Code 402 Class 9 MS Office Base

CBSE Code 402 Information Technology Skill Subject Level- 1 Class 9 CONCEPT BY: Gagan Agarwal Founder & M.D. COMPOSED BY: David S. CLDP, MCA 25 yrs experience in IT DESIGNED BY: Pushpender Sharma REVIEWED BY: Vinita Sharma (HOD- CS) St. Teresa School, Indirapuram MCA, B.ed & PGT 19 yrs experience in IT CONTRIBUTED BY: Gareema Balwani Hitesh Saini

Contents Class IX EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS Session-7 : User Experience 108 Session-8 : Begin Lessons 109 Unit-1 : Communication Skills-I Session-9 : Viewing Statistics 110 Session-10 : Working with Lesson Editor 113 Session-1 : Communication Cycle 5 9 Session-2 : Methods of Communication 13 Unit-3 : Digital Documentation Session-3 : Communication Perspectives 15 Session-4 : Basic Writing Skills Session-1 : Getting Started with a Word Processor Unit-2 : Self-Management Skills-I 118 Session-2 : Edit, Save and Open Session-1 : Meaning and a Document 119 Importance of Self-Management 22 Session-3 : Identify Elements of 121 User Interface Session-2 : Building Self-Confidence 26 123 125 Unit-3 : ICT Skills-I Session-4 : Editing Features of the 126 128 Session-1 : Information and Communication Word Processor 130 Skills 32 Session-5 : Find and Replace Text 132 Session-2 : Computer System 36 Session-6 : Check Spelling and Grammar 133 135 Session-3 : Basic Computer Operations 42 Session-7 : Page Style 142 Session-4 : Performing Basic File Operations 50 Session-8 : Formatting Text 145 151 Session-5 : Internet and Its Applications 56 Session-9 : Create List of Items 156 Using Bullets and 157 Unit-4 : Entrepreneurial Skills-I Numbering Session-1 : Types of Businesses and Session-10 : Assigning Colour, Border Business Activities 72 and Background to Paragraph Session-2 : Entrepreneurship: Meaning 75 and Characteristics Session-11 : Page Formatting Session-12 : Managing Headers & Footers Session-13 : Inserting Symbols and Unit-5 : Green Skills-I Special Characters Session-1 : Environment, Natural Resources Session-14 : Create a Table and Conservation 81 Session-15 : Printing a Document Session-2 : Green Economy 85 Session-16 : Mail Merge SUBJECT SPECIFIC SKILLS Unit-4 : Electronic Spreadsheet Unit-1: Introduction to IT -ITeS Industry Session-1 : Introduction to Spreadsheets 164 Session-2 : Open, Save and Session-1 : Introduction 88 166 Session-2 : IT Applications 91 Close Spreadsheet 168 Session-3 : Enter Data in Spreadsheet 170 Unit-2: Data Entry & Keyboarding Skills Session-4 : Formulas 173 Session-5 : Functions Session-1 : Getting Familiar with the Keyboard 99 Session-6 : Format Data–Labels, 175 180 Session-2 : Advanced Keyboard Keys 101 Date, Time, Number 182 Session-7 : Fill Handle Session-3 : Computer Mouse 103 Session-8 : Cell Referencing 183 Session-9 : Create Modify and Session-4 : Computer Mouse Operations 104 Format Charts Session-5 : Typing Ergonomics 105 Session-6 : Getting Started with Touch Typing 106

Unit-5 : Digital Presentation Session-8 : Viewing the Presentation 203 Session-9 Session-1 : Introduction to Session-10 : Inserting Animations 206 Digital Presentation Session-11 191 Session-12 : Working with Tables 209 Session-13 Session-2 : Open, Save and Session-14 : Working with Images 211 Close Presentation 195 : Add Shapes in a Presentation 214 Session-3 : Duplicate and Rearrange slides 197 : Master Views 217 Session-4 : View a Presentation- : Slide Transitions 218 Slide Show View 199 Session-5 : Using Help 200 Projects : 224 226 Session-6 : Edit Text-Font Size, Sample Question Paper 1: 228 230 Style and Colour 201 Sample Question Paper 2: Session-7 : Edit Text in a Presentation 202 IT General Knowledge- Important Terminology:

MARKS BREAK UP INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (402) Class IX (Session 2020-21) UNITS NO. OF HOURS MAX. MARKS for Theory and Practical for Theory and Employability Skills Unit 1 : Communication Skills-I 200 Practical Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills-I 100 Unit 3 : ICT Skills-I Part A Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills-I 10 Unit 5 : Green Skills-I 10 10 10 Total 15 05 50 10 Subject Specific Skills Theory Practical Marks (In Hours) (In Hours) Part B Unit 1: Introduction to IT-ITeS industry 2 4 4 4 10 6 Unit 2: Data Entry & Keyboarding Skills 10 26 10 18 35 10 Unit 3: Digital Documentation 10 31 10 44 106 40 Unit 4:Electronic Spreadsheet 15 Unit 5: Digital Presentation 10 10 Total 35 Part D Part C Practical Work 10 Practical Examination 05 Written Test 15 Viva Voce Total Project Work/Field Visit Practical File/ Student Portfolio Viva Voce Total GRAND TOTAL 200 100

PART A: EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS Unit 1 Communication Skills- I Session-1 Communication Cycle Communication is the very basic need of the living beings to live and survive. All living beings communicate. Human beings have even developed numerous languages over the period of vast history that helps them communicate with other fellow beings. Communication is a process to give to and receive information from others. Interacting with others while exchanging information is called Communication. Why communication is a skill to learn? The answer to this simple question is simple too. To succeed in relationships with others, personal or professional, to lead a successful and happy life communication skills play a vital role. Every communication has a purpose. If that purpose needs to be met, right skills need to be exercised. People in different professions possess communication skills accordingly. A doctor is gentle in dealing with his patients while an army instructor needs to be authoritative and disciplinarian. A teacher maintains a balance of being strict and gentle while a diplomat speaks with careful choice of words. A salesperson should know what needs to be spoken to interest the prospective customer while a candidate sitting in an interview should know how to answer the queries in the best possible manner. The way you communicate decides the course and progress of the communication further whether it will reach the desired purpose or not. Process of Communication Communication process involves the following elements: Sender: Primary source of originating information or idea is sender. This could be an individual or a group which conveys their message across to the intended receiver. Message: The actual content communicated by the sender is the message. Encoding: The way message is communicated to the receiver is called encoding. Encoding relies on 3 key features: Clear, Complete and Correct. A message encoded in simplest of the form, covering all details and correct information is considered as a well encoded message. Communication Channel: The medium of communication is called communication channel. It 5

could be as simple as two individuals conversing with each other in person or as advanced as two groups interacting across the globe through a sophisticated communication technology like video conferencing. Various possible communication channels are: ¤ Oral – face-to-face. ¤ Written – in the form of letter. ¤ Technology based – through telephone, email, online chat, video conferencing, recorded audio-video. Receiver: Individual or party that receives the sent message is called receiver of the message. Receiver is supposed to decode the received message. Decoding: Interpretation of the received message and deriving the intent of the message is called decoding. It directly depends upon how well the message has been encoded earlier by the sender. For example, look at the following two encoding-decoding: Case 1: Encoded Message: Send me the report ASAP! Decoding: An angry and rude message imposing authority. Case 2: Encoded Message: Could you manage to send the report ASAP since it is required urgently. Decoding: Request of an urgent report. [Here receiver subconsciously realizes delaying of report] Feedback: Response to the received message is called feedback. If the response is as desired that means receiver has decoded the message correctly and responded accordingly otherwise there could be a need of resending the message with better encoding. See the following example: Sender: Your article needs too many corrections and modifications before we send it to print. Receiver: I spent whole night, cutting on my sleep preparing this article. [Here, receiver has not taken the critique positively]. Sender: We really appreciate your effort in getting that article ready in such a short time but there are certain parts of it we need you to look at and revise before we get it into print. [Message is re- encoded in a better form after response (feedback) from the receiver]. Receiver: Okay, let me know which parts and I shall redo it. [Receiver has decoded the message as desired since it was encoded well after the feedback]. Exercise Answer the following questions in brief: 1. List the main components of communication process. 2. Who is responsible for the encoding of the message? 3. Who is responsible for decoding the message? 4. List 3 scenarios of technology based communication? 5. What do you mean by the channel of communication? Give some examples. 6

Effective Communication Communication promotes understanding, aids in decision making, taking actions and developing right kind of relationships with others to fulfil the desired goals and targets. This is the reason that our daily life, especially professional life, needs right kind of communication skills. Ability to express ideas in the most effective way to bring out desired results is the core of communication skills. People in different professions should possess relevant communication skills to interact and to achieve desired results which ensures progress and growth of the individuals and organizations. Effective communication is ensured by the following factors: Mutually accepted communication code: How and in which manner the communication should proceed is very much important. The language, environment and mode of communication also constitute the code of communication. Well encoded message: Clear, complete and correct message is the strength of communication. This ensures right intention and purpose of the message is communicated. Careful decoding of the message: Receiver of the message is responsible for how well message is being received and interpreted. Better listening, suitable attention, fundamental understanding of the purpose of the communication and a considerate temperament are the keys to correctly decode the message and avoid jumping to conclusions or falling prey to misinterpretations. Receiver's response to the communicated message: How well the communication is received and how effectively the response should be given decides further progress of successful communication. Characteristics of Effective Communication ¤ Communication should be clear in content and purpose. ¤ Communication should be complete with least scope of questions. ¤ Communication should be based on right facts and should not be vague. ¤ Written communication should be concise and to-the-point. ¤ Good communication develops relationships, promotes confidence and creates goodwill. ¤ Effective communication leads to desired output and achievements. ¤ Effective communication establishes responsibility and accountability. ¤ It provides right kind of persuasion, guidance and consultation. Activity Communication Game Preparation: Draw simple pictures like boat, clock, house etc. on paper slips. Fold the slips so that they all look alike. The Game: As many pairs of students as the number of slips will be made. From each pair, one student will pick up a folded paper and give instructions to his/her partner without disclosing or hinting about the figure so that he/ she draws the same figure on the board. At a point of time, the drawing partner should guess the figure and draw it completely. Conclusion: Clarity of instructions; attentive listening; clear, precise communication. 7

Communication Barriers Communicating effectively and meeting desired purpose is easier said than done. There are several factors that constantly function as barriers for better communication. Let us have a look at them: Environment of communication: Physical conditions constitute the environment of communication. Hot or cold room, bad seating, poor light, defective communication medium, slow speed of internet while interacting online are environmental barriers in communication. These can be anticipated and taken care of in most of the cases. Situational Barriers: Noise, distractions of any sort, distance, undesired turn of events during the communication process are situational barriers which are sometimes difficult to anticipate and need to be handled deftly as they occur. Barriers to effective listening: We tend to jump to conclusions. Mind wanders while listening. Emotional state, patience level, temperament, liking and disliking of the communicators are some barriers in effective listening. Unprejudiced, fair and attentive listening is a skill that can be developed slowly for successful receiving and decoding of the message. Barriers related to the personality traits of the communicators: The parties or groups involved in the process of communication may exhibit following behavioural or personal traits which act as barriers to effective communication: ¤ Behaviour due to age difference, attitude, gender, cultural difference, professional and social differences etc. ¤ How proficient are the sender and receiver in the language in which communication is being done? ¤ Ailments, disappointments due to some other reasons, personal grudges against people, hidden intentions, hostile agendas. Activity Commotion in the Class Preparation: Allocate some simple, short topics one day before to some students to prepare. They shall explain those topics in their language and style in the class as part of this activity. The Activity: One student will come over and explain the topic. Meanwhile other students will be free to talk to each other whatsoever they like. Once the explanation is over, ask the class what they understood of the explained topic. Conclusion: Due the noise, communication and listening could not be done effectively. Exercise Answer the following questions in brief: 1. Describe a scenario where all the major factors of effective communication come in effect. 2. List any 4 most important characteristics of effective communication. 3. Relate a real life scenario depicting communication barrier of environment. 4. Give real life example of communication barrier due to personality traits of the communicators. 8

Session-2 Methods of Communication Communication is something we do even when we think we are not communicating. Speaking, writing and gesturing only is not communication. We communicate even when we do not speak, write or gesture. Sitting quiet and still is also a mean of communicating message to others that probably you need to spend some time with yourself welcoming no external interventions. Good communication involves suitable choice of the means of communication. If a serious matter needs to be sorted out, we prefer to speak to the individual personally. If distance is the concern, we resort to writing an email or catch hold of a phone. If audience is a gathering, we need to have confident outlook and good oratory skills. If receivers of the message are multiple and in different distant places, we may find sending an email most suitable. As you see, depending on the requirement, we resort to different methods of communication. The basic methods of communication are: ¤ Verbal ¤ Non-verbal ¤ Audio Visual Verbal Communication The tools of verbal communication are words and grammar of the language used in communication. Verbal communication has 2 forms: Oral Communication This kind of communication occurs face-to-face while words are spoken. It is the easiest and effective way of communication. The message travels fastest to the receivers, encoded quickly and feedback is given almost in real time. A fundamental protocol of speaking and listening in turns is followed by the sender and receiver. Factors that determince effective oral communication are: Proficiency of language: The senders and receivers need to have workable command over the language for smooth decoding/ encoding of the messages exchanged. This also includes correct pronunciation, desired vocabulary and knowledge of basic grammar of the language. Accent, pace and clarity: People from different regions have different ways of speaking which is called accent. How fast or slow the person speaks makes the pace for speaking and how clearly the words are delivered makes for the clarity of the speech. Volume, mood and emotions: What is the pitch of the speech, harsh delivery or higher volume may affect the communication negatively. Fundamental set of emotions during the communication makes for the mood of the sender and receiver. Right kind of emotions steer the communication in the right direction. Duration of communication: For how long the communication must and is going on affects the interest level of the participants. Too long a duration of oral communication will leave the receiver disinterested. Oral communication should be clear, simple and short. 9

Advantages of Oral Communication ¤ It involves no or least expenses. ¤ Saves a lot of time. ¤ Immediate feedback is collected, and messages can be encoded accordingly. ¤ Interpersonal nature develops relations. ¤ Most effective in resolving conflicts or difficult situations. ¤ Promotes cooperation and team work. ¤ Helps in making decisions and persuasive. ¤ Useful for all kinds of audience. Disadvantages of Oral Communication ¤ It has no legal value. It has no importance in the court of law. ¤ No liability, accountability and reference value on what has been agreed upon during the communication. ¤ Greater scope for errors due to poor comprehension and forgetfulness. ¤ Not useful for longer duration. Written Communication This type of communication involves written word. Most of such communication is formal. Letters, reports, notices, newsletters, resume etc. are the examples of written communication. Email, SMS and chat are other modes of written communication. Written communication needs to be clear, to-the-point and correct in order to convey its right meaning and intent to the receiver. Advantages of Written Communication ¤ Writing has the advantage of having time for the choice of suitable vocabulary and tone of the message. Message can be reviewed and revised before sending. ¤ It is legally acceptable in the court of law if executed in proper way. ¤ Longer messages can be conveyed in written form. ¤ Written messages can be saved for later reference. ¤ Written messages can be duplicated and distributed. ¤ Written messages help building up goodwill and image of the sender. ¤ With written messages comes accountability. Disadvantages of Written Communication ¤ Written communication is time taking. ¤ Takes long for taking decisions. ¤ Sometimes they can be misinterpreted due to lack of emotion and personal touch. ¤ May involve costs in drafting and sending the messages. ¤ It is unsuitable for illiterate people. ¤ Confidentiality can be compromised with written communication. 10

Activity Preparation: Prepare 2 paragraphs of some interesting topic that contains certain very difficult terms or phrases. The Activity: Students will take some important notes. The paragraphs will be dictated faster than normal pace. Pronunciation of difficult words will be in a way that they are difficult to understand. No part of the dictation will be repeated. Students will write whatever they get out of the dictation. Conclusion: Oral communication needs to be clear with proper pace. Then explain that if paragraph was written on the board, it would have been taken longer but easier to follow. Written communication is time taking but effective than oral. Non-verbal Communication – The Body Language This mode of communication mostly occurs during the oral communication and is not much in our control until we train ourselves in it. Non-verbal communication constitutes our body language. Our whole body communicates quietly. Non-verbal communication includes constitutes our body language. It includes: Our expressions: Facial expressions, the way we nod and tilt our head speak about ourselves. Our expressions can belie what we speak. Voice (and silence too): Voice gives away our emotions. Our anger, happiness, disappointment etc. are reflected by voice. Even if we stop speaking communicates that something is not right. Sometimes, when we are disappointed or fed up of some thing we go into non-communicative mode. This too, communicates a lot. Tone: The texture of our voice, the tone reflects our agreement with the discussion. Our interest, sincerity and attentiveness are gauged by our tone of speech. Gestures: Gestures make the major art of our body language. Gestures that occur in the control of our subconscious mind convey our state of mind like Movement of hands, fingers, legs. Gestures made consciously are pointing with finger, nodding, waving, envisaging using hands. Posture: The manners in which we sit, stand or walk also speak about our interest and level of involvement in the communication. Sitting with closed hands shows lack of interest in the discussion. Body posture may reflect if we are bored or excited. Eye contact: The way we make eye contact tells a lot about us. Right kind of eye contact reflects confidence and sincerity. Eye contact could be gentle, steady, formal for a few seconds, sweeping, stare or gaze. Physical contact: Touch, hug, grip etc. also convey meaning of our message. Close friends and intimate relations are maintained well with friendly touches. A loving hug from the grandmother makes the day for the child. Appearance: Appearance and dressing of a person also makes people know and interpret about him or her. Dressing according to the occasion and surroundings is a must. Formal and casual dressing should be considered as per the required dress code. Various professions demand right kind of dress for all genders. Advantages of Non-verbal Communication ¤ Non-verbal communication complements oral and audio visual communication. ¤ It substitutes for the verbal communication like speaking with proper eye contact and tone. Sometimes speaking is not required at all like showing thumps up to cheer someone. ¤ Helps in easier interpretation of message by the receiver. ¤ Reinforces the message like telling the direction and pointing at it too. 11

¤ Helps illiterate and physically challenged. ¤ Engages the participants of the communication. Disadvantages of Non-verbal Communication ¤ Sometimes non-verbal communication becomes vague and send wrong signals. ¤ You cannot stop non-verbal communication. ¤ It happens too fast and simultaneous that it is difficult to catch all of it. Like missing the hand gesture while eye contact. ¤ Body language of different cultures varies a lot. Urban and rural gestures, or gestures of different countries differ in conveying messages. Activity Preparation: Write some emotions like grief, anger, happy, insecure, insulted, sad, egoistic, scared, low confidence, disinterested etc. on slips of papers. Write this sentence on the board: Everyone pack your bags and move out of this building as soon as possible. The Activity: Some students will pick up the slips and speak the above sentence in the emotion on the slip. Discuss the emotions and body language after the activity. Conclusion: Mood and emotions influence our body language while we communicate. Audio Visual Communication This method of communication is also called technology-based communication. Any verbal or non-verbal communication that involves vision and auditory capability is called audio-visual communication. For example, telephonic conversation involves hearing while video conferencing involves both sense of sight and vision. AV Communication is supported by technology and various devices. Telephone equipment, smart phone, Internet, visual displays, speakers, microphones, communication channel, presentation software, models, visual aids, video and audio player software etc. constitute AV communication. Advantages of AV Communication ¤ Use of internet and video conferencing saves cost incurred otherwise on scaling geographical barriers, physical movement of participants and other related expenses like lodging, food etc. ¤ It is an effective way to explain complex ideas and concepts easily. ¤ Technology makes it reusable and easy to distribute. ¤ It can cater to a huge mass of people at a time. ¤ It works as a vital driving force in businesses and education. ¤ It makes the mode of communication interesting and many times entertaining. Disadvantages of AV Communication ¤ It incurs a lot of cost in infrastructure. ¤ It needs maintenance of equipment. ¤ Technology and equipment can be complex to operate and learn. ¤ It depends on several factors that can render the process of communication non-functional like power failures, ensuring attendance of participants, functioning of the equipment etc. 12

Exercise Answer the following questions in brief: 1. Describe a scenario where oral communication is most effective as compared to written. 2. List any 3 scenarios where written communication is most effective. 3. List any 2 major advantages and disadvantages of non-verbal communication. 4. List any 3 major advantages and disadvantages of AV communication. Session-3 Communication Perspectives Perspective helps us understand people and situations. Our perspective determines how we encode a message as a sender and how we decode it as a receiver. Depending on the cultural differences, situations in which we are brought up, our knowledge, beliefs, motives, our understanding of the people and surroundings, our education, our past experiences build up our perspective. This is the reason why different people perceive a message and interpret it differently. Following are the factors that affect our perspective in encoding and decoding the message during communication: Visual Perspective Our brain processes the visual and information through our perspective. We conclude, pass verdict, judge and make decisions on visual perspective like: Appearance of a person – how someone looks like and dressed up. Designation and social status – who the person is? How important or unimportant he or she is? What does he/ she do? Qualification of a person in respective trade or field. Doctors, lawyers, teachers, professors are the examples. Mental or physical capability – sports person, chess player, wrestling champion, state, national or international level performer, talented and creative person. Perspective of language Words have different meanings depending on the context. A good listener catches the meaning and intent. Many times statements and messages are interpreted because of limited vocabulary, wrong choice of words or poor listening skills. Language and figures of speech give different forms to the message like satire, mockery, threat, ambiguous or multiple meaning etc. Synonyms and idioms give varied perspective to the messages. A good listener must listen well and then interpret the message in the context of discussion and background of the discussion. Past Experiences Our personal experiences help us develop perspective that may help or hinder in interpreting messages correctly. A person with bad experience with one consumer goods company will be more skeptical or more careful in buying the same product from that company again. Any positive experience will help you look at the message with a positive perspective. We should reflect on our experiences and understand that our experience alone does not determine our perspective. Attitude It is our choice how do we approach to an issue. Our positive or negative attitude determines our role in a communication process. Cheerful, open, optimistic, confident, orderly attitude wins the 13

situation with effective communication while stubborn, hopeless, bad intent, lack of enthusiasm may lead to a lost argument. Our attitude builds our behaviour and response to a message. Prejudice Preconceived notions, dislike of other person, believing without verifying facts, making opinion on hearsay lead to development of prejudice in us. It develops a huge barrier in understanding and interpreting messages. Dislike, intolerance, hatred are the examples of prejudice. Prejudices are due to cultural differences as well as personal beliefs which we develop over the time without having correct knowledge and facts about people and things. Financial status, social image, gender discrimination, religious biases are some forms of prejudices. A good communicator considers the individuals involved in the process of communication without categorizing them into a section, gender, type or group. Values and Beliefs Depending on our knowledge, education and values we all have our own code of conduct and moral. Our beliefs lead to assumptions and misinterpretations. Our beliefs build our attitude, behaviour and tolerance. Feelings and Emotions Feelings are the outcome of our emotions at a given point of time. Some day we feel elated and very receptive of all the ideas from other people while other days we feel down and shutdown to certain communication. Another aspect of feelings is how we relate to someone. Our experiences and prejudices determine how we feel about someone involved in the process of communication with us. Feelings alter our communication style. If we learn how feelings affect our communication and interpretation of messages, we can master the art of effective communication during tough times and difficult situations. Surroundings and Environment Communication style alters depending on where we are and who we are with. Our way of communication in public and private, with friends and at home, in classroom and outside is different. In formal setup, we are more careful and sincerer in communication while in casual situations we generally do not care much about our communication style since people understand our real self. We should learn how to behave and communicate in different setups. Deciding how to communicate depending on the environment and kind of people we interact with. Activity Preparation: A picture of two or more persons talking to each other in a background of a scenery, a room, market place, forest, sea shore etc. The Activity: Show the picture the students and ask them to write a few sentences about the scene in the picture. Then, let them read out their sentences and ask them why did they think that was happening in the scene. Conclusion: Every one has interpreted the scene in their own way depending their imagination, past experiences, knowledge and interest. 14

Exercise Answer the following questions in brief: 1. Describe a scenario where your visual perspective affected your decoding of a message. 2. Relate an example where you interpreted a message depending on your past experience. 3. What do you mean by prejudice? 4. How our beliefs, emotions and environment influence our communication perspective? Session-4 Basic Writing Skills Communicating in written form is the most effective way to convey you message. Written communication requires time to shape your message before sending. This makes written communication formal in nature. Writing messages needs care since they can be used as evidence and are the proof of any commitments we make. An effective written communication needs suitable vocabulary, suitable sequence of ideas, right flow of language and cohesion in overall message. Basic writing skills can be developed by working on a basic idea first. The command on the language of communication is a must. If it is not there, we must learn it. Basic writing skills involve ability to: ¤ Understand and use basic grammar. ¤ Describe people, situations, experiences, weather, incidents etc. ¤ Framing simple, short sentences. ¤ Expressing feelings, ideas. likes, dislikes etc. ¤ Beginning or opening the piece of writing. ¤ Ending or concluding the piece of writing. Basics of English Language Phrases and Sentences A set of words that indicates some object or action but does not makes complete sense is called a phrase while a group of words that makes complete sense is called a sentence. A phrase is a part of a sentence. For example: Phrase: a red bicycle Sentence: Lata is riding a red bicycle. Phrase: is sitting Sentence: The monkey is sitting on the tree. Types of Phrase Phrases can be noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial and prepositional. Noun phrase: Indicates a noun. E.g. The child is playing with his toy car. Verb phrase: Indicates main and helping verbs. E.g. He is eating his lunch. 15

Adjective phrase: Includes adjectives and/ or articles. E.g. Keep this red hat on the metal chair. Adverbial phrase: Indicates adverbs. E.g. The thief jumped through the window very quietly. Prepositional phrase: Begins with a preposition followed by a noun. E.g. The cat is under the hat. Noun, verb, adjective, adverb and preposition etc. are called class or part of speech. Understanding Parts of Speech in English Consider the following sentences: Ravi looked intently at the red book kept on the wooden table. He quickly picked it up but thought of reading it later. There are 8 parts of speech explained here: Noun: Name of a person, place, thing, event, animal or idea. For example, in the above sentence, Ravi, book and table are nouns. Names and titles are usually proper nouns. Rest are called common nouns. Pronoun: Pronoun is used in the place of a noun. For example, in the above sentence, he and it are pronouns as they refer to the book and the table respectively. Verb: An action or state of being is called verb. Like, looked, kept, picked, thought and reading are verbs in the above sentence. Adjective: It describes a noun or pronoun. In above sentence, red and wooden are adjectives. Adverb: It describes a verb, another adverb or adjective. Intently and quickly are adverbs in the above sentence. Preposition: It shows the relationship of one noun, pronoun or noun phrase with other. In the above sentence, at and on are prepositions. Conjunction: It connects two words, phrases or sentences. In the above sentence, but is a conjunction. And, or are also examples of conjunction. Interjection: It reflects strong emotions, followed by exclamation sign (!). Like, Oh!, Hey!, Wow! Exercise 1. Identify the types of phrase in the following paragraph: Lata was pleasantly surprised on meeting her friend Anu at the airport. Anu had been sitting in the waiting lounge when Lata spotted her. They both shared a lot of experiences of their exciting lives after marriage. Anu said that time flied very fast. They boarded the same flight bound to Mumbai. 2. Identify the parts of speech in the following paragraph: There was a girl named Anna who lived with her poor mother. On the occasion of new year, her mother thought of buying Anna a useful gift. Anna had beautiful, long hair so she thought of buying her a set of colourful hair ribbons. Anna loved her mother very much. She was also thinking of buy a beautiful gift for her mother. Her mother used to sew clothes for the villagers. She had a set of needles and threads which was too old. Anna wished to buy a new set of needles and threads encased in a shining new glass box for her mother but she did not have enough money. Suddenly, she got an idea. On the eve of new year, Anna’s mother called her and said, “Look Anna, what have I got for you, a set of hair ribbons.” Anna said, “Wow! mother, they are really beautiful but alas!” Sating this she removed her cap and showed her short hair and said, “Mother, I bought this set of new needles and threads for you by selling by long hair to the barber.” 16

Articles Articles modify a noun. Articles could be indefinite and definite. Indefinite articles: A and an are indefinite articles which are used with singular noun. They signify a noun generally not in particular or specifically. For example, There bought a book. I saw an aeroplane. Note: Article an is used before vowel sounds and a is used before a consonant sound. For example, He eats an apple daily. Butterfly is an insect. Please boil an egg for me. Definite Article: The is definite article. It is used before a specific or known noun. It is also used before the names of non-living things, religious books, newspapers and magazines etc. For example, Ram is riding a bicycle. The bicycle is red in colour. (specific noun bicycle). Anu is the head girl of her school. (specifically Anu). Pesticides are the reason for water pollution. (specific reason pesticides). Children are playing in the park. (specifically park). Note The is generally not used before abstract nouns, plural nouns, proper nouns, names of metals, colours, games etc. Examples: Diamonds are precious than gold. Both Ravi and Raj went on a picnic today. I like to play tennis on the weekends. Lunch will be served at 2 PM. I ate some candies after the meal. Exercise A. Fill in the blanks with the suitable article: 1. He picked up ________ book kept on the table. 2. ____ Indian Ocean is a huge water body. 3. My uncle is ___ MP. 4. My father gave me ____ hundred rupees note. 5. I am staying in ____ Taj Hotel. 6. There was ___ insect on the floor which was eaten by ____ big frog. 7. I bought ____ umbrella from ____ shop. 8. Ram went to play in ____ park. B. Is there anything wrong with these sentences? Why?/ Why not? 1. My brother plays cricket. 2. She likes chocolates. 3. Everything that glitters is not gold. 4. I returned the book to Ram. 5. Breakfast is ready. 6. My favourite colour is blue. 17

Paragraph Writing Paragraph is the fundamental unit of composition. A paragraph is a set of sentences arranged in a logical sequence. A paragraph describes a topic or a subject. While writing a paragraph we must consider the following: Topic of the paragraph: The topic on which the paragraph needs to be written should be clear. Opening sentence: A paragraph should begin with the main or topic sentence that clears about the title of the paragraph. Expansion or explanation: This part includes the sentences which elaborate on the topic more. Conclusion: Paragraph should end properly with a closing sentence or conclusion. For example: FRIENDSHIP I want to talk about friendship. Friends can change your life. So, you must know who is a real friend. Firstly, your friend must understand you and of course, you must understand her, too. I think, another important point in a friendship is confidence. You mustn't tell lies to each other. In addition, you must say everything about yourself. I think these are important for a friendship. So, if you want to stay true friends then understand and respect each other equally. Here, the first sentence is topic sentence and last one is the concluding sentence. Rules for Writing A Paragraph ¤ Keep the paragraph focused on the topic. ¤ Avoid longer paragraphs. ¤ Topic sentence should be relevant. ¤ Arrange the sentence in a logical sequence. ¤ Avoid repeating sentences. ¤ Concluding paragraph should cover the central idea of the topic. Activity Look at the picture and write a short paragraph about it. The topic is: Preparing for exams. Exercise Write a paragraph with a topic on the following hints: traveling... a good hobby... opportunity to visit new places.... make friends in far places... to learn about various cultures.... languages... enhances knowledge... meet people.... good for health.... keeps us fit.... can write about places travelled.... blog... articles.... develops understanding.... inculcates good habits... patience... care.... love and concern... improves personality....expensive hobby... needs a lot of time... 18

Assessment 1. What do you mean by the term Communication? List the features of effective communication. 2. You need to prepare for a classroom presentation of 10 minutes. How will you ensure effective communication while presenting? 3. Describe any 2 communication barriers. 4. You are conversing with your friend about something important in a roadside open café in a crowded market. You friend has to rush to receive his mother from the airport also. What are the communication barriers in this scenario. How these could have been taken care of? 5. Briefly explain the terms Coding and Decoding taking a simple example. 6. Describe communication cycle with a simple example. 7. How oral communication different from written communication? 8. List the advantages of written communication. 9. List any 4 body language features that influence our communication. 10. Explain briefly how verbal and non-verbal communication occurs using Audio-visual aids. 11. You have to make a presentation on your achievements in school to a global audience including students of other cities over video conferencing. How will you take care of your effective communication? 12. What are the disadvantages of non-verbal communication? 13. Explain the importance of gestures and eye contact while you speak to someone in person. 14. How does our attitude determines the effectiveness of our communication? 15. Describe any two factors that influence our perspective in communication. 16. What care should we take while we meet and talk to a person for the first time? 17. Ravi met a few people in a party and was mixing up well with those wearing expensive clothing and fair complexion. Which factors are influencing Ravi’s perspective towards the people? 18. How do our past experiences shape our communication perspective? Cite an example. 19. How is a phrase different from a sentence? Give 2 examples. 20. Giving 2 example each, explain Noun, Adjective, Verb and Adverb. 21. What is preposition? Give 4 examples of preposition. 22. How does articles differ in usage for consonants and vowels? Explain with 2 examples. 23. Cite 4 examples where article The should not be used. 24. What are the basic rules of good paragraph writing? 25. What do you mean by interjection and conjunction? Explain with 2 examples each. 26. Write a paragraph describe a train journey you took last. (If not then assume one). 27. You need to write an essay about your favourite leader. Which basic writing skills would you apply in doing so? 28. Identify parts of speech in the following paragraph: Deforestation is when humans remove or clear large areas of forest lands and related e c o s y s t e m s for non-forest use. These include clearing for farming purposes, ranching and urban use. In these cases, trees are never re-planted. Since the industrial age, about half of world's original forests have been destroyed and millions of animals and living things have been endangered. 19

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1. Interacting with others while exchanging information is called _________________. a. Encoding b. Decoding c. Messaging d. Communication 2. Communication process involves which of the following? a. Sender b. Message c. Communication channel d. All of these 3. ____________ is the responsibility of the message receiver. a. Encoding b. Decoding c. Sending d. None of these 4. The prime characteristics of a well encoded message are: a. Clear and complete b. Complete and correct c. Clear and correct d. All of these 5. Video conferencing is which type of communication channel? a. Oral b. Technology-based c. Written d. All of these 6. Response to the received message id called _______________. a. Feedback b. Decoding c. Encoding d. Communication 7. \"I want this done right away!\" is what kind of message? a. Authoritative b. Rude c. Both a) and b) d. Polite 8. Effective communication needs which of the following? a. Mutually accepted communication code b. Well encoded and carefully decoded message c. Receiver's response to the communicated message d. All of these 20

9. Which of the following ensures proper decoding of the message? a. Better listening b. Attention c. Both a) and b) d. Discipline 10. Which of the following is not an environmental barrier in communication? a. Noise b. Temperature c. Light d. Defective communication medium 11. Emotional state aids in which type of barrier in effective communication? a. Barrier to effective listening b. Environmental barrier c. Situational barrier d. Barriers related to personality traits 12. Verbal communication includes which of the following? a. Oral b. Written c. Both a) and b) d. None of these 13. Which of the following does not constitute noon-verbal communication? a. Expressions b. Silence c. Duration of communication d. Gestures 14. Which of the following statements are false? a. Written communication complements non-verbal communication b. Oral communication has no legal value. c. Non-verbal communication complements oral communication. d. You cannot stop non-verbal communication. 15. Which of the following is most costly mode of communication? a. Verbal b. Written c. Audio-visual d. Oral 16. Which of these is false about the article \"The\"? a. It is not used before abstract nouns. b. It is not used before plural and proper nouns. c. It used before a specific nouns. d. \"The\" is a definite article and all the above are true about it. 21

Unit 2 Self-Management Skills- I Session-1 Meaning and Importance of Self-Management As the term itself suggests, managing oneself in order to achieve desired goals and targets is called self-management. What is the meaning of managing one-self? Every task we do has a thought process behind it. This thought process gives birth to a plan to follow in order to accomplish that task. For example, when we need to prepare for a test, we plan our studies and decide which topics need more of our attention than others. We also determine the time available and time required to prepare different topics. We arrange for the suitable study material that helps us in studying. We follow a study time table. So, here, you are not managing your study schedule but yourself. You are doing a self- management exercise which involves management of resources (study material), time management (day schedule and time table), identifying goals to achieve (topics to cover) and prioritizing the goals (deciding to prepare important topics first). This is a small scenario to understand self-management. But when you try to bring self- management in your daily life, it needs a lot of aspects to consider and a great deal of discipline and self-motivation. Importance of Self-Management First natural question is: why do we need self-management? We wonder what benefits self- management can get us. You must have seen that people around us make plans to achieve their desired goals but many of them fail to achieve them eventually. They are usually seen and heard blaming the circumstances, other people and luck for their failure. If they analyse their behaviour and look back, they will realise that the root cause of their failure was lack of self-management. They made plans alright but they fail to bring themselves up to the level where they could follow the plan. What we desire to achieve, we need proper planning for it but self-management is the means to follow that plan and achieve success. For example, if you plan to go for jogging a few miles early morning daily, you need to discipline yourself in going to bed in time so that you get up early and go for it. Here, the self-management lies in following the regime religiously. Eating right, sleeping timely, getting up at the set time daily. If you fail to manage these actions, you fail to go for jogging daily. Self-management brings along following major benefits: ¤ Inspiring personality. ¤ Clarity of thoughts. 22

¤ Ability to identify your weaknesses and improve upon them. ¤ Realising your strengths and their use. ¤ Feeling of self-respect, respect for others and self-motivation. ¤ Respect for the importance of time. ¤ Smart working more than hard working. ¤ Higher achievement rate with minimum efforts. ¤ Self-discipline. ¤ Success in studies, sports and later in career. ¤ Social popularity and admiration. Key Elements of Self-Management Self-management approach varies from situation to situation, person to person and domain to domain. Self-management of a mother at home would be different from father's and students. A doctor's self-management would look starkly different from that of an army man, lawyer or a businessman. But if you look closely, the key elements of self-management are alike. The basic key elements that define self-management are: Identifying Goals and Planning: Once you decide to manage yourself, the first question comes is where to start from. Ask yourself: What do I want to achieve? It could be daily exercise regime you have been thinking for long to start. It could be a self-study schedule. It could be practice for next college sports day. It could be any personal or professional desire of achievement you may have. So, first decide what you want to achieve then do the following: ¤ Set the goal by writing down your desire, ambition, dream down on the paper, preferably in large fonts and stick it on the front wall of your study area where you can see it daily. Keep it specific and concise. For example, I shall gain more marks than earlier in all the subjects in the coming exams. ¤ Split your goal into monthly, weekly or daily targets. For example, Daily target – prepare at least 4 most important topics of at least 2 subjects. Targets are the milestones to achieve one at a time in a systematic way. Your daily target will help you achieve the weekly and monthly targets automatically. ¤ Plan out what will you do to achieve daily target. First determine the time required to cover daily target. Then, which resources are needed – books, tutor, reference videos, consultation with senior, parental guidance etc. Also, plan for your recreation so that your mind is refreshed, and you do not get demotivated out of sheer discipline and monotony of entire effort. Next section is talking about SMART targets. Organising: This is the phase where you begin acting on the set plan. You are already clear what you are supposed to do to achieve your daily target. But on real grounds, many unanticipated barriers arise in your plan like illness, guests at home, vacations, marriage in family, urgent travel etc. How will you measure your progress? The answer lies in your targets. You can manage what you can measure. Your targets should have following characteristics which make them S.M.A.R.T. targets: Specific: Target should mention what are you going to finish precisely. For example, I will prepare 4 main topics of Chapter 4 in Biology on Jun 13th. 23

Measurable: A specific target itself will tell you how it should be measured. Consider the above target. It tells you that if your prepare 4 main topics of 4th chapter in Biology, your target is met on June 13th. Achievable: Targets should be made considering your ability and circumstances that allow to achieve them. Preparing more than 4 topics in a subject may not be possible. Set a target which you can achieve with hard work but it should be in the range of your achievement. Setting up achievable targets encourages us to do more. Realistic: This related to the previous point but here the focus is on your ability considering the available time limit. Think about the target if it is really achievable in the available time and circumstances. For example, I will prepare 4 main topics of 5 chapters in Biology on Jun 13th. – this could be an unrealistic target. It may not be possible to prepare 20 topics in a day given that you need to go to school and do others chores besides studies. Time-bound: Setting up a deadline brings you in discipline to work towards your goals. It also helps you in measuring your progress. After a week's time you can easily calculate how many topics in which subjects you have prepared in just 7 days. What was the original target and what is achieved? How to modify your plan for improved progress? How much time is needed to cover the gap if you are falling behind your targets? Controlling: Analysing your achievements at set intervals (weekly, fortnightly), looking for gaps and delays, thinking to refine the plan, finding out better ways to achieve the goals, incorporating new ideas, ensuring self-discipline, handling distractions and temptations, motivating yourself and keeping up the self-encouragement are certain actions that you need to do to keep the things in control. Controlling ensures that you not only do the things as you planned but also continue to do them. Do not quit in between due to little misgivings and failures. Keeping up your will power and believing in yourself is the key to control. Reflecting: Compare the outcomes of your efforts with the set targets. Since targets are specific and measurable, the comparison will clearly show you the positive or negative difference. This process is called reflection. In case of negative difference, you shall look for what went wrong, where did you lack in your efforts, where is the gap needed to fill, how much time you have left, how can you improve the strategy to cover the gap. Positive difference will motivate you into thinking how you can do better, how you can raise the bar of performance, what little more can you do to make it even big and bigger. Activity Prepare a short self management plan for the following scenarios: 1. Preparing for final exams. 2. Making a science project on Green Initiatives of Society. 3. Improving your English (or any other language of your choice). Tools of Self-management Self-management has 3 basic tools: Self-motivation: No one would command you for self-management. It comes from within. Self- realisation is the initial step leading to self-motivation and suggesting yourself that you should begin managing yourself. The purpose of this chapter is exactly this. It will tell you all you need to learn about self-management and inspire you to do it. How far you can take this is your own initiative. 24

Time management: Time is of the essence in any effort for achievement. Every goal needs to be achieved in a predefined time span. Time management involves deciding deadlines for achieving targets and then managing the decided time so that all the required tasks are accomplished as planned. Time management needs the understanding of importance of time, avoiding activities that waste the time, deciding a time table or schedule for all important activities considering all the other liabilities and responsibilities. The time bound targets help you in measuring and managing the time easily. Following are the main ingredients of successful time management recipe: Prioritise: You should know what is more important at what is least. In what sequence the tasks need to be done. Time allocation: How much time each task should be given? Which are the time-wasting activities and who are such people to avoid? All these questions need to be answered. A time table needs to be in place preferably in writing. Self-discipline: It is directly related to time management. Self-discipline takes care of time management. If your efforts are sincere and your concerns are genuine about your goal, self- discipline will prevail. A self-disciplined person always takes care of time and punctuality. Responsibility: Sense of responsibility and constant reminder that you have to do this to achieve your goals is a must. Share your plan and desire of self-management with your parents or elder siblings who will guide, help and support you in your efforts. This will motivate you in staying responsible. Many a times we tend to keep on doing the tasks we like and ignore the other important ones. This is called procrastination. This unknowingly leads to wastage of time and irresponsible behaviour. Keep provision for recreational activities and hobbies in your plan so that your regime of self-management does not get dull, monotonous and too challenging to follow. Find time to spend with friends, family and entertainment. A right kind of balance in all these makes your efforts easier, relaxed, more natural and stress-free. Activity Self Management Survey YES NO Good self management My work gets my full attention. I am always aware of what I am doing. The goals I set do not mean much to me. It is not necessary to make plans. I track my progress while working on a project. I set small, achievable targets. Scoring: 4 Ys - Excellent self management 3 Ys - 2 or less Ys - Poor self management Exercise Answer the following question: 1. What are the benefits of self-discipline? 2. What do you mean by S.M.A.R.T target? 3. How is time management important in achieving targets? 25

Session-2 Building Self-Confidence “Low self-esteem is like driving through life with your hand brake on.” -- Maxwell Maltz When you believe yourself, you actually believe in your dreams, goals and aspirations. This belief brings a sense of confidence in you, telling you that you can do what you believe. This sense of confidence is called self-confidence. Self-confidence makes the person capable of achieving what he or she aspires for. Self-confidence drives the person towards his goals, winning all the challenges in the way and emerge as a winner. Reasons Behind Lack of Self-Confidence Certain most common reasons behind lack of self-esteem or self-confidence are: ¤ Fear of the failure. Looking at the possibilities of failure only instead of looking for the ways to prevent or overcome them. ¤ There is a saying: Most of the people are others. It means that most of us rely more on what other people say and do. People with low level of self-confidence seek other's approval instead of believing in what they can do. ¤ Lack of necessary efforts in overcoming their weaknesses. Making weakness as an excuse instead of finding ways to get rid of it. ¤ Lack of confidence in putting forth the first step. Lack of initiative. ¤ Poor or incomplete preparation. Those who believe that failure might happen do not prepare well. ¤ Mistaking opportunities with problems. Reluctant in taking up challenges and interacting with people. ¤ Clinging to recent failures instead of learning from them and working on them. ¤ Avoiding situations which can improve their personality and outlook. Factors That Influence Self-Confidence Confidence is something that is built up after birth, during our upbringing and interaction with situations and people as we grow up. Society, culture, our physical condition and media. Social Factors What makes our society? Our family, relatives, friends, neighbours, people we interact with in our daily life like teachers, schoolmates, family friends etc. Our interactions with all such people influence our self-confidence. Our childhood conditions, how we have been brought up by our parents, kind or life values we have been given, our education, our evaluation by others and feedback from all these sources influences how we look at ourselves. This creates our self-image. Early childhood conditions – bad/ good parenting, lack/ abundance of opportunities, lack/ availability of education, criticism/ appreciation, struggle/ luxury, quality and kind of relationships – these all greatly build up our high or low sense of self- confidence. Culture and Community These are closely associated with our society but talking of culture in a specific sense, it is the values system and characteristics, a particular group, religion or ethnicity bears. It includes various 26

ethnic practices of that culture, language, rituals and beliefs. Upto what extent the traditional and liberal values are practiced in a particular culture influences our self-confidence. Rich culture with abundance of opportunities to develop and enjoy your individuality while keeping balance in respecting other's beliefs is the fertile ground for flourishing self-confidence. Exposure to Media and Online Social Platforms We learn a great deal about the outside world from television, newspapers, magazines, movies and the internet. Movies, programs, news and online interactions mould our thoughts and in-turn influence our beliefs and personality. Negative influences like cyber bullying, content not suitable for age, violent movies and games, news of war, crime and violence badly affect our personality and the way we perceive the world. Positive influences like learning about other cultures, stories of achievements and inspirations, healthy sports, controlled and responsible use of social media encourage us to develop a positive and balance belief system that enhances our self-esteem. As students and while we are learning, we must always seek guidance of elders, superiors and parents in using media and online platforms to reap maximum benefits and avoid the misgivings. Physical Factors Impressive physical appearance, pleasant personality and sound mental health are keys to the development of our self-confidence. Instead of worrying about fair skin, good looks, sharp features, impressive height we must focus on clean appearance, carrying ourselves well, etiquette and manner in dealing with people, confident smile and positive outlook. No two persons in the world are same. People hail from a variety of cultural backgrounds and regions in the world. Everyone has his/ her own place and liberty in this world. Knowing our strengths and working on our weaknesses is the key to better personality. If you look into the world history, you will realise that most of the greater personalities and inspiring real life heroes were not good looking. It was their value & belief system and the way they carried themselves defines them. Many of them have been physically challenged too. Derive inspiration from them and focus on developing your value system accordingly. Discipline, punctuality, personal hygiene, gentle outlook, positive smile, confident stride and elegant dress code is what matters more than a charming, fair, tall physique. Tips to Build Self-Confidence The first, most important tip is to revisit the section above listing reasons of lack of self-confidence and start working towards overcoming them. Specific important tips are listed here: Positive self-visualization and attitude: You can achieve only what you can believe in. So, start looking at yourself the way you want to be. Work towards it. Change your perception about yourself and start looking at the positive part. Eliminate the negative thoughts and focus on the pluses that tell you how you want to be going further. Positive affirmations: Train your brain into learning and remembering what you are good at and why. When you achieve something, appreciate yourself modestly. Seek and take up challenges: Instead of circumventing undesired situations and doing something you do not feel confident at, try to take them up to learn. This will eliminate the fear of failure in you. Even if you fail, analyse the failure, derive learning from it and get ready for next challenge that comes your way. Do not bother how others evaluate you. Compare your failures and triumphs with your previous ones and strive to do better and better. Positive self-criticisation: Assess your achievements, approaches and yourself fairly. Listen to 27

your inner voice. Tell yourself honestly what was right and what was not. This self-feedback will slowly become your self-confidence. Set realistic goals and make achievable plans: While working towards your aspirations or dreams, identify goals and divide them into S.M.A.R.T. targets. Consider your abilities and priorities to make plans, which you can easily follow. After every successful achievement of a goal, analyse it and raise the bar of performance for the next time. Be helpful but care for yourself: Keep a balance in thinking about yourself and being available for others. Do not be too selfish and too gullible. Ensure preparedness: Being well informed and suitably prepared is half the battle won. When you are prepared, you are confident. Utilise time to prepare for what you must deliver – tests, exams, stage performance, sports, negotiating a deal, event arrangement. Create a personal image: Work towards let people know what kind of a personality you are. What is your value system? Let people learn about your personality boundary. Be assertive and firm without sounding rude. Level headed interaction with others, respecting others' space, modesty, fair deal, open discussion and accommodating other's opinions are keys to build your self- image and acceptable in groups. Keep the right company: Critics are good but as long as you get a feedback from them to learn. People who discourage you, talk ill about you, who do not share your value system, who have excuses for failures, who carry negative vibes must be kept at bay. Find company of like-minded people. Network with people having positive mental framework. Keep your emotional balance: Deal with fear critically. Accept praise modestly and gracefully. Be patient with yourself. Strike a balance between aspirations and reality. Compare yourself only with your past-yourself instead of others. Identify your fears and insecurities and find ways to work on them. Do not stick to the failures and mistakes – tale a lesson and move on. Be grateful to Almighty for what you have. Do not try to over-practice for achieving perfection – be your best possible self. Healthy use of social media: Social media is a tool to learn, explore, meet others and stay friends. Do not let social media be a manipulating tool of yourself. Do not be addicted into spending unnecessary time online. Decide your priorities between amusement and work. Both are necessary so manage time between the two. Activity Think of a scenario or situation where you feel you have lower self- confidence. List the possible reasons of this and a list of actions you must take to eliminate the low self-confidence. Exercise Answer the following question: 1. What are the possible reasons for low self-esteem? 2. List the factors that influence our self-confidence. 3. List some steps that you will deploy to enhance your self-confidence. 28

Assessment 1. What do you mean by the term self-management? 2. Why is self-management important for us? 3. You need to prepare for the 100 meter race in the annual sports event of your school to be held after 3 months. Which self-magement skills do you need for this. 4. What does the term S.M.A.R.T. stand for? 5. What do you mean by goal and target? 6. What is the meaning of a measurable and realistic target? 7. You need to prepare for a computer quiz to be held next week out of your text book. Which SMART targets would you set for yourself? 8. How does procrastination affect our progress towards our goals? 9. How does identifying goals and setting targets ease our preparation in achieving something? 10. After achieving a goal, how does reflection help you further? 11. What is the importance of time management? Why do we have a time table in school? 12. How do prioritisation and self-discipline help us in managing time? 13. List any 4 major reasons behind lack of self-confidence. 14. How does preparation of something helps in retaining your self-confidence? 15. Explain any 2 factors that build a person's self-confidence. 16. How does media influence our belief system and values? 17. List certain ways to build one's self-confidence. 18. How will you ensure preparedness while working towards a goal? 19. How does keeping right company and healthy use of social media shape your self-confidence? 20. What are the physical factors that enhance our self-esteem? 29

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1. Planning involves which of the following order? a. Goals > Targets > Plan for targets b. Targets > Goals > plan for goals c. Goals > plan for goals > Target d. Targets > plan for targets > Goals 2. Which of the following are the main ingredients of self-management? a. Resources b. Time management c. Both a) and b) d. None of these 3. In S.M.A.R.T. targets, what does A stand for? a. Active b. Achievable c. Absolute d. Able 4. Which of the following is an example of specific target? a. I will prepare chapter 1 today. b. I will prepare first 5 topics of chapter 1 today. c. I will prepare first 5 topics of chapter in English literature today. d. All of them are specific targets. 5. What is the correct sequence of following self management elements? a. Planning > Controlling > Reflecting > Organising b. Planning > Reflecting > Organising > Controlling c. Planning > Organising > Controlling > Reflecting d. Planning > Reflecting > Organising > Controlling 6. A time bound target means a target: a. with a deadline b. which is achievable c. which is easily measurable d. which is realistic. 7. ____________ helps you in improving and revising your targets. a. Control b. Reflection c. Organisation d. Planning 8. Self-motivation comes from ________________. a. inside us b. others c. moral stories d. inspiring personalities 30

9. Which of the following does time management involve? a. deciding deadlines b. identifying targets c. measuring performance d. controlling activities 10. A ___________________ is a good tool to allocate time to tasks. a. Good plan b. SMART target c. Timetable d. Task list 11. Doing only the tasks we like and ignoring important ones is called _______. a. Priority b. Procrastination c. Laziness d. Mismanagement 12. _________________ drives the person towards his goal. a. Self-discipline b. Self-management c. Self-confidence d. Hard work 13. Which of the following are common reasons of low self-esteem? a. Fear of the failure b. Lack of necessary efforts c. Seeking others’ approval d. All of these 14. Which of the following social factors influences our self-confidence? a. Cultural practices b. Language c. Personality d. Childhood conditions 15. Which of the following guarantees self-confidence? a. Good looks b. Positive attitude c. A lot of money d. Fair complexion 16. How can you keep your emotional balance? a. Accept praise modestly b. Accept defeat gracefully c. Be patient d. All of these 31

Unit 3 ICT Skills- I Session-1 Information and Communication Skills World around us is impossible to believe without the presence of computers. Information and communication technology skills make our lives easier by easing our tasks up to greater extent. Availing a domestic service, booking travel tickets, hotel room and flights, ordering food, finding a location using GPS, interacting with people, instant communication are the part of our daily life. Information is dealt with by us in following ways: Accessing the information: Various means like computers, communication networks, smart phones help us access information through world wide web. Creation of information: Computers, digital cameras, digital recorders, smart phones, scanners etc. help us create information in various forms like text, audio-video and image. Sharing and distributing information: The internet, communication networks and tools like video conferencing, video chat platforms, smart phones and computers are the tools to disseminate information. Storing and managing information: Databases, computers, storage devices like disks, pen drives, online drives are the means to store and manage information. Role of ICT in Personal Life In our day-to-day personal life, ICT offers accessing services and facilities through the internet, computers and smart phones. Key areas where ICT plays vital role on personal life are: Online Financial Services Banks have extended their services to customer's smart phone and computers. Instant online transactions, secured transfer of funds, efficient customer support reaching out with financial schemes to mass – this all has been greatly revolutionised using computers. In addition to this, loan service, insurance and social welfare schemes can be accessed online. This saves our time and efforts, makes the service rendered faster and with a personalised touch. No more queues and waiting. Real time updates of balances and financial status, timely reminders to avoid further hassles are the benefits of online financial services. 32

Communication Today sending message and responding to messages has become incredibly instant. Not only the process and means of communication today are easier and user friendly, they are secured and faster also. Integrated communication infrastructure including telephone lines, satellites, Internet technologies like chat, email and video conferencing etc., web and mobile interfaces have brought the world closer. Using Internet and staying online today has become our second nature. Looking for information, doing research, seeking consultation, compiling data, sharing documents and information in multimedia is very easy and faster. Health Care Online diagnostic services, creatively designed medical equipment, consultancy services, personal doctor on-call, personal online physical trainer etc. are the examples of ICT intervention in health care. Education Getting educated with the help of computers has enriched and enhanced the process of teaching and learning at all levels. Access to online courses, digitised books, multimedia tablets, immersive learning content and user friendly learning interfaces are applications of ICT in education. Entertainment Presentation of content today has gained completely a different level. Entertainment, news and field of journalism are greatly supported by computers. Sports, online games, movies, songs, web series, video interaction with others have taken the entertainment to a next level. Social Media When we talk about global village, it is seen in true sense over online social media. Sharing ideas, information, your personal views, achievements, setbacks or any news with almost anyone and everyone across the globe in moments over internet is due to the World Wide Web running on networks of computers. Integrated chat services, photo sharing services, video uploads and video interactions are a routine today. Facebook, Whatsapp, Snapchat, Skype and YouTube have entirely changed the way we connect and get along with people. Online social media has been a boon to those people who find it difficult to reach out to others personally. Writing, photography, filmmaking, singing, video editing, video consulting, online coaching, relationship advice and many such opportunities have brought forward a new form of professions and experts. G2C Services Government organizations use computers to organize myriad of information in online databases and websites or portals. Public welfare schemes, important announcements and a variety of data is organized by the help of computers. Various government services are available online to the people for easy access. All the ministries of central and state governments have their web sites and web addresses which can be visited by anyone who requires to avail any 33

desired information or service. Information related with population, new rules, laws and regulations, taxes, public welfare and empowerment schemes, important information for various segments like agriculture, employment and recruitment services, competitive exams, education, RTI (Right to Information) details are available online today on various government website. Websites like www.nic.in, india.gov.in are the examples of Indian government portals. Mobile Computing When the computing device can be carried along during the human–computer interaction then the process refers to mobile computing. Since 1990, the advent of wireless telephony and technology began a new era in digital communication. Mobile computing comprises 3 major components: ¤ Mobile Hardware or device: This is a hand held, light weight device, ergonomically designed to be operated while holding it in palm and on move. Mobile phones and palm tablets and Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) are the common examples. ¤ Mobile Software: Mobile phone operating system and various mobile applications popularly known as “Apps” include mobile software family. Mobile apps are available for download from a common repository. Once downloaded, the mobile operating system installs them in mobile device. Mobile applications are designed to make efficient and optimum use of compact hardware system, limited battery life and limited memory of the device. ¤ Mobile Communication Infrastructure: Mobile devices need cellular wireless network to connect with Internet and access information, data and apps. The wireless network access is made available by various service providers in the market through compact SIM Cards and a mobile number allocated to the subscriber. Role of ICT in Industries and Businesses Banking Industry Entire financial industry all over the world relies and runs over computers and sophisticated communication infrastructure. Computers are used by banks to maintain the financial database, customers and day to day transactional details. Instant online transactions, secured transfer of funds, encrypted communication of data, verifying authenticity, efficient customer support, reaching out with financial schemes to mass – this all has been greatly revolutionised using computers. Various Businesses Corporate world and computers are inseparable today. All kinds of business transactions are carried out very easily, accurately and database of all the business transactions can be maintained and accessed easily. Irrespective of the size and nature of business – be it a small shop, supermarket, a multinational conglomerate or stock markets of the world, be it a restaurants, small office or headquarters of a blue chip business giant, computers are serving them in the most efficient way. People can acces and buy products and services of all sorts of businesses online. Advent of artificial intelligence and big data processing capabilities will provide enormous 304

capabilities to the computers thereby bringing another level of revolutionary change in the way we interact with them in near future. Medical Science and Health Care Diagnosing diseases, researching for new ones for better cures and treatments and designing medicines is now done in the environment controlled by computers. Innovative medical equipment, life-saving surgeries, challenging operations, prompt reach of healthcare to the patient are all possible due to computers. Medical research and medical information sharing has brought the medical world closer for the betterment of humanity. Doctors, world over, collaborate for better cures and inventions. Innovative and creative ideas are shared for new inventions. Automated patient care systems, hospital administration system, online consultations, expert medical systems, medicine databases, diseases and cure lookup services and access to better treatments easily have all been a reality due to computers. Training and Education School education, skill development, professional training, capacity building in any field has computers playing the pivotal role. Getting educated with the help of computers has enriched and enhanced the process of teaching and learning at all levels. Digitised books, multimedia tablets, immersive learning content and user friendly learning interfaces have changed the face of education world. In addition to this, gaining knowledge in computers enhances the job prospects in all fields. So, getting educated by the computers and getting educated in the computers both have positively influenced the learners as well as teachers. Media Entertainment, news and field of journalism are greatly supported by computers. Video shooting, editing, sound engineering, adding special effects, 5D technology, audio-video editing, streaming audio- video, sharing and promoting multimedia content has become efficient and easier now. Travel and Ticketing Booking of travel tickets for any mode of travel, online cab booking, online hotel and tour packages reservations are all examples of modern day travel and tourism. Because of easy access through Internet, secured payment gateway access and instant lookup services from travel services websites like Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) the Tour and Travel Industry has emerged as one of the top key players in contributing to the GDP in several countries. Research Research of any kind involves accessing vast information. Computers and modern communication technology has proved to be a boon for research work. Today, scientists, research scholars and people involved in creative and analytical professions have access to a huge repository of information in 35

multimedia form right at their desktop. Various documentation tools, spreadsheets and databases help scientists in storing, organizing, sorting and accessing the information in an easy and smart way. Defense Defense is the field that makes use of computers and networks immensely. Most sophisticated encryption technologies, communication satellites, super computers and networks are used by defense forces. Research and design of weapons, remote sensing radars, remote controlled strike systems, interceptor systems and tactical devices are the outcome of advanced ICT deployed by defense forces. Code breaking algorithms, message encryption, hacking, prevention from cyber attacks, stealth communication, online sniffers etc. are various defense strategies that are supported by computer technology. Exercise Answer the following questions: 1. How do we use information in various ways? 2. How are computers useful in our daily life? 3. How computers help in running various businesses and industries? 4. Why ICT skills are necessary for us in today’s world? Session-2 Computer System Computers are an integral part of our lives. Wherever we are—sitting in our homes, working in the office, driving on roads, sitting in a movie hall, staying in a hotel, etc.—our lives are directly or indirectly affected by the computers. In this era of information, we are dependent on the storage, flow and processing of data and information, which can only be possible with the help of computers. Computers are used as tools in every part of society together with the Internet. A computer is an automatic electronic, calculating device which can process a given input in a prescribed manner to produce a desired output, at a very high speed with remarkable accuracy. It can also perform all arithmetic and logical functions according to the instructions given in a systematic order to solve any problem and produce processed information. Parts of a Computer System A computer (system) consists of mainly four units: input unit, memory unit, central processing unit (CPU) and output unit. Computers work through an interaction of hardware and software. 36

Hardware refers to the parts of a computer that you can see and touch (including the computer case (cabinet) and everything inside it). Hardware items such as your monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, memory and other components are often called hardware devices, or devices. Software refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do. A word-processing program that you can use to write letters on your computer is a type of software. The operating system (OS) is software that manages your computer and the devices connected to it. Windows is a well- known operating system. Input Unit The input data instructions are given through this unit to the computer. Keyboard and mouse are most common input devices. Standard Input Device (Keyboard): Keyboard is used to provide text-based input. Various combinations of keys are used to issue specific commands to the computer. It is also used to input text content and numbers for various documents. A standard keyboard layout is called QWERTY layout. Mouse: A small device connected with the computer to interact with the graphical user interface provided by the operating system and to click, select, draw in various software applications is called mouse, Mouse, in true sense, is a pointing device. It has usually left and right button and a scrolling wheel. Left button is used to click and select the items with a single click, with double click the programs are launched or files are opened. Right button is used to display common commands used readily available without having to go to the detailed menu of options. A swift triple click of left button selects the entire paragraph in a document. Central Processing Unit The most important unit device of a computer is known as CPU (Central Processing Unit). It is also known as microprocessor or processor. A CPU is the brain of a computer. It is responsible for all the functions and processes. The task of processing is done by processor in computer. It collects data form input unit, stores in memory unit, processes and produces output. A CPU consists of one or more electronic components fabricated on a silicon chip. These are: Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) and Control Unit (CU). Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs all arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) and logic operations. Logic operations test various logical conditions encountered during processing and allow for different actions to be taken based on the results. The data required to perform the arithmetic and logical functions are inputs from the designated CPU registers and operands. 37

Control Unit (CU): It coordinates the components of a computer system. The control unit, as its name suggests, is the circuitry that issues commands to other hardware components to execute programs. The control unit doesn't actually execute any code itself; rather, it just manages the execution of program instructions by fetching instructions from memory, parsing those instructions as necessary and then scheduling the appropriate hardware components to act on those instructions. In this way the control unit manages the operation of the entire computer. Functions of CPU 1. The CPU accesses and stores the relevant data and instructions during processing. 2. The CPU controls the sequence of operations. 3. The CPU gives the commands and coordinates the actions of all parts of the computer system. 4. The CPU carries out the processing. Storage Unit Computers use two types of storage: Primary storage and secondary storage. The CPU mainly interacts with primary storage or main memory, referring to it for both instructions and data. The unit holds the data and instructions. there are different types of memory which are used for different purpose. Memory unit can be divided in two categories. Primary Memory It is the main memory of the computer. This memory is primarily used by CPU for booting of system and temporarily storage of data for processing. For example: RAM (Random Access memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory). Primary memory is needed by the computer for its own working. It stores the data currently used by CPU and Operating System programs. It is also known as the main memory because it directly communicates with CPU. RAM (Random Access Memory): It is the main working memory of the computer. When we generally talk about a computer memory, we usually mean the RAM. It is situated inside the System Unit (CPU Box). The CPU uses this memory for storing inputs, currently running Software programs and the results of processing etc. It is also called Read/Write memory as data can be read and written on it. It is a temporary/volatile memory. Its contents are accessible only as long as the computer is switched ON. After turning OFF its contents are erased. ROM (Read Only Memory): It is a permanent/non-volatile memory located inside the system unit. It retains the data even if the computer is switched OFF. It contains a set of start-up instructions called, “bootstrap loaders” (that are stored in it at the time of manufacturing). These instructions help the computer to start up or boot up itself, when you switch it ON. The computer can only read information from the ROM. 238

Secondary Memory This type of memory is used for permanent storage of data so that we can use it later. This type of memory is used to store large amount of data. For example, Hard Disc, DVD, Blu ray disc, Pen drive. Output Unit This unit provides the result of the operation performed by the computer. Computer generates the output of the processing in the form of text, graphics, audio or video. The most common output devices are monitor and printer. Monitor is called the standard output device while other output devices like printer, web camera, joy stick, plotter, speakers etc. are added to the computer as peripheral devices. Peripheral Devices Basic devices form the actual computer system which performs standard input, output and processing operations. There are additional devices which extend the functionality of a computer system. For example, taking a printout, transferring data to another computer, distributing the data etc. Optical Disk Drives and USB Drive Optical disc can store information or data like video, audio, text, images, games, software etc. Various types of optical discs are available which can store up to 8 GB data. CD-ROM (Compact Disc- Read Only Memory): The CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory) is an optical disc that comes with data already written on them for distribution for example, music CDs. It is read-only storage media, data or information cannot be erased from it. It is used to store data up to 700 MB. CDs are mostly used for distributing software. There are following types of CDs:- CD-R (Compact Disc Recordable): It is also called WORM (Write Once Read Many) means data can be written once but read many times. We can use the discs (to read) with a standard CD player/CD-ROM drive. CD-RW (Compact Disc Re-Writable): It is a re-writable disc. It allows us to erase previous data and write new data on them. But the CD-RW media doesn't work in all players. Pen Drive or USB Drive The Pen Drive is a USB (Universal Serial Bus) flash memory device. It is used for storing and transferring audio, video, and data from one computer to another. It is small in size i.e. portable, easy to carry and easy to use and low cost secondary memory. It can store a lot of data on it i.e. more than CD and DVD. It is plugged into USB port of the computer. Pen Drives are getting very popular now-a-days. It can store data up to 2 TB now a day. But usually we are using 4 or 32 GB pen drive. 39

Digital Card Reader-Writer Digital card readers are found in devices like laptops, digital cameras and smart phones. These devices have slots to read from and write on the memory cards. These cards are available in various storage capacities commonly ranging from 4 GB to 1 TB. External Hard Drives In addition to computer's main storage device – Hard disk there are external hard drives available. They can be easily connected with the computer through USB port. External drive is the best suited device for keeping backup of the computer data since it can store data in the range of 500 MB to 2 TB or even more in near future. USB Based Adapters Adapters allow devices running on different types of technologies to connect with a computer and provide their services. Such devices are shipped with their adapters which function as interface between the device and the computer. Examples of such devices are Bluetooth adapters to connect Bluetooth wireless speakers and smart phones connect with computer, WiFi adapter connects WiFi modem to the computer. Printers, Scanners and Plotters Printer It prints out the hard copy of the documents and images over variety of medium like paper, plastic sheets etc. Ranging from a simple deskjet printer to industry line printer used to print banners and posters, printers come in a wide variety to cater to various printing needs of various industries. Dot Matrix Printer: Dot matrix printer works by striking a grid of pins against a ribbon. It prints one character at a time. It prints the character in dotted format. In this type of printers, there is a vertical array of pins. As the head moves across the paper, the selected pins hit on the ribbon to form the character in the pattern of dots on the paper. Inkjet Printer: An Inkjet printer is a kind of printer that works by spraying ionized ink on a sheet of paper. Magnetized plates in the ink's path direct the ink onto the paper in the desired shapes to create impression of text or image. It is used in home and small offices. Laser Printer: It is the latest technology printers which prints the character by laser beams. It has a drum which works with the help of laser beam and prints the characters. It consists of toner inks. Monochrome (black) laser printer, which use single toner are used at offices. Plotters Plotters draw or plot building maps or product designs. These are used by architects and product designers. A Plotter prints high-quality graphics or drawings using. In the past, plotters were used in applications such as computer-aided design e.g., engineering and architectural drawings i.e., making maps, plotting civil engineering drawings and machine components. 2480

Scanners This device is used to scan documents and store them in the computer for later use. A flatbed scanner can scan whole sheets of documents while handheld scanners are useful for quick scanning of a part of a document like a few lines or an image. Web Camera Web camera captures the live video stream and still images. A web camera is a video camera that feeds its image in real time to a computer or computer network. While chatting with friends/relatives or video conferencing with the colleagues, you can use it to transmit audio or video over the internet. Expansion Cards Expansion cards are additional circuit boards that provide extended functionality to the computer like enhanced sound, high quality video rendering or connecting the computer to a particular network. They are called expansion cards since they expand the functionality of the computer beyond its basic features. Expansions cards can be easily inserted in their corresponding expansion slots available on the motherboard inside the CPU box. Specialised computer systems like game development computers or high-end multimedia computers need audio-video expansion cards. Other digital devices Speakers: Speakers are used to generate sound. They convert analog electric signals into air vibrations. Speakers are used to listen to music and sounds on the computer. Joystick: It is also a pointing device. A joystick consists of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the controlling device. Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer. Joysticks are used in civilian and military aircraft, cranes, underwater unmanned vehicles, wheelchairs, surveillance cameras and zero turning radius lawn mowers. Exercise Answer the following questions: 1. What is the role of input and output devices in a computer system? 2. List differences between primary and secondary memory. 3. How is RAM different from ROM? 4. What do you mean by peripheral devices? 5. Describe any 5 peripheral devices. 6. Describe the functioning of processing unit. 36 41

Session-3 Basic Computer Operations Working with a Computer Switching a Computer System On Usually, a computer system is connected with mains through a UPS – Uninterrupted Power Supply. The steps to switch on the computer are as below: 1. Switch on the UPS by a long press on its power button. 2. Press the power button on the CPU cabinet or system unit and switch on the monitor. As soon as the computers is switched on, the instructions embedded in its ROM begin Power On Self Test (POST). In POST, the computer sends a quick signal to each device to heck if it is working properly. The motherboard, keyboard, printer (if connected) memory, hard drive, and other components receive the signal and respond back. If response does not come from any of the devices then corresponding error message is displayed on the monitor with the peculiar beep sound. After POST, the computer begins locating the operating system. The operating system controls entire functionality of the computer system and its devices. Operating system also acts as an interface between the user and the computer system. Computer Software Software uses hardware. Without software the power of hardware is of no use. It is the software that helps performing various tasks by making use of hardware. Software and hardware complement each other and together make the complete computer system. The core software that is a must on each computer and without which no operations are possible on the computer is Operating System. Operating System Operating system controls entire functionality of the computer system. Operating system allows the user to interface with the computer hardware and make use of other software applications on the computer. Operating system sits in between the user and the computer. Modern operating systems provide a user friendly, easy to learn and use interface called Graphical User Interface (GUI) which allows the user to use mouse and point and click at the commands to be given to the computer. GUI also functions on keyboard shortcut keys. Some popular operating systems are Windows 7, 8 and 10 versions, MacOS for Apple Macintosh Computers, Linux, Android from Google and iOS from Apple for Mobile devices etc. Functions of Operating System An operating system primarily performs four functions: ¤ Hardware management. ¤ Software management. ¤ Data and storage management. ¤ User Interface. 2482 37

Hardware Management All the devices that together make the computer system are controlled by the operating system. Installation of each new device is registered with the operating system. For example, to use a new printer, you first need to install it properly on the computer. Communication i.e. data and signal transfer among the devices is also handled by the operating system. For example, when you give the command to print a file, the data loaded in the memory is sent to the printer along with details like number of copies, number of pages, colour, page size etc. by the operating system to print. Every operating system has specifications of required hardware according to which it is installed on any computer system. For example, there are popularly two types of microprocessors: 32-bit and 64-bit. These are the size of instructions that processors accept to process at a time. A 32-bit operating system cannot be installed on a computer with 64-bit processor. Some proprietary hardware allows only a specific operating system to be installed for example on Apple computers you cannot install any other operating system except MacOS which is Apple's own operating system. Software Management Like hardware, you need to install software on the computer. Operating system updates the details of the software in its registry. How the software should be installed, how much storage space is required - this all is checked by the operating system. How software should be uninstalled or updated later, what types of files the software creates is known to the operating system. This is the reason, when you double click on an image file, it opens in some software on its own. For example, double clicking on a .jpg file will open it in an image editing program, double clicking on a text file will open it in a text editor. Sometimes software programs share data with each other which is also controlled by the operating system. For example, when you link the data in a spreadsheet with a graph on a slide of a presentation software or importing data from a spreadsheet into a database management software. Data and Storage Management Operating system keeps track of all the data saved in the computer. It manages the data in the primary memory as well as on various storage devices i.e. secondary or auxiliary memory. Following are the data and storage management tasks performed by operating system: 1. It helps in saving, opening and moving files. Operating system does all this with the help of the file system that determines how your data is stored on a storage device. A file system is a means for operating system to keep track and manage all our data and program files on various storage media like hard disk drive, DVD, pen drive etc. The file search feature of operating system relies upon the file system to locate the file on the storage medium. 2. Modern operating systems provide features of compressing the bulk files to conserve disk space, encrypt the data, file hiding and folder locking features to prevent unauthorized access. 3. Various utilities available of operating system like Disk Manager allows creating disk partitions and formatting them, defragmenter allows rearranging the data on the hard disk for faster access. 4. System restore feature allows restoring the system to its original state at a particular date and time. 5. Backup/ restore allows taking faster backups of data to external storage devices like tapes by checking last updated files and also the restorage of the files during any data loss. 43

6. Operating system has a feature called virtual memory manager that uses a designated size of hard disk storage as virtual memory where it moves that data from the primary memory which is not being used by the user while computer is switched on and as soon as it is required the data is reloaded in the memory from the disk. This optimizes the memory usage. 7. When multiple programs are loaded in the memory, operating system allocates them memory in such a way that the programs do not interfere with each other. When a program is closed then memory is deallocated from it. 8. Operating system provides some other features also like RAM check, disk cloning (disk to disk copy), disk mirroring, storing single bulk file across multiple disks in same computer or remote computers, transferring data from one file system to another file system like copying file from Windows NT (New Technology) File System to Compact Disk File System. Other functions of Operating System Apart from the above-mentioned core functions, operating system also provides certain additional functions that aid in smooth functioning of the computer system. These functions are described briefly as below: ¤ Security: All modern operating systems come with certain built-in security features depending on their versions and purpose. A desktop operating system provides a good level of security through password-based user access and basic firewall. Operating systems that control entire network of computers come bundled with extensive security features at user level, file level along with a complete set of roles and permissions and a fully functional firewall. ¤ System Utilities: Operating system provides a set of software utilities to ensure adequate health of computer and its smooth functioning. Some of the main utilities are backup-restore that helps take backup of our data on an external storage device and restore from it in case of any data loss; various disk tools like disk manager, disk cleanup, disk defragmenter etc. to reorganize the data and disk partitions as desired; basic virus threat defender like Windows Defender; computer management tools like Computer Manager, Administrative tools to manage users; Task manager to see and manage what all programs and services are running in the computer; Control Panel - a one stop window for system management tools, Command Prompt, system information tools, diagnostics tools; registry tools etc. ¤ Entertainment: Operating systems provide a small set of in-built games to play such as Minesweeper, Solitaire, Hearts in Windows, Mahjongg, Sudoku, Mines etc. in Linux. ¤ Basic Accessories: Modern operating systems come with in-built small programs for routine basic operations like simple image editing, text editing, screen recording, audio recording, image or screen snipping tools, clock, calendar, calculator, remote connection, Recycle Bin to keep deleted files, Internet browser etc. Types of Operating Systems Operating systems are basically following types: Single User OS: Such operating systems allow one user at a time on a system. Examples: DOS and Windows 95. Multi-User OS: Such operating systems support more than one user at a time on the same computer. Examples: Windows 7, Windows 10, Linux, Unix. Command Line User Interface OS: Such operating systems provide a command line on which user can type commands to accomplish tasks on the computer. Examples: DOS, Unix. 2484

Graphical User Interface OS: Such operating systems provide an interface composed of graphical menus, buttons, task bar, dialog boxes etc. They are operated by the help of mouse. User does not need to key in the commands. Most of the tasks are done by clicking the commands with the mouse. Mobile OS: A mobile operating system, also referred to as mobile OS, is an operating system that operates a smart phone, tablet, PDA, or other mobile device. The most popular OS's for mobile devices (smart phones and tablets) are Apple's iOS and Google's Android, RIM's BLACKBERRY OS, Microsoft's Windows and Symbian. Application Software Most common software applications are MS-Office suite, Adobe Photoshop, Flash, Oracle Database Management System etc. Software applications are used to perform various tasks in a variety of fields. Various components of MS Office suite are used in small businesses for creating documents (MS Word), spreadsheets (MS Excel), presentations (MS PowerPoint), desktop publishing (MS Publisher), email (MS Outlook) etc., Image processing and illustration software are Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw. Various database management software are MS Access, Oracle, DB2 etc. Graphical User Interface Modern operating systems provide a rich set of graphical components combined together into an interface which user can interact with by the help of mouse and keyboard shortcut keys. This interface os called Graphical User Interface (GUI). GUI supports multiple programs to run together. Some basic components of GUI are: Desktop - It is the main screen on which other components of GUI appear. Start button and menu - Clicking on Start button opens up Start menu which provides access to all the installed programs and software. Taskbar - Usually found on the bottom of the desktop and displays Start button and system tray. Icons - Small pictures that represent a software, program, file or folder. User can double click on them to access the program. DOS LINUX 45

MAC Icons Wallpaper Taskbar File A file is a collection of related information. In other words, a file is a collection of data stored on a storage device. There are different types of files depending on the types of information they contain, like document, image file, music file, movie file, etc. Depending on the type of file, each file is denoted by an icon. Each file is given a name, called as file name which is useful to identify the file. Look at the figures and notice that every file has following two parts: Primary name- It is the first name of a file. It can be any name given by the user (it should be meaningful). Secondary name- It is the extension of the file like .doc, .jpg, etc. It is given by the program where it is created. Folder (Directory) A folder is a place where many files are stored. In other words, the files are contained in a folder. A folder is also known as directory. ¤ A collection of related files can be stored in a common folder. ¤ A folder may also contain different folders with files in them. Common Desktop Operations (Windows 7) Once the computer is started, the screen which appears on the monitor is called the desktop. Various components of a desktop are: 1. Wallpaper 2. Icons 3. Taskbar Wallpaper: The wallpaper is the background picture on the desktop. 46

Icons: The small pictures on the screen are called the icons. Taskbar: This is a horizontal bar at the bottom of the desktop. Now, let us learn about the various parts of the taskbar. Start Button: The Start button is found on the left side of the taskbar. When we click on the Start button, a menu appears which is known as the Start menu. We can find and open all the programs from the Start menu. Quick Launch toolbar: The Quick Launch toolbar provides an easy access (in single- click) to our favourite programs. These programs can be opened in one click. Middle Section: The Middle Section shows us the programs and files we have opened and allows us to quickly switch between them. System Tray: The System Tray is used to show the date and time and various other notifications. When we left-click on the Start button, the Start menu appears. It contains a list of programs which are installed in the computer. Follow the steps given below to open a program: 1. Put the mouse cursor on the Start button and left-click on it. 2. The Start menu appears. 3. On the right-side of the menu, left-click on the Computer option. 4. The Computer window appears on the screen. Click on the Shut down Computer option. 47 Click on the Start button. Shutting down the Computer 1. Click on Start button. 2. In the Start menu, click on Shutdown. 3. Switch off the monitor and then UPS.

Some of the common programs whose icons are present on the desktop are listed below: ¤ My Computer (Win XP) or Computer (Win 7) or This PC (Win 10): When opened, it shows all the drives and folders on your computer. The drives are denoted by alphabets (from A: to Z:). C: Drive generally denotes the first hard disk in your computer system, D: Drive may represent the second hard disk or CD/DVD Drive. A: and B: Drives are traditionally reserved for Floppy Drives. Remaining alphabets can be assigned to identify additional drives you might connect with your system or to map them with the Network Drives. A network drive is a shared directory or folder accessible by the users authorized by the network administrator and for the convenience of access, it is assigned an alphabet like other drives have. All the files kept in the mapped folder are accessible to the users. The shared folder looks like another drive over a network to the users. ¤ Recycle Bin: As the name suggests, Recycle Bin keeps the deleted files. Any file deleted by the user, moves to Recycle Bin. You can restore the deleted file to its original location by going to Recycle Bin folder on the desktop, right clicking the desired file and selecting Restore option. Recycle Bin menu also provides Restore All option to restores all the files stored in it. Another option – Empty Recycle Bin deletes all the files in it permanently. Note: Ÿ Files deleted from Recycle Bin are deleted permanently and cannot be recovered back. Ÿ Files deleted by pressing Shift key while deletion do not move to the Recycle Bin since they get permanently deleted. ¤ My Network Places or Network: It shows all the computers over the local network which might be connected with your computer. Depending on the permission, you cn access data shared by others on their computers. ¤ My Documents or Documents: It is the default folder to contain most of your work. Most of the software on your computer allow to save the files by default in My Documents. 248 41

Taskbar and Start Menu Usually, at the bottom of the desktop, you can see a bar stretched from extreme left to right side. A Start button is on the very left end of the Taskbar. Right side of the Taskbar shows system time and date and other small indicators like network connection, language, speaker icon etc. The middle part of the Taskbar displays icons of the active and minimized programs you have opened to work with. Middle part also shows the icons of the shortcuts to your frequently used programs. The process of creating such shortcuts is called pinning the program with Taskbar. It is a good way to quickly access your favourite programs. Such “pin-up” can be done with Start menu also. Clicking on the Start button displays Start menu which shows the names of all the programs installed on your computer. These programs are organized under various categories or folders. Start button also shows options to Shutdown, Restart, Sleep, Search and Run the program by typing its executable name. Some useful folders that are available in Start menu are: ¤ Help and Support to provide documented form of basic help you may need to work on the computer. ¤ Search to search any program or file by its name. ¤ Settings to customize various system settings of the computer like display, resolution, themes, screen savers, date and time etc. ¤ Documents to provide you quick access to all your recently opened documents. ¤ Programs to display a submenu with list of various applications available on the computer to work on. This may be present depending on the version of operating you use. Windows Accessories The Windows operating system comes along with some useful application programs referred to as Accessories. It contains useful applications such as Calculator, Notepad, Paint, WordPad, etc. To access any of these applications, click on Start → All Programs → Accessories. Some common accessories are given below: Calculator: The Windows Calculator looks like a regular calculator that we use at our homes and offices. It has number keys, memory keys, and standard maths operation keys. You can use the Calculator with the help of a keyboard or a mouse. In a Calculator, you enter numbers and operator signs like +, -, *, / by clicking on the buttons on the screen keypad (you can also use the keyboard to enter data). Paint: Microsoft Paint is a painting program that can be used to teach the students how to draw pictures on the screen and paint them with different colors. You can use this program for creating, editing and printing images. You can draw different objects like pictures, cartoons, maps, shapes, etc. You can use this program to view and edit the scanned pictures also. 49