGqdf ofu] bfg lbFb} cfO/xs] f] 5 . g]kfndf ;xsf/Lsf] ;?' cft cgfk} rfl/s ¿kdf kf| rLg sfnb]lv g} ePsf] kfOG5 . xfdf| ] ;dfhsf sx] L ju{ / ;Dk|bfo ljzi] fdf u'7L, wd{esf/L, dªs\\ fvn, kd{ / l9s6' Lnufotsf :j¿kdf cfly{s ;xsfo{ ul/Psf] xG' Yof] . To;}sf] cfw'lgs / ljsl;t ¿k ;xsf/LnfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 . g]kfndf ;xsf/L If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu lj=;+= @)!) ;fndf ;xsf/L ljefusf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . @)!# ;fndf lrtjgsf] zf/bfgu/df :yfkgf ul/Psf] avfg C0f ;xsf/L ;:+ yf g} gk] fnsf] klxnf] ;xsf/L ;+:yf xf] . g]kfndf lj=;+= @)&% ;Dddf sl/a #$,&)) sf] xf/fxf/Ldf ;xsf/L ;:+ yf / lhNnf :t/Lo Pjd\\ sG] b|Lo ;ª\\3x¿ lj|mofzLn 5g\\ . o;n] :yfgLo ;f| t] , ;fwg, >d / k'hF Lsf] kl/rfng u/L /fh] uf/Lsf] l;hg{ f, cfo jl[ 4 tyf ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k¥' ofpg ;S5 . ;xsf/Ln] dfgjLo cfjZostfsf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg / ahf/Ls/0f ub}{ ;b:ox¿sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f:+ sl[ ts ¿kfGt/0fsf dfWodaf6 cflys{ j[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;xofu] ub5{ . ;fgf] ;fgf] /sd hDdf u/]/ uhf]{ 6fg{ ;lsG5 . ;xsf/Laf6 shf{ lnP/ cfkmg\\ f] l;k / Ifdtf cg;' f/sf Joj;fo u//] cfo cfhg{ ug{ klg ;lsG5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !! 155

;xsf/Lsf] ;b:o aGgsf ;xsf/Ldfkm{ t ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] pBfu] Joj;fo nflu To;sf ljwfg, sfo{ / To;af6 x'g] nfesf -s_ s[lif pTkfbg, e08f/0f, kz| fw] g, ljt/0f, ahf/Ls/0f tyf sl[ if af/]df k|:6 hfgsf/L ;fdu|Lsf] cfkl\" t{ lng'kb{5 . ;xsf/Ldf art ug,{] ;o] /df nufgL -v_ Jofj;flos kzk' fng tyf kz'hGo pBf]u Joj;fo ug{] / C0f lng,] ;fjF f Jofh -u_ jghGo pTkfbg tyf kz| fw] g pBf]ux¿ / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;DaGwL eS' tfgLsf tl/sf cflbsf af/]df ;dt] hfgsf/L / pBf]ux¿ fVgk' b5{ . ;/sf/L lgodg -3_ ljBfnosf] :yfkgf tyf Joj:yfkg, Jofj;flos tyf l;kdn\" s k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{, ;xsf/Lsf] l;4fGtlj?4 kl| zIf0f sG] b| :yfkgf / Joj:yfkg tyf k/fdz{ ;]jf . sx] L JolStsf] lgoGq0fdf -ª_ c:ktfn, ;fdb' flos :jf:Yo ;j] f, cfi} fwL tyf :jf:Yo pks/0f /x]sf ;xsf/Lx¿nfO{ d'St ug]{, cfGtl/s pTkfbg tyf lajm| L / :jf:Yo;uF ;DalGwt cGo pBfu] Joj;fo k|hftGqsf] cEof;nfO{ -r_ ko6{ g pBf]u Joj;fo ;an agfpg] h:tf -5_ ;~rf/ tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ tyf k|;f/0f sfo{x¿ dfkm{t -h_ art tyf C0f Pjd\\ a}ªs\\ tyf ljQLo ;j] f ;xsf/Lx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt -dm_ oftfoft tyf 9'jfgL ;]jf ugk{' g]{ b]lvG5 . -`_ hUuf tyf cfjf; ljsf; -6_ >lds :jfldTjsf pBf]u Joj;fo -7_ pkef]Stf ;xsf/L -8_ pmhf{ pTkfbg, k|;f/0f / ljt/0f -9_ ladf Joj;fo -0f_ vb' |f tyf yf]s k;n -t_ h8La'6L vt] L, k|zfw] g / ahf/Ls/0f -y_ l;kdn\" s 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u -b_ ;DefJotfsf cfwf/df cGo pBfu] Joj;fo ;f| ]t M ;xsf/L gLlt @)^( lj|mofsnfk != tkfOs“{ f] ufp“ jf gu/df s'g s'g cfly{s If]qx¿ lj|mofzLn 5g\\, klxrfg ugx{' f];\\ . tL cfly{s Ifq] n] ufp“ jf gu/sf] ljsf;df s:tf] of]ubfg u/s] f 5g\\, vfh] L u/L ljj/0f tof/ ug'{xf;] \\ . @= ;dx\" df 5nkmn u/L ;fj{hlgs, lghL tyf ;xsf/L If]qdf /x]sf ;d:of / lj;ªu\\ ltx¿ klxrfg ug'{xf;] \\ / ltgsf ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ klxNofpg'xf;] \\ . 156 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !!

#= ;xsf/Lsf l;4fGtx¿ cWoog u/L g]kfndf ;xsf/Lx¿n] pSt l;4fGt kfngf u/s] f 5g\\ ls 5}gg\\ eGg] ;DaGwdf :yfgLo JolStx¿sf] ljrf/ ;ªs\\ ng ug'x{ f];\\ . tL ljrf/x¿ ;d6] L kl| tj]bg tof/ kfg'{xf];\\ . cEof; != …cfly{s ljsf;df ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]q Pscsfs{ f kl/k/\" s xg' \\ .Ú o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug'x{ f];\\ . @= s] ;xsf/Lx¿n] ;xsf/Lsf] dN\" o, dfGotf / l;4fGtx¿sf] k0\" fk{ fngf u/s] f 5g\\ < ljleGg ;~rf/sf ;f| t] x¿af6 ;r\" gf ;ªs\\ ng u/L ;dLIff ugx{' f;] \\ / ;fc] g;' f/ ug{ ;e' mfj klg lbgx' f;] \\ . #= …lghL Ifq] , ;xsf/L / ;fj{hlgs If]qlarsf] ;femb] f/Laf6 g} cflys{ ljsf; x'g ;S5 .Ú o; egfOkl| t cfkm\\gf] wf/0ff k:| tt' ug'x{ f];\\ . kl/ofh] gf sfo{ tkfOsF{ f] ;d'bfodf ;~rflnt s'g} Ps ;xsf/L jf dlxnf ;dx\" sf] ed| 0f u/L pSt ;xsf/L jf ;d\"xn] s] s;/L ;]jf k¥ofO/x]sf] 5, cjnfs] g tyf vf]hL u//] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfgx'{ f];\\ . ;xsf/L÷;dx\" sf] gfd M xfnsf] ;]o/ k'hF L / xfnsf] s'n art ;]o/ ;b:o ;ª\\Vof M /sd /sd hDdf ug{] / lemSg] kl| j|mof M C0f lng] / ltg{] kl| j|mof M sn' nufgL /sd M ;xsf/L jf ;d\"xn] lbg] cGo ;]jfx¿ M ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !! 157

#kf7 M ljk|]if0f / g]kfnL cyt{ Gq ;fdfGotof ;a} b]zsf gful/sx¿ w/] yf/] dfqfdf ljb]zdf sfd ug{ hfG5g\\ . ljbz] df sfd u//] k|fKt kfl/>ldsnfO{ cfkm\\gf] 3/kl/jf/ rnfpgsf nflu :jbz] df k7fpg] ub5{ g\\ . o;/L k7fPsf] /sdnfO{ ljk]|if0f /sd (Ramitance) elgG5 . o;/L k|fKt ljk|i] f0f /sdn] Psftkm{ JolSt / p;sf] kl/jf/sf] b}lgs vr{ wflg/x]sf] xG' 5 eg] csf{tkm{ bz] sf] cfDbfgL klg al9/xs] f] xG5 . o;af6 b]zsf nflu cfjZos ljbz] L db' f| k|fKt xG' 5 . jb} l] zs /fh] uf/df hfg] sfdbf/n] hfGg} kg{] s/' f sx] L l;k l;s/] , cfkmn\" ] ug{ ;Sg] tyf hfg]sf] sfd tyf kfpg] tnsf af/]df /fd|/L hfgL a'emL dfq ljb]z hfg'kb{5 . nfUg] vr{ / ljb]zdf x'g] sdfOsf af/d] f t'ngf u/L nfe x'g] sfddf dfq hfg'kb5{ . 3/kl/jf/;Fu ;Nnfx tyf k/fdz{ u/L dfgl;s ¿kdf tof/ eP/ ;xdltdf dfq hfgk' b{5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefujf6 >d :jLs[lt lnP/ dfq j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfgk' b{5 . ladf ug'k{ 5{ . ladf ubf{ sfdbf/nfO{ / p;sf] kl/jf/nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u kf| Kt x'G5 . jb} ]lzs /f]huf/df hfFbf ljZjfl;nf] / e/kbf{] dg] kfj/ sDkgLdfkm{t hfg'k5{ . Jofj;flos jf ed| 0f Visit le;fdf hfgx' Fb' }g . hfgL hfgL unt sfuhft agfO{ hfgx' Fb' g} . jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/df hfgsf nflu k;} f a'emfPkl5 Joxf/] f v'nfO{ e/kfO{ lngk' b5{ . sg' } PhG] 6 jf sDkgLn] e/kfO{ lbg cfgfsfgL u/d] f 7uLs} lgot ePsf] a‰' g'k5{ . :jb]zL ljdfg:ynaf6 dfq hfg'kb{5 . cGo l5ds] L b]zsf] af6f] u//] hfgx' 'bF g} . a]lrg jf 7uLdf kg{ ;lsG5 . cfkm\" hfg] b]zsf] efu} fl] ns l:ylt, xfjfkfgL /xg, ;xg, wd,{ sfg'g, sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f cflbsf af/]df ;fdfGo hfgsf/L lngk' 5{ . o;sf nflu kj\" { k|:yfg cled'vLs/0f tflnd clgjfo{ ¿kdf lng'kb5{ . jb} ]lzs /f]huf/df hfbF f cfjZos ;a} sfuhftsf] Ps Ps kl| t cfkm\" / kl/jf/sf] ;fydf /fVgk' 5{ . j}b]lzs /fh] uf/sf jm| ddf 7uLdf k/] j}b]lzs /fh] uf/ ljefudf ph/' L ug{'kb5{ . j}bl] zs /f]huf/;DaGwL sg' } klg ;\"rgf hfgsf/Lsf af/]df a'‰g'k/d] f jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/ ljefu / j}bl] zs /fh] uf/ k|jw{g af8] s{ f] ;lrjfnosf] 7]ufgfdf ;Dks{ u/L a‰' g ;lsG5 . ;/sf/n] lgifw] u/]sf] bz] / sfddf hfg'xF'b}g . cfd ;~rf/ dfWodn] k|sfzg u/]sf] j}b]lzs /fh] uf/sf] ;\"rgf / lj1fkg ;xL eP gePsf] a'‰g'kb5{ . unt lj1fkg u/L k};f p7fO{ 7uL ug{ ;Sb5g\\ . ;|ft] M https://moless.gov.np/ 158 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !!

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ePsf] tyf hj' f / /S;Lsf] ntdf km;s] f] s'/f ;g' ]F . cfdf ljb]z afa'sf] Tof] rlt{snf bv] ]/ xf]nf sIff !! df k9\\b} u/]sf] Psdfq 5f]/f klg nfu' cf}ifw s'ntdf km;5] . sdfpg t b'Or{ f/ s/f8] k};f / bO' { rf/ s6\\7f hldg sdfOof] t/ 5f/] fsf] eljio, >Ldfg\\ / cfkmg\\ f] o'jfj:yf u'dfPsf] kQ} ePg . -v_ d ljbz] cfPsf] bz jif{ eof] . bO' { tLg jif{df Psk6s 3/ hfG5' . d}n] k7fPsf] k;} fn] >LdtLn] d ljb]z hfFbfsf] C0f ltl/g\\ . 5f/] f5f/] LnfO{ k9fOg\\ . pgn] 3/}df :j6] / aG' g] dl] ;g lsg/] NofOg\\ / :j]6/ a'g/] aR] g yflng\\ . pgsf] Jofkf/ a9\\g yfNof] . b'O{ jif{kl5 pgn] bzcf]6f d]l;g /fv/] :j]6/ sf/vfgf g} vfl] ng\\ . udL{ dlxgfdf 9fsfsf] sk8f agfpFl5g\\ . bzafx| hgfn] /f]huf/L kfPsf 5g\\ . clxn] d ljbz] df dlxgfsf] krf; ;f7L xhf/ sdfp5F ' . d]/L >LdtL Ps nfveGbf a9L sdfplF 5g\\ . ca d klg :jb]zdf g} >LdtLsf] Joj;fo ;Dxfn]/ a:g] ljrf/n] kmsF{b} 5' . @= k:| tt' tflnsfdf lbOPsf] sn' ufx{:y pTkfbg / ljki]| f0f k|jfx cgk' ftsf] kl| tztnfO{ /v] flrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\\ . xfn;Ddsf] tYofª\\s klg yKgx' f];\\ . #= j}b]lzs /fh] uf/ af]8s{ f] j]a;fO6 vf]nL k|jf; 8fo/L 8fpgnf]8 ug{'xf];\\ / To;sf] cWoog u/L ljb]z a:g rfxg] cfk\\mgf ;fyLnfO{ kq n]Vgx' f;] \\ . cEof; != g]kfnsf] cyt{ Gqdf ljki|] f0fsf] dxŒjk\"0f{ el\" dsf /x]sf] 5 . ljk|]if0f /sd geP g]kfnsf] cflys{ cj:yf s:tf] xG' Yof] xfn] f, cfkm\\gf ts{x¿ lbg'xf];\\ . @= ljk]i| f0f /sd pTkfbgeGbf pkefu] df vr{ ePsf] cj:yfdf o;sf] ;b'kof]u s;/L ug{ ;lsG5, a'“bfut ¿kdf ;e' mfj lbgx' f;] \\ . kl/ofh] gf sfo{ tkfOsF f] ;db' fodf j}bl] zs /f]huf/df uPsf JolStx¿ xf]nfg\\ . pgLx¿n] ef]Ug'k/s] f ;d:ofx¿ b]vs] f], k9]sf] jf ;'gs] f] cfwf/df n]vL ;/' lIft jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/sf nflu s] ugk'{ nf,{ ;'emfj k|:t't ug{'xf;] \\ . 160 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

$ k f7 M :yfgLo, cfk} rfl/s / cgfk} rfl/s sf/f]af/ != gk] fndf ljBdfg ljleGg sf/f]af/x¿sf pbfx/0f hLjg 3/}df nu' f l;pg] sfd u5g{ \\ . pgL o;}af6 b}lgs #)) b]lv %)) ?lkofF sdfpF5g\\ . pgL k};f gxg' ;] Fu cGg klg lnG5g\\ . o;a} f6 pgsf] kl/jf/sf] u'hf/f rn]sf] 5 . pgsf] Joj;fo k'vfn{} L / k/Dk/fut Joj;fo xf] . pgsf] Joj;fo sxLF btf{ ePsf] 5}g / s/ klg lt/s] f 5}gg\\ . s/ ltgk{' 5{ eGg] yfxf klg 5g} . gljgfsf] rf/ hgfsf] kl/jf/ 5 . pgLx¿sf] :yfoL k;n 5g} . pgL / pgsf >Ldfg\\ km6' kfy k;n rnfpF5g\\ . pgLx¿n] sxLF s/ klg lt/s] f 5g} g\\ . ef8f klg lt/]sf 5g} g\\ . pgLx¿nfO{ gu/kflnsfn] ;8sdf k;n g/fVg k6s k6s r]tfjgL lbPsf] 5 t/ pgLx¿ c6/] u/]/ cfFvf 5nL 5nL a:5g\\ . ljut !) jif{bl] v pgLx¿sf] u'hf/f o;} u/L rn]sf] 5 . /lhofsf] 3/ ef/tLo ;Ldfglhs 5 . pgsf aa' f, sfsL / sfsf Jofkf/ u5g{ \\ . pgLx¿sf] sxLF klg k;n 5g} t/ pgLx¿ bl} gs tLg rf/ xhf/eGbf a9Lsf] Jofkf/ u5{g\\ . pgLx¿ jflifs{ !% nfv hltsf] sf/f]af/ u5{g\\ . lbpF;f] ;Ldfkfl/ hfG5g\\ . ;feF mdf sx] L ;fdfg af]s/] cfpF5g\\ . eG;f/ 5n/] ;fdfg Nofp5F g\\ t/ g]kfnL ahf/df tL ;fdfg lajm| L eO/xs] f xG' 5g\\ . lkmSsn ahf/df xf6 nfu]sf] 5 . :yfgLo ls;fg / 3/n] ' pBdLx¿n] cfkmg\\ f] pTkfbg oxfF a]rlavg ub{5g\\ . :yfgLo ufpnF ]x¿ cfkm\"nfO{ cfjZos j:t' ToxLFaf6 lsg]/ n}hfG5g\\ . sltko ;fdfg lsGg k};fsf] cfjZostf kb}{g . cfkmg\\ f] af/Ldf kmn]sf] cfn,' t/sf/L, kmnkmn\" , u]8fu'8L cflb lbP/ g'g, tn] , efF8f, sk8f n}hfg klg kfp5F g\\ . ufpsF f] pTkfbg ufpFdf g} vkt x'G5 . ;x/af6 NofPsf j:t' klg ToxfF lajm| L ljt/0f xG' 5 . cxdbsf] Ps sk8f sf/vfgf 5 . pgn] Tof] sf/vfgf pBfu] ljefudf btf{ u/]/ rnfPsf xg' \\ . pgL cfkmg\\ f] pTkfbg ;x/df nu]/ a]R5g\\ . :yfgLo ahf/df klg laj|mL ub5{ g\\ . pgL lgoldt ¿kdf :yfgLo tyf ;ª3\\ Lo ;/sf/nfO{ tfl] sPsf] s/ lt//] Joj;fo gjLs/0f klg ub5{ g\\ . oL syfx¿n] xfd|f] ;dfhdf ljBdfg sf/fa] f/ k4ltx¿sf emns k:| tt' u/s] f 5g\\ . o;/L ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !! 161

vl/blajm| L ul/g] sfo{nfO{ sf/fa] f/ elgG5 . ;dfhdf o:tf sf/f]af/x¿ tLg k|sf/sf xG' 5g\\ M -s_ :yfgLo sf/f]af/ :yfgLo :t/df pTkfbg ePsf j:t' tyf ;j] f ToxLF lajm| L ug{] sfon{ fO{ :yfgLo sf/fa] f/ elgG5 . :yfgLo sf/fa] f/df cfkmg\\ f uhf{] 6fg{ :yfgLo JolStx¿lar xg' ] ng] bg] klg kb5{ . sltko cj:yfdf cflys{ sf/fa] f/ ePsf] xG' 5 t/ ToxfF k;} fsf] ko| fu] xbF' g} . PrF] fk] rF} f,] ;/;fk6, dn] fkft, xf/ux' f/ cflbaf6 sfd rN5 . k/Dk/fut ¿kdf nu' f l;pg,] kmnfdsf efF8f tyf cf}hf/x¿ agfpg,] ddt{ ug]{, vt] L ug,]{ kzk' IfLkfng tyf laj|mLljt/0f h:tf sfo{ klg :yfgLo sf/fa] f/ xg' \\ . :yfgLo sf/f]af/n] :yfgLo cfjZostf k/\" f ub5{ . -v_ cgfk} rfl/s sf/f]af/ cgfk} rfl/s sf/fa] f/ eGgfn] To:tf sf/fa] f/x¿ kb5{ g\\ h;nfO{ sn' /fli6o« pTkfbgdf u0fgf ul/bF g} . :yfgLo :t/df jf 7n' } ¿kdf klg xg' ;Sg] o:tf sf/fa] f/sf] sxLF btf{ ePsf] xbF' g} . /fHonfO{ s/ klg klg kf| Kt x'Fb}g . ;fdfGotof o:tf sf/f]af/nfO{ /fHon] j}w sf/f]af/ dfGb}g t/ klg o:tf sf/f]af/x¿ ;dfhdf n'sLrf]/L x'g] ub{5g\\ . g]kfnsf] tLglt/ v'nf l;dfgf ePsfn] s]xL dflg;x¿ l;dfgfkfl/af6 eG;f/ 5n]/ ;fdfg Nofpg] / laj|mLljt/0f ug{] klg ub{5g\\ . ;dfhdf 9s' '6L, h'jftf; h:tf cj}w vn] df klg 7n' f] ng] bg] x'G5 . ufpsF f ;fxd' xfhgx¿n] rsf]{ Jofhb/df ufpFsf l;wf;fwf hgtfnfO{ C0f nufgL ug]{ sfo{ klg ub5{ g\\ . 3;' vf/] L, cj}w ofg} wGbf, dfgj tyf dfgj cª\\u ar] lavg, nfu'cfi} fw sf/f]af/, rf]/L lgsf;L, cjw} ¿kdf jb} l] zs /f]huf/df k7fpg] wGbf cflb cgfk} rfl/s sf/f]af/sf pbfx/0f xg' \\ . 3/df ul/g] sltko sfdx¿ j}w x'bF fx'Fb} klg klg /fli6«o pTkfbgdf u0fgf ul/Psf] xFb' }g . JolSt eg] Jo:t /xG5 t/ To;nfO{ /fh] uf/Ldf u0fgf ul/Psf] xbF' g} . ul[ x0fL dlxnfx¿sf] sfd, afnaRrf :ofxfg{] sfd, 3/wGbfsf] sfd cflb klg cgfk} rfl/s Ifq] df g} kb{5g\\ . -u_ cfk} rfl/s sf/fa] f/ sn' /fli6«o pTkfbgdf u0fgf x'g] hlt klg sf/f]af/x¿ x'G5g\\ . tL ;a} cf}krfl/s sf/f]af/ x'g\\ . o:tf sf/f]af/x¿ b]zsf] sfgg' adf]lhd btf{ eP/ ;~rfng xG' 5g\\ . logLx¿n] /fHonfO{ sg' } g sg' } ¿kdf sfgg' adfl] hd s/ a'emfPsf x'G5g\\ . s[lif, kz'kIfLkfng, dT:okfng, 3/]n' tyf l;kdn\" s Joj;fo, ;fgf Joj;fo, v'bf| k;nx¿, 7n' f 7n' f Jofkf/, Joj;fo, pBf]u cflbnfO{ cf}krfl/s sf/f] af/df u0fgf ul/Psf] x'G5 . :yfgLo, cgf}krfl/s / cf}krfl/s sf/f]af/ k4ltx¿larsf] leGgtfnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M 162 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !!

:yfgLo sf/fa] f/ cgf}krfl/s sf/f]af/ cf}krfl/s sf/fa] f/ :yfgLo cfjZostf k\"/f ug{ slxn]sfxLF cgf}krfl/s sf/f]af/af6 /fli6«o cfDbfgLdf j[l4 ub5{ . dbt kU' 5 . :yfgLo cfjZostf k/\" f ePtf klg sfg'gljk/Lt x'g] x'gfn] hf]lvdo'St sfg'gadf]lhd sf/f]af/ x'g] :yfgLo j:t' tyf ;j] fn] ahf/ xG' 5 . ePsfn] o;sf gsf/fTds k|efj kfpF5 / To;sf] pkof]u x'G5 . sd xG' 5 . ;:tf]df j:t' vl/b ug{ kfOP klg /fli6«o pTkfbgdf of]ubfg lbG5 . pkef]Stfx¿ 7lug] ;Defjgf pRr /fh:jdf j[l4 x'G5 . x'G5 . ;/n / ;:tf] sf/f]af/ x'G5 . pkef]Stf jf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ /fli6o« cfodf sg' } ofu] bfg lbbF g} . pN6} 7lug kfpFb}gg\\ . olb 7luPdf 3/n] ' tyf l;kd\"ns Joj;fonfO{ cfk} rfl/s sf/fa] f/nfO{ Iflt k¥ofp5F . sfgg' L pkrf/ / Ifltkl\" t{ kfp5F g\\ . k|fT] ;fxg lbG5 . ;dfhdf ljsl[ t, lj;ªu\\ lt, lx;+ f, åGå, o;n] b]zsf] cy{tGq alnof] cf}krfl/s sf/f]af/nfO{ cfwf/ zfi] f0f, cGofo, cTofrf/, 7uL, bJ' o;{ g agfp5F . kb| fg ub{5 . h:tf gsf/fTds s/' fnfO{ kf| T] ;fxg ug{] ;Defjgf /xG5 . ljm| ofsnfk != kf7df ;dfjz] ul/Psf 36gfx¿df sg' sg' sf/fa] f/ k4ltx¿ ko| fu] ePsf] kfpge' of] / lsg < @=+ cgfk} rfl/s / :yfgLo sf/fa] ff/ ;uF ;DalGwt ;dfrf/ ;ª\\sng u/L ljZni] f0f ug{'xf];\\ . cEof; != …cgfk} rfl/s sf/f]af/ k4lt a9g\\ fn] /fHosf] cy{tGq 8fdf8f]n xG' 5 / ;fdflhs cl:y/tf k}bf xG' 5 .Ú o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ugx'{ f;] \\ . @= tnsf] tflnsf eg'x{ f;] \\ M :yfgLo sf/fa] f/nfO{ cfk} rfl/s sf/f]af/df cgfk} rfl/s sf/fa] f/nfO{ lgoGq0f cf}krfl/s sf/f]af/nfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kfGt/0f ug{] pkfo ug{] pkfo ug]{ pkfox¿ #= cf}krfl/s sf/fa] f/nfO{ bz] sf] cyt{ Gq ljsf;sf] d'Vo cfwf/ dflgG5, lsg < $= :yfgLo sf/fa] f/nfO{ ;an / k|efjsf/L agfpg s] ug'k{ b5{ < ;fdb' flso sfo{ tkfO+sF f] ;d'bfodf plNnlvt sf/f]af/x¿sf] k|sl[ tleq sg' s'g sf/f]af/x¿ rn]sf 5g,\\ vf]hL u/L To;sf] cj:yf emNsg] ljj/0f tof/ kfg'{xf];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !! 163

%kf7 M sl[ if, pBf]u / lgdf{0f g]kfnsf] cyt{ Gq ;docg;' f/ abln/xs] f] 5 . ablnFbf] ljZj kl/j]zcgs' n\" gk] fnsf] cy{tGqdf klg kl/jt{g b]vf kb}{5 . xg' t gk] fn sl[ if kw| fg dn' s' xf] t/ kl5Nnf lbgdf gk] fnsf] cyt{ Gqdf pBf]u, Jofkf/ / ;]jf Ifq] sf] ofu] bfg a9b\\ } uPsf] 5 . of] cfly{s ljsf;sf] /fdf| ] ;ªs\\ ]t xf] . gk] fnsf] cy{tGqdf sl[ if, pBfu] / lgdf{0f If]qx¿sf] of]ubfg dxŒjk\"0f{ /xs] f] 5 . -s_ sl[ if gk] fnsf] cy{tGqsf] dn\" cfwf/ sl[ if g} xf] / s[lifsf] ljsf; ePdf dfq g]kfnsf] cflys{ ;dl[ 4 x'g ;S5 . gk] fnsf] sl[ if k/Dk/fut / lgjfx{ dv' L ePsf] xg' fn] o;nfO{ cfwl' gsLs/0f / Joj;foLs/0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . sl[ ifof]Uo hldgsf] clwstd ;b'kofu] u/L vfBfGgdf cfTdlge/{ xFb' } vfBfGg lgsf;L u//] ljbz] L d'b|f cfhg{ df ;d]t s[lifnfO{ pkof]u ugk'{ g]{ b]lvG5 . ljZjdf ljsf; ePsf gofF gofF k|ljlwx¿sf] cfoft ug{s' f ;fy} cfkm\\g} b]zdf sl[ ifsf] cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L oxLsF f] xfjfkfgL / df6fc] g'sn\" sf] k|ljlw ljsf; ug{k' g]{ bl] vG5 . kl5Nnf lbgdf gk] fnd} a;/] s]xL ug{ rfxg] pBdLx¿ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 s[lifsf ljleGg l;k xfl;n u//] kms]{sf o'jfx¿af6 cfw'lgs / Jofj;flos s[lif tyf kzk' fngsf] ;'?cft ePsf] b]lvG5 . oj' f s[lif Joj;foLsf] syf xfdLn] sl[ if pTkfbg Joj;fodfkmt{ cflys{ / ;fdflhs ku| lt ug]{ nIo lnP/ PsLs[t sl[ if kmd{ ;~rfng u/]sf 5f}F . s[lif k];f bl' vof k;] f xf,] of] bO' { 5fs 6fg{ / 3/kl/jf/ wfGg dfq ul/g] sfo{ xf] eGg] k/Dk/fut dfGotf eTsfpg xfdLx¿n] s[lif k;] f ckgfPsf xfF} . k9g\\ g;s]sfx¿ dfq} s[lif k];fdf cfa4 xg' ] xf] eGg] dfGotf x6fpg / sl[ if If]qdf lzlIftx¿sf] cfsif{0f a9fpg klg s[lif Ifq] df xf]ldPsf xfF} . dn} ] lal8P; u/]sf] 5' / bfFtsf] 8fS6/ xF' . s[lif Ifq] sf] c:tJo:ttf, bz] sf hgzlStsf] ljbz] knfog / bz] sf] cy{tGq sdhf]/ ePsf] b]Vg g;s]/ To;df ;'wf/ ug{ cfkmn\" fO{ s[lif If]qdf ;dlkt{ u/s] f] x'F . d/] f ;femb] f/ g]kfn kx| /Ldf sfo/{ t lyP . d]/f] oxL p2]Zo dg k/s] f sf/0f pgL klg hflu/ 5f8/] d;uF } sl[ if k;] fdf ;n+ Ug ePsf xg' \\ . bj' } hgf ldn/] PsLst[ sl[ if kmd{ ;~rfngdf NofPsf 5fF} . xfdf| ] kmd{df t/sf/L / kmnkm\"n vt] L xG' 5 . df5f, ufO{ / s'v/' fkfng klg eO/xs] f] 5 . xfdLn] 8/] L kmd{ klg rnfO/x] sf 5f}F . ;?' df /fu] / ls/fsf sf/0f s]xL gf]S;fgL eof] t/ s[lif 1fg s]Gb|n] xfdLnfO{ kf| ljlws ;xofu] u/k] l5 xfdL gfkmfdf hfg yfNof}F . 164 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !!

-v_ pBf]u pBf]u Ifq] nfO{ ljsf;sf] cfwf/:tDe klg eGg] ul/G5 . cf}Bf]lus nufgLn] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj jl[ 4, :yfgLo ;f| ]t;fwg / k|ljlwsf] pkofu] ub{5 . pBfu] n] d'ns' sf] pRr, lbuf] / km/flsnf] cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ug{ dxŒjk0\" f{ ofu] bfg lbG5 . kf| rLg sfn / dWo sfndf g]kfn cfB} fl] us pTkfbgsf nflu kl| ;4 lyof] . oxfFaf6 ef/tsf u0f/fHox¿ / ltAatdf pgLsf ;fdfg, sDan, tfdf cflb lgsf;L x'GYof] . /f0ffsfndf klg s]xL cf}Bfl] us ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . h'6, ;nfO{ pBf]ux¿ :yfkgf ePsf lyP . g]kfndf cfw'lgs cfB} f]lus ljsf;sf] ;'?cft ;g\\ !($) df cf}Bfl] us kl/ifb\\ :yfkgf ePkl5 ePsf] dflgG5 . ;g\\ !($^ df /f0ffsfndf /3k' lt h'6ldn v'nk] l5 7'nf pBf]usf] ;'?cft ePsf] dflgG5 . k~rfot sfndf klg lrgL, r'/f]6, hQ' f, sk8f, l;d]G6nufotsf w/] } pBf]ux¿ vn' ]sf lyP . o; cjlwdf b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf cf}Bfl] us Ifq] :yfkgf u/L cfB} f]lusLs/0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . lj=;+= @)$^ sf] hgcfGbfn] gkZrft\\ b]zn] v'nf tyf pbf/ cyt{ Gqsf] cjnDag u/k] l5 lghL If]qaf6 w]/} pBfu] x¿ vn' ] eg] ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf pBfu] x¿ aGb x'g k'u] . gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf cyt{ Gqsf] ljsf;sf nflu pBfu] wGbf / ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jwg{ u/L g]kfnL >d l;k / sRrf kbfy{df cfwfl/t :jbz] L nufgLnfO{ kf| yldstf lbg] gLlt lnOPsf 5g\\ . g]kfndf k/Dk/fb]lv rlncfPsf] :yfgLo >d / l;kdf cfwfl/t s6' L/ pBfu] x¿n] :yfgLo cfjZostfnfO{ k/\" f ub{} cfPsf 5g\\ . To;} u/L bz] df 7n' f pBfu] x¿sf] ;ªV\\ of ;Lldt /xs] f] an] f ;fgf Joj;foLn] klg nufgL ug{ ;Sg] / ahf/df 7n' f] kl| t:kwfd{ f hfg'gkg{] ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBfu] x¿ pNnV] o dfqfdf vn' s] f 5g\\ . -u_ lgdf0{ f gk] fnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df dxŒjk0\" f{ of]ubfg lbg] If]q lgdf{0f klg xf] . bz] df kj\" f{wf/ ljsf;, ;x/Ls0f tyf ljleGg cfofh] gfx¿sf] sfofG{ jogsf jm| ddf ljleGg ks| f/sf efl} ts lgdf0{ f sfox{ ¿ ug{k' g{] x'G5 . o:tf lgdf0{ f sfo{x¿nfO{ ;~rfng ugs{ f nflu lgdf{0f Joj;fox¿ ;~rfng ePsf xG' 5g\\ . To:tf lgdf0{ f Joj;fon] pknAw k|fs[lts, cflys{ / dfgjLo ;|ft] ;fwgx¿nfO{ kl/rfng ub}{ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf ul//xs] f] xG' 5 . To;n} ] cf}Bfl] us gLlt tyf cfB} f]lus Joj;fo P]gdf lgdf{0f Joj;fonfO{ pBf]usf ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 165

cf}Bfl] us Joj;fo Pg] @)&^ cg';f/ k|s[ltsf cfwf/df lgdf0{ f pBf]ucGtut{ kg{] Joj;fo != ;8s, kn' , ;'?ª, *= l;FrfO kj\" f{wf/ !&= lkmNd l;6L lgdf0{ f, lkmNd :6'l8of] @= /f]kj], /]nj,] 6«fd, 6l« na;, (= v]ns'b u[x, /ª\\uzfnf, lgdf{0f !)= ;jf/L kfls{ª :yn, sa] n' sf/, df]gf]/]n / !*= Jofkfl/s sDKn]S; :nfOl8ªsf/ kflsª{ u[x !(= pmhf{ 3/ tyf pmhf{@) lghL j] #= xjfO{ wfjg dfu{ !!= lgof{t kz| f]wg Ifq] ÷ljdfg:yn, !@= ljz]if cflys{ If]q o/ xfp; $= cfB} f]lus ;+/rgf Pjd\\ !#= sfuf]{ sDKnS] ; @)= OGwg tyf Uof; cfkl\" ts{ f] kfOk kj\" f{wf/ sDKnS] ; !$= bl\" ift kfgL k|zf]wg s] %= ;ef ;Ddn] g sG] › nfOg h8fgsf] kj\" f{wf/sf] lgdf0{ f, ^= 9n tyf 9n lgsf; G› Joj:yf tyf ;~rfng &= vfgk] fgL cfkl\" t{ tyf !%= 6l] nkmfg] 6fj/, @!= pmhf{ 3/ tyf pmhf{ k|;f/0f ljt/0f nfOgsf] k\"jfw{ f/ lgdf0{ f Joj:yf clK6sn kmfOa/ g6] js,{ tyf ;~rfng e\"pku|x, e\"pku|x k|;f/0f s]G› !^= 3/ tyf cfjf; ejg ljm| ofsnfk != tLg ;d\"xdf ljeflht eO{ gk] fndf sl[ if pBfu] / lgdf0{ f Ifq] sf] ljsf;df bv] f k/]sf ;d:ofx¿ cf}N“ ofO{ ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ klg klxrfg ugx{' f;] \\ . @= oj' f sl[ if Joj;fosf] ;kmntfsf] syfaf6 s] s] l;Sge' of,] gk] fnsf oj' fx¿nfO{ lbg] ;e' mfjx¿ ab'“ fut ¿kdf n]Vgx' f;] \\ . #= bz] sf ljleGg Ifq] df eO/x]sf lgdf0{ f sfo;{ DaGwL ;dfrf/x¿ ;ªs\\ ng u/L b]z ljsf;df ltgLx¿n] k'¥ofpg] ofu] bfgsf] ;dLIff ug{'xf];\\ . cEof; != ægk] fndf sl[ if / pBfu] Pscsfs{ f kl/k/\" s xg' \\ .Æ o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ub{} sl[ ifsf] Joj;foLs/0f / cfB} fl] us ljsf;sf pkfox¿ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . @= k9]n]vs] f lzlIft JolStn] hflu/ g} vfg'k5{, vt] L / pBd Joj;fo ug{x' b“' }g eGg] wf/0ff w/] } h;f] JolStx¿df /xs] f] kfOG5 . csf{tkm{ Jofj;flos si[ fs / pBdLx¿ eg] cfwl' gs kl| jlwsf] k|of]u u/L Joj;fo ug{] / c¿nfO{ hflu/ vj' fpg] xf] lg sxf“ cfkm“} hflu/ vfH] b} lx“8\\g] xf] / eG5g\\ . tkfO“{ s;sf] kIfdf xg' 'xG' 5, cfkm\\gf ts{x¿ k:| t't ug'{xf;] \\ . kl/ofh] gf sfo{ cfkm\\gf] ;d'bfo jf If]qsf] s[lif kmd{ jf pBf]usf] ed| 0f u/L sg' } Ps si[ fs jf Ps pBf]uLsf] ;kmntfsf] syf tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . pxfsF f] cg'dlt lnP/ pSt syf ;fdflhs ;~hfn jf ldl8ofdf kl|] ift ug{'xf;] \\ . 166 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !!

^ k f7 M gk] fndf >dzlSt, /fh] uf/L / pBdzLntf cfocfhg{ ;Da4 sfdnfO{ >d elgG5 . sfd u//] cfDbfgL ug{' jf ;do jf sfd lajm| L u//] cfDbfgL ug{' >d xf] . lagfcfDbfgLsf] sfd >d xfO] g . >ldsn] lgoldt ¿kdf >d ug{] cj;/ kfof] eg] To;nfO{ /fh] uf/ elgG5 . pd/] ku' ]sf JolStx¿n] cfkmg\\ f] >d, l;k, Ifdtf / al' 4sf] ko| fu] u//] sfd jf pBd ub{5g\\ / To:tf] sfd u/]afkt cfDbfgL ug'{ jf o;sf nflu ;do tyf >dsf] vr{ ug{' /f]huf/L xf] . o;/L /fh] uf/L ug]{ JolStnfO{ /f]huf/ JolSt jf >lds elgG5 . >d P]gsf] kl/efiffcg;' f/ æ>ldsÆ eGgfn] kfl/>lds lnO{ /f]huf/bftfsf nflu zf/Ll/s jf afl} ¢s sfo{ ug{] sfdbf/ jf sdr{ f/L jf hg' ;'s} kbgfd lbO{ sfddf nufOPsf] JolSt ;Demg'k5{ . lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] dV' o cfwf/ g} pTkfbgzLn /fh] uf/L xf] . o;n] dfgjsf] cfo cfh{g IfdtfnfO{ j[l4 ub5{ . To;}n] ljZje/sf gLlt lgdf{tfx¿n] cfcfkmg\\ f] ljsf; /0fgLltsf ¿kdf ;a} gful/ssf nflu k0\" f{ / pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/LnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] x/]s ljsf; of]hgf, If]qut gLltx¿ / sfo{j|mdx¿sf dxŒjk\"0f{ p2Z] osf ¿kdf /fh] uf/LnfO{ ;dt] ;d]6g\\ yflnPsf] 5 . >d P]g @)&$ df Joj:yf ePcg;' f/ /fh] uf/LnfO{ kfrF jud{ f ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . cfsl:ds /fh] uf/Ldf afxs] ;a} ks| f/sf /fh] uf/Ldf /fh] uf/bftfn] /fh] uf/ ;Demf}tf gu/L s;n} fO{ sfddf nufpg gkfpg] Joj:yf Pg] df /x]sf] 5 . -s_ lgoldt /fh] uf/L M tnsf] aF'bf g=+ v b]lv ª ;Dd kl/eflift ul/Pafx]ssf ;a} k|sf/sf /f]huf/LnfO{ lgoldt /fh] uf/L elgG5 . o;df nfdf] ;dofjlw x'G5, dfl;s jf ;fKtflxs jf b}lgs kfl/>lds tfl] sPsf] xG' 5 . -v_ sfou{ t /f]huf/L M /fh] uf/bftfn] s'g} vf; sfd jf ;j] f ls6fg u/L ;f] ;DkGg ug{ tf]s/] lbg] jf lbPsf] /fh] uf/LnfO{ sfo{ut /fh] uf/L elgG5 . ;f] sfd ;lsPkl5 /fh] uf/L klg ;lsG5 . -u_ ;dout /f]huf/L M /fh] uf/bftfn] >ldsnfO{ lglZrt ;dofjlw tfs] L ;f] cjlwleq sg' } ;]jf k|bfg ug{ jf sfd ;DkGg ug{] u/L lbg] jf lbPsf] /f]huf/LnfO{ ;dout /f]huf/L elgG5 . ;f] ;do ;dfKt ePkl5 /f]huf/L klg ;dfKt x'G5 . -3_ cfsl:ds /fh] uf/L M /f]huf/bftfn] >ldsnfO{ Ps dlxgfsf] cjlwdf ;ft lbg jf ;fe] Gbf sd cjlwsf nflu sg' } ;j] f kb| fg ug{ jf sfd ;DkGg ug]{ u/L lbg] jf lbPsf] /f]huf/L cfsl:ds /fh] uf/L xf] . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 167

-ª_ cfl+ zs /fh] uf/L M xKtfdf kFl} t; 306f jf ;f]eGbf sd ;dodf sfd ;DkGg ug{] u/L lbg] jf lbPsf] /f]huf/LnfO{ cf+lzs /f]huf/L elgG5 . xfdL ;a} dflg; >d zlSt xfF} . xfdLn] ckmg\\ f] ?lr, cfkm;\" uF ePsf] l;k, l;hg{ fTds Ifdtf, pknAw ;f| t] ;fwg tyf cj;/sf] pkofu] u/L /fh] uf/Lsf] l;hg{ f ug{ ;Sb5fF} . /fh] uf/Ln] xfdLnfO{ vfH] bg} , xfdLn] >d ahf/df /fh] uf/L vfH] g] xf] . /fh] uf/L ;wF} c¿af6 dfq kf| Kt xG' 5 eGg] wf/0ff klg unt xf] . xfdLn] cfkmF} /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ klxrfg u/]/ /f]huf/L l;h{gf ub}{ :j/f]huf/ aGg ;b5f}F . g]kfn /fh] uf/Lsf nflu pj/{ el\" d xf] . oxfF /fh] uf/Lsf kz| :t cj;/ /xs] f 5g\\ . xhf/fF} gk] flnn] :jbz] df g} /f]huf/L u//] hLljsf]kfh{g ub}{ cfO/xs] f 5g\\ . /fh] uf/L l;h{gfsf nflu g]kfndf ;/sf/L :t/af6 lgDgfg;' f/sf k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\\ M • >d / /f]huf/LnfO{ Jojl:yt ugs{ f nflu lj=;+= @)%^ / @)^@ df >d gLltsf] th{d' f ul/Psf] lyof] . To;} u/L lj=;=+ @)&! Dff /fli6o« /f]huf/ gLlt thd{' f ul/of] . • ;/sf/n] >d Pg] @)&$ / afn >d lgjf/0f;DaGwL /fli6«o u?' ofh] gf @)&%–*% sf] th{d' f u/s] f] 5 . o;af6 >dnfO{ dof{lbt / Jojl:yt ug{ 6j] f ku' ]sf] 5 . • >ldssf] Gog\" td Hofnf b/ lgwf{/0f, lgsi[ 6 ks| l[ tsf >ddf ;+nUg afn>ldssf] p4f/, lbjf lzz' :ofxf/ ;~rfngnufotsf sfo{j|md ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . pBdL Jojf;foLsf] ;kmtfsf] syf -s_ bfOsf] df6] /;fOsndf k5fl8 a;/] ;x/af6 b;F} dgfpg ufpF hfbF } lyPF . af6fdf df6] /;fOsn laluo| f] . bfOn] agfpg sfl] ;; uge{' of] t/ ;Sge' Pg . ToxfF j/k/ agfpg] 7fpF lyPg . dnfO{ df6] /;fOsnsf af/d] f yfxf lyPg . df6] /;fOsn agfpg] glhssf] js;{ k @) lsnfl] d6/ 6f9f lyof] . 8f¥] ofP/ nh} g ;Dej lyPg . 5f8/] hfge' Pg . olt w/] } df6] / ;fOsn rN5g,\\ agfpg] 7fpF 5g} . dn} ] ;fr] ,F] ;x/df a/] fh] uf/ eP/ eftF} fl/ge' Gbf t ufpdF } df6] / ;fOsn agfpg] js;{ k /fVg kfP t cfDbfgL klg xg' ] ofqn' fO{ ;j] f klg xg' ] . dn} ] cfdfnfO{ dlxnf ;dx\" af6 tLg nfv ;fk6L lng nufPF . b;F} ;lsPkl5 d k;} f af]s]/ ;x/ kmls{PF . Pp6f df]6/;fOsn js;{ ksf ld:qL;uF s/' f u//] ;fem]bf/Ldf js{;k vfN] g] ;Nnfx eof] . ld:qL;lxt cfjZos cfh} f/, ;fdfg / Pp6f ;s] ]G8x\\ofG8 df6] /;fOsn klg lsg/] ufpF kmls{PF . ufpdF f js;{ k ;'? u/F] . 7fpF 7fpdF f cfkmg\\ f] kmfg] gDa/;lxt df]6/;fOsn js;{ k egL n]v]/ lj1fkg u/F] . kmf]g cfof] ls ld:qL lnP/ d kl' uxfNyF] . d}n] klg df]6/ ;fOsn agfpg l;sF] . clxn] d/] f] js;{ kdf ;ft hgf ld:qLx¿ sfo/{ t 5g\\ . ;a} vr{ s6fP/ Pp6f clwst[ sf] eGbf a9L cfDbfgL ul//xs] f] 5' . – oj' f pBdL -v_ dn} ] Rofpvt] L;DaGwL tflnd lnP/ ;f]xL Joj;fonfO{ cl3 a9fPsf] 5' . s[lif 1fg s]Gb|, 168 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !!

c5fdn] xfdLnfO{ Rofp v]tL;DaGwL kl| zIf0f lbof] . ToxLaF f6 Rofpsf] lap;d]t pknAw u/fOlbg] u/]sf] 5 . Jofj;flos Rofpvt] L;DaGwL k'l:tsfn] klg vt] L k|ljlwaf/] hfGg ;xh ePsf] 5 . Psk6s /fv]sf] lapaf6 tLg k6s;Dd Rofp kmNb5 . Pp6f kfs] faf6 $ xhf/ ?lkofFhlt kmfObf xg' ] ub5{ . jifd{ f # nfv %) xhf/ hlt kmfObf xG' 5 . dn} ] l5ds] L lbbLalxgLx¿nfO{ klg l;sfPF . clxn] cfkmn\" fO{ rflxg] vr{ klg >Ldfg;\\ uF dfUgk' bg{} , a? 3/ rnfpg xfdL klg a/fa/sf ;fem]bf/ ePsf 5f}+ . xfdL v;' L 5fF} .Æ– dlxnf pBdL oL gk] fnL pBdL Joj;foLx¿sf ;kmntfsf syf x'g\\ . o:tf xhf/fF} pBdLx¿ g]kfndf ljleGg Joj;fo u/L a;]sf 5g\\ . bz] df s]xL ug]{ 7fpF 5g} / s]xL ug{ ;lsbF g} eGg] ;f]r afs] ]/ ljbz] knfog xFb' } u/]sf oj' fx¿nfO{ oL syfx¿ k]/| 0ffsf ;|ft] aGg ;S5g\\ . gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cyt{ Gqdf lghL Ifq] sf] el\" dsfnfO{ dxŒj lbFb} pknAw ;fwg / ;f| t] sf] clwstd kl/rfng u/L cfly{s ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{] eGg] gLlt lnPsf] 5 . lghL nufgLsf nflu gful/sx¿df pBdzLntf / ;/sf/;uF gLlt xg' k' b5{ . JolStdf pBdzLntfsf] ljsf; eof] eg] k;] f Joj;fokl| t cfslift{ eO{ hfl] vd jxg ug{ / l;h{gzLn sfon{ fO{ cflys{ lj|mofsnfkdf cfa4 ug{ ;Sb5 . o;nfO{ pBdzLn ;+:sl[ t klg elgG5 . To;}n] pBdzLn JolSt vfnL xft a:g ;Sb}g . p;sf] lbdfudf gofF gofF ;fr] x¿ / ofh] gfx¿ cfO/xG5g\\ . pm slxn] klg x/;] vfbF }g, h:tf];s' } ;d:of cfO k/] klg ;d:of;Fu h'w/] gofF gofF pkfosf] vfh] L u/]/ cl3 al9/xG5 . OR5f zlSt, Ifdtf clej[l4, hfFu/ / hf]lvd jxg ug]{ afgL g} pBdzLntfsf s8L xg' \\ . sG] b,| kb| z] / :yfgLo txdf ;dt] pBfu] Joj;fo btf{ u/L ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . o;sf] e/k/' pkof]u ub{} b]zsf oj' f pBdLx¿n] cfkm\\gf] 1fg, l;k, Ifdtf / l;h{gzLntfsf] pkof]u ug{ ;s] xfdL klg ljZjsf ljsl;t /fi6«sf] ;\"rLdf kg{ w]/} ;do nfUbg} . ljm| ofsnfk != …u0' f:t/Lo >d / /f]huf/, ;d4[ g]kfnsf] cfwf/Ú eGg] ljifodf jSt[Tjsnf sfo{jm| dsf nflu Ps jStt[ f tof/ kfg{'xf;] \\ / sIffdf jStT[ jsnf kl| tof]lutf ug'{xf];\\ . @= o6' o\\ a' lnªs\\ x¿ vfn] L gk] fnsf ;kmn pBdLx¿sf cge' jx¿ ;g' /] tnsf] tflnsf egx{' f;] \\ M pBdLsf] gfd pBd Joj;fosf] gfd pBd ;?' ug{] rfxgf ;kmntfsf] s8L s] cfkmn\" ] kfPsf] k/]| 0ff s;/L plAhof] < xf] < jf l;sfO ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 169

#= tkfO“{ s'g k;] f ug{ rfxg'x'G5 / lsg < >d tyf /fh] uf/ dGqfnocGtut{ sf lgsfox¿af6 ;r\" gf lng'xf;] \\ . s] s] ;\"rgf kfpg'eof], pNn]v ug'{xf];\\ . o; dGqfnocGtut{ sf lgsfox¿af6 k|jfx ePsf] ;]jf ;DaGwdf sg' } u'gf;f jf lh1f;fx¿ eP 6f]n lk|m g=+ !!!^ df ;Dks{ ugx'{ g' cg'/f]w 5 . kmfg] g=+ $@!!*!%, $@!!(%&, $@!!&##, $@!!**(, km\\ofS; M (&&–!–$@!!*&&email : [email protected], website : www.mole.gov.np – >d tyf /fh] uf/ dGqfno l;+xb/af/, sf7df8fF} cEof; != gk] fndf /fh] uf/ kj| w{g ug{] pkfox¿sf] vf]hL u/L ab“' fut ¿kdf ;\"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\\ . @= oxf“ gk] fnsf] /fh] uf/Lsf] cj:yf emNsfOPsf] 5 . o;df s;/L ;w' f/ Nofpg ;lsPnf < gk] fnsf] >d ahf/df a;l{] g $ nfv %) xhf/ >dzlSt ylkbF } uPsf] 5 . s'n hg;ªV\\ ofsf] sl/a %& kl| tzt hg;ª\\Vof !% b]lv %( jif{ pd/] ;dx\" sf cfly{s ¿kn] ;ljm| o hgzlSt /xs] f 5g\\ . pSt hgzlStdWo] sl/a @=# kl| tzt k0\" f{ a]/fh] uf/ / #) k|ltzt >dzlSt cwa{ /] f]huf/ /x]sf 5g\\ . ;lj|mo hgzlStsf] 7n' f] lx:;f s[lifdf cfl>t /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . sl[ if If]qdf klg cfw'lgsLs/0f / Joj;foLs/0f x'g g;Sbf s[lifdf cfl>t hgzlSt cwa{ ]/fh] uf/Lsf] rk]6fdf k/s] f] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;f| ]t M >d P]g @)&$ / kGwf| F} ofh] gf #= k|:t't ;kmn pBdLx¿sf egfOx¿sf] cWoog u/L …d]/f] ;kgfÚ zLif{sdf Ps ;fduL| k:| t't ug'{xf];\\ . pBdLn] ahf/df cfjZostf klxrfg vf]Hg'k5{ . pkef]Stf s] rfxG5g\\ eGg] s/' f kQf nufpg'xf];\\ . pBdLn] slxn] klg ags] f] kSsL ;8sdf uf8L u8' fpb“ g} . pBdzLn JolStn] cfkm\\gf] af6f] cfkm“} agfp5“ . olb tkfO“{ pBdL aGg rfxgx' G' 5 eg] af6f] vGg tof/ xg' 'xf;] \\ . ;kgf / ljkgfsf] tfnd]n u//] Joj;fo rnfpgn] fO{ pBdzLntf elgG5 . pBdzLntf l;h{gf xf] . $= xfdL klg g]kfnL pBdLsf] ;\"rLdf btf{ lsg gxg' ] < o; zLif{sdf Ps nv] tof/ kfg'x{ f;] \\ . %= …cfnZo+ sfog{ fzfo, al' 4gfzfo lgw{gLÚ cyft{ \\ hf] JolSt cN5L u5,{ To;sf] sfo{ gfz x'G5 jf aO] ndL xG' 5, aO] ndL ePkl5 a'l4gfz xG' 5, sfo{ / al' 4 gfz eP kl5 lgw{g jf ul/a x'G5 .Æ rf0fSo gLltsf] o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ug{] Ps syfsf] bi[ 6fGt tof/ kfg'x{ f];\\ . kl/of]hgf sfo{ cfkm\\gf] ;db' fodf s] s:tf >d ug]{ dflg;x¿ 5g\\, cjfnf]sg u/L ToxfF s;/L /fh] uf/L l;h{gf ug{ ;lsPnf, 5nkmn u/L n]Vg'xf;] \\ . 170 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

&kf7 M ;/sf/L ljQ ;/sf/n] /fHo ;~rfngsf j|mddf ljsf; lgdf0{ f, ;/' Iff, b}lgs kz| f;gsf] ;~rfng, ljleGg ;+j}wflgs cªu\\ x¿nfO{ ;xof]u / ;dGjo ug]{ h:tf sfo{ ub5{ . cfkm\\gf hgtfsf nflu a9LeGbf a9L ;l' jwfx¿ lbgk' g{] / s'6gLlts sfo{ ;~rfng, hgtfsf enfOsf nflu ;fdflhs ;j] fsf sfo{x¿, lgjfr{ g sfo{ ;~rfng, ;ef ;Ddn] gnufotsf sfox{ ¿ klg ugk{' b{5 . oL ;a} sfod{ f vr{ ugs{ f nflu ;/sf/n] hgtfaf6 ljleGg s/, z'Ns, b08 hl/jfgf cflbsf dfWodaf6 /sd ;ªs\\ ng ub{5 . o;/L ;/sf/n] ug]{ cfDbfgL / vrs{ f] ;du| ¿k g} ;/sf/L ljQ xf] . kh| ftflGqs bz] df ;/sf/n] kT| os] jif{ cl3Nnf] jif{sf] cfDbfgL vr{sf] ;dLIff ub{} cfufdL jifs{ f nflu ;d]t cg'dflgt ah6] k]; ub{5 . -s_ ;/sf/L ljQsf] ;f| t] jf ;/sf/L cfo s/ cfo (Tax revenue) u}/s/ cfo (Non-Tax revenue) cfo, dg' fkmf / k'FhLut nfedf nfUg] s/ ;DklQaf6 kf| Kt cfo -Jofh, nfef+z, /f]oN6L, cflb_ kfl/>ldsdf cfwfl/t s/ j:t' tyf ;]jf laj|mLaf6 kf| Kt /sd ;DklQ s/ b08, hl/jfgf / hkmtaf6 kf| Kt /sd j:t' tyf ;j] fdf cfwfl/t s/ -d\"No clejl[ 4 s/, :j]lR5s x:tfGt/0f jf pkxf/af6 kf| Kt /sd laj|mL s/, eG;f/ s/, cGtMzN' s cflb_ s/ /fh:j afx]ssf cGo kF'hLut /fh:jx¿ jb} l] zs Jofkf/df cfwfl/t s/ jb} ]lzs cg'bfg cGo s/x¿ -Joj;fon] e'StfgL ug{] s/_ gub dfH} bft tyf a?] h' c;n' Laf6 k|fKt /sd ;/sf/L cfDbfgLsf] d'Vo, lgoldt / e/kbf{] cfosf] ;|f]t s/ xf] . s/ sj] n ;/sf/åf/f nufOg] clgjfo{ eS' tfgL xf] . s/ lt/a] fkt s/bftfnfO{ ;/sf/n] kT| oIf nfe kb| fg ub{}g . s/bftfnfO{ of] /sd ;fj{hlgs enfOsf nflu ko| f]u x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; lbnfpg ;Sof] eg] hgtf s/ ltgs{ f nflu k|]l/t xG' 5g\\ . s/ k|ToIf / ckT| oIf u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\\ . h'g JolSt jf ;:+ yf dfly s/ nufOPsf] xf] p;n} ] s/ ltb5{ eg] To:tf] s/ k|ToIf s/ xf] . cfos/, kfl/>lds s/, ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !! 171

oftfoft s/ cflb k|ToIf s/ xg' \\ . Pp6fnfO{ s/ nufOG5 t/ csfn{ ] s/ ltb5{ eg] To:tf] s/nfO{ ck|ToIf s/ elgG5 . d\"No clej[l4 s/, lajm| Ls/, eG;f/ dx;'n cflb ck|ToIf s/ x'g\\ . -v_ ;/sf/L ljQsf] ljt/0f jf ;/sf/L vr{ ;/sf/n] /fHo ;~rfngsf jm| ddf ug]{ vrn{ fO{ ;/sf/L vr{ elgG5 . of] ;/sf/L ljQsf] ljt/0f kIf xf] . ;/sf/L vr{ rfn' vr{ / kFh' Lut vr{ u/L bO' { k|sf/sf xG' 5g\\ . ;/sf/n] lgoldt ¿kdf ug'{kg]{ To:tf clgjfo{ vr{x¿ rfn' vr{ x'g\\ . ;/sf/n] /fHonfO{ ljsl;t agfpg / hgtfnfO{ ;l' jwf lbnfpgsf nflu ug{] vr{ hg' vr{ cfjZos t xf] t/ o:tf] vr{ cfDbfgLsf cfwf/df 36a9 ug{ ;lsG5 . Rffn' vr{ (Recurrent Expenditure) kF'hLut vr{ (Capital expenditure) /fHosf ;jf]{Rr lgsfo tyf ;+j}wflgs cª\\ux¿sf /fHosf ;jf]{Rr lgsfo, ;j+ }wflgs cªu\\ , Gofo, / vr{x¿ Iff nufotsf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf] ljsf;sf nlfu kz| f;lgs vr{x¿ / /Iff vrx{ ¿ ul/g] vrx{ ¿ jb} l] zs ;]jfsf vr{x¿ cfly{s k|zf;g / ofh] gfsf vrx{ ¿ ljsf;sf k\"jf{wf/x¿sf nflu ul/g] rfn' vr{ Gofo kz| f;gsf vrx{ ¿, afxs] sf vrx{ ¿, h:t} M lzIff, :j:Yo, oftfoft, C0fsf] Jofh eS' tfgL ljB't\\, vfgk] fgL, ;~rf/, l;FrfO cflb . ;/sf/L cltly ;Tsf/sf vrx{ ¿ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / lgj[lQ e/0fsf vrx{ ¿ :yfgLo ljsf;sf vrx{ ¿ ;/sf/n] lbgk' g{] ;a} ks| f/sf tna, eQf / kfl/>ldsx¿ tyf ljljw ;fwf/0f vr{x¿ C0f tyf nufgL / C0fsf] ;fFjf eS' tfgL j}b]lzs ;]jfsf ljsf; vr{x¿ -gofF /fhb'tfjf; /fVg], ;'ljwf yKg_] cflb ljljw -d'cfAhf / e}k/L cfpg] vrx{ ¿_ cgb' fg / yk ;'ljwfsf nflu ul/g] vr{ -u_ ;/sf/L ljQsf] pkof]uaf6 ;fdflhs ljsf; ;/sf/n] ;/sf/L ljQsf] pkofu] /fHo ;~rfng / ljsf;sf nflu g} ug{] xf] t/ o;/L vr{ ubf{ rfn' vre{ Gbf khF' Lut vr{ a9L eof] eg] b]zsf] ljsf; l56f] xG' 5 . ;/sf/n] lgjQ[ e/0f, hi] 7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf, ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolSt, åGåkLl8t, ;LdfGts[t jus{ f nflu klg ;fdflhs ;/' Iffsf sfoj{ m| dcGtut{ ug{] vrn{ ] rfn' vr{ a9fP klg hgtfdf ;/sf/kl| tsf] ljZjf; a9fp5F . ;/sf/n] hgtfsf] kT| oIf nfe kfpg ;Sg] Ifq] , h:t} M lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfgk] fgLnufotsf Ifq] df klg nufgL ug'k{ g{] x'G5 . 172 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !!

gk] fndf xfn ;ª\\3Lo ;/+ rgfcg;' f/ ;ª3\\ , k|bz] / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg txdf ;/sf/L ljQsf] Joj:yfkg ugk{' b5{ . tLgcf6] } txn] hgtfkl| tsf] bfloTj afw] ub{} Pscsfs{ f] ;dGjodf hgtfnfO{ s/sf] cTolws ef/sf] dx;;' gxg' ] u/L cfDbfgL ugk{' b5{ . To;} u/L tLgcf6] } txn] cfcfkmg\\ f] vr{ lhDd]jf/Ladf]lhd ;fj{hlgs ;f| ]tsf] ;Gt'lnt / Gofof]lrt ljlgof]hg u/L sfof{Gjog ugk{' b{5 . ljm| ofsnfk != tflnsfdf plNnlvt s/x¿dWo] kT| oIf s/ (Dierct Tax) ckT| oIf s/ (Indirect tax) tkfOs{“ f] kl/jf/n] ltg]{ u/s] f] s/x¿ s;/L ltg{] ul/Psf] 5, cfo / kfl/>lds s/ d\"No clejl[ 4 s/ pNnv] ug{'xf;] \\ . ;DklQ, 3/ s/ laj|mL s/ hUuf s/ -dfnkf]t_ dgf/] Ghg s/ @= rfn' jif{sf] ah]6 jStJosf k'FhLut nfe s/ eG;f/ dx;n' s/ cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ;/sf/L ;fdflhs ;/' Iff s/ cGtMzN' s s/ ljQsf] ;dLIff ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != ;/sf/L vr{sf] pkofu] kf/bzL{ / Gofofl] rt ¿kdf ugk{' b{5 eGg] cfzosf] ;'emfjkq tof/ kf/L :yfgLo txdf k7fpgx' f;] \\ . @= bz] lgdf{0fdf ;/sf/L vr{sf] el\" dsf ljifodf Ps nv] tof/ kfg{'xf;] \\ . kl/of]hgf sfo{ afs;df lbOPsf] egfOsf] ;Gbe{df hgtfnfO{ s/ ltg{ kl]| /t ug{] s'g} Ps kr| f/ ;fduL| tof/ kfg{x' f;] \\ . xfdf| jL/ jL/fª\\ugf / ;lxbx¿n] /fHosf nflu cfkm\\gf] hLjg t alnbfg lbP eg] xfdLn] sfg'gadf]lhd cfkm\\gf] sdfOsf] ;fgf] cz+ /fHonfO{ lbg uf/f] dfGg'xbF' }g . To;} u/L s'g} klg j:t' tyf ;j] f vl/b ubf{ sfg'gadfl] hd hf/L ePsf] lan lahs lng' pkef]Stfsf] st{Jo xf] . xfdL]n] To:tf lan glnOlbbF f Jofkf/L jf pTkfbsn] xfdLaf6 eg] s/sf] dN\" o;dt] hf]8/] lnG5g\\ t/ xfdLn] lt/]sf] ;f] s/ pgLx¿n] ;/sf/nfO{ ltb{g} g\\ / o;/L s/ 5Ng] dfs} f kfp5F g\\ . o;sf nflu xfdL ;a} ;r]t aGg'k5{ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !! 173

!kf7 M PsfO !! :jf:Yo ;j] f / ;fdflhs ljsf; g]kfndf :jf:Yo ;]jf ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\\u7g (World Health Organization-WHO) sf cg';f/ æ/f]u / ba' n{ tfaf6 d'St x'g' dfq geO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf ;fdflhs tj/n] k0\" f{ tGb?' :t x'g'nfO{ g} :jf:Yo elgG5 .Æ o; kl/efiffdf :jf:Yosf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;fdflhs tLgcf]6f kIfx¿nfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . zf/Ll/s :jf:Yo eGgfn] dfgj z/L/sf sg' } klg cª\\udf /f]u gePsf] cj:yfnfO{ ae' mfp5F . o;n] pko'St lsl;dsf] zf/Ll/s agfj6 ePsf] / z/L/sf ;a} cª\\ux¿n] pko'St ¿kdf sfd ug{ ;ss] f] cj:yfnfO{ ;dt] ae' mfpF5 . dfgl;s :jf:Yon] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] bafa, tgfj tyf dfgl;s /f]u gePsf] cj:yfnfO{ a'emfp5F . ;fdflhs :jf:Yon] dflg;n] cfˆgf] 3/, kl/jf/, l5d]sL, ;fyLefO, cfkmGt, h]i7 gful/s, c;xfo / ckfª\\utf ePsf JolSt;Fu ug]{ ;fdflhs Jojxf/nfO{ a'emfpF5 . != g]kfndf u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;j] fdf kx“r' u0' f:t/sf] zflAbs cy{ s'g} j:t'df xg' 'kg{] eg]/ tfl] sPsf] u'0fsf] :t/ eGg] al' emG5 . To;} u/L :jf:Yo ;j] fdf kxrF' eGgfn] gful/sn] :jf:Yo ;]jf lng ;Sg] / :jf:Yok|bfos ;ª\\3;:+ yfn] :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ ae' mfp5F . sg' } klg ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ug{] s'/f sl7g sfo{ ePsfn] u0' f:t/nfO{ ;fk]If ¿kdf lnOgk' b5{ . b]zdf k|rlnt :jf:Yo gLlt tyf sfoj{ m| d s:tf] 5g\\ < ljleGg txsf gful/sn] :jf:Yo ;]jfkl| t s:tf] wf/0ff /fVb5g\\ < :jf:Yo ;j] f;uF ;DalGwt cf};t cfo', lzz' d[To'b/, afn dT[ o'b/, dft[dT[ ob' / cflbsf] cj:yf s] 5 < log} kZ| gsf cfwf/df log} :jf:Yo ;j] fsf] u0' f:t/ lgwf/{ 0f ub5{ . o;sf ;fy} :jf:Yo ;j] f lng gful/ssf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, efu} fl] ns, :yfgLo tyf /fli6o« ¿kdf slQsf] kx'rF 5 eGg] s'/fn] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kxF'rsf] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . s'g} klg bz] df x/s] gful/ssf] u0' f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;j] fdf kxFr' xg' cfwf/et\" cfjZostf xf] . To;n} ] x/]s bz] df /fHon] hgtfsf] u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'Frsf nflu gLltut Joj:yf u/s] f] x'G5 . gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgn] /fHoaf6 kT| os] gful/snfO{ lgMz'Ns cfwf/et\" :jf:Yo ;j] f kf| Kt ug{] clwsf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . kT| os] JolStnfO{ p;sf] lrlsT;f pkrf/sf af/d] f hfgsf/L kfpg] clwsf/ 5 . g]kfndf ;j+ }wflgs kf| jwfg / If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o d~rdf ul/Psf kl| ta4tfx¿ k\"/f ug{sf ;fy} k|Tos] gful/ssf] u0' f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;j] fsf] kxrF' ;l' glZrt ug{ ;/sf/ ;lj|mo /x]sf] 5 . u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfsf nflu vfB Pg] , @)@#, gk] fn u'0f:t/ -k|df0f lrx\\g_ P]g, @)#&, gk] fn 174 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !!

:jf:Yo cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\\ P]g, @)$&, gk] fn :jf:Yo Joj;foL kl/ifb\\ P]g, @)%#, gk] fn :jf:Yo ;j] f P]g, @)%# tyf vf]k Pg] , @)&@ cflb h:tf P]gx¿ lgdf0{ f u/L nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . To;} u/L a]nf an] fdf /fli6o« :jf:Yo gLltx¿ hf/L u/L :jf:Yo If]qdf ;w' f/ Nofpg] ko| f; ul/Psf] 5 . oL P]g tyf gLltx¿sf] sfofG{ jogsf jm| ddf ljleGg sfoj{ |mdx¿ tof/ u/L u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;j] fsf] kxFr' a9fpg ;/sf/ nflu k/s] f] 5 . :jf:Yo ;]jfsf ljleGg sfoj{ m| dx¿dWo] kl/jf/ lgofh] g sfo{j|md, ;'/lIft dftT[ j tyf gjhft lzz' :jf:Yo sfoj{ |md, cfdf sfo{jm| d, kfi] f0f sfo{jm| d, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t PsLst[ gjlzz' tyf afn/f]u Joj:yfkg sfo{j|md, cfn} f] lgoGq0f sfoj{ m| d cflb u0' f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;j] fsf] kxr'F a9fpsf lglDt NofOPsf dxŒjk0\" f{ sfoj{ m| dx¿ xg' \\ . @= :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf sg' } klg Ifq] sf] rft} kmL{ ljsf;df ;DalGwt Ifq] sf ;d'bfosf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf x'g] ub5{ . ljsf;sf] kxn, lg0f{os k|lj|mof, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfng cflbdf ;d'bfosf] k|ToIf of ck|ToIf ¿kdf ke| fj kb{5 . ;db' fosf] ;xeflutf lagf s'g} klg Ifq] sf] ljsf; xg' ;xh xbF' }g . sg' } klg If]qsf] ljsf; kl| j|mofdf ;db' fosf dflg;x¿sf] ;xeflutf x'g] cj:yfnfO{ ;fdb' flos ;xeflutf elgG5 . ;db' fosf nflu ;db' fos} JolStx¿n] ;db' fodf /xs] f :jf:Yo ;d:of klxrfg u/L To;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu JolStut tyf jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ Nofpgk' 5{ . o;sf nflu ;db' fosf] ;xeflutf ckl/xfo{ ePsfn] ljZjsf clwsfz+ bz] x¿df k|fylds :jf:Yo ;]jf tyf ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt sfoj{ m| dx¿ cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5 . lg/fw] fTds, pkr/fTds, kj| w{gfTds / kg' M:yfkgfTds ;j] fdf ;db' fosf] ;xeflutfn] :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ Nofpg dbt kU' 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cfk} rfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf ljutbl] v g} :jf:Yo If]qdf ;fdb' flos ;xeflutf x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ljutdf g]kfnsf clwsf+z If]qdf :jf:Yo ;]jf pknAw sd lyof] . tflnd kf| Kt :jf:YosdL,{ cfi} fwL tyf :jf:Yo pks/0fx¿sf] cefj lyof] . lzIff If]qsf] klg ljsf; gePsfn] ;j;{ fwf/0f gful/s lzlIft lyPgg\\ . To:tf] cj:yfdf dflg;x¿ la/fdL x'Fbf k/Dk/fut ¿kdf rlncfPsf] ljlw / :yfgLo :t/sf cge' jL JolStx¿sf] ;xfotfn] pkrf/ ug]{ ul/GYof] . gk] fndf :jf:Yo Ifq] sf] ljsf; gxbF' fsf] cj:yfdf o; k4ltn] la/fdLx¿sf] pkrf/df lgs} ;xofu] k'us] f] lyof] . ljz]if u/L tfdfªsf nfdf, lnDas' f km] bfª\\df, u'?ªsf kRo' / £oflkª| cflbaf6 pkrf/ u/fOGYof] . pgLx¿n] cfˆgf cu|hx¿af6 k/Dk/fut ¿kdf x:tfGt/0f x'Fb} cfPsf] l;k / :yfgLo :t/df pknAw k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|ofu] u/L pkrf/ uby{ ] . lj=;=+ @)$^ ;fndf kh| ftGq kg' M:yfkgfkl5 gLltut ¿kd} :jf:Yo Ifq] df ;fdb' flos ;xeflutfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . /fli6o« :jf:Yo gLlt @)$*, bf];f| ] bL3{sfnLg :jf:Yo gLlt @)%$–&$, /fli6«o :jf:Yo gLlt @)&$, /fli6«o :jf:Yo gLlt @)&^ cflbn] ;fdb' flos ;xeflutfnfO{ pRr k|fyfldstf lbPsf] 5 . ;db' fosf dflg;x¿nfO{ :jf:Yo :jod\\;l] jsf / ;fdb' flos :jf:Yo ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 175

sfos{ tf{sf ¿kdf kl/rfng ul/Psf] 5 . lghL, ;fj{hlgs tyf u}/;/sf/L Ifq] / :yfgLo txn] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf cfˆgf] of]ubfg yk]sf] 5 . ;ª\\3Lotf nfu' eO;ss] fn] :yfgLo tx / kb| z] ;/sf/x¿n] klg :jf:Yo ;j] fnufot ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] lhDdj] f/L jxg ug{ yfln;ss] f 5g\\ . o;n] :jf:Yodf ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf a9fPsf] 5 . ;d'bfodf /x]sf ljleGg ;ª\\3;:yfx¿sf] g]tT[ jdf ;do ;dodf ;db' fodf ;/;kmfO sfoj{ |md, hgrt] gfd\"ns sfo{jm| d, :jf:Yo lzlj/ cflb ;~rfng xg' ] ub5{ g\\ . To;} u/L bz] el/ g} ;/sf/L txaf6 ;fj{hflgs, ;fdb' flos / lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf cfwf/et\" :jf:Yo ;j] f kb| fg ug]{ sfo{jm| dx¿ ;~rflnt 5g\\ . ;db' fodf cfwfl/t afn/fu] sf] PsLs[t Joj:yfkg sfo{jm| d, lj:tfl/t vfk] sfoj{ |md, kl/jf/ lgof]hg tyf dft[lzz' ;j] f sfoj{ |md, le6fldg …PÚ sf] sdL / cGwf]kg lgoGq0f kl/of]hgf, PrcfOeL÷P8;\\ , cf}nf], sfnfhf/ cflb h:tf /fu] x¿sf] lgoGq0f;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{jm| dx¿ cflb dV' o x'g\\ . oL sfoj{ m| dx¿df ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfsf] dxŒjk\"0f{ el\" dsf /x]sf] 5 . lj|mofsnfk != g]kfndf u0' f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfsf af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn u/L ;dLIff ugx'{ f;] \\ . @= tkfO{“sf] ;d'bfodf ;~rflnt :jf:Yo sfo{j|mdx¿df tkfO“s{ f] ;xeflutfsf af/]df Ps k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\\ . cEof; ! = gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu # wf/f #% Dff plNnlvt :jf:Yo;DaGwL xsx¿ cWoog u/L ;dLIff ug'{xf];\\ . @= …gk] fndf :jf:Yo ;j] fdf kx'FrÚ sf af/]df ljleGg ;f| t] x¿sf] cWoog u/L Ps cgR' 5b] n]Vg'xf;] \\ . # …/f]u / ba' {ntfaf6 d'St x'g' dfq geO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf ;fdflhs tj/n] k\"0f{ tGb'?:t xg' 'nfO{ g} :jf:Yo elgG5 .… o; kl/efiffnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k|:6 kfg'x{ f;] \\ . kl/ofh] gf sfo{ tkfO{Fsf] ;db' fodf ;~rflnt :jf:Yo;uF ;DalGwt ljleGg sfoj{ |mdx¿sf] cjnf]sg u/L tL sfo{j|mdx¿sf] dxŒj, cf}lrTo / pknlAwsf af/]df Ps kl| tjb] g tof/ ug'x{ f;] \\ . 176 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !!

@ kf7 M cfw'lgs / k/Dk/fut :jf:Yo ;]jf k4lt gk] fndf cfwl' gs / k/Dk/fut bj' } :jf:Yo ;]jf k4lt ljBdfg 5g\\ . cfw'lgs lrlsT;f kl4tnfO{ PnfK] ofyL klg elgG5 . gk] fndf cem} klg w]/} y/Lsf k/Dk/fut :jf:Yo ;j] f k4lt ljBdfg 5g\\ . b'j} y/Lsf :jf:Yo ;j] f k4ltsf ;DaGwdf oxfF rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . != k/Dk/fut :jf:Yo ;]jf k4lt -s_ cfoj' ]{b lrlsT;f k4lt cfoj' ]{bnfO{ ;+;f/s} k/' fgf] hLjg lj1fg g]kfndf lj=;=+ !&@& kj\" { l;x+ b/af/ j}Bvfgf / lj=;+ dflgG5 . cfoj' b{] zAb cfo' / jb] zAb ldnL !($& df jL/ c:ktfnsf] :yfkgf eO{ cfoj' {l] bs tyf ags] f] 5 . cfos' f] cy{ hLjg / jb] sf] cy{ cfw'lgs lrlsT;f k4ltdfkm{t ;Lldt JolStsf] kxr'F df lj1fg eGg] x'G5 . t;y{ cfo'j{b] lrlsT;f :jf:Yo ;j] fx¿ pknAw eP . lj1fg dfq geP/ ;d:t dfgj hfltnfO{ :j:y, ;'vL / ;fdflhs hLjgofkg lj=;+= !(&! df >L # dxf/fh rG›;d;/] hª\\uaxfb/' ug{sf nflu dfub{ zg{ ug{] lj1fg xf] . /f0ffn] b'O{ nfv k|fld;/L gf]6sf] sf]if :yfkgf u/L cfoj' ]{bcg;' f/ xfd|f] :jf:Yo jft, lkQ / lj=;+ !(&$ df dWodf kf; u/]sf of]Uo 5fqx¿nfO{ ef/tsf] hok'/l:yt /fhsLo cfoj' b]{ ljBfnodf cfoj' b{] k9\\g 5fqj[lQ lbP/ k7fPsf lyP . skm u/L tLg tŒjdf cfwfl/t xG' 5 . oL lj=;+= !(*% df /fgLkfv] /L ;+:s[t kw| fg kf7zfnfdf tLg tŒjnfO{ lqbfz] jf lq:tDe elgG5 . ky| d /fhsLo cfo'j]{b kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf u/L jB} ei\" f0f, ha;Dd lqbf]z ;fdfGo cj:yfdf /xG5g\\ j}Bljgfb] / jB} /Tg gfdn] cfoj' ]{bsf] lgDg, dWod / pRr:t/sf] lzIffsf] Joj:yfaf6 g]kfndf k7gkf7g ta;Dd xfdL :j:y /xG5f}F . cfo'jb]{ g]kfnsf] df}lns Pjd\\ /fli6«o lrlsT;f k|ljm| of cufl8 a9o\\ f] . k4lt ePsfn] gk] fnel/ g} ;/sf/L :t/df cfw'lgs kl/k|]Ifdf cfoj' {b] lrlsT;f ;j] fsf] ;:+ yfut sG] ›Lo tyf kf| bl] zs :t/sf c:ktfn Pjd\\ ljsf;sf] ofh] gf tTsfnLg /fhf lqej' gsf] zf;gsfndf :yfgLo :t/df cf}ifwfnox¿ ;~rfngdf kf| /De eof] . 5g\\ . g/b]jL cfoj' ]{b lrlsT;fno gk] fns} klxnf] c:ktfn xf] eg] l;x+ b/af/ jB} vfgf g]kfns} klxnf] cf}ifwL pTkfbg ug]{ sDkgL xf] . g]kfndf cfoj' {b] ;xfos, aL= Pd= P;= / Pd=8L= u/L tLg txsf] k9fO x'G5 . cfoj' ]{b tyf cGo j}slNks lrlsT;fsf] ljsf;sf nflu of]udfof cfo'jb]{ ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . cfoj' {b] lrlsT;f k4ltsf] cfh klg Tolts} dxŒj 5 lsgls o;kl| t gk] fnL hgdfg;df cem} ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !! 177

ulx/f] ljZjf; 5 . g]kfnL jgkfvfdf kfOg] h8La6' LnfO{ pkof]u u/L cf}ifwL agfpg ;lsG5 . oL cfi} fwLx¿sf] gsf/fTds c;/ cToGt Go\"g x'g] x'Fbf o;sf] k|ofu] n] xfgL ub{g} eGg] ljZjf; 5 . of] jl} bs tyf k/Dk/fut 1fgdf cfwfl/t 5 . -v_ of]u tyf kf| sl[ ts lrlsT;f k4lt cf}ifwLsf] ;]jg gu/L pkrf/ ul/g] ljlw g} of]u tyf kf| s[lts lrlsT;f k4lt xf] . of] lrlsT;f k4lt k~rdxfet\" df cfwfl/t 5 . o; k4ltdf k[YjL, hn, t]h, jfo' / cfsfzdf cfwfl/t kf| s[lts ¿kdf kfOg] j:t'x¿sf] ;ld>0faf6 /fu] sf] pkrf/ ug{] ul/G5 . o; lrlsT;f k4ltdf ofu] tyf Wofg, dfln;, cs'kGr/, csk' ];| /, hn tyf dl[ Qsf pkrf/ k4lt, pkjf;, zf/Ll/s s;/t, efh] g k/fdzn{ ufotsf ljleGg ljlwåf/f /f]usf] pkrf/ ul/G5 . o; k4ltn] /fu] L JolStnfO{ lg/f]uL / lg/f]uLnfO{ bL3{hLjL agfpF5 . -u_ o'gfgL lrlsT;f k4lt o'gfgL lrlsT;f k4ltcg;' f/ s'g} klg /f]usf] Joj:yfkg /fu] sf] lgbfgdf lge{/ ub{5 . plrt lgbfg la/fdLsf] nIf0f / :jefjsf] cjnfs] gdf lge{/ ub{5 . lj=;+ !(() ;fnb]lv ;/sf/L :t/af6 og' fgL cfi} fwfno :yfkgf eO{ xfn;Dd ;~rfngdf /xs] f] 5 . gk] fndf og' fgL lrlsT;fsf] k9fO eg] ;?' ePsf] 5}g . -3_ xfl] dofK] oflys lrlsT;f xfl] dof]Koflys lrlsT;f O= ;+= !&(^ df hdg{ lrlsT;s ;d'Pn xGg]dfgn] l;hg{ f u/s] f xg' \\ . xf]ldofK] ofyL lrlsT;fdf /f]uLsf] nIf0f / lrxg\\ cg¿' k ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df ef}lts ¿kdf Go\"g t/ zlStst[ cf}ifwLåf/f pkrf/ ul/G5 . gk] fndf lj=;+ @))$ df xf]ldof]Koflys cWoog nflu sfn] f]Daf] KnfgcGtu{t Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)!) df ;/sf/L :t/df nlntk'/df kz'klt xf]ldof]Koflys lrlsT;fno :yfkgf eO{ xfn;Dd ;~rfngdf 5 . -ª_ k/Dk/fut :yfgLo pkrf/ k4lt k/Dk/fut :yfgLo pkrf/ k4lt eGgfn] :yfgLo :t/df ub}{ cfPsf] pkrf/ k4lt jf cfi} fwLx¿ cfˆgf kl5Nnf k:' tfx¿nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ub{} ljsl;t ePsf] k4lt xf] . gk] fndf o; k4ltsf nflu h8La6' L k|of]u, dGqfR] rf/0f, emf/kms' cflb pkfox¿ ckgfpg] ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg wdf{nDaLx¿, hft, ;Dkb| fox¿df cfˆgf u?' x¿dfkm{t pkrf/ u/fpg] rng 5 . oL pkrf/ k4ltdf sx] L cGwljZjf;;d]t /xs] fn] e/kbf]{ dflgbF }g . @= ;db' fodf k|rlnt cfw'lgs :jf:Yo ;j] f xfd|f ;d'bfodf cEof;df /x]sf jf cjnDag ul/Psf cfw'lgs lrlsT;f k4lt;Fu 178 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !!

;DalGwt :jf:Yo ;]jf ;d'bfodf k|rlnt cfw'lgs :jf:Yo ;]jf xf] . g]kfndf u|fdL0f :t/b]lv s]Gb|Lo :t/;Dd ljleGg :jfYo ;+:yfx¿dfk{mt :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . dflg;nfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf ;fdflhs tj/n] tGb?' :t /fVg kb| fg ul/g] ;]jf g} :jf:Yo ;]jf xf] . :jf:Yo rfs} L, c:ktfn, lSnlgs cflb lgsfox¿n] lg/f]wfTds, kj| w{gfTds tyf pkrf/fTds :jf:Yo ;j] f gk] fnel/ k|jfx ul//xs] f 5g\\ . /f]u nfUge' Gbf cufj} /f]uyfdsf nflu kb| fg ul/g] :j:Yo ;j] fnfO{ lg/f]wfTds :jf:Yo ;]jf elgG5 . ljleGg :jf:Yo sG] b|x¿af6 ;~rflnt :jf:Yo ;j] f;Fu ;DalGwt ;/' lIft dftT[ j sfo{j|md, lj:tfl/t vf]k sfo{j|md, kl/jf/ lgof]hg tyf dft[lzz' sNof0f sfo{j|md cflb lg/f]wfTds :j:Yo ;j] fcGtut{ kb{5g\\ . To;} u/L :jf:Yo l:yltnfO{ ;w' fgs{ f lglDt kb| fg ul/g] :jf:Yo lzIff, kfi] f0f, jftfj0fLo :jf:y cflb k|jw{gfTds ;j] fx¿ xg' \\ . s'g} klg lsl;dsf] /f]u nfu]kl5 /f]u lgsf] kfgs{ f nflu ljleGg c:ktfn, :j:Yorfs} L, gl;{ª xf]d cflbaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf pkrf/fTds :jf:Yo ;j] f xf] . pkrf/ ;j] f, /fu] lgoGq0f, :jf:Yo ;w' f/ ultljlw tyf kf| ylds :jf:Yof]krf/ k0| ffnLnfO{ ;dl' rt Joj:yfkg ug{ / To;sf nflu gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\\Vof dGqfnon] el\" dsf vl] n/xs] f] 5 . gk] fn ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff u/s] f :jf:Yo;DaGwL gLltsf cfwf/df :jf:Yo ;j] fsf] ;du| cj:yfnfO{ ;w' f/ ug{sf nflu ul/g] ljm| ofsnfkx¿df cGt/fl{ i6«o :t/ sfod /fVg o; dGqfnon] ;xsfo{, ;dGjo, cg'udg h:tf lgodgsf/L e\"ldsf klg vN] b5 . cfw'lgs lrlsT;fdf xfn O”{ :jf:Yo / b/\" pkrf/sf cjwf/0ff klg rrfd{ f 5g\\ . o;;DaGwL ;fdfGo hfgsf/L tn lbOPsf] 5 M O{—:jf:Yo ljB'tLo :jf:Yo -O{”:jf:Yo_ ljB'tLo k|lj|mof tyf ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 ul/g] :jf:Yof]krf/ k4ltnfO{ ae' mfpg ko| fu] ul/g] tn' gfTds ¿kdf gofF zAb xf] . ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\\ 7gsf cg';f/ ljBt' Lo dfWodaf6 :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;f| t] ;fwgx¿ / :jf:Yo ;]jf x:tfGt/0f ug'{nfO{ O”{ :jf:Yo elgG5 . O”{ :jf:Yon] /fu] af/]sf] ;r\" gf, cfi} fwL, :jf:Yo ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u cflb h:tf gofF k4ltx¿ pknAw u/fp5F . O—{ :jf:ysf d'net\" kIfx¿ ljBt' Lo dfWodaf6 :jf:Yol:yltsf] lnvt /fVg] b/\" pkrf/ pkef]Stf :jf:Yo ;r\" gf k|0ffnL :jf:Yo;DaGwL 1fgsf] Joj:yfkg dfa] fOn :jf:Yo :jf:Yo x]/rfx ;\"rgf k|0ffnL ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 179

b\"/ pkrf/ ;]jf ;r\" gf kl| jlwsf] k|of]u u/L 6f9a} f6 la/fdLsf] pkrf/, k/fdz{ cflb pknAw u/fOg] pkrf/ k4lt b/\" pkrf/ k4lt xf] . b/\" pkrf/cGtu{t ljleGg ;j] fx¿ pknAw 5g\\ hg' lgDgfg';f/ 5g\\ M != lel8of] ;j+ fbsf nflu pknAw pks/0fx¿sf dfWodaf6 b/\" pkrf/ sG] ›;uF ;Dks{ :yflkt u//] ljzi] f1 ;j] f lng lbg ;lsg] @= cgnfOg kf6] n{ af6 ljzi] f1sf] ;xofu] cfjZos ePsf la/fdLx¿sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f /flvg] #= g]kfndf lgMz'Ns 6]lnkmf]g g=+ !!!% df kmf]g u/L :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu hfgsf/L lng] $ :jf:Yo;DaGwL dfa] fOn PK;sf] k|ofu] u/L :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;r\" gf k|fKt ug{] / cfˆgf] :jf:y cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/ /xg] lj|mofsnfk != tkfO“s{ f] ;d'bfodf ;~rflnt k/Dk/fut lrlsT;f k4ltsf ;DaGwdf ;fw] vfh] u/L ltgsf] cj:yf, pknAw x'g] ;j] f / ;]jfkl| t ;d'bfosf] ljZjf;sf] cj:yf ;d]6L Pp6f /rgf tof/ kfg{'xf];\\ . @= cfwl' gs :jf:Yo ;]jf kl| jlw c¿ :jf:Yo ;]jfeGbf e/kbf]{ / ljZj;gLo dflgG5, lsg < sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ugx'{ f];\\ . #= lxhf]cfh cfw'lgs kl| jlwdf O—{ :jf:Yo / b/\" pkrf/;DaGwL k|ljlw Jofks aGb} uPsf] 5 lsg, sf/0f n]Vg'xf];\\ . cEof; -s_ cfo'j]{lbs lrlsT;f k4ltsf ;sf/fTds kIfx¿ pNnv] ug{x' f];\\ . -v_ xf]ldofK] ofyL s:tf] lrlsT;f kl4t xf] < -u_ kf| s[lts pkrf/ k4ltsf ljz]iftfx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . 180 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !!

# kf7 M :j:y hLjgzn} L / ;fdflhs hLjg ! :j:y hLjgz}nL sg' } klg JolSt, kl/jf/ / ;db' fosf] lhpg] tl/sfnfO{ hLjgz}nL elgG5 . hLjgz}nLdf sg' } klg JolStsf] vfgkfg, sfd u/fO, cf/fd h:tf kIfn] dxŒj /fVb5 . hLjgz}nL :j:y / c:j:y b'j} x'g ;S5 . :j:y hLjgz}nLn] dflg; :j:y / ;v' L /xG5 eg] c:j:y hLjgz}nLn] dflg;nfO{ /f]uL / bM' vL agfpF5 . @= :j:y hLjgzn} Lsf pkfox¿ -s_ :j:ys/ vfgf -v_ zf/Ll/s Jofofd -u_ kofK{ t lg›f -3_ JolStut :jR5tf -ª_ sg' } v/fa afgL jf nt gx'g' -r_ :jf:Yo lzIffsf] hfgsf/L / ;rt] gf -5_ jftfj/0fLo :jR5tf sfod ug{' -h_ zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s :jf:Yok|ltsf] ;hstf -em_ ;sf/fTds ;fr] -`_ ;ljm| o ;fdflhs hLjg :j:y hLjgz}nL sfod ug{ zf/Ll/s dfgl;s / cflTds :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'g cfjZos x'G5 . To:t} kf]if0fo'St vfglkgn] klg zf/Ll/s dfgl;s / cflTds :jf:Yo ;an agfpg dbt ub5{ . -s_ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / cflTds :jf:Yo ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\\u7gsf cg;' f/ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;fdflhs ¿kdf k0\" f{tM :j:y /xg' g} jf:tljs :jf:Yo xf] . zf/Ll/s :jf:Yo ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 181

z/L/;Fu ;DalGwt :jf:Yo cj:yfnfO{ zf/Ll/s :jf:Yo elgG5 . o;n] z/L/sf aflx/L / leqL cªu\\ x¿sf] cj:yfnfO{ hgfp5F . z/L/sf log} aflx/L jf leqL cª\\ux¿n] ;xL ¿kdf sfd ug'{ lg/f]lutf xf] eg] oL cªu\\ x¿df ;d:of cfpg' jf ;xL ¿kdf sfd gug'{ c:j:ytf xf] . zf/Ll/s :jf:Yo /fd|f] ePdf JolStTj ljsf; x'G5 . sfd ug]{ pT;fx, hfuF / / an a9\\5 h;n] sfoI{ fdtf jl[ 4 ub5{ . zf/Ll/s :jf:Yo sfod /fVg ;do ;dodf zf/Ll/s :jf:Yo hfrF u/fpg,] of]u / Jofofd ug,{] :j:y hLjgzn} L ckgfpg,] ;Gtl' nt vfgkfgdf Wofg lbg,] cf/fd ug{] cflb ugk'{ b5{ . dfgl;s :jf:Yo dfgl;s :jf:y xfdf| ] dg / dl:tis;Fu ;DalGwt :jf:Yosf] cj:yf xf] . dfgl;s :jf:Yodf xfd|f] efjgfTds, dgf]j}1flgs / ;fdflhs sNof0f ;dfj]z 5 . dfgl;s :jf:Yon] xfd|f] ;fr] fO, sfd u/fO / l;hg{ zLntfdf k|efj kfb5{ . dfgl;s :jf:y /fd|f] xFb' f tgfj Joj:yfkg ug,{ c¿;uF sf] ;DaGw ;d' w/' agfpg / ;xL lg0fo{ df kU' g dbt ub5{ . dfgl;s :jf:Yo hLjgsf x/s] r/0fdf dxŒjk0\" f{ 5 . dfgl;s :jf:Yo laufg{] ;ae} Gbf v/fa tŒj tgfj xf] . ljutkl| t kZrfQfk / eljiokl| t w]/} lrlGtt geO{ jt{dfgdf /dfpg] k|oTg u/d] f dfgl;s tgfj x'Fb}g, o;af6 hLjg ;'vL x'G5 . Jo:t /xg,] ;sf/fTds ;fr] /fVg] , ;do Joj:yfkg ug,{] Ifdtfcg;' f/sf sfd ug{,] ;fdflhs dN\" odfGotfnfO{ cjnDag ug{] u/d] f dfgl;s :jf:y sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . cflTds :jf:Yo zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s :jf:Yo h:t} cflTds :jf:Yo klg xfdf| ] hLjgdf dxŒjk0\" f{ xG' 5 . o;n] z/L/ / dgnfO{ lgoGq0f u/L ;Gt'ng sfod ub{5 . of] cfTdf;uF ;DalGwt x'G5 . lgDglnlvt Jojxf/x¿n] cflTds :jf:Yo /fd|f] agfO{ ;sf/fTds sfox{ ¿ ug{sf nflu cu;| / u/fp5F M -c_ ;sf/fTds ;fr] /fVg' -cf_ l/; /fu / j}/efj g/fVg' -O_ ;a}k|lt kd]| ;be\\ fj / ;Ddfg k|s6 ug'{ -O{_ dgnfO{ zfGt /fVg' -p_ 3dG8 gug{' -pm_ IfdfzLn xg' ' -C_ kf| 0fL lx+;f gug{' -v_ ;fdflhs hLjg ;fdflhs hLjg Ps JolStsf] ;dosf] c+z xf] hg' c¿;Fu pTkfbgzLn sfdx¿ ug{df vr{ ub5{ . of] Ps JolStsf] ;dfh;uF sf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGw klg xf] . ;fdflhs hLjg ;d:ofx¿sf] ;xh ;dfwfg ug]{ dfWod xf] . Pp6f JolSt hGd]bl] v dT[ o;' Dd s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf ;dfh;Fu 182 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !!

cfa4 x'G5 . p;sf] ;Tsdn{ ] ;dfhsf] k|lti7f a9fPsf] x'G5 . xfdL kj\" L{o ;Eotfsf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;fdflhs hLjg egs] f] kxf8 r9\\g] l;9F L h:t} xf] . ctM xfdLn] sg' } sfo{ ubf{ o;sf] c;/ ;dfhdf s:tf] kb{5 eGg] ;fR] g'kb5{ / ;dfhnfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ ug{] sfd ug{' xb'F g} . ;fdflhs hLjgnfO{ ;Gtl' nt ug{] pkfox¿ -s_ c;n ;fyL;Fu ;ªu\\ t ug]{ -v_ ;fdflhs pT;jx¿df x'g] hd36df c:j:ys/ vfgf, k]o kbfy{ ;]jg gug{] t/ e]63f6 / cGt/ljm| ofdf hf8] lbg] -u_ ;fyLx¿sf] e]63f6df w\"dkfg, dWokfg jf nfuk' bfys{ f] ;j] gaf6 6f9} /xg] / To:tf e]63f6nfO{ l;hg{ fTds sfddf pkof]u ug{] -3_ ;fdb' flos sfo{ :jcgz' f;g / JolStTj ljsf;df :sfp6 / o:t} cGo ;fdflhs ;:+ yfx¿df ;ljm| o /xg] -ª_ ;db' fodf xg' ] ljsf; lgdf0{ f, ;/;kmfO sfoj{ m| d, dn] fkj{ cflbdf ;ljm| o ;xelutf hgfpg] -r_ vb] s'b / JolStTj ljsf;sf sfo{df ;xeflutf hgfpg] kfi] f0fo'St tyf ;Gtl' nt vfgf xfd|f] hLjgz}nLnfO{ :j:Yo agfpg xfd|f] vfgkfg ;+:sf/df ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . xfdf| ] z/L/nfO{ tGb'?:t /fVgsf nflu ;xL vfgfsf] h?/t kb{5 . z/L/ / dgnfO{ :j:y /fVgsf nflu xfdLn] ;Gt'lnt cfxf/f lng'k5{ . ;Gt'lnt cfxf/df lrNnf] kbfy{, k|f]l6g, sfaf]x{ fO8]«6, le6fldg, vlghx¿ / kfgL u/L 5cf6] f dV' o kfi] fs tŒjx¿ kb5{ g\\ . :j:y vfglkgn] JolStsf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s :jf:YonfO{ tGb'?:t /fVg dbt ub{5 . :j:y vfg]s/' fn] z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kfi] f0f k|bfg ub{5 . :j:y vfgs] '/fdf kmnx¿, bxL b'w, t/sf/Lx¿ / ;Dk0\" f{ cGgx¿ ;dfjz] x'G5g\\ . kz| fw] g ul/Psf vfgf / ld7f k]o kbfyx{ ¿df ljleGg /f;folgs kbfyx{ ¿ ld;fOg] x'gfn] logLx¿ kmfObfhgs xFb' g} g\\ . dgsf] ;hutf / ;ts{tfdf vfgfsf] dfqf, zn} L, 5gf]6 cflbsf] ke| fj kb{5 . To;sf/0f vfgf 5gf6] ubf{ vfgfsf] k|s[lt, dgsf] OR5f / z/L/sf] cj:yfnfO{ Vofn ug'k{ b5{ . o;/L 5gf6] ul/Psf vfgfn] z/L/nfO{ :j:y /fVg, /f]u kl| t/fw] s Ifdtf a9fpg, z/L/df ljleGg tŒjsf] sdLn] nfUg] /fu] x¿af6 arfpg ;xof]u kè' ofpF5 / pmhf{ k|bfg u5{ . vfgf vfg] ;xL tl/sfx¿ b}lgs ¿kdf k|z:t kfgL lkpgk' 5{ . o;n] xfdf| ] k0| ffnLnfO{ z4' ub{5 / z/L/df kfgLsf] ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 183

dfqf k\"lt{ ub{5 . vfgf vfg'eGbf Ps 3G6f cufl8 / vfgf vfPkl5 Ps 3G6fkl5 dfq kfgL vfg' :jf:Yosf nflu /fdf| ] dflgG5 . t/ vfgf lgNg ufx|f] ePdf yf]/} dfq kfgL vfg ;lsG5 . kf]if0fo'St vfgf ;xL dfqfdf vfg] afgL ugk'{ b{5 . x/]s lbg Pp6} ;dodf / k6s k6s vfgf vfg' kb5{ . JolStn] v;' L x'Fb} vfgf agfpg' / vfgk' b{5 . o;n] ;GQl' i6 / pmhf{ kb| fg ub5{ . cgfh, u8] fu'8L, ;fukft, ;nfb cflb ldl>t vfgf vfgk' b{5 . lj|mofsnfk != zf/Ll/s dfgl;s / cflTds :j:Yo ;DaGwdf sIffdf k|jrg sfoj{ m| d cfof]hgf ugx'{ f;] \\ . @= tn lbOPsf vfgfsf k|sf/x¿sf] cWoog u/L sg' vfgf xfdf| ] :jf:Yosf nflu pkoS' t xG' 5, hf]8L hf8] Ldf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx'{ f];\\ . bfneft, df5fdf;', kmnkm\" n, ;fukft,k]o kbfy,{ tof/L vfgs] '/f, af;L vfgs] /' f #= :j:ys/ ;fdflhs hLjgzn} L ckgfpg] pkfox¿dWo] cfkmn\" ] ug}{ Jojxf/sf] ;\"rL tof/ ug'x{ f];\\ / ;fyLsf Jojxf/sf] ;\"rL;u“ tn' gf ug{'xf];\\ . cEof; != zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / cflTds :j:ytf sfod /fVg] pkfox¿ tflnsfdf b]vfpg'xf;] \\ . @= …:j:y hLjgz}nLdf vfgkfgsf] e\"ldsf dxŒjk\"0f{ xG' 5Ú o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ug'x{ f];\\ . 184 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !!

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;lsG5 . xdf{]gdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g / dgf]j1} flgs bafasf sf/0f vt/fhGo Jojxf/kl| tsf] rf;f] / ;/f]sf/nfO{ ;dt] ;dodd} Joj:yfkg ug'{ csf]{ k|dv' rg' ft} Lsf ¿kdf /xs] f] 5 . a9b\\ f] ;fyL ;ªu\\ t / 3n' ldnn] ck/fw / bJ' o;{ gtkm{ xfdL lszf/] lszf/] Lx¿ axlsg] t xfO] gfF} To;tkm{ tkfOF xfdL, cleefjs / l;ªu\\ f] ;dfh rgfvf] / ;+j]bgzLn xg' h?/L 5 . of] t k9\\g] l;Sg] / eljio agfpg] pd]/ xf] . k9fOdf lg/Gt/tf / bIf l;sfOsf nflu cfkmn\" fO{ pTk|l] /t u/L ef]lnsf] sfdsf] ;+;f/df laSg] clg ;kmn sd{ u/L l6Sg] u/L tof/Ldf /xg' csf{] r'gft} L xf] . oL kIfnfO{ dgg ug{ / ;fdfgf ug{ cfh}bl] v xfdL tof/ x'gk' 5{ eGb} ca s] s] ug{ ;lsof] eg] xfdL lszf/] lszf/] Lx¿ :j:y hLjgzn} L cjnDag ug{ ;S5fF} To; ;DaGwdf :ki6 kfg{ rfxG5' . :j:y / ;Gt'lnt vfgkfgdf Wofg lbg] ug{'kb{5 . k|z:t kfgL lkpg] ug{'kb{5 . c¿ JolStx¿;uF /fdf| ] cfr/0f / afgL Jojxf/ kb| zg{ ug{k' b5{ . sfd / >dsf] ysfg d6] \\g kofK{ t cf/fd / lg›f lng'kb{5 . ljleGg dfWodaf6 :jR5 dgf]/~hg lng] / 3d' lkm/nfO{ ;d]t ;do 5\\6\\ofpg' kb5{ . ;fyL;uF e6] 3f6 / cGt/lj|mofdf /dfpgk' b{5 . ;fdl\" xs sfo{ / ultljlwdf ;xeflutf hgfpg' kb5{ . cfkmn\" fO{ l;hg{ fTds sfddf Jo:t /fVgk' b5{ . sn' taf6 6f9f /xgk' b5{ . v/fa ;fyLsf] ;ªu\\ t ug'x{ 'Fb}g . hlxn] klg z'eljrf/ / ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf ;fy sfd ug{'kb{5 . oL rg' ft} Lx¿nfO{ lrb}{ cufl8 a9\\g' kg]{ lhDd]jf/L jf cleef/f lszf]/ lszf]/Lx¿sf] sfFwdf /xs] f] 5 . log} rg' ft} Lx¿sf] ;fdgf ub{} ;sf/fTds hLjg kl4t cufNb} cufl8 a9\\g ;sd] f ;dfhdf :yflkt xg' / ;dfh kl/jtg{ df /rgfTds el\" dsf v]Ng xfdL ;kmn x'G5f}F . kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6«n] xfdLaf6 u/s] f] ckI] ff tadfq k\"/f xg' 5] . wGojfb ljm| ofsnfk != tnsf] tflnsf e/L cfk\\mgf] :jdN\" ofªs\\ g ugx{' f];\\ M lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;wF} kf| oM h;f] slxn]sfxF L u5{' % u5{' u5{' # @ laxfg ;o\" fb{] o kj\" { jf ;a]/} p7g\\ ] p7g\\ f;fy bO' { lunf; z4' dgtftf] kfgL lkpg] / zf}rfno hfg] sDtLdf klg ;Ktfxsf] Ps lbg :gfg ugk{' \"j{ tf]/Lsf] t]n of ltnsf] t]n of ht} g' sf] tn] n] ;Dk0\" f{ z/L/ dfln; ug{] ;kmf;U' 3/ n'uf nufP/ zfGt, ;kmf / vn' f 7fpFdf a;/] kf| 0ffofd, Wofg tyf ofu] cf;gx¿ ug{] kl;gf cfpg] u/L b}lgs lx8\\g] jf kl/>d ug]{ 186 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !!

dlxgfsf] Ps k6s pkjf; a:g] ;To, lko| / lxtsf/L jrg af]Ng] ljgd| Jojxf/ ug{] kmh'n vr{ gug,]{ cgfjZos njfOdf wg / ;do v]/ gkmfNg] h:tf];'s} cfktljkt\\df klg dgsf] w}o{nfO{ sfod /fVg] c;n JolStsf] ;ªu\\ t ug{] ;To, cgz' f;g / Gofosf] dfu{df lx8F \\g] hftkft, j]ze\"iff dt, ;Dk|bfo, lnª\\u, j0f{ / k];f cflbsf cfwf/df s;};uF e]befj tyf kIfkftk\"0f{ Jojxf/ gu/L ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{] 3/ ;kmf;'U3/ ug{] km\"nx¿ /fK] g] leQfdf pQ]hs tl:a/ tyf w]/} leQ]kfqfx] ¿ gemG' 8\\ofpg] la5\\of}gf ;w}F ;kmf;U' 3/ /fVg] Pjd\\ n'ufx¿ ldnfP/ /fVg] cWoog sf7] fdf lstfax¿ ldnfP/ /fVg] / grflxg] lstfax¿ Joj:yfkg ug]{ ldlxgt] sf ;fy sfd ug{] ;do ;dodf :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fpg] dflysf] tflnsfdf cfkmn\" ] lrgf] nufPcg';f/ !)) k0\" ffª\\sdf kf| Kt ug'{eof] cª\\s u0fgf ugx{' f;] \\ . o;/L cª\\s u0fgf ubf{ *)”!)) Nofpg] /fdf| ,] ^)”&( Nofpg] dWod / ^) eGbf sd Nofpg] sdhf/] :j:y hLjgz}nL ePsf] bv] fpg] xbF' f sdhf/] / dWodn] cem} cfˆgf] hLjgzn} Ldf ;'wf/ ug'{ h?/L bl] vG5 . ;fs] f nflu Pp6f kl| ta4tfkq tof/ u/L ;fyL / lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpg'xf];\\ / ;as} f lardf kl| ta4tf;d]t ug{'xf];\\ . cEof; != lszf/] fj:yfsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\\ . @= lszf/] fj:yf hLjgsf] dxŒjk\"0f{ cj:yf xf,] lsg< #= lszf/] fj:yfsf d'Vo rg' f}tLx¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ kfg'{xf];\\ . $= lszf/] lszf]/Lx¿n] :j:y hLjgzn} L ckgfpg lsg h?/L 5, sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ug'{xf;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 187

%kf7 M of]u tyf Wofg :j:y hLjgz}nLsf nflu vfgkfg, :j:y cj:yf, cf/fd, Jofofd h:t} of]u / Wofgsf] dxŒjk\"0f{ el\" dsf /xG5 . logsf] cEof;n] zf/Ll/s dfgl;s / cflTds :jf:YonfO{ ;b' [9 agfpF5 . /f]u nfUgaf6 arfpg'sf ;fy} /fu] sf] pkrf/sf] ;dt] sfd ub5{ . ofu] / Wofg xfdf| ] jl} bs tyf k/Dk/fut hLjg k4lt;Fu hfl] 8P/ cfPsf] 5 . xfn cfP/ ljZjJofkL klxrfgsf ;fy nfs] lko| aGb} uPsf] 5 . o;}sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ;+oS' t /fi6;ª3\\ n] kT| o]s jif{ h'g @ nfO{ ljZj of]u lbj;sf ¿kdf dgfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . != ofu] of]u …oh' \\Ú wft'af6 ags] f] xf] . of]usf] cy{ hf]8g\\ ' x'G5 . To;n} ] of]un] ;d:t hLjnfO{ l/;, cfju] af6 arfpF5 / JolStdf ;fd\"lxs efj l;h{gf ub5{ / åGåaf6 arfp5F . of]usf] kj| ws{ kt~hnLn] ofu] sf] nIonfO{ o;/L JoSt u/s] f 5g\\ M …xo] d\\ bM' vd\\ cgkftdÚ\\ cyf{t\\ æb'Mv cfpg'eGbf cufl8 g} o;nfO{ /fS] g' of]usf] nIo xf] . of]usf cf7 cª\\ux¿ x'G5g\\ . To;}n] o;nfO{ ci6fª\\u of]usf] gfdn] k'sfl/G5 . oL cf7 cªu\\ x¿sf] cEof; Ps};fy jf ldl>t ¿kdf ug{ ;lsG5 . of]usf cf7 cªu\\ sf gfd / ltgsf lgodx¿nfO{ tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M -s_ od o;cGt/u{t kfrF cf6] f ;fdflhs Pjd\\ gl} ts lgodx¿ kb{5g\\ M -s_ clx+;f -sd{ lx+;f/lxt dg, jrg_ -v_ ;To -;To lgi7f O/fbf tyf pRr ;Totfdf :yflkt /xg'_ -u_ cf:t]o -rf]/L gug'{_ -3_ aX| dro{ -ljjfx klxn] sd' f/Tj / sd' f/LTj sfod /fVg] / ljjfxkZrft\\ akmfbf/ aGg] -ª_ ckl/u|x -cgfjZos j:t'x¿sf] ;~ro gug]{, c¿sf] hLjgdf k|fKt s'/fx¿sf] rfxgf gug'_{ -v_ lgod o;cGt/ut{ kfrF JolStut gl} tstf / cfTd cgz' f;gsf s/' fx¿ kb5{ g,\\ hg' lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\\ M -s_ zfr} -zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s z4' tf tyf ;/;kmfO_ 188 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !!

-v_ ;Gtfi] f -;Gt'li6, v;' L /xg_' -u_ tk; -tk:of tyf cfTdcg'zf;g_ -3_ :jfWofo -cfTd cWoog tyf cfTdfdf l:y/ /xg'_ -ª_ OZ{ j/ k|l0fwfg -O{Zj/Lo zlStnfO{ cfb/ ug'{ /cf:yf /fVg'_ -u_ cf;g o;cGt/ut{ ofu] sf ljleGg zf/Ll/s cf;gx¿ kb5{ g,\\ h:t} M ;v' f;g, jhf| ;g,pi6f« ;g cflb -3_ kf| 0ffofd kf| 0ffofd egs] f] ljleGg Zjf;k|Zjf;sf kl| j|mofx¿åf/f zlStsf] ;xL kl/rfng u/L z/L/df phf{ kf| Kt ug'{ xf] . -ª_ kT| ofxf/ M -OlG›ox¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{'_ -r_ wf/0f M -Psfu| x'g_' -5_ Wofg -cfTd:j¿kdf sl] G›t x'g'_ -h_ ;dflw of] r]tgfsf] pRrtd l:ylt, bM' v / ;v' sf] lrGtfaf6 dS' t eO{ k/d cfgGb k|fKt u/s] f] l:ylt / Wofgsf] r/d cj:yf xf] . @= of]usf nflu ugk'{ g{] cfwf/et\" ljm| ofx¿ -s_ z/L/ ttfpg] ljm| ofsnfk of]u ug{'eGbf klxn] z/L/ ttfpg] lj|mof ugk{' b5{ , h;nfO{ jfd{ck klg elgG5 . ;fdfGo pkm| g,] ;I\" d Jofofdx¿ u//] z/L/nfO{ ofu] f;gsf nflu tof/ kfg'k{ b{5 . jfd{ck gu/L Psk} 6s of]uf;g ubf{ z/L/df yk gfS] ;flg k'Ug ;S5 . -v_ hfg] Lx{ ¿ 3d' fpg] sfo{ z/L/ ttfpg] ljm| ofsnfkkl5 a9]sf] Zjf;nfO{ l:y/ agfpg sx] La/] klxn] d'v v'nf u/]/ / kl5 gfsaf6 nfdf] nfdf] Zjf; tfGg] / 5f8] g\\ ] ug{k' b5{ . To;kl5 ubg{ , sd' , kfv'/f, gf8L, sDd/, 38'F f, v'66\\ f / v'66\\ fsf cf}nF fx¿ klxn] bfoftF km{ kfFrbl] v bz k6s 3'dfpg] / To;kl5 Tolt g} uGtLdf afoftF kma{ f6 hf]gL{x¿ 3'dfpgk' b5{ . -v_ ofu] f;g ;\"Id Jofofdkl5 of]usf ljleGg cf;gx¿ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] z/L/sf aflx/L / leqL cªu\\ x¿nfO{ tGb?' :t /fVg,] hf]gL{ / x88\\ L cflb df+;kz] LnfO{ alnof] agfpg] / /St;~rf/ k0| ffnLnfO{ ;J' ojl:yt ug]{ sfo{ ub5{ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !! 189

-c_ ;\"o{ gd:sf/ ofu] f;gdWo] ;\"o{ gd:sf/ lszf]/ / oj' fx¿sf nflu w/] } g} pkoS' t cf;g xf] . of] w]/}cf]6f of]uf;gx¿sf] ;o+ S' t ¿k xf] . o;df !@ uGtLdf !@ cf6] f cf;gx¿ k/\" f ul/G5, h;nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ ug{ ;lsG5 M != k|0ffd cf;g l;wf pleP/ b'j} xft 5ftLsf] cufl8 hf]8L 9f8 sDd/ l;wf /fvL gd:sf/ ugk'{ 5{ . @= x:tpTyfg cf;g ;f; tfGb} bj' } xftnfO{ 6fpsfsf] k5fl8 nuL z/L/nfO{ ;d]t k5fl8 em'sfpg] ug{'k5{ . #= x:tkfb;g ;f; 5f8] b\\ } sDd/eGbf dflysf] efunfO{ cufl8 ems' fpFb} 38' f gv'DRO bj} xftn] v6' 6\\ fnfO{ 5g' ] k|of; ug'{k5{ . $= cZj ;~rfng cf;g ;f; lnbF } bj' } xft v'6\\6fsf] bfofFafofF /fvL bfofF v'6\\6fnfO{ k5fl8 nuL 3F8' fn] eO' Fdf 6]Sg] / dfly xg] ]{ ug{k' 5{ . %= b08f;g bO' { v'66\\ f / bO' { xft tGsfP/ hldgdf 6S] g] . o;f] ubf{ Zjf; /f]Sg] sfo{ ug'{k5{ . ^= ci6fªu\\ gd:sf/ cf;g ;fdfGo ¿kdf ;f; lng] / bj' } 38' f, 5ftL / lrp8F f];d]t hldgdf /fvL k'7f]nfO{ dfly p7fpg] ug'k{ 5{ . &= e'hªu\\ f;g z/L/nfO{ hldgdf /fvL ;f; lnbF } gfO6f]dGbf dflysf] efunfO{ hldgb]lv dfly p7fpg] ug'{k5{ *= kjt{ f;g ;f; 5f8] b\\ } bj' } v6' 6\\ f k5fl8 /fvL xft / v6' 6\\ fsf] andf pleg] / kxf8h:t} agL gfle:ynnfO{ xg] {] *= x:t pTyfg cf;fg ;f; lnbF } sDd/eGbf dflysf] efunfO{ dfly p7fpFb} dfly cfO{ k5fl8 em'Sg] ugk{' 5{ 190 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !!

(= cZj ;~rfng cf;g ;f; lnFb} bj' } xft v6' 6\\ fsf] bfofaF fofF /fvL bfofF v'66\\ fnfO{ k5fl8 nuL 3F8' fn] eO' Fdf 6]Sgk' 5{ / dfly xg] '{k5{ . !)= x:tkfb;g ;f; 5f]8b\\ } sDd/eGbf dflysf] efunfO{ cufl8 ems' fpFb} 3'8f gv'DRofO{ bj} xftn] v'66\\ fnfO{ 5'g] ko| f; ug'k{ 5{ . !!= x:tpTyfg cf;g ;f; tfGb} bj' } xftnfO{ 6fpsfsf] k5fl8 nuL z/L/nfO{ ;d]t k5fl8 ems' fpg] ugk'{ 5{ . !@= k|0ffd cf;g l;wf pleP/ bj' } xft 5ftLsf] cufl8 hf8] L 9f8 sDd/ l;wf /fvL gd:sf/ ug'{k5{ . of] kl| jm| of !) k6s bfx] f]èofpg] / jm| dzM cfjZostfcg;' f/ yKb} ug'k{ 5{ . ;\"o{ gd:sf/kl5 of]u lgb|f ug{ pkoS' t xG' 5 . pQfgf] k//] ;T' g] bj' } v'6\\6f km6\\ofpg] / bj' } xft z/L/sf] 5]pdf kmn} fO xTs]nfnfO{ cfsfztkm{ kmsf{pg], v6' 6\\ fb]lv 6fpsf;Ddsf efu Pskl5 csf{] cªu\\ nfO{ lj>fd lbFb} hfg] ljm| ofnfO{ of]u lgb|f elgG5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !! 191

#= of]usf kmfObfx¿ k/Dk/fut zf/Ll/s JofofdeGbf ofu] s;/L leGg 5 eg] ofu] df dg, z/L/ / Zjf;df Wofg lbFb} Psfu|tfnfO{ :yflkt u/fOG5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGgk' bf{ of]un] xfd|f] ;du| r]tgfnfO{ ldnfpbF } :j:y nlrnf] z/L/ tyf zfGt Psfu| dg k|bfg ub5{ . ofu] sf s]xL kmfObfdf o;n] nrstf ;'wf5{ . ;+of]uL sf]ifx¿ / df+;kz] Lx¿nfO{ dha't agfp5F / x8\\8Lx¿nfO{ an kb| fg ub{5 . zf/Ll/s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofp5F / ;Gt'ng sfod u5{ . d]?b08nfO{ ;/' Iff k|bfg u5{ . z/L/sf ;a} cªu\\ x¿df /St;~rf/df ;w' f/ Nofp5F . /fu] kl| t/f]wfTds IfdtfnfO{ a9fpF5 . d6' s' f] rfn, kmfS] ;fs] f] ;'/Iff, P8«g] n u|lGy, :gfo' k0| ffnL, kL8f ;dg ug]{ k|ljm| ofx¿nfO{ lgodg ub{5 . tgfjnfO{ Joj:yfkg u5{ . cfGtl/s zflGt sfod u5{ / ulx/f] lg›f lbnfp5F . $= k|f0ffofd kf| 0f / cfofd bO' { zAbaf6 kf| 0ffofd zAb ag]sf] 5 . k|f0fsf] cy{ hLjgbfoL pmhf{ xf] . cfofdsf] cy{ xf] lglZrt lbzf k|bfg ug'{ xf] . To;n} ] k|f0fofd Zjf;nfO{ lgoGq0fsf ;fy ;~‍rfng ug{] Ps ks| f/sf] tl/sf xf] . Zjf;df hLjgbfoL kf| 0f zlSt lglxt x'G5 . kf| 0ffofdsf] dfWodaf6 Zjf;af6 kf| Kt xg' ] pmhfn{ fO{ lgs} dfqfdf a9fpg ;lsG5 . kf| 0ffofdsf ljleGg tl/sfx¿ 5g\\ . d'Vo tl/sfx¿ oxfF k:| t't ul/Psf 5g\\ . != ef| d/L kf| 0ffofd dfx/' Ln] lgsfNg] cfjfh;uF ldNg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ ef| d/L kf| 0ffofd elgPsf] xf] . To;}n] o;nfO{ Humming bee kf| 0ffofd klg elgG5 . o;n] dgnfO{ nfdf] Zjf; lng] / Zjf; 5f]8b\\ f cf]7 aGb zfGt agfpF5 . o;n] l/;, c;Gtl' i6, ljt[i0ff h:tf efjnfO{ x6fpg dbt u5{ . o;nfO{ 5f]6f] ;dodf PsfGt 7fpdF f h'g;'s} a]nf cEof; ug{ ;lsG5 . kmfObfx¿ -c_ cfjfhdf ld7f; Nofp5F . -cf_ z/L/ zfGt agfpF5 / tgfj, l/; tyf lrGtf sd u5{ . -O_ pRr /Strfk tyf l8k;|] gsf] ;d:of ePsfnfO{ kmfObf u5{ . -O_{ dgnfO{ Psfu| agfpF5 . -p_ ue{jtL dlxnfx¿sf nflu cem nfesf/L 5 . 192 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

@= skfneflt k|f0ffofd skfnsf] cy{ 6fpsf] jf dl:tis / efltsf] cy{ t]h cyft{ \\ rlDsnf] eGg] xG' 5 . skfnefltsf] cy{ :jR5 lbdfu xf] . skfn eflF taf6 dl:tisdf :jR5tf cfp5F h;n] ubf{ xfd|f] sfoI{ fdtf a95\\ . tl/sf -c_ d?] b08 l;wf /fv]/ cfkm\"nfO{ ;lhnf] xg' ] cf;gdf a:g] -cf_ dv' aGb /fv]/ bj' } gfl;sfaf6 Zjf; lng] / clnslt ankj\" {s Zjf; aflx/ ˆofSF g] . Zjf; aflx/ ˆofSbf yf/] } an nufP/ k]6nfO{ leq ws]Ng] -O_ k]6nfO{ /f]Sg] / Zjf; lng] j|mdnfO{ $) k6s ug{] / Psl5g lj>fd ug]{ -O{_ ;docg';f/ o:tf] sfo{ tLg k6s bf]xf]èofpg] -p_ To;kl5 tLg ldg6] hlt cfvF f aGb u/]/ a:g] kmfObfx¿ -c_ kfrg k|0ffnLnfO{ /fdf| ] agfpg] x'Fbf k]6;DaGwL /f]u lgjf/0fsf nflu ;xof]u u5{ . -cf_ Zjf;kZ| jf; k0| ffnLnfO{ zlStzfnL agfp5F . -O_ ulx/f] lg›f nfU5 . -O_ k]6df /x]sf] df]6f]kg sd u5{ . -O{_ d6' ' / kmf]S;f]df /xs] f cj/fw] x¿nfO{ x6fpF5 . -p_ z/L/sf ljleGg cª\\udf /utsf] cfk\"lt{ a9fp5F . -pm_ 5fnfdf rds a9fp5F . ;fjwfgL -c_ skfneflt ubf{ w]/} hf8] n] Zjf; kmfNg' jf k6] nfO{ clt an u/]/ rnfpg' xF'bg} . -cf_ ;fy} Ps} ;dodf w/] } k6s klg ug{ x'bF }g . z/L/sf] Ifdtfcg';f/ dfq ug{'k5{ . -O_ uej{ tL dlxnfx¿n] ug{' xF'bg} . -O{_ k]6sf] cN;/ ePsfx¿n] ug{' x'bF g} . -p_ pRr /Strfk ePsf, bdsf] /f]u ePsf tyf sg' } zNolj|mof u/]sf dflg;n] k|lzIfs;uF ;Nnfx u/]/ dfq ug'{k5{ . -pm_ ;'?df sg' } k|lzIfsaf6 l;s/] ug{' pko'St xG' 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 193

-u_ gf8Lzfw] g cg'nf]d ljnf]d k|f0ffofd -Alternate Nostril Breathing_ xfd|f] z/L/df pmhf{sf] k|jfx x'g] ;\"Idtd kyx¿sf] k|0ffnLnfO{ gf8L elgG5 / gf8Lzf] wg k|f0ffofdsf dfWodaf6 of] k|0ffnLnfO{ ;kmf / k|efjsf/L agfOG5 . dflg;sf] z/L/df &@,))) gf8Lx¿ x'G5g\\ . lognfO{ tLg k|sf/df afF8\\g ;lsG5 . lognfO{ Onf, lkª\\unf / ;;' 'Dgf u/L tLg efudf ljefhg ul/G5 . gf8Lzfw] gåf/f oL gf8Lx¿df /x]sf cj/fw] x¿nfO{ x6fP/ z/L/df pmhf{sf] kj| fxnfO{ a9fpg ;lsG5 . tl/sf -c_ d]?b08 l;wf /fv]/ cfkmn\" fO{ ;lhnf] x'g] cf;gdf a:g] -cf_ afofF xftnfO{ afofF 3'8F fdf lj>fd u/fpg] -O_ bfofF xftsf] rf]/L cfn}F f / dfemL cfF}nfsf] 6'KkfnfO{ b'O{ cfFvLe'OFsf lardf /fV‍g] -O{_ bfofF xftsf] a9' LcfnF} f gfl;sfsf] bfoftF km{ / ;fOnL cfnF} f gfl;sfsf] afoftkm{ xNsf;uF /fVg‍ ] -p_ bj' } gfsaf6 Zjf; lng] bfofF gfl;sf aGb u//] afofaF f6 5f8] g\\ ] -afofF gfl;sfaf6 Zjf; lng] / To;nfO{ ;fOnF L cfFn} fn] aGb ug,{] clg Zjf;nfO{ bfofF gfl;sfaf6 aflx/ ˆofFSg] -pm_ ca hg' gfl;sfaf6 Zjf; aflx/ kmfns] f] xf] To;a} f6 lng] To;nfO{ aGb ug{] csfa{] f6 5f8] g\\ ] -C_ of] jm| d kfFr ldg]6;Dd nfdf] Zjf;sf ;fydf bf]xf¥] ofO/xg] . kmfObfx¿ gfs / z/L/df ;f; axg] Ifq] nfO{ ;kmf u5{ . gf8Lx¿ vn' f u5{ / z/L/nfO{ pmhf{zLn agfp5F . dgnfO{ zfGt /fV5 . tgfj / 8/ sd ug{ dbt u5{ . dw'dx] sf] /f]u /fS] g jf ePsfnfO{ sd ug{ dbt u5{ . 5fnfnfO{ rlDsnf] agfp5F . slAhot, yfO/fO8 / lkgf;sf] /f]udf nfesf/L 5 . -3_ Wofg Wofg dg l:y/ /x]sf] cj:yf xf] . ha dgdf ljrf/, OR5f, :dl[ t / dxŒjfsfªI\\ ff sx] L /xFbg} Tolt an] f df}gsf] l:yltdf kl' uG5, Tof] df}gtf g} Wofg xf] . Wofg s'g} pknlAw xg} , of] cfGtl/s :jefj xf] . Wofg Ps efjgfljxLg df}gsf] cj:yf xf] . s'g} klg Wofg bLlIft u'?sf] k|ToIf lgbz]{ gdf cEof; ugk'{ b5{ . 194 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

Wofgsf kmfObfx¿ -c_ dg zfGt / lglZrGt /xG5 . -cf_ hLjgdf cfpg] ;d:ofx¿n] dgnfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;Sbg} . -O_ z/L/sf] kfrg zlSt ;Gtl' nt xG' 5 . -O_{ cfk;L ;DaGwx¿df ;sf/fTdstf a95\\ . -p_ s?0ff efjsf] ljsf; xG' 5 . -pm_ cfˆgf] jf:tljs :j¿knfO{ hfGgtkm{ dg cu|;/ x'G5 . sx] L kr| lnt Wofgx¿ -s_ ;'bzg{ lj|mof Wofg ;b' zg{ ljm| of Ps ;xh / nofTds Zjf;kZ| jf;sf] kl| jm| of xf] . o;sf kl| tkfbs >L >L /ljzªs\\ / x'g\\ . o;sf] cEof;n] z/L/, dg / efjgfnfO{ Ps nodf Nofp5F . o; Wofgaf6 dflg;nfO{ tgfj, j|mf]w, ysfg, gsf/fTds ljrf/ tyf cj;fbaf6 pGd'lSt kfpg dbt ldN5 . o;sf] lg/Gt/ cEof;n] JolStnfO{ lg/fu] L / pmhfj{ fg\\ agfpgs' f ;fy} k|lt/IffTds zlSt, :d/0f zlSt / ;xgzlSt klg w]/} dfqfdf jl[ 4 u5{ . -v_ ljkZogf Wofg ljKfZogf Wofg dgnfO{ :j:y, zfGt / :jR5 ug{] j1} flgs ljlw xf] . csf]{ zAbdf o;nfO{ dgsf] Jofofd klg elgG5 . o;sf k|0f]tf uf}td a4' xg' \\ . o;sf] ;?' cft nueu @,^)) jifc{ l3 ePsf] lyof] . :jfefljs ¿kdf cfPsf] uPsf] Zjf;sf] ultnfO{ xl] //xg] ljlwnfO{ g} ljkZogf Wofg elgG5 . dfg} tfåf/f z/L/ / dgnfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{ o; Wofgsf] ljzi] ftf xf] . -u_ cf]zf] Wofg cf]zf] Wofgsf k|0f]tf cfrfo{ /hgLz xg' \\ . o; Wofgaf6 pmhf{ k|fKt x'G5 . To; pmhfn{ ] v;' L / kd]| efj k}bf u5{ . k]|d efjsf sf/0f dfgj ;DaGw ku| f9 xG' 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != lzIfssf] lgb{z] gdf dfly lbOPsf] ofu] , kf| 0ffofd jf Wofgsf] cEof; ug{'xf;] \\, ;fy} cfkmd\" f ;a} kf| 0ffofd, ofu] k0\" f{¿kdf ug{ ;Sg] ePkl5 lgoldt ¿kdf dflysf of] ux¿dWo] sg' } ofu] f;g / k|f0ffofd lgoldt ¿kdf ug'{xf;] \\ . To;n] kf/]sf] k|efj / cfkmg\\ f cg'ej;d]t ;d6] L k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{'xf];\\ / kl| tj]bgsf] ;f/ sIffdf k:| t't ug'{xf];\\ . @= plNnlvt tl/sfaf6 k~rsf]z Wofgsf] lgoldt cEof; ug{'xf];\\ . o;af6 s:tf] cge' \"lt eof,] kfrF lbgkl5 ;fyLx¿;Fu cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg ugx'{ f];\\ = ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 195

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