History_Seminar_Proceedings

f'kodkGkrhy &varxZr O;kikjkps ;ksxnku izk- jktHkkst lafni ckcklkgsc bfrgkl foHkkx] ih-Ogh-ih- dkWyst ] izojkuxj eksckbZy &7040195319izLrkouk % & egkjk\"VªkP;k bfrgklkph ikus m?kMys rj izkphu dkGkiklwu fo\"ks’k lanHkZfeGrks- bfrgklkP;k izR;sd dky[kaMkr ,d osxGs oSHko egkjk\"Vªkyk feGkysys vkgs-izkphu dkGkrhy xqIr;qxkyk bfrgkldkjkuha lqo.kZ;qxkph miek fnyh R;kpcjkscje/;;qxhu dkGkr eq?kydkGkr 'kgktgkuP;k dkGkyk lqo.kZ;qx Eg.kqu lacks/kys vkgs-R;kpcjkscj T;k j;rsP;k jktkauh j;rsps fgnaoh LojkT;kps LoIu iq.kZ dsys- R;kpcjkscjj;rsyk dks.kR;k fo\"ks’k ckchaph xjt vkgs- rlsp ;kfBdk.kh LojkT;kr ;ksX; dk;Z{keiz'kklu R;kpcjkscj vkfFkZd ckchadMs R;kauh fo\"ks’k y{k fnys- vkiY;k jkT;kaph /;s;/kkjs .ksBjforkauk R;kauh vkfFkZd cktqpk fopkj dsyk- jkT;pk jkT;dks’k gk ifjiq.kZ vlkok;kdfjrk rs tkx`d gkrs s- R;kauh O;kikjkdMs y{k fnys- lkxjh O;kikjkoj Hkj nrs vlrkukjkT;kps vra xZr /kkjs .k egRoiq.kZ vlrs ;k n`\"Vhdksukrwu R;kauh varxZr O;kikjoj Hkjfnysyk fnlqu ;rs ks- gk O;kikj pkaxY;k i/nrhus gks.;kdfjrk R;kauh fo\"ks’k lks;h lqfo/kkiqjfoY;k- R;ke/kqu egkjk\"Vªkr pkaxY;k izdkjkph cktkjisB ckgjs hy O;kik&;kauk miyC/kd:u fnyh- R;kpcjkscj Loj{k.kkpk foMk mpysyk fnlqu ;rs ks- ;k vra xZr O;kikjkrwuf’kodkGkr egkjk\"VªkPkh fo\"ks’k HkjHkjkV >kysyh fnlqu ;rs s-mn~fn\"Vs%& 1 f’kodkGkrhy vra xZr O;kikjkpk vk<kok ?ks.ks 2 vra xZr O;kikjh ekxZpk vk<kok ?ks.ks- 3 vra xZr O;kikjkrhy fo\"ks’k vk;kr & fu;kZr oLrqpk vk<kok ?ks.ks- 4 vra xZr O;kikjkpk >kysyk ifj.kke vH;kl.ks- 'kks/kd 'kCn %& varxZr O;kikj] vk;kr ] fu;kZr ] f’kodkG] O;kikjh ekxZ]¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 86ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

la’kks/ku i/nrh %& lnj 'kks/kfuac/k fo’ys\"k.kkRed i/nrhsu ekaMysyk vkgs-varxZr O;kikjh ekxZ %& f’kodkGkpk O;kikjh bfrgkl vH;klyk rj vki.kka l vls fnlqu ;rs s dh lkxjhO;kikjkyk fo\"ks’k LFkku vlysys fnlqu ;rs s i.k R;kiyhdMhy cktqpk fopkj dsyk rjvls fnlqu ;rs s dh varxZr O;kikjkr nksu izdkjkpk O;kikj fnlqu ;rs ks ,d unhekxkZusgks.kkjk O;kikj o [kq’dhP;k ekxkZus dsyk tk.kkj O;kikj-unhP;k ekxkZus gks.kkjk O;kikj %& egkjk\"Vªkr xksnkojh o d`\".kk ;k nksu eksB;k un;kaf’kok; brj un;k Qkj’kkeksB;k uOgR;k- xksnkojh unh if’pesdMwu okgrs o rh egkjk\"Vªkpk 300 eSykapk izns’kO;kirs xksnkojh unh izkeq[;kus ukf’kd] vgenuxj] vkSjaxkckn o ukansM] ftYg;krwuokgrs- ;kf’kok; Hkhek] o fujk] ;k un;kapkgh egkjk\"VªkP;k vkfFkZd fodklkr egRokpkokVk vkgs- f’kodkGkr ;k un;kaps fo\"ks’k ;ksxnku gkrs s-bafXy’k QWDVjh jsdkWMZe/khy lanHkkZuqlkj & f’kodkGkr is.k o dqyck ftYg;krhy vkack o ukxksBk.kk ;k un;kae/kqu O;kikjhekykph okgrwd gkrs vls- baxztkps O;kikjh o f’kokth egkjktkapk O;kikj ;kekxkZus gksrvls-[kq’dhP;k o ?kkV ekxkZus gks.kkjk O;kikj %& f'kodkGkr c&gk.kiwj rs xkoas GdkasMk ;k jktekxkZO;frfjDr egkekxZ egkjk\"VªkruOgrk- dkgh cSyxkMhps jLrs] o NksV;k okVk gksR;k- jLR;kps varj ekst.;klkBh dkls gsifjek.k okijys tkr vls- ;k ekxkZus dkgh izek.kkr f’kodkGkr O;kikj pkyr vls-f’kodkGkr dksd.k vkf.k ns’k ;kauk tksM.kkjs ?kkV ekxZ Hkjiqj gkrs s- egkjk\"Vªkrhy iBkjif’pe] ok;O;] mRrj ;k cktwyk lg;knzh ] foa/; o lkriqMk ioZr ;kauh can >kysysvkgs- ;k ioZrjkaxke/kwu iyhdMs tk.kkjs jLrs ulrs rj vra xZr O;kikj dj.ks v’kD; >kysvlrs rRdkyhu iqjkO;koa :u vki.kkyk ioZrkaP;k jkaxke/khy ?kkVekxkZP;k tkG;kphekfgrh feGrs- f’kodkGkr tqUUkj o dksd.k ;kauk tksM.kkj fiaijh ?kkV] eqacbZ o iq.ks ;kauktksM.kkjk [kaMkGk ?kkV] jRukfxjh] o dksYgkiqj ;kauk tksM.kkjk ikj?kkV] vkack?kkV]¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 87ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

QkasMk?kkV] vacksyh?kkV] tqUuj o eqjckM ;kauk tksM.kkjk uk.ks?kkV b- vusd ?kkVekxZO;kikjklkBh o okgrwdhlkBh okijys tkr gkrs s-?kkVekxkZojhy fo\"ks’k vkf/kdkjh oxZ %& ?kkVekxkZojhy okgrwdhps fu;=a .k dj.;klkBh izok’kkauk lja {k.k ns.;klkBh ookgrwd djkph olqyh dj.;klkBh ;k ?kkVkrhy jLR;koj fBdfBdk.kh pkSDD;k fdaoktdkr ukdh gkrs h- izR;sd fBdk.kh ?kkVikaMs ukokpk ,d vf/kdkjh vls- R;kaps inoa’kijaijkxr vls- R;kaps dke Eg.kts jLR;kaph ns[kHkky dj.ks o jLrk okgrwdhlkBh ;ksX;O;oLFkk Bos .ks- R;klkBh R;kyk jLR;koj xLr Bos koh ykxs- R;kaP;k enrhyk iFkdh] Mkaxh]ikuljs] ekas/koh] esVdjh] gs vf/kdkjh vlr- iFkdhps eq[; dke Eg.kts O;kikjh ekykps otu dj.ks- ikuljs R;kyk enrdjr vls- iFkGh o ikuljs ;kaP;k gkrk[kkyh esVdjh fdoa k xqtj gs f’kikbZ vlr ;k xqtjf’kika;kps dke Eg.kts ?kkV ekxkZojhy O;kikjh dkfQY;kauk laj{k.k ns.ks gs gkrs s- gs xqtjf’kikbZ ?kkVkrhy ,dk pkSdhiklwu nql&;k pkSdhi;Zr dkfQY;kcjkscj jkgkr vlr- f’kopfj= lkfgR;ke/khy lanHkkZuqlkj &iFkdh gk vf/kdkjh tdkrhps nj Bjowutdkr olwy djhr vls okgukpk izdkj] O;kikjh ekykpk izdkj o O;kikjh ekykps out;koj okgrwd dj voyacwu vls- ,dk cSyko:u okgwu usysys /kkU; o ehB ;kojvoyacwu MkGhoj 3 :ds] rack[kwoj 6 :ds ,dk dkiMkP;k xB~;koa j 12 :ds djvkdkjyk tkr vls- xksGk dsysY;k okgrwd djkapk fg’kksc njegk ?kkVikaMsyk fnyk tkrvls-f’kodkGkrhy varxZr cktkjisBk & f’kodkGkr vra xZr cktkjisBk O;kikjkP;k HkjHkjkVhdfjrk vko’;d vlrkr-f’kodkGkr fofo/k Hkkxkr o isBkr Hkj.kkjs vkBoM;kps cktkj gh ,d izdkjph O;kikjhdasnzsp gkrs h- egkjk\"Vªkrhy fofo/k xkokr o “kgjkr vkBoM;krwu ,dnk fdoa k nksunkcktkj Hkjr vls- vkliklP;k xkokrhy yksd v’kk cktkjkr vkiyk eky fod.;klkBhvk.kr- /kkU; Hkkthikyk] fdjk.kk] o Hkqlkjeky diMs]¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 88ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

dlck fdaok isBk ;kgh f’kodkGkrhy O;kikjh dasnz gkrs h- isBsyk vusd dk;eLo:ikph nqdkus vlr- isBsyk dk;e Lo:ikph nqdkus vlr- cktkjkP;k fno’kh ckgjs hyO;kikjhgh dlC;kP;k fBdk.kh vkiyk eky vk.khr vlr- 'ksVs o egktu gs vf/kdkjh uohu isBk olfo.;kps dke f’kodkGkr djr-R;kpcjkscj O;kika&;kauk izksRlkgu ns.;kps dke djr vls-f’kodkGkrhy varxZr cktkjisBkrhy ekykps Lo:i & f’kodkGkrhy dkxni=kra hy ekfgrh uqlkj cktkjisBkra hy ekykps Lo:i letrs-o tdkrhps nj letrk-vUu/kkU; o vUuinkFkZ %& ;ke/;s xgw] nkGh] elwj] rkanwG] edk] ukp.kh] rhG] ?kos Mk dkGs gjHkjs]bR;knhpk lekos’k gkrs k-elkY;kps inkFkZ o laqx/kh rsys o inkFkZ & yoax] dkGhfejh] rkacMhfejh] nkyfpuh] tk;QG] ek;QG] tk;i=] osynksMs]lwaB vkys] ylwu gGn] fejph] ukjG] vkdzksM] [kkscjs] gs elkY;kps inkFkZ] ds’kj] dkijw ]panu] xksihpan] bR;knh lekos’k gkrs k-dkiM o diMs %& fpVkps dkiM] fdu[kki] egkcu] eqaxhikV.k] lksujs h Hkjrdke dsysys dkiM] ikVoegeanh] dn firkacjh] “kSyk] v\"ViqrGh] ?kkVh] /kkrs jtksM;k] iklksM;k b-QGs o brj [kk|inkFkZ & ukjG] dktq] cnke] dsGh] vkacs] l=a h] ekslach] fyacw] Hkkthikyk] foM;kph ikus]nw/k] ekla s] ;k oLrwapk lekos ’k gkrs k-fu\"d’kZ & f’kodkGkr f’kokth egkjktkauh lq: dsysyk varxrZ O;kikj vkt vk/kqfuddkGkr ek= fnlr ulyk rjh vkt T;k Hkkxkr 'kgjhdj.kkph ykV vkysyh fnlwu ;rs hR;k 'kgjhHkkxkr f’kodkGkrhy O;kikjkph lkoyh iMysyh fnlwu ;rs s- R;ke/kwu vktosxosxG;k Hkkxkr cktkjisBkaPks Lo:i foLrh.kZ >kysys fnlqu ;rs s-¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 89ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

lanHkZlqph &1 izk-ch-,l-lkoar] izk-Ogh-ds- tk/ko & ejkB;kapk iz’kkldh; vkf.k lkekftd vkfFkZd bfrgkl] fo|k izdk’ku] iq.ks-2 MkW- /kaut; vkpk;Z % & ejkBk lRrspk mn;] lkbZukFk izdk’ku ukxijw ]3 MkW- ,u- ,l- rkacksGh %& ejkB;kapk bfrgkl4 'ksaMs lks- jk- % & ejkBs dkyhu /kkfeZd thou ] v{kj ys.kh izdk’ku] lksykiqj5 Ogh- ,l- casUnzs & Jh N=irh f’kokth egkjkt &6 v-jk- dqyd.khZ & ejkB;kapk bfrgkl [kaM7 lnkf’ko vkBoys & f’kokth vkf.k f’ko;qx¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 90ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

ejkBsdkyhu xkoxkM;kps f’kysnkj % cyrq ns kj o fQjLrs ¼ikz -fdj.k ltZsjko iokj½ 17 os ‘krd gs vuds fo/k ?kVukua h Hkkjysys ‘krd gksrs- gk dkG Eg.ktsejkB;kPa ;k ijkdzekpk dkG gksrk rlsp gkp dkG egkjk”Vªkrhy xkz epkSdV fuekZ.kgk.s ;kpk dkG gk;s - rFkkih 17 O;k ‘krdkrhy [ksMs gk ,d Lo;aiw.kZ o Lo;aLFkkihrvlk ?kVd gkrs k- R;kpcjkcs j rRdkyhu vFkZO;oLFkk gh ‘ksrhiz/kku vFkZO;oLFkk gksrh-[ksMsxkokrhy vFkkZtZukpk e[q ; ekxZ Eg.kts ‘krs hp gksrk- vFkkrZ ‘krs h o ‘ksrh’kh laca/khrvl.kkjs brj O;olk; gs ijLijijq d gkrs s- lkgthdp xkz ejpurs ‘ksrhcjkcs jp ‘krs h’khfuxMhr oxkuaZ kgh egRo ikz Ir >kysys gkrs s- R;kpcjkcs j xkoxkMk pkyo.kkÚ;k ikjia kjhdorunkj oxkZusgh vkiys LFkku cGdV dsys gksrs- lk/kkj.ki.ks ejkBds kGkr [ksM;kaph foHkkx.kh rhu Hkkxkr gkrs vls- 1½ ik<a jh¼fuoklh Hkweh½ 2½ dkGh ¼ykxoMh;ksX; ‘ksrtehu½ o 3½ xkoBku ¼xk;jku@djq .k½ rjekBs ;k [kMs ;kyk xkz e] nsgs] ektS k o NksV;k [ksM;kyk etjk] okMh] ikMh o [kkjh vlsEg.kr vlr-1 rlps ,[kk|k [kMs ;kyk tksMwu vkysY;k oLrhyk [kqnZ rj eq[; [ksM;kykcqnzdq vls Eg.kr vlr- rlps ejkBds kyhu [kMs ;kpa k dkjHkkj ikg.kkjk ,d oxZvfLrRokr vkysyk gksrk- rks oxZ gksrk orunkjkpa k oxZ- ikVhy] dyq d.khZ] n’s ke[q k]n’s kikaMs o pkxS yq k gs [kMs ;kps i’z kkluhd o vkfFkZd fu;kts u dj.kkjs ikjaikjhd orunkjgkrs s- rj cyrq snkj gk dkedjh oxZgh [kMs ;kP;k iz’kkluhd fu;kstukr lgHkkxhvl.kkÚ;kua k enr dj.kkjk oxZ gksrk- FkksMD;kr] ejkBsdkyhu xkz ei’z kklukr orunkj]cyrq snkj egRokph Hkwfedk ctkor vlr-• cyrq snkj % xkz eiz’kklukrhy ikjaikjhdres /;s cyrq ns kj o vkyrq ns kj oxZ vR;ar egRokps oxZgkrs s- rj xkz ei’z kklukr lekfo”V ul.kkjk ijra q osGizlxa h xkokP;k enrhyk /kkowu ;s.kkjkfQjLrh Eg.ktsp HkVD;k tekrhpa k oxZgh xkoxkM;klkBh vR;ra vko’;d gksrk-cyrq snkj gk [ksM;krhy ijaijkxr vf/kdkjh oxZ gkrs k- MkW-lsu ;kPa ;k ers] ^^[ksMsxkokrhycyrq snkjkauh egkjk”Vªkr egRokph dkexhjh ctkoyh- R;kauk [kMs xs kokr o’a kijaijsus gDdikz Ir >kyys s gksrs-**2 rj MkW-ckGd`”.k ;kaP;k ers] egkjk”Vªkrhy cyrq ns kjkP;k i/nrhpseqG 13 O;k ‘krdkr feGrs-3 lk/kkj.ki.ks cyqrns kj oxkeZ /;s 12 tkrhpa k leko’s k gksrvls- xWzaM MQus ‘History of the Marath’s’ ;k xazFkkr egkj] ekax] pkaHkkj] daqHkkj] lqrkj]lkus kj] yksgkj] Ugkoh] ijhV] xjq o] tk’s kh o eqyk.kh ;k 12 yksdkpa k cyrq snkjkea /;s¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 91ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

lekos’k dsyys k fnlrks-4 rj vkyqrns kjkea /;s taxe] fo.kdj] rjkG] ekGh] rsyh] xkslkoh]jkeks’kh] rkca kGs h] xkas/kGh o ?kM’kh ;kapk lekos’k gkrs vls-5 lk/kkj.ki.ks cyrq ns kj oxZ rhu oxkZr foHkkxysyk gksrk- dkjkxhj] los d oxZ o/kkfeZd fo/kh dj.kkjk lsod oxZ ;k izdkjkr cyrq ns kjkpa h foHkkx.kh >kyys h fnlrs- lrq kj]dqaHkkj] yksgkj] Ugkoh] ijhV] pkaHkkj ;k tkrh xkokrhy ykds kaph lsok dj.kkjk Eg.ktspdkjkxhj oxZ gkrs k- rj xkokrhy egkj]ekax] rjkG]jkeks’kh gk oxZ los d oxZ rlpsxkz ej{kd oxZ Eg.kwu vfLrRokr gksrk-6 rlsp xkokrhy /kkfeZd fo/kh laiUu dj.;klkBhtk’s kh] xjq o] txa e gk oxZ rRij vls- Eg.kts xkokrhy]vkfFkZd]lkekthd o /kkfeZddkekea /;s cyrq snkj oxZ vfr’k; egRokph Hkfw edk ctkor vls- FkkMs D;kr xkokrhydkes dj.kkjk ijaijkxr lsod oxZ Eg.kts cyrq snkj oxZ gks;- xkoxkM;kus ;k lokZaukdkekph okV.khgh dsysyh gkrs h- mnk-‘ksrhi;ksxh vktS kjs cuo.;kps dke lrq kj o yksgkjdjr vlr- rj pkaHkkj xkoklkBh ik;ikslh]pkeM;kP;k eksVk] piyk b-vko’;d oLrpaq kijq oBk djr vls- rjkG gk fujkis ikgs po.;kps o vk.k.;kps dke djr gkrs k] rj egkj]ekxa o jkeks’kh ;kaP;kdMs xkoP;k j{k.kkph o pksjhpk rikl dj.;kph tckcnkjhlksioysyh gkrs h- rlsp xkokph bR;aHkrw ekfgrh vlY;keGq s ‘ksrhlca a/kh HkkMa .kkr egkjkphlk{k vR;ra egRokph gksrh-7 R;kpcjkcs j ipa kax ikgwu ‘ksrhP;k rkj[kk Bjo.ks] yXu]ckjls] tkoG b-dk;kpaZ k egq qrZ Bjo.ks gs dke tk’s kh djr vls rj nos Gkrhy iqtk&vpkZxjq o o taxe gsp djr vlr- eyq k.kh gk eqLyhe /kfeZ;kaph /kkfeZd dkes djr vls-FkksMD;kr xkoxkMk gk cyrq ns kj oxkZf’kok; gkdyk tk.ks ‘kD; uOgrs- cyrq snkj gs nq¸;e orunkjp gkrs s- R;keGq s R;kaP;k dkekP;k ekscnY;kr R;kua kfcnkxh feG.ks dez izkIr gkrs s- cyqrns kjkauk R;kapk ekscnyk jks[k iSls fdoa k /kkU;kP;kLo:ikr xkokrhy tursdMwup feGr vls- R;kyk ^cyrq a* vls Eg.kr-8 cyRq ;kpk njfujfujkG;k fBdk.kh osxosxGk i.k fuf’pri.ks Bjysyk vls- cyqR;kcjkcs j dkghcyrq snkjkauk l.k mRlokfufeRr vf/kd /kkU;] rys ] feB] xGq ] feBkbZ b-inkFkZ feGrvlr- yXu lekjaHkizlaxh lqrkj] Ugkoh] ijhV ;k yksdkauk ekBs k eku vls- rsOgk R;kaukekukps ikxkVs s o tso.k feGr vls- cyRq ;kps mRiUu gs dk;e Lo:ikps vlY;keqGscyrq snkj gs dk;eLo:ikps jfgok’kh gkrs s- cyrq k ioq hZ /kkU;kP;k Lo:ikr fnyk tkbZ- ijra qis’kosdkGkr cyrq k i’S kkP;k :ikr fnY;kpsgh nk[kys feGrkr] ,dk fBdk.kh R;kphv’kh uksna lkiMrs dh] :-60&0&0 /kkU;kP;k :ikr olyq dsyYs ;k cyRq ;kph fdea r %v½ iRz ;ds tehu/kkjdkdMwu lxq hP;koGs h tek dsysY;k /kkU;kph fdea r :-37&8&0¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 92ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

c½ nj ?kjVh HkkdjhP;k :ikus dsysY;kph fdaer :-22&8&0 ,dw.k 60&0&0 xorkP;k is<a ;k 5&0&0 njlky e`r tukojkph foYgsokV ykoyh R;kph fdaer :-12&0&0 xkokP;k ok.;kdMwu iku] lqikjh] rca k[kqlkBh :-0&14&0 ,dw.k :-77&14&0 buker tfeuhiklwu mRiUu 16&4&11 ,dw.k loZ feGdr 94&2&119 xkz elaLFkk gh orunkjh i/nrhoj voyca ysyh gksrh vkf.k cyrq snkj gs lq/nk n¸q ;eorunkjp gksrs- rlps cyrq snkjh gh ijaijkxr voLFkk gkrs h- ekxa ] egkj] pkaHkkj] daqHkkjbR;knh cyrq snkjkauk ijaijsus dkgh gDd feGkysys gkrs s- ijra q ;k gDdkalkBh fdaokcyrq snkjhps oru feGo.;klkBh tkrh&tkrhea /;s fdaok tkrhvarxrZ HkkaM.ks fdoa k okngkrs vlr- lkgftdp R;kpk U;k;fuokMkgh djkok ykxs- mnk-bna kijw e/;s egkj o ekxa ;knksu cyrq ns kjkae/;s vkiY;k gDdkla kBh okn >kY;kph uknas vk<Grs- iBS .kP;k /keZlHkus svlk fu.kZ; fnyk gksrk] dh ekaxkua h dkrM;kps ukMs vkf.k brj oLrq r;kj dj.ks,o<;kijq rsp vkiys dk;Z{ks= Bsokos vkf.k egkj tekrhyk ts ijaijsus gDd feGkysvkgsr R;ke/;s dks.krkgh gLr{ksi d: u;s-10 ;ko:u vls fnlrs] dh cyrq ns kj vkiysgDd ijaijkxr ekur ijra q izlxa h rs nqlÚ;k cyqrsnkjkaP;k gDdkojgh vkiyk gDdlkxa r- v’kkoGs h U;k;laLFksyk R;ke/;s gLr{ksi djkok ykxr vls-• fQjLrs % xkokr cyrq ns kjkfa ’kok; xkokrhy vko’;d brj dkes dj.kkjk ,d oxs Gkdkedjh tkrhapk oxZ gkrs k- gk oxZ ^fQjLrs* Eg.kts ,dk fBdk.kkgwu nlq Ú;k fBdk.khHkVd.kkjs Eg.kwugh vksG[kyk tkbZ- ;kr oMkj] ikFkjoV] csynkj] f?klkMh] ddS kMh] onS q]fldyhxj v’kk vusd tekrhpa k leko’s k gksrk-11 ;k tkrh&tekrhgh xkoxkM;klkBhvko’;d gkRs ;k- dkj.k xkokr tjh cyqrns kj oxZ gkrs k rjh gk oxZ ‘ksrdÚ;kpa h Bjkohddkesp djr vls- dkgh dkes v’kh gksrh dh] rh dkes Bjkohd tekrhp djr vlr-xkokr tj eanhj] ?kj vFkok foghj cka/k.;kps dke vlsy v’kkosGh nxM ?kMo.;klkBh]cka/kdkeklkBh csynkj] oMkj ykds kaph Qkj xjt ykxs- rj lxq hura j /kkU; lkBo.;klkBhd.kX;k] dksB;k] Vkis Y;kaph vko’;drk Hkkls v’kkoGs h ddS kMh tekrhps ykds gh dkesd:u nsr- ?kjkrhy ikVs] ojoaVs] /kkU; nG.;kps tkrs ijq o.;kps dke ikFkjoV djr-‘ksrhP;k dkekPa ;k fnolkra ykgs kjkdMwu yodj dke d:u feGr uls rj v’kkoGs hHkVd.kkÚ;k f?klkM;kdMwu yk[s kMa h oLrq yodj o vYi njkr feGr- rlps tUq ;k¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 93ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

jksxkaoj >kMikY;kps vkS”k/k o t[keos j rqca Mh yko.;kps dke oSnq ?kjikps ;sÅu djr-lkgthdp gs fQjLrs xkoklkBh Qkj mi;ksxh iMr- cyqrns kjkua k dkekP;k ekcs nY;krnjo”khZ cyrq k |kok ykxs- ijra q fQjLrh HkVD;kauk dkekP;k cnY;kr FkksMsls /kkU;]tukojkauk oSj.k] Hkkth&Hkkdj] okijysys diMs] tquh HkkaMh] Dofpr ilS s b-fnys rjhR;kPa ;kdMwu vko’;d dkes d:u feGr-12 R;keqGs fQjLR;kpa s xkokr usgeh Lokxrpvls- ijra q R;kauk xkokr dks.krgs h LFkku ulY;keGq s dke lairkp fQjLrs nlq Ú;k fBdk.khfu?kwu tkr- FkksMD;kr ejkBds kGkr xkokyk vko’;d vl.kkjk cyqrns kj o fQjLrh oxZ gkvR;ra egRokps LFkku fVdowu gksrk- cyqrns kj gs xkokae/;s orunkj Eg.kqu vkGs [kys tkr-R;kua k R;kaps ijaijkxr gDdgh feGr- ijarq] fQjLrh fdoa k HkVD;k tekrhua k v’kkdk.s kR;kp idz kjps gDd lektO;oLFksus fnysys uOgrs- rjhgh xkz eO;oLFkse/;s cyrq snkjo fQjLrs HkVds vkikiyh tckcnkjh O;oLFkhr ikj ikMr o xkoxkMk pkyo.;klgkrHkkj ykor-• lna HkZ fVik %1- ljnslkbZ] guekus] ejkBsdkyhu laLFkk vkf.k fopkj] QMds cdq lys lZ] dksYgkiwj] 1982] i`”B dz-221-2- fdRrk] i`”B dz-228-3- fdRrk] i`”B dz-229-4- fdRrk] i`”B dz-229-5- fdRrk] i`”B dz-229-6- fdRrk] i`”B dz-229-7- ekMa s] izHkkdj] ekxa vkf.k R;kaps ekxrs] xksnkojh izdk’ku] vkjS xa kckn] 1999] i`”B dz-24-8- tk’s kh] egknos ’kkL=h] Hkkjrh; lLa d`rhdks’k ¼lia k-½] [kaM 6] Hkkjrh; lLa d`rhdk’s k eaMG] iq.ks] 1970] i`”B dz-76-9- dqyd.khZ] v-jk-] egkjk”Vª lekt vkf.k lLa d`rh] Mk;eaM iCyhds’ku] i.q ks] 2008] i`”B dz-79-10- fdRrk] i`”B dz-76-11- iokj] fdj.k] f?klkMh tekr % ,d ,sfrgklhd voyksdu] vidz k’khr y?k’q kks/kizca/k] 2014] i`”B dz-4-12- fdRrk] i`”B dz-4-¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 94ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

ejkBds kyhu tkfrO;oLFkk ikz - f’krksGs jes’k vac_\"kh bfrgkl foHkkx ize[q k turk dyk o foKku egkfo|ky;] :bZNRrhlh] rk-ft-v-uxj- Hkkjrh; lLa d`rh gh txkrhy ,d vkn’kZ laLd`rh gks;- ;k lLa d`rhus vuds/kekZua k] iaFkkuk] lkainz k;kauk tUe fnyk- lekt O;oLFkrs hy vkn’kZ O;oLFkk Eg.kwu OkfS ndlektO;oLFkk vkGs [kyh tkrs- Hkkjrh; lekt jpurs pkrwoZ.;Z i/nrhy egRokps LFkkuvkgs- ofS nd dkGkrhy o.kZO;oLFkk gh dekZoj vk/kkfjr gkrs s- ijra w mRrjoSfnd dkGkr;kp o.kZO;oLFksps Lo:Ik gs tUekoj vk/kkjhr >kY;kps fnlrs- ifj.kkeh fgna w /keZ fgna w /keZO;oLFkrs vusd tkrh] iksVtkrh tUekyk vkY;k o tkr O;oLFkk gh Hkkjrh; lektO;oLFkps k vfoHkkT; Hkkx cuyh- izkphu dkGkrhy gkp tkrh O;oLFkspk okjlke/;dkGki;Zr Hkkjrkr pkyr vkyk- ilz xa h ;kr cnygh gksr xsys- lektkr dkfgua k^iez q[k tkrh* Eg.kwu LFkku feGkGs rj dkgh tkrhe/;s vusd iksVtkrh fuekZ.k >kY;k-;keqGs tkrh tkrhr fo\"kerk :t.;kl l:q okr >kyh- Li`’;kLi`’;rk]lkos G;kvksoG;kph dYiuk] mPpfuprk] ,deds kais{kk J\"s BRokph Hkkouk] jksVhcVs hO;ogkjkoj fucZa/k v’kh fLFkrh cGkor xsyh- ßejkB;kpa h lRrk gh la?k\"kkrZ wu vfLrRokr vkysyh lRrk gkrs h- N=irh f’kojk;okjlk gDdkus jkts cuys uOgrs- R;kua h jkT; fuekZu dsysÞ- T;k dky[kMa kr f’kojk;kua hjkT; fuekZu dys s rOs gk rRLke brjkPa ;k eukr rlk fopkjgh vkyk uOgrk- ßLojkT;krhylkekU; itz syk] cgql[a ; itz syk] cgtw ukyk gs jkT; vkiys vkgs vls okVr gksrsÞ-Eg.kwup ;k jkT;krhy lekt O;oLFkfs o\"k;h tku.;kph mRldq rk fuekZ.k gkrs s-ejkBs dkfyu tkr O;oLFkk %& ejkB;kaP;k dkGkr iz’kklukr dsna z] ikz ar vkf.k 'ksoVpkHkkx Eg.kts xkao v’kh jpuk vlk;ph- lektkps thou o lekt xkaokr dsna hz Hkwr vlsR;kewGs rRdkyhu xkoa xkM;kph jpuk letwu ?k.s ks egRokps vkgs- ejkBsdkfyu [kMs ;krvFkkZr xkaokr pkj lRrk vfLrRokr gksR;k- 1- fnoku lRrk & ;kra gokynkj o dkjdwu;kpa k leko’s k gkrs vls- 2- xkrs lHkk@xkrs lRrk & ;kykp n’s klRrk fdoa k xkz elRrk vlslca ks/kys tkr vls- ;ke/;s [ksM;krhy izeq[k orunkj] cywrsnkj] vywrns kj o j;rps klekos’k gksr vls- 3- /keZlRrk@KkrhlRrk & ;ke/;s /keZ iMa hr] /kkfeZd fof/kpstkudkj ;kpa k lekos’k gksr vls- 4- O;kikjh lRrk & ;ke/;s ygku eksBs O;kikjh;kpa k lekos’k gkrs vls- ;k loZ lRrkpa s O;ogkj lektkrhy tkrhO;oLFk’s kh fuxMhrgkrs s- ejkBs dkyhu lkekftd] vkfFkZd o lkLa d`frd ?kMkeksMhpk dnas fz canw Eg.kts [kMs sgk;s - [kMs ;kpa k mYys[k dkgh fBdk.kh ^xkz e*] ^ngs s* fdoa k ektS k vlkgh vkyys k vkgs-ewG xkoa ^cqnzdq rj uos xkao [knq Z* ;k ukoakus vksG[kys tkr vls- [kMs xs koa P;kmifoHkkxkyk ^etjk* fdoa k okMh Eg.kr- dkds .kkr ;kla ^ikMh* vls Eg.kr- dlck¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 95ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

Eg.kts cktkjkps xkoa rj tehuhps iez [q k nkus foHkkx vlr- dkGh vkbZ Eg.kts 'krs tehuo ik<a jh vkbZ Eg.kts jkg.;kph tkxk gks;-f’kodkyhu tkrhO;oLFkps s Lo:Ik %&v½ czkEg.k %& f’kodkGkr [ksM;kaP;k Lo;aiw.kZ jpurs vki.kkla vls fnlrs dh] xkoke/;s ,dfdoa k vusd v’kh ckz Eg.kka ph ?kjs vlr- xkokrhy dyq d.khZ gs oru ckz Eg.kkda Mspvlk;ps ;k cjkscjp nos Gke/;s iwtkvpkZ dj.ks] dFkk&fdrZu lkxa .ks] Hkt.kxk.ks]'kkL=/keZ lkxa .ks o iky.k djko;kl yko.ks b- dkes czkEg.k djr vlr- iapkxa ikgw.kT;ksfr\"k lkxa .kkÚ;kyk tks’kh Eg.kr- fyfg.;k okp.;kr czkEg.k rK vlY;kdkj.kkups f’kodkGkr R;kPa ;koj fg’kksckpho dkjdw.kkph tckcnkjh vkyh- ;k dyes wGsp R;kua h f’kodkGkr vf/kdkjinkP;k tkxkfeGfoY;k ßN-f’kokth jktkPa ;k v\"Viz/kku eaMGkra lsukirhps in lksMY;kl brj lkrea=h czkEg.k tkrhrhyp gkrs s- gs mnkgj.k R;kn`\"Vhus ckys ds vkgsÞ-c½ ejkBk %& f’kodkGkr y<kbZps dke dj.kkjs ts gkrs s Eg.ktsp ,dkvFkkZus 'kkL=kiez k.ks{kk=/kekZps iky.k dj.kkjs ts gksrs rs {k=h;] {kk=/keZ dj.kkjs cglq [a ; ykds f’kodkGkrejkBs Eg.kwu vkGs [kys tkr vlr- f’kodkGkr ejkB;kaP;k 96 dwG;k ifz l/n gksR;k-ejkBs ikz eq[;kus 'ksrh] Ik’kwikyu vkf.k y\"djkrhy uksdjh djhr vlr- ejkB;kaph jkg.kh lk/kh] o`Rrh fnynkj vkf.k fpoVi.kk R;kewGs fdYY;kaphj[kokyh o y\"djkrhy pkdjh ;k nksUgh xks\"Vh rs d: 'kdys- o\"kkZrhy vkB efg.ks 'ksrhdj.kkjk o pkj efg.ks ryokj xktfo.kkjk rks ejkBk gksrk-d½ oS’; %& f’kodkGkr oS’; fdoa k O;kikjh ;kpa k Lora= oxZ fnlr ukgh ijra w 'kstkjhydukZVd o xtq jkr e/kqu O;kikjh O;kikjklkBh ;rs vlY;kps fnlrs- R;krhy dkgh ykdsf’kodkGkr LFkk;hd >kyys s fnlrkr- O;kikj gk tyekxZ o HkwekxZs pkyr vls- f’kokthegkjktkua h bxa tz kua kgh vkiY;k jkT;kr O;kikjkph o Lor%ph uk.kh ikM.;kph ijokuxhfnyh gksrh- f’kodkGkr [ksMsxkokr O;kikj mnhekpk O;olk; dj.kkjs ts yksd gksrsR;ke/;s rys h] rkca ksGh] 'kVs s] egktu] bR;knh dlck fdoa k iBs rs nwdk.ks FkkVwu [ksM;kP;knjjkstP;k xjTkk Hkkxfo.kkjs gkrs s- i.k ;kauk vki.k o’S ; fdaok O;kikjh Eg.kw 'kd.kkjukgh dkj.k ;krhy dkgh cyrq ns kj rj dkagh vkyqrsnkj gkrs s-M½ 'knq z %& f’kodkGkr 'kqnz tkrhpk Lor=a vlk oxZ uOgrk i.k :< vFkkZus lektkrhy mPpof.kZ;kpa h los k dj.kkÚ;k cywrns kjh in~/krhP;k :ikus rks vfLrRokr gkrs k- cywrns kjhin~/krh gs f’kodkGkps [kkl ofS ’k\"Bs gks;- cyrw ns kj lk/kkj.ki.ks 12 vlr- v- jk-dqyd.khZ ;kauh R;kpa s rhu xVkr foHkktu dys s vkgs- 1½ [kMs xs koa krhy O;kolkf;d odkjkxhj xV & ;kra lrq kj] dqaHkkj] yksgkj] Ugkoh] ijhV] o pkaHkkj ;kpa k lekos’k gkrs ks-;kua k R;kaP;k o\"kZHkjkP;k lsoPs ;k ekscnY;kr Bjkfod /kkU; feGr vls- 2½ [ksMsxkaokrhylos d oxkZpk xV %& egkj] rjkG] ekxa ] jkeks’kh ;kapk leko’s k ;k xVkr gkrs ks- egkjxkokrhy iRz ;sd ?kVusoj ckjdkbZus utj Bsor vls- rjkG izke[q ;kus fujksi ns.;kps o¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 96ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

vk.k.;kps dke djr vls- ekxa o jkeks’kh ;kPa ;kdMs xkopk igkjk dj.ks o xqUgs 'kks/kqudk<.ks v’kh dkes vlr- 3½ [kMs xs koa krhy /kkfeZd lsok dj.kkja k xV %& ;k xVkr xjq o]Bkdwj] txa e] ewykuh] tks’kh ;k yksdkpa k lekos’k gksr vls- ;kcjkcs jp xkoa kr cywrsnkjklg vkywrsnkjgh vlr- vkywrns kjke/;s lksukj] txa e]f’kia h] dkGs h] rjkG] ekGh] Mkojh] xkslkoh] gkMlh] jkek’s kh] rys h] rkca kGs h vkf.kxkas/kGh b- lekos’k gksrks- dkgh viokn oxGrk xkz elsosr dk;Zjr vl.kkÚ;k lokaZpk'kqnzke/;s leko’s k djkok ykxsy-b½ vLi`’; %& Hkkjrh; thou O;oLFkse/;s ckz Eg.k] {k=h;] oS’; vkf.k 'knq z ;k pkj ize[q ko.kkZf’kok; ikpok ,d o.kZ vki.kkla lekt O;oLFkrs fnlrks- vkf.k rks Eg.ktsvaR;Tkkpa k] pkMa kGkapk- T;kauk vLi`’; fdaok vfr’kqnz lca ks/kys tkbZ- ijaijus lq kj 'knq zkaukrhu o.kkZpa h lsok dj.;kpk 'kL=kueq rs vf/kdkj fnyk gkrs k- i.k 'kqnkz ais{kkgh vfr’knq zv’kk dkgh tkrh gksR;k- R;ke/;s egkjk\"Vªkr izkeq[;kus egkj] ekxa ] pkaHkkj b- tkrhgkRs ;k- ;kiSdh egkj] ekax o pkaHkkj gs f’kodkGkr cyrw snkjh laLFksr [ksM;kph los k odkes djrkuk fnlrkr- R;keGq s R;kaps LFkku xkoxkM;kr vlY;kps Li\"V gkrs s- ;k vLi`’; tkrh idS h ^egkj* ;k tkrhpk f’kodkyhu fdacgquk ejkBs dkfyudkxni=kea /;s izke[q ;kus mYys[k ;rs ks- egkj gk cywrsnkj o orunkj vkgs- >kM>wM dj.ks]esysyh tukojs u\"V dj.ks] xkokph j[kokynkjh dj.ks] ljdkjh vf/kdkÚ;kua k fujksi nsus o?ks.ks b- dkes ;kua k djkoh ykxr- xkoa krhy tehuhP;k HkkMa .krVa ;kr egkjkph lk{k vfa reekuyh tkr vls- f’kodkGkr egkj gh vLi`’; tkr cjhp izfr\"Bhr vkf.k rkys kekys kphvlyys h fnlrs- N-f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dky[kaMkr lkekftd o /kkfeZd lq/kkj.kk tsoM;k 'kD;gkRs ;k rsoM;k fuekZ.k dj.;kpk i;z Ru dj.;kr vkyk- jkT;kph lkekftd ?kMh uhVclfoyh- rjhgh dkgh tkrh; lLa Fkk r’kkp fVdwu gksR;k- R;kr Qkjlk cny >kyk ukgh-R;kpa s ikjaikfjd Lo:Ik rlsp jkfgys ;k dkGkrhy tkrh; O;oLFkk ikz e[q ;kus [ksM;kPa ;kLo;aiw.kZ O;oLFksups fVdouw /kjY;kps fnlwu ;rs s- f’kojk;kua h iRz ;ds tkrhrhy LoHkkooSf’k\"B;kulq kj R;kapk okij vkiY;k d’q kyrsus LojkT; mHkkj.;klkBh d:u ?krs Y;kpsfnlrs- f’kojk; ;kua h ejkBk ekoG;ke/;s jkT;krhy iRz ;ds tkrh tekrhrhy ykds kaukLFkku fnY;kps fnlrs- Eg.kwup gs jkT; loZ iztys k vkiys jkT; okVr gksrs- ijarwf’kodky[kMa kuarj i’s kos dkGkr tkfrO;oLFkk vf/kd tVhy cuyh-lna HkZ xzaFk lpq h %&1½ MkW- fnik lkoGs@eksjs & ejkB;kapk bfrgkl] ,T;qd’s ku iCyh’klZ] vkjS axkckn-2½ MkW- x.ks’k jkÅr &N-f’kokth egkjkt vkf.k f’kodkG] Mk;eMa iCyhds’kUl] iw.ks-3½ ikz - vkj deq kj & e/;;qxhu egkjk\"Vª] bna q iCyhd’s kUl] vkSjaxkckn-4½ MkW- ,u-,l-rkca ksGh & ejkB;kapk bfrgkl] fujkyh idz k’ku] i.q ks-5½ ok- d`- Hkkos & f’kodkyhu egkjk\"Vª] ojnk izdk’ku] iw.ks6½ MkW- v-jk-dqyd.khZ & egkjk\"Vª% lekt lLa d`rh] Mk;eMa iCyhds’kUl] iw.ks-7½ MkW- t;flxa jko iokj & ejkBh lRRkspk mn;] i`Foh iCyhd’s kUl] dksYgkiwj-¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 97ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

ejkB;kapk lkekftd bfrgkl ikz - lnkQG una q is=l] Jh gfjgjs’oj dyk o foKku egkfon;ky;] dksjMxkao rk- ikFkMhZ ft- vgenuxj eks-9623966734] 9503180630ikz phu ;qxkikluq tj cf?krys rj loZ i’z kklu gs [ksM;k’a kh fuxMhr gkrs s- rRdkyhu i’z kklfd;thoukr [ksM;kua k vfr’k; egRo ikz Ir >kkys gkrs s- [kMs ;kea /;s i.q kZi.ks xkoxkM;kps fp=.k fnlqu ;srs- R;krejkB;kapk bfrgkl vH;klr vlrkauk jktfd; o i’z kklfd;] lkekftd bfrgkl ikg.ks xjtsps vkgs-lkekftd bfrgkl ikgr vlrkua k] tkrhO;oLFkk] fL=;kaph ifjfLFkrh] orunkjh i/nr] fookg i/nrh] /keZ izHkko]f’k{k.k i/nrh fofo/k pkyhfjrh v’kk fofo/k ?kVdkaoj idz k’k iMrks- onS hd dkGkikluq bfrgkl cf?kryk rj ;sFks tkrh O;oLFkk vktrkxk;r vfLrRokr vkgs- tlktlkekuoh legq ok<q ykxyk rlrls ;sFks tkrhpa s ?kunkV vls tkGs fuekZ.k gkos q ykxys gksrs- ejkB;kPa ;kdky[kMa krhy n[s khy tkrh O;oLFksps tkGs fnlrs- vfLrRokr vlysY;k dkekP;k Lo:iko:u pkrqo.;ZO;oLFkk fuekZ.k >kyh gksrh- g;k pkroq .;Z O;oLFksps :ikra j gs tkrh O;oLFkrs >kys gkrs s- ejkBs 'kkghe/;so.kZO;oLFkis s{kk tkrh O;oLFkk gh vf/kd dBksj gkrs h- f’kodkGkr o i’s kosdkGkr tkrhph ca/kus gh lkj[khpgksrh- T;k tkrhaps jkT;drZs vlrhy R;k tkrhpsp opZLo tkLr vlY;kps fnlrs- R;keqGs ejkB;kua klektO;oLFksr fo’ks\"k LFkku gksrs- ijarq f’kodkGkr ckz Eg.k oxkZyk ns[khy egRo vlY;kus i<q s R;kapk lkekftdthou o i’z kklukr R;kapk ncnck ok<ysyk fnluq vkyk vkgs- Eg.kuq p ikVhydh gs ejkBk lektkdMs rjdyq d.khZ gs in ckz Eg.kkdMs gksrs- ijra q lektkr ckz Eg.kkpa k ntkZ gh Js\"B gkrs k o ejkBk gh ckz Eg.kkuarj nlq jhegRokph tkr ekuyh tkr- f’kodkGkikluq ckz Eg.k oxkZyk lektkr ekukps LFkku gkrs s- fofo/k tkrh /kekZrhy Jk/n] fookg o brjiqtkikB vls /kkfeZd fo/kh gs ckz Eg.k oxkZdMuq dys s tkr- rlsp v/;;u o v/;kiu gh R;kaph dkes iqohZikluqR;kapds Msp gkrs h- R;kPa ;k ;k dkekeGq s czkEg.kkua k lektkr izFke dez kda kps LFkku gksrs- czkEg.kkura j lektkr{kf=; Eg.kqu ejkBk lektkyk egRo gksrs- 'kgk..ko dqGh ejkBs Lor%yk {kf=; ekur- f’kojk;kauh n[s khyvkiys {kf=;Ro fl/n dsY;kus ejkB;kua k lektkr egRo izkIr >kys- ejkB;kae/;s ejkBs o d.q kch vls xVgksrs- ejkBs jkT;drsZ vlY;kus ,d iez q[k orunkj gksrs- lektkph lja {k.kkph tckcnkjh gh {kf=; Eg.kuqejkB;koa j vlyys h fnluq ;srs- pkroq .;Z O;oLFkk vfLrRokr vlY;keGq s lektkr fofo/k tkrh mitkrhfuekZ.k >kY;k gkRs ;k- daqHkkj] lqrkj] Ugkoh] xqjo] f’kia h] rys h] ekGh] lkGh] rsyh] rkca ksGh] lkus kj] ykgs kj]/kuxj] xksa/kGh] xjq o] bR;knh tkrh vlqu ;kr gh vuds mitkrh fuekZ.k >kY;k gksR;k- rlsp oMkj] csynkj]ddS kMh] c:q M] ikj/kh v’kk HkVD;k o foeDq r tkrh gh xkoxkM;kca kgjs oLrh d:u jgkr gkRs ;k- vLi`’;tkrh o tekrhpa k oxZgh lektkr vfLrRokr gksrk- vLi`’; tkrh Eg.kts vfr’knq z tkrh gks;- ;ke/;s egkj]¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 98ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

ekax] pkaHkkj] <kjs ;k iez q[k tkrh gksR;k- xko rsFks egkjokMk gs rRdkyhu lektkps fp= gkrs s- xkoxkM;kra hylolZ k{kh vlk egRokpk cyqrsnkj gk egkj gksrk- xkz eO;oLFksr egkj gk egRokpk ekuyk tkr- 'krs lkjkolyq h rs >kMykVs i;aZr loZ dkes egkj djr- R;kua k dkeklkBh egkj orus ns[khy feGkyh gksrh- ekxa ghtkr xkoa krhy ghu dkes djr- xkaoph lkQlQkbZph dkes] MQ o gyxh fofo/k mRlokilz axh oktfo.ks] xk:Mhlkikpk [kGs dj.ks] ?kkMs ;kaph n[s kHkky dj.ks v’kh ekxa djr- pkaHkkj tkr e`r ikoysY;k tukojkpa h dkrMhdk<uq R;kP;k fofo/k oLrq cuor rj <ksj tkrhps ykds gs foghjhojhy ekVs cka/k.ks] e`r tukojs xkokckgjs usmuVkd.ks] dkrMh feGfo.ks] vlk R;kpa k O;olk; gksrk v’kk idz kjs vLi`’; tkrhdMs R;kPa ;k ghu dkekeqGslektkr R;kapk ntkZ vxnh ghu vlyys k fnluq ;rs ks- czkEg.k tkrhP;k ok<R;k opZLokeGq s vLi`’; tkrhP;kyksdkaph lektkr okx.ks] jgk.ks] dBh.k gksoq ykxys gkrs s- i<q s cnyR;k dkGkr tkrh&tkrhr l?a k\"kZ fuekZ.kgksow ykxyk gksrk- bfrgklkP;k dks.kR;kgh dky[kaMkr tj cf?krys rj lektthoukP;k tM.k?kM.khr fL=;kapk lgHkkx gkegRoiq.kZ vlysyk fnluq ;srks- ejkB;kPa ;k bfrgklkr gh fL=;kPa ;k thoukpk egRokpk ?kVd vkgs- dVq aqclLa Fkspk iez [q k vk/kkj gh L=h gksrh- fgna q /keZ 'kkL=kP;k n`\"Vhus lektkr fL=;kua k Eg.kkos rls egRo gs dehpgksrs- fgna q rRoKku o lkekftd lLa Fkkapk Qkjlk fodkl ulY;kus fL=;kda Ms c?k.;kpk n`\"Vhdkus Qkjlk mnkjuOgrk- ;k xks\"Vhl QDr N=irh f’kokth egkjkt viokn gksrs- dVq caq kr o lektkr ftrds i:q \"kkyk egRofrrds fL=;kua k lektkr egRo uOgrs- Hkkjrh; lLa d`rh iq:\"kiz/kku vlY;keqGs fL=;kua k loZ gDdkua k Mkoyysgksrs- ejkBsdkyhu lektkr ckyfookg] cgqifRuRoi/nr] fo/kokfookg cna h v’kk [kkspd pkyhfjrheGq s fL=;kpa hfLFkrh gh gyk[khph >kyh gksrh- ?kjkckgsj iM.;kpk vf/kdkjp uOgrk R;keqGs v’kk ifjfLFkrheGq s fL=;kaukv’kk vuds leL;kua k rksaM n;kos ykxrs- i’s kosdkGkr rj L=h thou i.q kZi.ks ljq f{kr uOgrs- ,[kknh L=h'kstkjP;k xkoh tjh dkekfufeRr xys h rjh frph jLR;kr gR;k dsyh tkr- dVq qca kr o lektkr frykdks.khrhgh fdea r uOgrh] f’kodkGkr rjh f’kokth egkjktkPa ;k /kkdkus L=h thou FkksMs dk gksbZuk ljq f{kr gkrs sijra q i’s kods kGkr gh ifjfLFkrh cnyyh gksrh- i’s kO;kua h L=h ljq {kslkBh dBq Y;kgh mik;;kts uk dsY;k ukghr-R;keGq s R;kaps ikfo¡; jk[kys xys s ukgh- d/kh d/kh dkgh ujk/ke i’S kklkBh vkiY;k iRuhyk xgk.k Bsor fdoa ktqxkjkojgh ykor vls- i’s kodkGkr dq.kchua hph l[a ;k ok<ysyh fnlrs- v’kk d.q kchauh cktkjkr lkB lRrj:Ik;kae/;s fodr feGr- fL=;k] eyq hua k fod.ks nyky ykds djr- g;k dq.kchua h d.q kkP;k ?kjh xyq ke rjdBq s u`R;xk;u d:Uk vkiyk pfjrkFkZ pkyfor vls- dkVS qfa cd ekyeRrslaca/kh L=hyk lektkus iq.kZi.ks nyq Zf{krdsys gksrs- okMofMykaP;k laiRrhr dqBykgh okVk uls- irhP;k ekyeRrslaca/kh n[s khy gDd fnyk xys k ukgh-,d= dVq qca kr fo/kok fL=;kapk ekyeRrk] laiRrhpk gh vf/kdkj fgjkoqu ?krs yk xys k- lrhph i/nr rRdkyhulektkr lia w.kZ HkkjrHkj iljyh gkrs h- f’kodkGkr fttkckbZauk lrh tk.;kiklwu f’kokth egkjktkauh ijko`Rrdsys gksrs- ijra q i’s kods kGkr vls fp=.k dBq gs h dys sys fnlr ukgh- jktiqr ?kjk.;kae/;s tkgs kj i/nrh eksB;kizek.kr vfLrRokr gkrs h- fganq lektkrhy /kkfeZd fo/kh Eg.kqu lrh izFkds Ms cf?krys tkr- jkt?kjk.;krhyfL=;k o loZlkekU; fL=;kauk tcjnLrhus lrh tkos ykxr vlr- ejkBk ?kjk.;krhy f’kokthjktkaph iRuh¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 99ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

iqrGkckbZ eqDrkckbZ] y{ehckbZ ;k lrh xYs ;kps fp= fnlrs- ds’koiu i/nr vfLrRokr gksrh- uo&;kP;kfu/kukura j L=hus vkiys MkDs ;kps iq.kZi.ks dsl dk<qu pgs jk fonziq d:u lektkr okoj.ks gh vfu\"B izFkk ns[khygksrh v’kk loZ mnkgj.kko:u fnlrs- ejkB;kPa ;k bfrgklkr fL=;kua k thou tx.ks vxnh dBh.k gksowu xsysgksrs- dBq gs h ekukps LFkku UkOgrs- R;kPa ;kdMs ,d miHkkxs kph oLrq Eg.kuq cf?krys tkr- e/;;xq kr xkz eh.k Hkkx fdaok [kMs ;krhy ofS ’k\"V;siq.kZ thou gs xkoa xkMk Eg.kqu R;kpk mYy[s k dsykvkgs- rRdkyhu ifjfLFkrhr xzkeh.k Hkkx fdoa k [ksMs gs loZ lkekftd o vkfFkZd O;ogkjkps dsna zfcna q gkrs s-rRdkyhu iz’kkldkyk xkopk loZ dkjHkkj ikg.ks 'kD; ulY;kus [kMs xs kokr fnok.k lRrk] xkrs lRrk] /keZLkRrk]o O;kikjh lRrk b- ekQZr vadq’k xkokoj Bsoys tkbZ- xkokrhy dk;eps jfgok’kh vlr R;kua k ns’kd Eg.krvls- R;kua k dkgh gDd o’a kijaijkxr vf/kdkj fnys gksrs- R;kruq dkgh xkoa kph dke djkoh ykxr- ;kns’kdkea /;s n’s ke[q k n’s kikaMs] ikVhy] dyq d.khZ] pkxS qyk] 'ksVs] egktu] fofo/k cyqrns kj] vyrq snkjkpa k lekos’kgksr- ;kauk xkoa kP;k dkekP;k ekcs nY;kr xkaoph dkgh tehu mnjHkj.kklkBh fnyh tkr- R;koj iq.kZi.ks'ksrlkjk ekQ dsysyk vls- Eg.kuq ;k n’s kdkua k orunkj EgVa ys vkgs- vuds [kMs h feGuq ijx.kk gksr vls- ;k loZ [ksMrs hy ikVykapk iez [q k ns’ke[q k vls rj dyq d.;kZpa kize[q k ns’kikMa s vlr- xkoa krhy iMhd tehuh ykxoMh[kkyh vk.kks] ijx.;kr fQj.ks] lkjk fuf’prh dj.ks]nq\"dkGh ifjfLFkrhr lk&;kr lVq n.s ks] y\"djh los rs lgHkkxh gks.ks] R;kps JeeqY; Eg.kqu R;kyk eksQr oLrqiqjoBk] cyrq snkjkda Muq JeiqjoBk] ljdkjh djkruq 3 VDds djkpk fgLlk ns’ke[q kkyk feGr- ijx.kkP;kdkekr n’s ke[q kkyk ns’kikMa s enr djr- ;kyk ns[khy lkjkeDq r tehu feGr- ijx.;kps fg’kkcs Bso.ks orikl.ks gh dkes djkoh ykxr- oknh ifz roknh dMuq Qh feGr- ns’ke[q kkP;k ,dq.k mRiUukP;k fuEes mRiUuR;kyk feGr vls- xkaokrhy fofo/k l.k] mRlo ilz xa h eku lUeku feGr vls- xkoa ph dkGth rks ?ksrvls- xkoa P;k ys[kk tks[kk o fg’kksckpa s iq.kZi.ks dke gs ns’kikMa s dMs vlr- ikVhy gk ejkBsdkyhuxkojpusrhy ize[q k vf/kdkjh gksrk- xkoa pk jktk Eg.kqu vksG[kr- xkz eksikld] edq kne] xko ikVhy ;k ukokusikVykua k vkGs [kr vls- ikVhy Eg.kts j;r o jktk ;kea /khy iez [q k noq k gksrk- xkokpk lkjk olyq d:uljdkjh dpjs hr Hkj.;kph ikVykph tckcnkjh gksrh- yko.kh lpa .kh] mxo.kh] gh izeq[k dkes R;kph gksrh-,dk vFkkZus ikVhy xkopk jktk gkrs k- xkokr 'kkra rk o ljq f{krrk o U;k;fuokMk ikVhy djr- R;kykxkoa krqu fofo/k oLrqapk eksQr ijq oBk] ekuiku] jk[s k fgLlk] cyqrsnkjkda Muq oBs fcxkj feGs- b- vf/kdkj ikVhy;k orunkjkl xkoxkM;kr gksrs- dqyd.khZ gk xkoxkM;krhy nlq jk egRokpk vf/kdkjh gkrs k- ikVykyk enrdjr vls- f’kopfj=kr R;kyk xko dyq d.khZ EgVa ys vkgs- [ksMxkoa P;k tfeuhapk fg’kkcs Bso.ks] xkoa krhyeglyq tek dj.ks] v’kh dkes R;kyk djkoh yxkr R;kyk gh xkokr ekuiku feGr- cyrq ns kjkda Muq fofo/koLraqph los k R;kyk feGr vls- xkoxkM;krhy pkxS yq k gk iez [q k orunkj Eg.kuq xkokr dke ikgr vls-xkokruq ijkxna k >kkysY;kua k iqUgk xkokr vk.k.ks- ukxa j gh R;kpa h fu’kk.kh gksrh- xkoph dksBkjs /kkU;kph isB;kpa h O;oLFkk Bos .ks gh pkxS qyk dkes djr- xkokr isB olfo.;kps dke gs o’a kijaijkxr vf/kdkjh djr-xksrlHkrs lgHkkx ?ks.ks] lkodkjkpa s O;ogkj gs 'ksVs egktu djr- rjktq gh R;kaph fu’kk.kh gkrs h- JeeYq ;¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 100ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

Eg.kqu R;kua k ljdkjdMuq tehu o xkaoP;k iBs rs uq dkgh gDd feGr vls- fejklnkj gk oxZ xkokrhyLFkkfud ykds gkrs s- 'krs h dj.ks ize[q k O;olk; vlY;kus xkokrhy lRrj rs ,’as kh VDds tehu fejklnkj ;korunkjkPa ;k gksR;k- fejklnkj oxZ vkiyk 'krs lkjk fu;fer Hkjr vls- mijh oxkZrhy ykds gs fejklnkjyksdkauk 'ksrh dkekr enr djr- ijxkokruq ;.s kkjs yksd gs mijh vlr- R;kauk xkokrhy dqBY;kgh lHkk]dk;Zdez ] mRlokr lgHkkxh gks.;kpk vf/kdkj uOgrk- [ksMxs kokr o’a kijia jus pkyr vkysY;k cyrq ns kj ;koxkZpa k lekos’k gkrs vls- xkaoP;k fodklkr ;k cyqrsnkjkapk gh egRoi.q kZ okVk gkrs k- xkod&;kdMqudkekpk ekscnyk Eg.kqu dkgh /kkU;kapk fgLlk feGr ;k /kkU;kykp cyqrk vls EgVa ys vkgs- ;kua k xkokrizfr\"Bk] xkz edkjHkkjkr lgHkkx xksrlHksr gh gs yksd lgHkkxh gkrs vls- ,dna jhr ejkB;kPa ;k lkekftd bfrgkl cf?kryk rj ;sFkhy tkrh O;oLFkk gh vfr’k; fdpdV ofDy\"V ijia jus pkyr vkysyh izFkk vkgs- tks rks vkiY;k tkrhyk Js\"B eku.;kP;k i;z Rukr fnlrks- mPp odfu\"B v’kh tkrhph njh ;sFks fuekZ.k >kyys h fnlrs- fL=;kPa ;k ifjfLFkrh o:u fnlqu ;srs- ;sFks fL=;kaukdBq ygs h Lokra¡; uOgrs- lia q.kZi.ks ca/kus vlysyh fnlqu ;srkr- xkoa k xkM;kr ikVhy orunkjkikluq cyrq ns kjorunkjkai;Zra xko gs ,dla?ki.ks cka/kyys s vkgs- ;k orunkjkP;k dk;Z o vf/kdkj gDdke/kuq xkoxkMkljq Ghri.ks pkyyys k vkgs vls fnluq ;srs-lna HkZ lpq h *’kks/k fuca/k vH;klkBh okij.;kr vkyys h iqLrds1- f’kokth o f’kodky] MkW- lkS- t;Jh j.kuojs] Lugs o/kZu idz k’ku] izFkeko`Rrh fn- 26 tkusokjh 20132- ejkB;kapk bfrgkl] ikz - v:.kk ekjs s] dyS kl idz k’ku] i.q ks izFkeko`Rrh fn- 23 tqu 20033- N- f’kokth egkjkt o f’kodky] MkW- x.ks’k jkmr] Mk;eMa ifCyds’kUl] izFke vko`Rrh] tuq 20134- N- f’kokth o R;kapk dky[kaM] MkW- fcjkjh] MkW- fon;klkxj] MkW- Hkkejs] izk- Bcq s] lDlsl ifCyds’kUl] vko`Rrh 2013¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 101ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

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ejkB;kPa ;k lRrsps j{kdp cuys- ikfuirP;k vuFkZdkjd ;q/nkura jgh ejkBk eaMGkusiwohZps LFkku ijr feGo.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- egknth f'kans b-l 1782 e/;s >kysY;klkyckbZP;k rgkr fVdko /k: 'kdyk iRz ;{k ekxs y ckn'kkgk vkiY;k rkC;kr Bsow'ksdyk-6 nf{k.ksrgh ejkBh lRRkPs ;k foLrkjkr ejkBk eMa GkP;k gkypkyhp dkj.khHkwr BjY;klo.kjq pk uokc bDdjs hps uk;d] lhjkpk jktk ;k lkj[;k ljnkjkoa j ejkB;kua h opZLofeGoys- R;kura j gSnj o fViw lYq rku ;kaP;k lkeF;kZykgh vOgku nos w ykxys-toGtoG mRrj dukZVd ejkB;kaP;k iRz ;{k opZLOkk[kkyh vk.k.;kr gs eMa G ;'kLoh>kys- izR;{k ;k eMa GkP;k dkGkr ejkBh lRRkk gh ukok:ikl vkyh ek= ukuklkgscis'kO;kP;k dkGkr ek= LkRRkkopZLo] pkS/kkbZ][kaM.kh ;keqGs lRrk lerkys kpk vHkko] uO;kTkUq ;k lnL;ke/khy erHksn] e/;orhZ fu;=a .kkpk vHkko] orunkjh i/nrheGq s ejkBkljnjkr Qfq Vjrk vf/kdp ok<r xys h- ek/kojko i's kO;kP;k eRq ;quarj ejkBk eMa Gkpsusr`Ro lkaHkkG.;kph dqor is'kO;kr jkghyh ukgh- baxztkpa h ?krs yys h enr ;k loZpdkj.kkeGq s ejkBk eMa GkPkk Úgkl ?kMqu vkyk- vls tjh vlys rjhgh ckGkth fo'oukFkikluq rs ek/kojko i's kO;kP;k dkGki;Zra ejkBh lRRkPs ;k foLrkjkr ejkBk eaMGkps eksBs;'k Eg.kkos ykxys -lna HkZ o rGfVik%&1½ ekjs s v:.kk]MkW uoFkj Hkkjrh] ejkB;kapk bfrgkl vFkoZ idz k'ku] i.q ks] izFkeko`rh 2010 i`\"B-Ø 1832½ fdRRkk] ejkB;kapk bfrgkl i`\"B Ø-1883½ MkW- dqyd.khZ v-jk- ejkB;kpa k bfrgkl 1707 rs 1818 Hkkx nlq jk] Lusgo/kZu idz k'ku]i.q ks fOnrh; vk-19954½ fdRRkk i`\"B Ø- 335½ iwoksZDr] ejkB;kapk bfrgkl] i`\"B Ø- 1906½ iwoksZDr] ejkB;kapk bfrgkl] i`\"B Ø- 192¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 104ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

EkjkBk dkyhu lekt vkf.k nSuafnu thou i/nrh% ,d vH;kl ikz - xk;dokM vfHkeU;q HkkLdj Jh cUlhHkkÅ EgLds T;fq uvj dkWyst] VkdGh dk>h] Rkk-ft- vgenuxj Hkze.k/ouh& 9881849739 e/;;xq hu dky[kMa kpk vH;kl djrkuk ejkBk lezkT;kps ,d osxGsi.k fnlwu ;rs s–eLq yhe lRrkf/ka”kkuk vkiY;k ijkdez kus uLs rukcwr dj.kkjk ejkBk lektkph nSuafnuthou i/nrh ofS ’k”V;iw.kZ gkrs h- ejkB;kpa k jktdh; ncnck fuek.Kz >kyk-rks R;kPa ;knuS fa nu thou ‘kSyhrhy izHkkoh ?kVdka eGq sp- ;k dkGkr fgna w&eqLyhes lfa eJ thoui/nrh vkfLrRokr gksrh- :<h] ija ijk] tkrh; O;oLFkk] /kekZps izkcZY; vls vlys rjhejkBk dkyhu nSufa nu thoueku ofS ’k\"V;iw.kZ gksrs-1½ [ksMsxkoph jpuk&ejkBk dky[kMa kr lkekU;r% yksdkpa k e[q ; O;olk; 'ksrh gk gkrs k-[ksMh gh Lo;iw.kZ gksrh- xkokrhy xjtk xkokrp HkkxfoY;k tkr- dkxn i=ko:u xkopkmYys[k xzke] nksgs] ekStk] dlck vlk gkrs ks- [ksM.ks Eg.kts tehu dl.ks vkf.k [ksMwEg.kts tehu dl.kkjk ;ko:u [kMs wrkpa h th oLrhrs [kMs s-1 eq[; [ksM;kyk * cqnzwd *rjR;kyk tksMwu th oLrh ok<rs R;kl *[kqnZ* EgVys tkr vlr- [ksMs xkokr iz’kkldh;vf/kdkjh] y\"djh vf/kdkjh] ikjaikfjd oxZ] tkrh mitkrh ;kpa k lekos’k gksrk- vyrq ns kj&cyrq ns kj] vBjk ixM tkrh gh [ksM;krhy thoukpk vfoHkkT; Hkkx gkrs k- [ksMsxkokrhy ykds kpa s thoueku] lo;h] jhrhfjokt vkgkj] iks”kk[k] vyadkj ;k lkj[;kckch nuS fa nu thouk’kh fuxfMr o izHkkfor dj.kk&;k gksR;k-2½ ‘kgjkph jpuk& ;k dky[kMa kr eksBeksB;k ‘kgjkph fufeZrh >kysyh fnlwu ;srulyh rjh jkt/kkukph fBdk.ks fodflr >kyys h fnlwu ;rs kr- ;ke/;s jk;xM] i.q ks]lkrkjk] dkYs gkiwj ;k lkj[;k ‘kgjkapk fodkl >kysyk fnlwu ;srks- /kkfeZd {k=s kP;kvuq’kxa kus ukfHkd] iBS .k] i<a jiwj] okbZ rj mn;ksx /kan;kP;k vuwl:u ;os yk] lkys kiwj]tUq uj ;k lkj[kh fBdk.ks fodflr >kysyh fnlrkr- i’s kO;kP;k dkGkr i.q ks ‘kgjkpkfodkl >kyk- iq.ks ‘kgj vBjk isBkpa s cuysys gkrs s +23½ dkVS faq cd jpuk o thou& nSufa nu thoukrhy ,d egRokpk ?kVd Eg.kts dqVwca kphjpuk o dkSVfaq cd thou- dVq wackr L=h&i:q \"k] ygku&eksBs] o;kso`/n ;kpa s lgthouukR;kea /;s xjq QVysys vlr- dVq wackps vkpkj fopkj nSufa nu thoukrwu O;Dr gkrs -tkfrfugk;] /keZfugk;]iaFkfugk;] oxZfugk; izR;sd dVq wackyk Lor%ps ,d osxGs vkfLrRogkrs s- ejkBk dky[kaMkr lkekU;r% ,d= dVq waci/nrh vkfLrRokr gkrs h- ‘ksrh gk dVq wackpkeq[; O;olk; - iq:”k ‘krs h vxj lSU;kr ukds jh djhr vlr- fL=;kua k n[s khy ‘krs hph¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 105ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

n[s kHkky djkoh ykxr gkrs h- itq k vpkZ] nos /keZ] dyq kpkj ts o’a kijia jsus pkyr vkysvkgs rs ?kjkrhy L=hyk djkos ykxr- pkyhfjrh] :<h] iajijk ;kaps vkpj.k fL=;kaukpdjkos ykxr- f’k{k.kkps vYiiez k.k] ckyfookg] gMaq k] xk’s kk ;keqGs L=hps thou cfa nLr>kys gkrs s- xk’s kk ikG.ks gs fL=;kua k LoHkkor% vkoMr ukgh- rks R;kPa ;koj ?kjk.;kP;kifz r”Bls kBh lDrhus yknysyk vlr-3eqyhua k ygkui.kkiklwu pkxa ys okbZV]eaxy&vexa y;kpk ifjikB fnyk tkr- R;kiez k.kkr eyq kua k brj ckch ckcr lwV fnyys h vlr-*pkGs h&ckaxMh* ;k ukokus dVq wca kP;k ekyeRrspk dkgh okVk ?kjkrY;k cfg.khyk fdaokeqyhyk rksMwu n.s ;kr ;sr vlr- *pksGh&ckxa Mh* gs lkSHkkX; y.s ks lkljh tk.kk&;keqyhyk ekukps Eg.kwu fnys tkr-4 f’kokth egkjktka uh ,dkts hph iRuh nhikckbZykvkiY;k dukZVdkrhy tgkfxjhrhy rhu xkos *pksGh&ckxMa h* lkBh fnyh gksrh- ejkBs dkyhu lekt jpuk tkrhlaLFkos j vk/kkjhr gksrh- vyrq snkj&cyrq snkj lglektkph foHkkx.kh rhu foHkkxkr >kysyh fnlwu ;srs- ;k e/;s czkEg.k]ckz Eg.kRs rj tkrh]‘knq z vkf.k vfr’kqnz fdaok vLi`’; tkrh- nuS fa nu fnudze gk lektkrhy ntkZ]LFkku o izR;ds tkrh lewgkaps thou ;kuqlkjdzfeyk tkr-mPp tkrh lewg vkf.k brj lektkrhy lewg ;kPa ;k’kh nuS fa nu thouBjysys vls ;kf’kok; lektkr ,d fof’k”B oxZ vls T;kyk jktdh;] /kkfeZd] vkfFkZdLFkku gksrs- R;kpkgh fnudez Bjysyk vlr- ;kr egRrokP;k jktdh; O;Drh] jktk]jktiq= fdoa k jkT;kpk okjl] e=a h] lsukirh vlys ;kaps nuS afnu thou brjkais{kk osxGsgkrs s- R;kpa s dkgh fu;e vlr dh T;kr drZO; o tckcnkjhps Hkku gkrs s- N=irhf’kokth egkjktkpa k ,d jktk Eg.kwu ctko;kP;k drZO; vkf.k tckcnkjh fo”k;hpkri’khy *vkKki=kr* vkysys vkgs-4½ /kkfeZd thou& ;k dky[kaMkrhy lekt thoukr /kkfeZdrys k Qkj egRRo gksrs-okjdjh lia nz k;kus fgna w /kekZph ,d lkaxM cloysyh gkrs h- /kekPZ ;k vuq’kxa kus nuS afnuthoukr nos &nos rk] ‘kDrhihBs] fofo/k lainz k;] rhFkZ{k=s s] fofo/k mRlo] orz &odS Yis]J/nk&va/kJ/nk] deZdkaM] pkyhfjrh] ijaijk ;kapk lekos’k gkrs ks- ÛiwtkikV& czkEg.kkia klwu vLi`’;kai;Zr izR;sd ?kjh iwtkikV] fuR; nsonos rkpa hiwtk&vpkZ pkyr vlr- izR;sd dqVwca kps dqynoS r vlr- ?kjkrhy ,d dksijk vusdnos &nsorkua h O;kiysyk vlr- ;ke/;s ikjS kf.kd nso&nsork]xzkensork ;kpa k leko”s k gkrs k-R;kl *nso?kj* fdoa k *nOs gkjk* vls lacks/ky tkr- LUkkuLka/;k dYs ;kura j nos rkpa h iwtkn”kZu ?krs ys tkr- ;k fd;z sura jp nSufa nu dk;kZl lw:okr dys h tkr- la/;kdkGh ghnos n’kZu ?krs ys tkr- rlps >ksi.;kiwohZ ukeLej.kkpk ti dys k tkr vlr- lektkrhyiRz ;ds L=h&i:q ”k]ygku&Fkkjs ;kpa s gs fuR;deZp gkrs s-¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 106ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

Û eqgwr&Z ;k dky[kMa kr ygku&lgku ckchdjhrk egq wrZ ikfgyk tkr-ipa kxkrwu egq wrZikgwu ns.ks gk ckz Eg.k oxkZpk izeq[k O;olk; gksrk-5 ipa kxkrhy rTK O;Drhauk jktnjckjhekukps LFkku gksrs- dkgh ljnkjkauh dsoG eqgwrZlkBhp v’kk idz kjps ckz Eg.k njckjhckGxys gkrs s- dqMa yh dk<wu ns.ks&ikg.ks]yXu&miu;u ;klkBh vko”;d rks egq wrZ dk<wun.s ks] xgz eku ikg.ks ;k lkj[kh egRRokph dkes ;k oxkZl djkoh ykxr- Lkekftd thoukr lkGs k lLa dkjkua k egRRo gksrs- xHkkZ/kku iklwu vR;afo/kh i;ZrlLa dkjkpk lekos’k gksrk- gs lLa dkj lekjaHk fnol] eqgwrZ] ons dkG ;kPa ;k vu’q kaxkusBjfoys tkr- Û rhFkZ{k=s s&/kkfeZd{ks=&s lektkrhy loZp {k=s kruw rhFkZ{ks=kua k HksV n.s ;kpk /;kl gksrk-i.q ; ikz IrhlkBh /kkfeZd {ks=kua k HkVs fnyh tkr- cgqr%”kh /kkfeZd {ks=s unh toG vlr-R;keqGs ik.;kyk ifo= ekuys tkr- Luku d:u nson’kZu dys s tkr- ;k HksVhlkBh ifo=fnolkph fuoM dsyh tkr- foBB~ ykP;k n”kZuklkBh vk”kk<h@dkfrdZ h ,dkn’kh gs fnolfuf’pr gkrs s- is’kos ?kjk.;krhy vusd L=h&iq:”kkauh dk’kh ;k=k dsY;kpk vk/kkj vkgs-flga LFkke/;s iBS .k vkf.k ukf’kd ;k LFkGkua k HkVs h fnY;k tkr vlr- ;k f’kok; ejkBk dky[kMa r vuds f’koLFkkus izfl/nhl vkyh gksrh- f’k[kjf’kxa .kkiwj]+ +«;ca ds’oj]Hkhek’kda j] egkcGs’oj] vkS<kua kxukFk ;k lkj[kh rhFkZ{k=s s ifz l/ngkrs h- Lor% f’kokth egkjktkauh Jh{ks+= «;ca ds’ojyk iwtk] uoS n;k djhrk ‘kaHkj gkus kphnf{k.kk HksV fnY;kpk dkxni=kr mYys[k vkgs- ,[kkn;k xUq g;krhy ikz ;fpRr vxj/kekZra j ;k dfjrk ifo=rslkBh rhFkZ{k=s kua k ikBfoys tkr- L=h ‘kDrhihBkua k gh fo”k’s kegRRo gksrs- dksYgkiwjph vca kckbZ] rGq tkiwjph rqGtk Hkokuh] ekgjq ph js.kwdkekrk]o.khph lIrJ`xa h ekrk ;kua k vkfn’kDrhps :is ekuys tkr- ;k dkGkr ifo= /kkfeZd lkia nz kf;d /keZiaFkkuk fo”k’s k egRRo gkrs s- egkuqHkkoiaFk]ukFk lainz k;]nRr lia nz k;]leFkZ laiznk;]okjdjh lainz k; ;k lainz k; lektkykekxZn’kZukps dk;Z djhr vlr- i<a jiwj gs egkjk”Vªkrhy okjdjh lia znk;kps eq[; {k=sekuys tkr- vuds jkT;drZs] ljnkj ;kua h nsoklkBh buke] o’kkZlus] n.s kX;k] vUuN=soS;Drhd ikrGhoj enr dYs ;kpk mYys[k fnlwu ;srks- Û lrh@d’s koiu& ejkBk dkGkr irh fu/kukura j lrh tk.;kph izFkk gksrh- th L=hlrh tk;yk fu?krs Eg.kts irhP;k iszrkcjkscj Lor%yk tkGwu ?;k;yk fu?krs rh Qkjifo+= o lk/oh letyh tkr-7 lrh gk “kCn mPpkjrkp irh e`R;w ikoyYs ;k fo/koys kirhP;k izrs kcjkscj tkGw.k Vkd.ks gkp vFkZ ykds kua k letrks- lrh gk ‘kCn lk/oh ifo=L=h ;k vFkkZus okijyk tkr- ,[kkn;k L=hyk ifrorz k Eg.k.ks gk frpk lokZsPp lUekuekuyk tkr vls- R;keGq s th L=h irhP;k e`R;wura j Lor%tk tkGwu ?krs s- rh ifz rfu”B¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 107ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

vkf.k mPp ntkZph ifrorz k vkgs vls letys tkr- egkjk\"Vªkr lrjkO;k “krdkr lrhizFkspk ekBs k izlkj >kyk gkrs k- rRdkyhu lrhps ena hj] o`ankous] LraHk ;ko:u fnlwu ;srs-ejkBk ljnkj dVq wca krhy vuds fL=;k]nklh lrh xsY;kps mnkgj.ks vkgsr- irh fu/kukura j ds’koiukP;k izFkspk voyac dsyk xsyk gkrs k- irhP;k fu/kukuariRuhps dsl irhP;k ‘kokcjkscj tkGhr vlr- ds’koiu gs ,d nku ekuys tkr-,[kkn;k fo/kous s ds’koiukl fojks/k dys k rj fryk tkrh cfg”dr` dsys tkr- O;DrhP;ke`R;wuarj fd;z kdeZ] mRrjdk;Z vkf.k Jk/n ;kauk vR;ra egRRokps LFkku gksrs- Û ;k=k&l.k mRlo& nos nos rkaps mRlo] okf’kZd ;k=k&t=k Hkjr vls- ;kr loZtuleqnk; lgHkkxh gkrs - jkT;drsZ] ljnkj] vf/kdkjh gs buZ kes] ns.kX;k nrs vlr- ;kizlxa h uol] vUunku] cGh ;k lkj[ks dk;Zdez gkrs -nhikoyh] xMq hikMok] v{k;r`rh;k]jkeuoeh] xksdGq k”Veh] cyS ikGs k] ukxipa eh] uojk=] gksGh] jaxipa eh] edj ladkz ra ;klkj[ks l.k mRlo eksB;k izek.kkr vkuna kr lktjs dsys tkr- i’s kO;kP;k dkGkrx.k’s kksRlokyk fo”ks’k egRRo ikz Ir gksrs- eLq yhe lektgh fgna wP;k l.k mRlokr lgHkkxhgkrs - eLq yhekPa ;k ihjkpk fgna w lektkoj gh ekBs ;k izek.kkr ixMk gkrs k- f’koujs hfdYY;koj bZn] jetku] eksgje ;k lkj[;k l.kkda fjrk rkQs kaps ckj mMfoys tkr vlkdkxnksi=h mYys[k lkiMrks- lektkr bZfPNr dk;Z ikz Irh dfjrk vuds orz dsyh tkr- lektkrhy nSufa nuthou ozr odS Y;kauh O;kiyys s gksrs- loZ orz odS Y; lkekU; O;DrhP;k vkokD;krhyvlY;kus rh lektkr ykds fi;z gksrh- L=h&iq:”kkda fjrk oxs osxGh ozrs gkrs h- lk/kkj.kr%L=h;k gfjrkfydk] egky{eh] dksdhyk] oVlkfo=h] exa GkxkjS h] _’khipa eh] miokl ;klkj[kh orz s dfjr vlr-;k orz k ekQrZ Lor%lkBh] dVq wca kdfjrk o irhP;k nh?kkZ;q”;kdjhrk ijes’ojk dMs lkdMs ?kky.;kph izFkk gkrs h- iq:”k n[s khy vk;fpRr] vlh/kkjk]vfgalk] iapewrhZ] ‘kfuokj] vLr;s ;k lkj[kh orz djhr vlr- tikyk gh egRRo gksrs-,dna j ejkBk dky[akMkr lkekftd] /kkfeZd thoukoj nsorkpa k eksBk izHkko vlY;kpsRkRdkyhu dkxni=s] larlkfgR; bR;knh lk/kukaruw Li”V gksrs-5½ os”kHkw”kk&vyda kj& egkjk”Vª gk ioZr n&;k[kks&;kpa k inz s’k- miyC/k tfeuhidS hcjhp’kh tfeu ykxoMh [kkyh ulyys h- liq hdrk ukgh] oLrwpa h miyC/krps k vHkko-ifj.kkeh ykds kPa ;k jkg.khekukr lk/ksi.kk thou tx.;klkBh /kMiM ]lrr la?k”kZ gkthoukpk ,d Hkkxp gksrk- v’kk HkkxS ksfyd ?kVdkpa k nSufnu thoukoj ifj.kke gkrs ks- Lkektk e/;s ufou tgkfxjnkj] ljnkjkpa k oxZ fuekZ.k >kyk gkrs k- N=irh] R;kapsljnkj] vf/kdkjh] jktdh; O;Drhps ukros kbZd] lkodkj] /keZx:q ] jktx:q ;kpa k gh ufouoxkZr lekos’k gksrk-¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 108ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

;k ufou oxkZP;k mPp irz hP;k jkg.khekukpk izHkko rRdkyhu yksdkPa ;k nuS fa nuthoukoj iMysyk fnlwu ;srks- ufou ljta kenkjkpa k oxZ gk okMk] goys h] egky fdoa kjktokM;kr jkgr vls- ifgyk ckthjko i”s kO;kus i.q ;kr “kfuokjokMk cka/kyk-8 L=h&i:q ”kakP;k os”kHkw’kos j fnYyh njckjph Nki gkrs h- eLq yhe os’kHk’w kk lektkrizHkkoh vlyh rjh ikjaikfjd Hkkjrh; /kkrs h vkf.k lkMh ;kp iks’kk[kkyk ilra h gksrh-vuqdez s tkfrfugk; o”s kHkw’ksyk gh egRRo gksrs- i:q ”kka ph os”kHkw’kk nkus foHkkxkr vls ,dojps oL= vaxkr ?kky.;kps vxa j[kk] itS ek] >xk] dqMrk- >xk njckj izlxa h ?kky.;kpkfjokt gksrk- vaxj[kk njckjkr o brj oGs h gh ?kkyr vl-s >xk ?kkVs ;k brdk] vxa j[kkx<q ?;k brdk] vaxMs ekMa ;k brds rj dMq rs cMa h lkj[ks vlr- i:q ”k [kkyps oL=ijh/kku djhr R;ke/;s itS ek] fotkj vkf.k /kkrs jkpk leko’s k gkrs k- /kkrs j gs yksdfi;zgksrs- vkt gh [ksMsxkokr /kksrj ifjfpr vkgs- ,djs h /kkrs j] nqgjs h /kksrj okij.;kph i/nrgkrs h- lk/kkj.kr% /kksrj vdjk rs ckjk gkr ykac vlr- ika<&;k jxa kP;k /kkrsa jkyk ekx.khvlr- R;kpa h d< lkus sjh fdaok fioG;k jxa kph vls- tjhP;k dkBkP;k /kkrs jyk fiarkcjEg.kr- [kkyP;k oxkrZ hy ek.kls /kkrs jk ,soth yxa kVs h ?kkyr vlr- nqiV~Vk vxj‘ksyk,soth /kksxa Mh iklksMh lkj[ks iVdwu Vkdhr- MksD;kyk ikxksV;kpk okij dys k tkr-lfS ud MkDs ;kyk ikxksVs okijr ;q/nkr rs iMw u;s Eg.kwu gquoVh R;kaP;k iV~V;k vlr-ik;kr pksG.kk] vaxkr vxa j[kk vlr- cksMds jkg.ks v’kwHk ekuys tkr- Eakfny vkf.k froV gs eyq kauh fdoa k r:.kkua h okijkos vlk fjokt gksrk-pknj]’ksys]nqiV~Vs gh ykfS dd oSHkokph n;ksrds oL=s jkts]ljnkj]Fkksj]jktiq:’k /kkj.k djhr- ejkBkdkyhu fL=;kPa ;k os’kHkw”ks e/;s lkMh pkGs hpk isgjko gk izeq[k gksrk- fL=;kyqxMh] lkM;k] ikrGs] firkca j] ‘kkyw] iSB.;k uls r- fo’ks”k izlxa h vxa koj ‘kys s ?k.s ;kphi/nr gkrs h- yxq Mh lk/kkj.kr% ohl gkr ykca vlr-oL=kaP;k VksdkP;k nksUgh cktawuk injvlr-uslrk inj lk/kk o ik?a kjrk inj l’q kksfHkr vlr-iq”dG fL=;k fu&;kaP;k dlksVk?kkyr- gh pky ckEz g.k]{kf=; o brj oxkZP;k fL=;ka e/;s gh gkrs h- uÅ okjh Eg.ktslkGs k gkr ykca hph xkys yxq Mh uls .;kph i/nr gkrs h- lkMhpk inj [kkna ;koj]MkDs ;koj?ks.;kph ,d izFkk gksrh- ckz Eg.k fL=k;k lekjaHkkr Hkkjh fdea rhph “kky lkMho:u vaxkojik?a k:.k ?ksr- [kkna ;koj inj ;.s ks vdfq yuRokps y{k.k ekuys tkr-9 is’kokbZr *iSB.kh*;k lkMh idz kjkyk Qkj egRRo gkrs s- fgjok] fioGk] yky o djMdqlqacgh gs iSB.khps[kkl jxa vlr- lkMh O;frfjDr fL=;kpa s eq[; oL= Eg.kts *pksGh* vlr- pkGs hP;kckg;k dksi&;k i;Zr vlr o rh ulq R;k xkBhph vls fdaok ekusik’kh ,[kknh xMaq hykowu ex xkV cka/kyh tkr vls- eqyhapk vkoMrk iks”kk[k * ijdj&pkGs h * vls- ejkBkdkGkr fL=;kpa h iez [q k os’kHkw’kk Eg.kts lkMh]yqxMh]pksGh gksrk-¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 109ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

ejkBk dky[kMa kr fL=;kia zek.ks i:q ”kgh nkfxus okijr- N=irh] i’s kos ;kPa ;kNk;kfp=kr oxs oxs Gs nfxus] vyda kj ikgko;kl feGrkr- lk/kkj.kr% i:q ”k dyxh] rqjk]f’kjisp] fHkdckGh] pkdS Mk] d.kZHkw”k.ks] dBa h] xkQs ;k lkj[kh vkHkw”k.ks okijr vlr-ygku eyq kauk ik;kr] dca jsr o xG;kr nkfxus ?kky.;kph izFkk gkrs h- pkna hs] firG ;kapsgklS s [kkrj ykds eqykua k nfxus ?kkyr- vxa B;kpk gh okij dsyk tkr- fL=;kPa ;k n`\"Vhus nkxnkfxus] tokfgj] ekrs h] fgjs] ekf.kd ;kaps Qkj vizqi gkrs s-fL=;k ‘kjhjkP;k fofo/kkaxkuk foHkksf”kr dj.;klkBh nkfxus okijr- gLkGh] ikus iMk]panzgkl] Qyq h] d.kZQyq s] eaxGl=q ] ia[ks] cxq M;k] fpapiVh] ekgs uekG] cktwcan] ckyh]pqMs] ikVY;k] iSt.k] dMk] uFk] rkMs s] vxa qBh] dca jIkV~Vk ;k lkj[kh nkfxus okijr- JhearoxkZrhy lksU;kps nkfxus rj e/;e oxkZrhy pkna hps nkfxus okijr-10 fL=;ka dkpsP;koxs oXs kG;k jxa kP;k ckxa M;k okijr- L=h&iq:”k nkUs gh oxs osXkG;k idz kjps vyda kj okijr-l.k&lekjaHkkr nkxnkfxus ifj/kku dys s tkr- nso&nos rkaukgh vyda kj ifj/kku dys s tkr-,dna jp ejkBkdkyhu yksdkaps nSufa nu thou gs mPp irz hps]gkS’khps]pSufoyklkps fnlwu;srs- nso&nos rkua kgh vyda kj ifj/kku dys s tkr-Û fu\"d”kZ & ejkBkdkyhu lektkpk 'krs h gk eq[; O;olk; gksrk- ‘krs hP;k ek/;ekrwup[ksMh] uxjkpa k mn; o fodkl >kyk- tkrhO;oLFksph ikGseGq s [kksyoj :tyh vlyhrjh dks.kh gh brjkPa ;k O;oLFksr gLr{ksi djhr ulr- lkekftd O;oLFkps k dVq wca gkd.kk gkrs k- ,df+=r dqVcaw i/nrh gs ;k dky[kaMkps oSf’k”V;s gkrs s- L=h&i:q ”kkpa h dk;ZfoHkkx.kh gkrs h- nos &nsork] :<h&ijaijk ;kua k egRRo gkrs s- L=hps thou *pwy vkf.kewy* ;k lda Yiusr cfa nLr gksrs- fL=;kua h iwtk vpkZ] ?kjk.;kph ifz r”Bk ;klkBh Lor%ykleZfir dsys gkrs s- fo/kok L=hps thou dkfB.;ikrGhps gksrs- lektkr lrh] d’s koiu ;klkj[;k izFkk vkfLrRokr gkRs ;k- lekT;krhy mPp oxkZpk fnudez o brjkpa k fnudez ;ke/;s oxs Gsi.k gkrs s- lLa dkj] egq wrZ] rhFkZ;k=k] orz odS Y;s ;kauk egRRo gksrs- fganw&eqLyhe laLd`rhpkfeykQ fnLkwu ;rs ks- ,desdkaP;k mRlokr nksUgh lekt lgHkkxh gkrs - ejkBkdkyhu lektkps ofS ’k”V;s Eg.kts o”s kHkw’kk o vyda kj gk;s - L=h&iq:”knks?kkua kgh lt.;kph uos OkL=]vyadkj ?kky.;kph vkoM gkrs h- T;kP;k R;kP;k vkfFkZdik=rus lq kj oL= o vyadkj ifj/kku dys s tkr- ;k dkGkrhy fL=;kaP;k vkoMhps oL=Eg.kts *IkSB.kh* gks;- ;k dkGkr L=h]i:q ”kkacjkscj nso&nsorkua k gh vyda kj ifj/kku dsystkr- fgjs] eksrh] lksus] pkanh ;kapk okij vyadkjk cjkscj oL=koj gh dys k tkr-¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 110ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

lna HkZ lwph& 1½ vk=s f=acd ukjk;.k] xkoxkMk] ojnk cqDl] iq.ks] fr-vk-1995- 2½ Gazetter of Bombay State District Series Vol. No. XX.Poona District. 1954- 3½ txrki ehuy] ejkBk fL=;kaps LFkku] lxq kok izdk’ku] iq.ks] iz-vk- 2010- 4½ Hkkos fufyek] f’kodkyhu fL=;kaP;k vf/kdkjd{kk] ikWI;qyj izdk’ku] i.q ks]iz-vk- 2010- 5½ dyq d.khZ v-jk- ¼la½-]ejkB;kapk bfrgkl [kMa nlq jk] dkWfUVusUVy izdk’ku] iq.ks-2010- 6½ fdRrk- 7½ Hkkos g-y-]lrhizFkps k bfrgkl] lfjrk izdk’ku] i.q ks] iz-vk- 2014- 8½ MkW-dqVa s Hk-x-] e/;;xq hu dky[kaM ¼jktdh; o lkekftd bfrgkl½] egkjk”Vª jkT; xW>fs Vvj]eaqcbZ] 2014- 9½ ns’ke[q k ‘kkjnk] f’kodkykrhy o is’kokbZrhy L=hthou] izpkj idz k’ku] dkYs gkiwj- 10½ ejkBk fL=;kaps LFkku fdRrk-¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 111ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

f’kodkyhu tehu eglwy O;oLFkk ikz - /kje f’kry vjfona U;q vkVZl~ dkWelZ vW.M lk;Ul dkWyts 'ksoxkoa bfrgkl foHkkx eks- 9096590741 f’kodkGkrhy egkjk\"Vª ikz eq[;kus [kMs ;kua h O;kiyys k gkrs k- baxtz kPa ;k vkxeukura j ek= R;ke/;sFkkMs ;kQkj iez k.kke/;s dkgh Lo#ikr cny gksr xYs ;kps fnlwu ;rs s- f’kodkyhu 'krs h o eglwy O;oLFkps hekghrh dkgh iez k.kkae/;s bxa zt bfrgkldkjkda Mwu feGrs- R;ke/;s izke[q ;kus LdkWV] tkfoZl] ofs jx o dsusMh ;kpa kmYys[k djrk ;bs Zy- f’kodkGke/;s tehuhaph ekst.kh ikg.kh ikz e[q ;kus rhu osGls dys h tkr vls-LojkT;krhy tehuhph ekst.kh d#u R;koj 'ksrlkjk Bjo.;kps /kkjs .k egkjktkua h fuf’pr dsys- R;kulq kj ifgyhb- l- 1636 e/;s nknkts h dkMas nos ;kPa ;k ekQZr rj nqljh 1648&49 lkyh ekjs s f=ey ;kaP;kekxZn’kZuk[kkyh o frljh vk..kkth nRrks ;kPa ;kdMs lksifo.;kr vkyh gksrh- 'krs lkjk vkdkj.khP;k lca a/kkrtehuhph irz okj fids] tehuhph mRiknu {kerk] 'krs hl ik.kh ijq o.kkjh lk/kus b- xks\"Vhpk fopkj d#u 'krs lkjkvkdkjyk tkr vls- n\"q dkGkP;k izlxa h 'ksrlkjk ekQ dsyk tkr vls 1 tfeuhps foHkktu %& xkoP;k f’kokjkps izke[q ;kus nksu iez [q k Hkkxkr foHkktu dsys tkr vls-1½ olkgrhph tkxk T;kyk ^ik<a jh* vls Eg.kr-2½ iRz ;{k ykxoMh[kkyhy tehu T;kyk ^oxGh* vls Eg.kr- dkGh tehuhps foHkktu vk.k[kh nkus Hkkxkrdsys tkrv½ izR;{k ykoMh[kkyh vlysyh tehuc½ oktV vFkok ifMd tehu- oktV tfeu ykxoMh[kkyh vk.k.;klkBh lrr i;z Ru pkyw vlr-ifMr tfeuhyk ^ojdl* rj lenq zdkBP;k tfeuhyk [kkjiwV vls EgVys tkbZ-2 vk..kkth nRrksaP;k ,dk i=kr tfeuhph oxZokjh 13 Hkkxke/;s dsysyh vk<Gwu ;rs s-3 ;kr voy¼ifgY;k izfrP;k½] nqe ¼nql&;k ifz rP;k½] lhe ¼frl&;k ifz rP;k½ o pkjge ¼pkSF;k izfrph½ ;kf’kok; jkÅey¼>Mq ikpa h½] [kkjoV ¼lenq z dkBph½] ckowy ¼[kMdkG½ [kjq h ¼nxMkG½] dqjh;r ¼lrw½] rjq or ¼}hny /kkU; orkx fido.kkjh½] dkBkuh o eurq ¼>kMkaP;k eGq ;k vlysyh o lkQ u dys syh½- ;k tfeuhpk lekos’k gkrs ks-vls vlys rjh loZlkekU;i.ks tfeuhph foHkkx.kh vOoy] new] lhe] vFkok pkjge ;kr dys h tkbZ-;kf’kok; ,dfidh o nfq idh ;ke/;sgh tfeuhph foHkkx.kh dsyh tkr- f’kokthph tehu eglwy O;oLFkk eglwy foHkkx %& lHkkln c[kjdkj Eg.krks dh b- l- 1673 e/;s iUgkGk ftadY;kura j f’kokthus vkiY;k LojkT;kps rhu Hkkx dsys o ;k idz kjs ,d ,d ljdkjduw o ljlqHksnkj ;kaph ues .kwd dsyh-1½ mRrj foHkkx%;kr lkYgsjiklwu iq.;ki;Zra pk ns’kkojpk izns’k o mRrj dksd.k ;k izn’s kkpk lekos’k gksr vls-¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 112ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

2½ nf{k.k foHkkx %& ;kr n- dkds .k] lkora okMh dkjokjpk mRrj fdukjk ;k izn’s kkpk lekos’k gksr vls-3½ nf{k.k iqoZ foHkkx %& ;kr lkrkjk] dkYs gkiqj izn’s k o dukZVdpk dkgh Hkkx ;k inz s’kkpk leko’s k gkrs k- ojhy rhu foHkkxkph iqUgk lqHkk] ijx.kk] rQZ] egky] dk;kZr] risZ ;ke/;s foHkkx.kh dsyh tkr-lk/kkj.kr% ,dk lqH;ke/;s 1A yk[k rs 3 yk[k gksu eglwy tek gksbZy brD;k izn’s kkpk lekos’k gksr vls- eglyq vf/kdk&;kPa ;k ues .kwdk %& 1½ ljdkjdwu %& ljdkjdwu gk ikz ra kpk eq[; eglwy vf/kdkjh gksrk- rks izkrkra jktkpk izfrfu/kh Eg.kwu dke djhr vls- jkepna z ira vkekR; vkiY;k vkKki=kr Eg.krkr- ^^ljdkjdwu gk mPp dwyhu ?kjk.;krhy vlkok- rks pkaxyk vuqHkoh o R;kyk dk; djkos o dk; d# u;s ;kph pkaxyh tk.k vlkoh] rks 'kkL=kr pkxa yk ikjxa r vlkok- 2½ lqHksnkj %& lqHksnkj gk lqHkk foHkkxkpk e[q ; eglwy vf/kdkjh gksrk- R;kP;k enrhyk fg’kkscuhl Eg.kwu etq wenkj gk vf/kdkjh o dkgh dkjdwu vlr- ijx.;krhy dk;Z{ke vkf/kdk&;ke/kwu lqHksnkj Eg.kwu ,[kkn;k O;Drhph use.kwd dfjr vls- 3½ eqtwenkj %&lqHkns kjkP;k gkrk[kkyh fg’kscful Eg.kwu dke dj.kk&;k eqtwenkjkP;k use.kwdhdMgs h f’kokth tkrhus Lor% y{k ?kkyhr vls- 4½ gokynkj %&gokynkj gk egkykpk eglyq vkf/kdkjh gkrs k- R;kP;k gkrk[kkyh cjspls dkjdwu vlr- egkykrhy n’s ke[q k] ns’kikMa s gs tehu eglwy olwy dj.;kP;k dkekr gokynkjkyk enr djhr vls- 5½ ikVhy %&[ksMxs kokrhy tehu eglwy xkGs k dj.;kps dke [ksM;krhy ikVykdMs vls- ikVykyk dyq d.khZ o pkxS yq s gs R;kP;k dkekr enr djhr vlr o ;k vkf/kdk&;koj jkT;kps ljdkjh vkf/kdkjh ns[kj[s k Bos r vlr- tfeuhph ekts .kh %& f’kokthus tehueglwy fuf’pr dj.;kdjrk efydkca jP;k tehu ekst.;kP;k in~/krhe/;s dkgh cny d#u tehu ekst.;kph in~/krh l#q dsyh- f’kodkGkr tehuhP;k ekts .khlkBh dkBhpk okij dsyk tkbZ- gh dkBh ikp gkr ikp eBq h ykachph vls- gkr ponk rlaqpk vlwu gkr o eBq h feGwu dkBhph ykca h 82 rlwaph vls- ;k dkBhph ykach tnqukFk ljdkjkua h uewn dsY;kiez k.ks 80 rlw,o<h uls-4 20 pkSjl dkB;kpa k ,d ikMa o 20 ikMa kpa k ,d fc?kk gkrs vls- v’kk 120 pkjS l fc?;kapk ,d pkoj gksbZ-5 n’s kkarhy dkgh Hkkxkea /;s 10 fc?;kapk vls- 120 pkjS l fc?;kapk VDdk vkf.k 48 #Ddkpa k VDdk gksbZ- ikMa gk fc?;kpk folkok Hkkx gksrk- loZlkekU;i.ks tehuhph ekst.kh fc?kk o pkoje/;s dys h tkbZ- f’kodkGkr 120 fc?;kpa k pkoj gkrs vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs-6 tehu eglqy vkdkj.;kph in~/kr %& f’kokthP;k dkjdhnhZr tehu eglqy gkp mRiUukpk eq[; vk/kkj gkrs k- eYgkj jkejkofpV.khl gk c[kjdkj Eg.krks dh f’kodkGkr rhu O;Drhauh fujfujkG;k osGh tehu eglwy vkdkj.khphin~/kr Bjohyh gkrs h- R;k rhu O;Drh Eg.kts nknkts h dksMa nso] vk..kkth nRrks vkf.k eksjksiar fixa Gs gh gks;-¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 113ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

nknksth dkaMs nsokus efyd vacjP;k in~/krh iez k.ks lu 1636 P;k njE;ku lkjk vkdkj.;kph in~/krBjfoyh R;kus fotkijq h in~/kr cna dsyh- loZ= fQ#u tfeuhph o fidkaph ikg.kh dys h o nj fc?;kllk&;kps iez k.k 25 rs 30 gksu brds Bos ys- MkW ckGd`\".k Eg.krkr gh xks\"V tyq ekph gksrh- lu 1648&49 P;k njE;ku f’kjoG ijx.;kr eksjksira fiaxGs ;k f’kokthP;k i’s kO;kus lkjkBjfo.;kpk iz;Ru dsY;kps fnlrs- ijra q eksjksira kus dys sY;k ;k i;z Ruklca a/khps dkxni=s Qkj’kh miyC/k ukghr- frljk egRokpk iz;Ru vk..kkth nRrks ^ljq uhl* ;k f’kokthP;k vFkZeåa ;kus dys k- vk..kkth nRrks ustehu eglwy vkdkj.;kph th in~/kr Bjfoyh gksrh R;klaca/khph dYiuk vki.kkl R;kus 1678 lkyhjksfgM[kksjs ijx.;kP;k vkf/kdk&;kauk ikBfoyYs ;k ifji=dko#u ;srs-7 gs ifji=d Eg.kts MkW v- jk- dyq d.khZEg.krkr- R;kizek.ks ^^ljdkj o oa’kijaijkxr vkf/kdkjh ¼orunkj½ ;kPa ;krhy rks ,d djkj gksrk- ;k ifji=dkr vk..kkth nRrks eglwy vkf/kdk&;kua k v’kk lwpuk nsrks dh vkf/kdk&;kauh izFkeykxoMh[kkyh vlysY;k xkoP;k tehuhps ,d uksna i=d r;kj djkos- R;k i=dkr vOoy] neq ] lhe] pkjge¼ifgY;k ifz rph] nql&;k izfrph] frl&;k ifz rph] pkSF;k izfrph tehu½ v’kh tehuhph irz okjh djkoh-R;kura j R;k tfeuhrwu dk.s krs ihd ;srs- o\"kkZrwu ,d fid ?ksrys tkrs dh nksu fids ?ksryh tkrkr- vkf.kizR;ds fc?;kr lk/kkj.k fdrh mRiUu ;rs s ;kph ekfgrh iqjokoh dh] ,[kkn;k tehuhP;k rqdM;koj vkf/kdd\"V dsys rj R;kps mRiUu vankts fdrh ok<sy rlsp efydvca jkP;k in~/krhr R;k tfeuhrwu fdrh mRiUu ;srgksrs ;kph gh vkf/kdk&;kua h uksna djkoh- vk..kkth nRrksP;k ojhy in~/krhyk ^fidikg.kh* vls Eg.kr- ;kin~/krheGq s ykxoMh[kkyh vl.kkjh tehu o R;k tehuhph irz ;kph ekghrh miyC/k gkÅs u fid ;knheGq sfidkaph iRz ;sd fc?;kulq kj ekfgrh miyC/k gkÅs 'kdyh- f’kodkGkr ikg.khoj vk/kkfjr tfeu eglyq kph vkdkj.kh dsyh tkbZ- njfc?;kl mRiUukpk2@5 Hkkx eglyq Eg.kwu vkdkj.kh dj.;kckcr f’kokthus fuf’pr dys s gkrs s-8 vk..kkth nRRkks ;kua h ,dwumRiUukpk 33 VDds Hkkx eglwy Eg.kwu vkdkj.kh dj.;kps Bjfoys vlrk f’kokthus brj dj o tknk tdkrhoxjS s jn~n d#u 40 VDds eglwy vkdkj.kh dj.;kps funsZ’k fnys gksrs-9tfeuhph izrokjh o R;kr ?krs yhtk.kkjh fids ;k vu\"q kaxkus eglyq kph vkdkj.kh dsyh tkbZ- eglqykph olyq h gh jk[s k o /kkU; Lo#ikrgh?krs yh tkr- ftjkbZr tfeuhph vOoy nqe o lhe ;k rhu idz kjkr foHkkx.kh d#u R;kuqlkj vuqØes 13] 9 o5 e.k ;kiez k.ks eglyq vkdkjyk tkbZ- dkG;k liq hd tehuhl njfc?;kl 2 e.k o ckxkbZr tfeuhr /kkU;mRikfnr dYs ;kl njfc?kk 5 e.k ;k ize.ks eglyq vkdkfjr vlr- ifMd tfeuhoj nj fc?;kl ljkljh 1AlOok e.k eglwy vkdkfjr- otr Eg.kts ukihd tehuhoj eglyq kph vkdkj.kh dj.;kr ;rs uls- tfoZlEg.krks cjdl vFkok Mkxas jh tehuhoj eglwy vkdkj.kh fc?;koj u djrk okijkr vlysY;k ukxa jkP;kl[a ;soj dsyh tkbZ-10 lkjk vkdkj.khph rRos %&1½ykxoMh[kkyh vlyYs ;k tehuhpkp fopkj %&lkjk vkdkj.khlkBh xkoph ykxoMh[kkyh vlyys h tehurso<hp fopkjkr ?ksryh tkr vls- vU; tehuhpk fopkj dsY;kl ykds rØkj djhr vlr- v’kk rØkjhph¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 114ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

pkdS ’kh d#u R;kizek.ks xkops nIrj n#q Lr dsyh tkr vls- oktV ¼iMhd½ tfeu] txa y] djq k.k b- xkophtehu lkjk vkdkj.khlkBh fopkjkr ?ksryh tkr vls-2½ fidfugk; lkjk %&lkjk vkdkj.kh djrkuk fidkpk izFke fopkj dys k tkr vls- fujfujkG;k idz kjP;kfidkoj fujfujkGs dj vkdkjys tkr- dkgh oGs k 'ksrdjh v’kh rØkj dfjr dh vkf/kdk&;kua h vkiY;k'ksrkrhy fidk[kkyh vlyys h tehu vkf/kd nk[koY;keGq s vkiY;kyk vkf/kd lkjk Hkjkok ykxrks- v’kkoGs hljdkjdMuw pkSd’kh dsyh tkr vls o rØkjhr rF; fnlwu vkY;kl ikVykl xkoP;k nIrjkr uoh uksnadj.;kpk vkn’s k fnyk tkbZ-3½ tehuhP;k irz okjhoj lkjk vkdkj.kh %&f’kodkGkr lkjk vkdkj.kh djrkuk tfeuhph irz gh y{kkr ?ksryhtkr vls- dkG;k tfeuhoj iRz ;sd fc?;kl 2 e.k lkjk vkdkjyk tkr vls- e/;e o dfu\"B tfeuhojR;kis{kk deh lkjk vkdkjyk tkr vls- ykxoMh[kkyh vlysY;k tfeuhps ftjkbZr o ckxkbZr vls nkus HkkxikMwu ftjkbZr tfeuhis{kk ckxk;rh tfeuhoj tkLr lkjk vkdkjyk tkr vls- ckxk;rh tfeuhph iqUgk ikVLFkGo ekVs LFkG v’kh foHkkx.kh d#u ekVs LFkG tehuhis{kk ikVLFkG tehuhoj tkLr lkjk vkdkjyk tkr vls-fidkpa h oxZokjh %&fidkpa h oxZokjh ikz e[q ;kus jch o [kjhi fids v’kh dsyh gkrs h- [kjhi fids gh ikolkG;krrj jch fids gh mUgkG;kr ?krs yh tkr- rRdkyhu dkxni=kr 'krs hrwu ?krs ysY;k fidkPa ;k ukokaP;k uknas hvk<Gwu ;rs kr- uxnh fidkea /;s izkeq[;kus Ål] laqB] fpap] gGn] ckxk b- fids ?krs yh tkr vls- rRdkyhu,dk ;knhe/;s dksd.kkr ?ksrY;k tk.kk&;k dM/kkU;ke/;s izkeq[;kus mMhn] exq ] ikoVk] poGh] rqj] dM.ks]dyq hFka] gjHkjk o okVk.kk ;kapk lekos’k dsyys k fnlrks-11 v’kk idz kjs f’kokth egkjktkauh vkiY;k LojkT;kr 'ksrd&;kauk tfeuhph irz okjh fuf’pr d#utfeu eglwy olwy dj.;kps /kksj.k fuf’pr dYs ;kps fnlwu ;srs- tfeuhP;k izfrrhy gk.s kk&;k cnykulq kjR;kauh eglwy vkdkj.kh e/;s cny dsyys k fnlwu ;srks-lna HkZ lpq h& 1½ ns’kikMa s iz- ua- ejkB;kapk mn; vkf.k mRd\"kZ- 2) Kulkarni, A. R. Maharashtra in the age of shivaji, Page-84 3½ ljnls kbZ] xkas- l- ¼la-ik-½ ejkBh fj;klr] [kMa \ i`\"B dz- 207 4½ lHkkln] i`- 26Sarkar Jadunath, Shivaji & his Times, Page-366 5½ vkoGldj] 'kka- fo- ¼la-ik-½ ,fs rgkfld lk/kus] Hkkx&3 i`\"B 66 6½ f’kopfj= lkfgR; [kMa &2] ys&99 7½ e-b-lk- [kMa 14 i`\"B dz- 340 8½ lHkkln & i`\"B ua- 26 9½ tfoZl & i`\"B ua- 13 10½ fdRrk & i`\"B 94 11½ jktokMs fo- dk- ¼la-ik-½ ejkB;kPa ;k bfrgklkph lk/kus] [kMa 20 i`\"B 558-¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 115ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

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]da :kja-¸maamalatI AaiNa paoSaaKa ivaYayaIcao Kato. [.poZIcyaa Anaok kamaaMpOkI ek mah%vaacao kama mhNanaohuMDIcyaa $panao pOSaacaI ]plabQata k$na doNyaacao haoto.huMDImauLo maaozmaaozyaa r@kmaocaI ]laaZala haotAsao.poZyaaMnaa huMDyaa vaTvaNyaasaazI raoK r@kma vaTNaavaL mhNaUna imaLt Asao.huMDI :huMDI mhNanao maalaacaI ivaËI krNaa¹yaa maaNasaanao maalaacaI KrodI krNaa¹yaa maaNasaacyaa naavao kolaolaa ek]QaarIcaI dsteovaja haoya 4. huMDI saadr krNaa¹yaa maaNasaalaa ivakt Gaotlaolyaa maalaacaI ikMmat raoKdoNyaasaMbaMsaaQaIcaI saucanaa huMDI doNaara huMDIcyaa $panao krt Asao.eKadyaa ga`ahkakDUna raoK r@kma Gao}naeKadyaa poZIcaa p`itinaQaI dusa¹yaa SahratIla dusa¹yaa eKadyaa poZIcyaa p`itnaIQaIlaa sadrhU r@kma ga`ahk ha%yaa Saharat raoKIcyaa $panao doNyaaivaYayaIcaI saucanaa huMDIcyaa $panao krta yaot Asao.ASaI huMDI jareKadyaanao poZIvar saadr kolaI va jar %yaalaa tavaDtaoba r@kma hvaI Asaola tr sadrhU huMDIsa “dSa-naI huMDI”Asao mhTlao jaat Asao5.maudtI huMDI: eKadyaa vyaapa¹yaalaa ivaiSaYz kalaavaQaInaMtr raoK r@kma doNyaacao AadoSa AadoSa huMDIvar namaudkolaolao Asat.ASaa huMDIsa maudtI huMDI Asao mhNatat6.lahanaI huMDI :eKadyaa vya@tInao eKadyaa poZIvar huMDI idlaI va itcaI %yaa poZItIla Ka%yaavar Barpur r@kmaiSallak nasaola va itnao dusa¹yaa eKadyaa poZImaQyao sadrcaI r@kma raoK BarlaolaI Asaola va %yaa bad\dlacaI huMDIpihlyaa poZIcyaa naavaanao GaotlaI Asaola tr ASaa huMDIlaa lahanaI huMDI Asao mhNatat7.ASaa p`karcyaapoSavaokalaIna huMDI vyavahacaI kahI ]dahrNao puZIla p`maaNao saaMgata yaotIla.]da : 1 baaLjaI sahs~bauQdo naavaacyaa vya@tInao sana 1761 maQyao inabaDI yaa gaavaI puNao yaoqaIla eka poZIvartpIdasa yaa vya@tIcyaa naavaanao 1000 $payaaMcaI huMDI idlaI.huMDItIla hI r@kma maaga-SaIYa- vadya 5 yaaitqaIpasaUna puZo 29 idvasaaMcyaa Aat tpIdasa yaalaa doNyaaivaYayaIcyaa sava- saucanaa yaa huMDI vartI hao%yaa8.]da :2 vaaraNasaI yaoqaIla eka yaa~ok$nao sana 1788 maQyao 500$pyaaMcaI hMuDI puNao yaoqao vaTivalaI puNao yaoqaIlapoZInao vaTNaavaL mhNaUna 25 $pyao kapUna Gao}na 475 $pyao %yaa yaa~o k$sa raoK idlao9.baT\Ta : lahanaSaI r@kma ga`ahkakDUna baT\Ta mhNaUna GaotlaI jaat Asao. baT\Tyaacao ho p`maaNa 1to 2% [tkoAsao.saaQaarNapNao 1.5 % baT\Ta ³kimaSana´Aakarlaa jaat Asao10.varat :sarkranao kaZlaolyaa huMDIsa varat mhNatat11.jyaavaoLI sarkarI naaokr vyaaparI Aqavaa KasagaIvya@tI kDUna sarkarlaa maaozyaa r@kmaocao yaoNao lavakr vasaula krayacao Asaola.%yaavaoLI saMbaMQaIla vya@tIcyaanaavao ASaa p`karcaI varat kaZlaI jaat Asao sana 1764 cyaa kagadp~at Asaa ]llaoK AaZLtao kI¸sarkarkahI vaoLa rajyatIla kahI p`aMtacyaa AiQaka¹yaaMkDUna kja- Gaot Asao.%yaacyaa prt foDIsaazI Ayaa p`karacaIvarat kaZlaI jaat Asao.poSavaokalaIna poZyaa eKadyaa ga`ahkalaa naivana vyavasaayak krNyaasaazI kja- dotAsao.kahI vaoLa vastU AlaMkar gahaNa zovaUna kja- idlao jaat Asao.eKadyaa vaoLosa sqaayaIk maalama%ta gahana¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 117ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

zovaUna kja- Gaotlao jaat Asao. ekca maalama%ta daona poZovaalyaaMnaa BaagaIdarImaQyao do}na kja- idlao jaatAsalyaacao ]dahrNa pahvayaasa imaLto.]da: raNaaojaI baabaa Baaosalao yaaMnaI AaplaI maalama%ta ekaca vaoLI r%naakr ivaz\zla va vaOdya baMQaU yaaMcyaa poZIvarBaagaIdarImaQyao 12000 $. saazI.gahaNa zovaNyaata Aalyaacao saMdBa- ttkalaIna kagadp~at AaZLUna yaotao.vyaajaacao dr :poSavaokalaIna poZI vyaavaharaMvartI poSavao Aqavaa maQyavatI- sarkarcao inamaM~Na Asalaolao pahavayaasaimaLt naahI samaajaatIla bahusaM#ya maaozmaaozo Aiqa-k vyavahar poZI maaf-tca haot Asat. kjaa-} Gaotlaolyaar@kmaovar Barmasaaz vyaaja AakarNaI kolaI jaat Asao.kja- rao#yaacaa dr ha dr saala na Aakarta dr mahaAakarlaa jaat Asao ha vyaajaacaa dr 1% pasaUna to 5% pya-t Asao.mhNajaoca dr saala dr SaokDa 12 %pasaUna to 60 % [tka Asao 12.vyaajaacaI r@kma Kupca qaklyaasa saaQaarNapNao qakIna r@kmaocyaa 1À12[tkI r@kma AakarlaI jaat Asao.kahI p`krNaaMmaQyao ASaI sauT va savalat do}nahI saMbaMiQat vya@tIcaoKato baMd krNyaat yaot Asao.vyaajaacaI r@kma raoK Aqavaa vastUcyaa sva$pathI isvakarlaI jaat Asao.ekda ka kja-dar poZIcyaa kjaa-} r@kmaocyaa jaaLyaat AaDklaa kI¸%yaacaI sahjaasahjaI sauTka haotnasao.saavakarI paSa %yaacyaa BaaovatI AavaLlaa jaat Asao eKadyaa kjad- arakDo kjaa-caI prtfoDkrNyaasaazI pOsao nasalyaasa tao AaplaI sqaavar maalama%ta saavakaralaa kjaa- paoTI do}na saavakaracyaa paSaatUnamau@t haot Asao. kja- bauDivaNao mhNajao gaaoh%yaa¸ba`mhh%yaa kolyaacao patk samajalao jaa[- %yaamauLo kja- prtfoDIvar laaokaMcaa kla Asao. yaa AMQaEaQdocaa fayada saavakar maMDLIMnaI maaozyaa p`maaNaavar Gaotlaa.kja-raoKa : ?Nakaonao Qanakaolaa mhNajao kja- GaoNaa¹yaanao kja- doNaa¹yaalaa ilahUna doNyaacyaa vacana icaz\zIlaa kja-raoKa Asao mhNatat.poZIvaalao saavakar kja- dotanaa jamaIna¸Gar¸saaonao yaa saar#yaa imaLktIcyaa tarNaavarvyaajaacaI AakarNaI k$na kja- dot Asat.maa~ yaavaoLI prt foDIsaazI gahaNa zovalaolyaa vastUMcyaa saMdBaa-tvacanaicaz\zI ilahUna dot Asao yaa kja-rao#yaacao tIna p`kar haoto.to puZIla p`maaNao :1.kja- rao#aa : yaat ?Nakaonao Qanakaolaa ilahUna idlaolyaa saaQyaa vacana icaz\zIcaa samaavaoSa Asao.ha vyavaharsamaxa Jaalyaa bad\dla saaxaIdaraMcaI sahI AavaSyak maanalaI jaat Asao 13.2.vaada raoKa : yaat ?Nakao AaiNa Qanakao yaaMcyaa vyavaharapuvaI- kahI ATI maanya kolyaa jaat Asat.Gaotlaolyaa kjaa-caI zravaIk kalaavaQaIt vyaajaasah prt krNyaacaI vacana icaz\zIcyaa maaQyamaatUna hmaI idlaIjaat Asao14.3.sa@t raoKa : yaat ?Nakao ha SaotkrI Asao.yaat kjaa-caI prt foD raoK r@kmaocyaa sva$pat na Gaota tISaotk¹yaaMcyaa SaotatUna ipkNaa¹yaa ekUNa Saotmaalaacyaa ihSaaobaavar AaQaairt Asao.yaa saMbaMQaIcaa zravaIkihssaa Qanakaolaa doNyaasaMbaMQaIcyaa vacana icaz\zIcaa samaavaoSa Asao15.¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 118ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

kjaa-cao vyavahar:poSavao maMDLI poZIkDUna kja- Gaot Asat.poZIvaalao poSavao sarkarlaa daona p`karcao kja- dotAsat.pihlyaa p`karamaQyao poSavyaaMkDUna kaoNa%yaahI p`karcaI hmaI¸tarNa na Gaota kja- idlao jaa[-.yaat poSavao kjaa-} r@kma va vyaaja dr ilahUna dot Asat.dusa¹yaa p`karat poSavao sarkarlaa imaLNaa¹yaamahsaulaIcyaa tarNaavar drsaala dr SaokDa 12% kjaa-} r@kma idlaI jaat Asao.yaamaQyao poZIvaalao tarNaAsalaolyaa mahsaulaapOkI kahI mahsaula svat:ca vasaUla kirt Asat.poSavao sarkar %yaaMcyaa mahsaulaAiQaka¹yaaMnaa saavakar poZIvaalyaaMcyaa naavao huMDyaa dot Asat.%yaat vasaula mahsaUla sarkaralaa %yaaMcyaa kjaa-paoTI jamaa krNyaacao AadoSa AiQaka¹yaaMnaa idlao jaat Asao.ASaap`karcyaa kjaa-Mnaa maamalatIvarIla kja-o AsaohImhTlao jaat Asao. poSavaoSaasak poZIvaalyaa saavakraMkDUna Gaotlaolyaa kjaa-caI prt foD kmaaivasadaraMcyaa naavao sarkarIhuMDI mhNajao varat kaZt Asat.ASaa varatI poZIvaalyaaMnaa zaok sva$pt ivakUna ekdma pOsaa ]Baa kolaajaat Asao. pyaa-Myaanao poZovaalyaaMcaa pOSaasaazI kmaaivasadaraMkDo tgaada sau$ vhayacaa.%yaaMcaI kmaaivasaI vamaamalatIlaa Qaaoka inamaa-Na vhayacaa. hI maMDLI poZIvaalyaaMnaa dyaavayaacyaa r@kmaosaazI savalat mhNaUna maamalat%yaaMcyaakDo saurxaIt rahvaI mhNaUna Aja- ivanaM%yaa krIt Asat.]da :gaaoivaMd Saamaraja yaalaa Sahabaaja p`aMtacaI maamalat imaLvaNyaasaazI sarkarat BarNaa krNyaasaazI purosaapOsaa navhta.tI maamalat ivaz\zla ivaMcaurkr yaaMcyaa naaokrIt Asalaolyaa AaPpajaI rGaunaaqa yaasa puNao yaoqao daonaicaz\yaaMcyaa $panao 9158$.doNyaaivaYayaI poZIcao maalak baala BaT\T va ivaSvanaaqa BaT\T vaOV yaaMnaa saaMigatlao.yaa daonhI icazyaaM AnauËmao 9 hjaar $.va 158 $.[t@yaa r@kmaocyaa hao%yaa16.poZIvaalyaaMnaa saaMgaNyaat Aalao haoto kI¸kahI ivaiSaYz AiQaka¹yaaM kDUna %yaaMnaI mahsaUla gaaoLa kravaa va tIr@kma zova mhNaUna %yaaMcyaakDo zovaavaI Aqavaa saucanaop`maaNao Kca- kravaI .inaYkYa- :1iSavakaLacyaa tulanaonao poSavaokalaIna ba^MkIMga vyavasqaot mhNajaoca poZI vyavaharat ]%trao%tr vaaZ JaalaI Aaho.2.poSavaoSaasakaMnaI t%kakalaIna poZIvaalyaa saavakar maMDLISaI saaoyarIk saMbaMQa p`sqaaipt kolao haoto.3.poSavaokalaIna maaozo Aaiqa-k vyavahar poZyaaMmaaf-tca kolao jaat Asat.4.poSavaoSaasakaMnaahI bahutaMSa vaoLa Aaiqak- vyavaharasaazI saavakaraMcaI madt GyaavaI laagat Asao.5.poZI vyavaharamaQyao hMuDI¸varat yaaMcaa vaapr kolaa jaat Asao.6.saavakaraMDUna Gaotlaolao kja- bauDivaNao mhNajao gaaoh%yaa¸ ba`mhh%yaa kolyaacao patk samajalao jaa[- %yaamauLo kja-prt foDIvar laaokaMcaa kla Asao. yaa AMQaEaQdocaa fayada saavakar maMDLIMnaI maaozyaa p`maaNaavar Gaotlaa.]psaMhar :p`stut SaaoQainabaMQaamaQyao maQyayaugaIna maharaYT/atIla poSavaokaLatIla ba^MikMga vyavasqaa mhNajaoca poZIvyavahar yaa ivaYayaI maaihtI idlaolaI Aaho.poSavaokaLat poZI vyavahar iSavakaLacyaa tulanaonao farca¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 119ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

BarBaraTIsa Aalaolaa haota.bahutok rajyaatIla inamyaapoxaa AiQak Aiqa-k poZyaaMmaaf-t caalat Asao.poZyaaMcyaavaaZ%yaa p`sqaamauLo rajyaacaI Aqa-vyaavasqaa ekaMgaI JaalaI haotI.samaajaatIla saamanyaMapasaUna to EaImaMt vaga-pya-MtcaobahusaM#ya laaokaMcao hat poZIvaalyaa saavakaraMcyaa paSaat AaDklaolao haoto.saavakarSaahI p`baL banalaIhaotI.kjaa-cao vyaajadr AiQak Asalyaanao kja- prt foD krNao Sa@ya haot nasao.kmaavaIsadaraMcao BaivaYya sauQdapoZIvaalyaaMcyaa majaI-var AvalaMbaUna haoto.yaasa poSavaoca jabaabadar haoto .karNa mahsaUla gaaoLa krNao sava-svaIp`Saasanaacyaa AiQana Asaayalaa hvao haoto.prMtU poSavyaaMnaI tsao na krta ivaiSaYz p`aMtacao mahsaula poZIvaalyaaMkDotarNa Aqavaa gahaNa zovaUna kja- kaZNyaacaa sapaTa laavalaa haota.%yaamauLo poSavao va kmaaivasadar yaaMcyaatIlap`%yaxa saMbaMQa kmaI hao} laagalao. kmaaivasadar svat:caI maamalat iTkvaUna zovaNyaasaazI poZIvaalyaaMSaI caaMgalaosaMbaMQa zovaU laagalao kahI vaoLa kja- GaoNaarI vya@tI vyaajaacaI r@kma maud\dla foDNyaasaazI svat:caI saMpUNa-maalama%ta poZIvaalyaa saavakaraMcyaa GaSaat GaalaIt Asat. ekMdrIt saaQyaa poZIcaa vyaavasaaya krNaaro saahukar mhNajao saavakar baahorcyaa izkaNaaMhuna yao}na[tko maatbbar Jaalao kI¸Anaok vaoLa sqaainak AsaNaa¹yaa poSavaoSaasakaMnaa sauQda %yaaMcaI madt GyaavaI laagatAsao. [tko mah%va poSavao kaLat poZI vyavahar krNaa¹yaa saavakaraMsa Aalaolao haoto.saMdBa- va tLTIpa :1´ saavaMt¸baI.esa AaiNa jaaQava¸vhI.ko¸marazyaaMcaa p`SaasakIya¸saamaaijak va Aaiqa-k [ithasa¸ivaVap`kaSana naagapUr ¸p`qama AavaR%tI 1997¸pR.Ë.249.2´ icaTNaIsa¸kR.naa¸ maQyayaugaIna BaartIya saMklPanaa va saMsqaa Baaga 4¸EaI icaTNaIsa p`kaSaIt puNao 2003¸ pR.Ë.66.3´ ik%ta. pR.Ë.66.4´ icaTNaIsa¸kR.naa¸ maQyayaugaIna BaartIya saMklPanaa va saMsqaa Baaga 4¸EaI icaTNaIsa p`kaSaIt puNao 2003¸ pR.Ë.67.5´ ik%ta. pR.Ë.67.6´ ik%ta. pR.Ë.67.7´ ik%ta. pR.Ë.68.8´ ik%ta. pR.Ë.68.9´ ik%ta. pR.Ë.68.10´ ik%ta. pR.Ë.69.11´ kulakNaI-¸A.ra¸ iSavakalaIna maharaYT/¹saamaaijak Aiqa-k jaIvanaacaa AByaasa¸rajahMsa p`kaSana puNao¸ ivdtIya AavaR%tI 1997¸pR.Ë.180.12´ saavaMt¸baI.esa AaiNa jaaQava¸vhI.ko¸marazyaaMcaa p`SaasakIya¸saamaaijak va Aaiqa-k [ithasa¸ivaVap`kaSana naagapUr ¸p`qama Aava%R tI 1997¸pR.Ë.250.13´ ik%ta. pR.Ë.251.14´ ik%ta. pR.Ë.251.15´ ik%ta. pR.Ë.251.16´ icaTNaIsa¸kR.naa¸ maQyayaugaIna BaartIya saMklPanaa va saMsqaa Baaga 4¸EaI icaTNaIsa p`kaSaIt puNao 2003¸ pR.Ë.70.¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 120ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

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feGr xsyh o R;ke/kwup rs gGwgGw vf/kdkj inkoj xys s- i’s kods kGkr ckz Eg.kkPa ;k gkrh lRrk vlY;kusR;kps egRRo vf/kd ok<ys-ejkBk %& czkEg.kkPa ;k ura j lektkr {kf=;kaps LFkku gkrs s- 96 dGq hps ejkBs Lor%yk {kf=; letrvlr- f’kokthus R;kpa s {kf=;Ro fl/n dsY;kus ura jP;k {kf=;kua k lektkr ekukps LFkku fuekZ.k >kysgksrs- ejkB;kea /;s ejkBs o d.q kch v’kk nkus iez q[k 'kk[kk gksR;k- lkekftdn`\"V;k nks?kkae/;s rQkorgksrh- ejkBs d.q kchgwu Lo%ryk Js\"B letr vls- dq.kch gs 'krs djh] ’ksretwj gkrs s- d.q kC;ke/;si.kn’s kkojhy o dksd.kkrhy vls nkus iez [q k xV gksrs-brj tkrh o tekrh %& ejkBk o d.q kch O;frfjDr vusd tkrh o tekrhlq/nk gkRs ;k- R;ke/;s dqaHkkj]lkus kj] lrq kj] f’kia h] /kuxj] rys h] Ugkoh] ekGh] xksa/kGh o xqjo bR;knh gksR;k- dqaHkkj tkrhe/;sejkBds aqHkkj] xqtjkFkh dqaHkkj] fyxa k;r daqHkkj v’kk iksVtkrh gksR;k- R;kaP;kr lq/nk vusd dkj.kkuus s l?a k\"kZgksrk- lrq kjke/;s lq/nk ikVs tkrh vkgsr- UgkO;ke/;s okt=a h o e’kkyth v’kk nksu mitkrh vkgrs -rsY;ke/;s ,d cyS rsyh o nks cyS rsyh v’kk iksVtkrh vkgsr- f’kaI;ke/;ls q/nk ukenso f’kaih] Hkkolkjf’kia h] ejkBk f’kia h] vfgj f’kia h ;k iksVtkrh vkgrs - ekG;ke/;s Qyq ekGh] ftjsekGh] gGnsekGh vlsR;kPa ;k mRiknukuqlkj ikVs tkrh vkgsr- /kuxjke/;s gVdj o [kVq dj v’kk mitkrh vkgrs -HkVD;k o foeDq r tekrh %& ojhy tkrh tekrhf’kok; oMkj] cys nkj] ddS kMh] c:q M] ikj/kh ;kHkVD;k o foeqDr tekrhgh xkoxkM;kckgjs oLrh d:u jkgkr vlr- xkoxkM;krhy rs vkiyk okVkmpyr vlr- o rs ,dk fBdk.kh fLFkj vlr- ;kf’kok; [kMs ;kyk fu;fer oGs h HksV ns.kk&;k HkVD;ktekrhgh vlr- R;ke/;s ?khlkMh] cys nkj] ota kjh] yek.k] onS w] xkasM] ekax xk:Mh] oklnq so fdaokxksikG] dkYs gkVh] njo’s kh] xkjkMs h] ekdMokys] fp=dFkh] cgq:ih] jk;una ] HkksI;s] Hkxr] HkRq ;s vkjk/kh]ok?;k eqjyh b- lekos’k vls- ;krhy dkgh tekrh 'ksrd&;kl enr djhr vlr rj dkgh gjidz kjseukjs ta u djhr-vLi`’; tkrh %& vLi`’kkaukpa vfr’knq z vls EgVys tkr vls- ;k tkrhe/;s egkj] ekax] pkaHkkj] <ksjv’;k izeq[k tkrh vkgs- egkj gh tkr xkoxkM;kckgjs jgkr vls- xkoxkM;krhy loZlk{kh v’khegRRokph cyrq ns kj Eg.kts egkj gks;- 'krs lkjk olwy dj.;kiklwu rs >kMyksVhi;Zarph loZ idz kjphygku&eksBh dkes dj.ks gs egkjkps eq[; drZO; vls- tfeuhP;k loZ rVa ;kyk egkjkP;k lk{khyk egRRovls d\"V;kP;k ekukus R;kua k feG.kkjh Hkkdjh viqjh gksrh- egkje/;s lkseo’a kh] ykMou] vknou] ckous]fo.kdj b- iksVtkrh gkRs ;k- ekax gh vLi’` ;kpa h nlq jh tkr gkrs h- R;kua k ghu idz kjph dkes djkohykxr vls- pkaHkkj gh frljh tkr gkrs h- tukojkPa ;k dkrMhiklwu fHkUu oLrw r;kj dj.ks gk R;kpa keq[; O;olk; gksrk-¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 122ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

brj /kekZrhy tkrh o tekrh %& fgna w lektkf’kok; egkjk\"VÒkr f’kodkGkr o is’kods kGkr efq Lye]tSuegkuqHkko b- /kekZaps ykds gh [kMs ;kikM;kr jgkr gksrs- efq Lye oxZ gk fgna w lektkpk ,d vfoHkkT;?kVd >kyk gkrs k- efq LyekPa ;k l.kkr fgna w o fgna wP;k l.kkr elq yeku vkuna kus lgHkkxh gksr vlr-;kloZ tkrhe/;s erHksn vlr- ;k loZ idz kjP;k tkrh tekrhe/;s l?a k\"kkZps okrkoj.k vls- R;kaP;ke/;sekuikuko:u l?a k\"kZ gksr vls- rlps LFkkuijRos dkgh tkrh nlq &;k tkrhP;k O;olk;koj vkdze.kdjhr vls- o R;kPa ;kr l?a k\"kZ fuekZ.k gkrs vls- tkrh vra xZr leL;k o l?a k\"kZ lksMfo.kkjh ejkBkjkT;krhy egRRokph v’kh lLa Fkk xkrs lHkk gh gkrs h- xkrs lHkse/;s ckjk cyrq ns kj] orunkj o brjmitkrhe/khy izeq[k O;Drhapk lekos’k vls-fL=;kaph fLFkrh %& ejkBk lektkr fL=;kaph fLFkrh Eg.kkoh r’kh Qkj’kh pkaxyh uOgrh- 17 o 18 O;k'krdkrhy fganw lektkr lkekftd lLa Fkk o fgna w rRoKku Qkjls fodflr >kys ulY;kus lektkdMsL=hdMs ikg.;kpk n`\"Vhdksu Qkjlk mnkj >kyys k uOgrk- f’kokth egkjktkua k Qkj ekBs ;k izek.kkrlkekftd lq/kkj.kkdMs y{k n.s ks rls 'kD; uOgrs- rjh f’kokth egkjktkua h lkekftd ijaijk eksMwudk<.;kpk i;z Ru dsyk- is’kosdkGkr ek= vls iz;Ru Qkjls >kys ukghr- R;keGq s lia w.kZ ejkBkdky[kMa ke/;s fL=;kpa k ntkZ Qkjlk mpa oyk ukgh- R;keGq s lektkr L=hyk xk.S k LFkku ikz Ir >kys gkrs s-lektkr ckyfookgkph i/nr gh loZlkekU; o ipz fyr v’kh i/nrh gkrs h- eyq hps yXu 8 O;k o\"khZdjr vlr- cgiq RuhdRokph pky vfLRokr gkrs h fdacgquk vusd fL=;k dj.ks gs iq:\"kkFkkZps y{k.k ekuystkr vls- lia w.kZ ejkBk dky[kMa kr lrhph pky vfLRkokr gkrs h- fttkckbZlq/nk lrh tkr vlrkukf’kokth egkjktkP;k vkxgz keGq s rks csr jnn >kyk- eqfLyekPa ;k izHkkokeGq s fL=;k iMnku’khy >kY;k oR;kPa ;k ckg; thouk’kh laca/k rVq yk-fo/kok fL=;kua k lektkr dks.krgs h LFkku uOgrs- R;keGq s L=hykdVq aqckr] lektkr o jktdkj.kkr n;q e o xk.S k LFkku ikz Ir >kys gkrs s- dVq qca izeq[k ;k ukR;kus fdoa klkekftd urs k ;k ukR;kus i:q \"kkua k lektkr ts LFkku gkrs s rs fL=;kua k d/khp ikz Ir >kys uOgrs- ejkBkdky[kMa kr egkjk\"VÒkr ,d= dVq aqci/nrh :< o yksdfiz; gkrs h- ,d= dVq aqci/nrhe/;s L=hps LFkku xkS.kgksrs- dkckMd\"V d:u fryk dVq aqckr LFkku uOgrs-R;kosGsl irh&iRuhps lca a/k Qkjls ftOgkG;kps uOgrsfryk lokZns[kr vkiY;k irhcjkscj cksyrk ;sr uls- ejkBk dkGkr luq ys k lklwP;k n;soj voyacwujkgkos ykxr vls- lklw vkiyk lwuspk NG dj.;kpk gDd ctkor vls- ckyfookgkph i/nrh]cgiq RuhRokph o fo\"ke fookgkph pky :< vlY;kus fdR;sd fL=;kua k dVq qackr misf{kr thou txkosykxr vls- fookglLa Fkk gh Hkkjrkrhy ,d ijq kru lLa Fkk vkgs- iRz ;ds O;DrhP;k thoukrhy rks ,degRRokpk lLa dkj vkgs- fgna w lektkP;k cgrq sd ojP;k tkrhr L=hpk fookg ,dnkp gkrs vlY;kus ;klLa dkjkl 'kkL=’kq/n Lo:Ik ns.;kr vkys gkrs s- Hkkjrh; ijaijus lq kj fookgkps lkr idz kj vlys rjh rslektkr lokZFkkZus :< uOgrs- ikfo=;kP;k fof’k\"V dYiuk vlY;kus L=h irhyk ijes’oj ekuhr vls-¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 123ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

fookgkP;k vusd i/nrh o cgqiRuhRokph pky] lrhph pky ;kpk L=h thoukoj eksBk vk?kkr >kykgkrs k- L=hP;k LFkkukyk /kDdk iksgpyk gkrs k- fL=ph f’k{k.kkiklwu ofa pr gkrs h- 8 O;k o\"khZ fookg gk.s kk&;k ckyo/kwdMwu f’k{k.kkph vis{kkckGx.ks vR;ra pdq hps gkrs s- fL=;kua h f’kdw u;s v’khp ykds letwr gksrh- jkt?kjk.;krhy fL=;ka uk v{kjvksG[k vlY;kps fnlrs- dkgh i=s R;kaP;k ukokoj gksrh- i’s kos] f’kans] gksGdj] iVo/kZu] nkHkkMs]xk;dokM ;kaP;k ?kjk.;krhy fL=;kua k ijia jkxr i/nrhus f’k{k.k feGkys gksrs- lx.q kkckbZlkj[;k dkghfL=;kauk ijia jkxr i/nrhus f’k{k.k feGkys gkrs s- ;kizek.kps dkgh fL=;kua k ;q/ndyk o iz’kklukps f’k{k.kfeGr vls- la/kh feGrkp ;ke/;sgh fL=;k ikz oh.; feGfor vls- rkjkckbZ]vfgY;kckbZ]mekckbZ]y{ehckbZo brj dkgh fL=;kua h ;q/ndyrs o iz’kklukr ykfS dd ikz Ir dsyk gkrs k- ckyfookg vfLRokr vlY;kuso’s ;k gh ledkyhu lektkph xjt gksrh rFkkfi os’;kadMs igk.;kpk n`\"Vhdksu pkxa yk uOgrk- R;keqGso’s ;k vfr’k; nfjnhz o ?kk.kjs Ms thou txr gksR;k- o`/nidkGkr v’;k fL=;kua k dsoG Hkhd ekxkohykxr vls- dkgh fL=;kauk ckyi.kkiklwu xf.kdsps f’k{k.k fnys tkr gkrs s- R;kauk ukp] xk.ks] laHkk’k.kpkr;q Z ;k dyk ijia jsus f’kdfoY;k tkr v’kk fL=;k rek’kke/kwugh dke djrkuk fnlrkr-rek’kfxjkPa ;k QMkr R;kua k ?krs ys tkr vlr- ;k dysrhy fu\".kkr fL=;kua k jktnjckjh ukVd’kkGkEg.kwugh ckGxys tkr gkrs s- dkgh tkrhe/;s ewy >kY;kl rs nsokyk okg.;kph izFkk gksrh- v’kkizdkjP;k nos kyk okfgyYs ;k eyq hl eqjGh o eyq kl ok?;k vls EgVys tkr gkrs s- ejq Ghps dke nsokphlos k dj.ks brdps vls R;keGq s R;k lektkrhy fL=;k oklups h f’kdkj gksr vls- R;keGq s lektkrR;kpa k ,d oxs Gkp oxZ gkrs k- rlsp nsonklhph izFkkgh vfLRokr gkrs h- ;k nksUgh oxkZl fookg dj.;kphijokuxh uls R;keGq s lektkrhy O;fHkpkj ok<yk gksrk- thoukl dVa kGwu dkgh fL=;k tksx ?ksr vlr-R;kua k tksxfr.kh o tkfs x.kh Eg.kr vlr- R;kaps though vfr’k; d\"Ve; vls- tksx ?k.s ks lksis vkgsijra q lkekftd iyz ksHkukiklwu Lor%pk cpko dj.ks vo?kM gksrs- d.q kfc.kh o cfVdh gk fL=;kapk ,d oxs Gkp oxZ gkrs k- xyq ke fL=;kpa k ;k oxkZr Hkj.kk vls-cVdh fdaok d.q kfc.kh ckGx.ks gh lektkrhy ykds fiz; izFkk >kyh gkrs h- ljta kenkj o Jhera ykdsvkiY;k injh v’kk vusd fL=;k ckGxr vlr- v’kk idz kjP;k fL=;kapk O;kikj dj.kkjk ,d xVgksrk- R;kua k gsMs vls Eg.kr- loZlkekU;r% R;kpa h fdea r 50 rs 100 :i;kPa ;k njE;ku gksrh-cVdhdMwu dks.krsgh dke d:u ?ks.;kph izFkk gkrs h- cVdh o d.q kfc.khP;k ekydhgDdko:u HkkMa .ksgksr vlr- ,danjhr ejkBsdkyhu L=hthou gs vljq f{kr] nq%[kh o vusd ca/kukr t[kMysys gkrs s-lektkr fryk LFkku UkOgrsp- ,d miHkkxs kph oLrw Eg.kwu frP;kdMs ikfgys tkr gkrs s- miHkksx{kerklia rkp fryk Vkdwu fnys tkr vlr- ckyfookg]cgiq fRuRo]fo\"kefookg]d’s koiu]lrhph pky vkfnvfu\"V pkyhjhrhua h eGq ps lk/ks thou d\"Vin]nq%[kh] rkink;d cufoys gkrs s- ;k izFkk brD;k vekuoh¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 124ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

gksR;k dh fcfz V’k ljdkjyk ;kfo:/n dk;ns d:u ;k izFkk dBksji.ks cna djkO;k ykxY;k- Eg.kts'k=uaq klq/nk n;k ;koh brdh n;uh; ifjfLFkrh gkrs h-xkoxkMk %&ejkBk dky[kMa kr lkekftd o vkfFkdZ O;ogkjkpk dnas fz cna w Eg.kts xko gkrs s- xkokr vf/kdkj{ks=kr ;.s kk&;k Hkwi`\"Bkps ikz eq[;kus nks u Hkkx dsys tkr vlr- ifgyk foHkkx Eg.kts olkgrhph tkxkvFkok ik<a jh fdaok dkGh vkbZ] xkz e] ngs s ektS k b- fofo/k ukokauh xkokpa k mYys[k dys k tkr vls-[kMs ;kaP;k vra xZr dkgh mifoHkkx vlr- R;kua k etjk]okMh]ikMh]ckMh b- ukos gksrh- [ksMxs ko o R;kpkok<ho Hkkx ;kpa k mYy[s k cqndqz o [knq Z v’kk ukokus dys k tkr vls- ;kr ewG xko cnq zdq o uok xko[knq Z Eg.kwu vksG[kys tkbZ- ,[kkn;k [ksMsxkokyk vkBoM;kpk cktkj Hkjr vlsy rj R;k [kMs ;kpkmYys[k dlck ;kukokus gksr vls- dlck Eg.kts T;kfBdk.kh gjgUq ujh o dlch ykds jkgrkr rs xkodlC;kpk isB vlk lq/nk mYys[k dys k tkr vls- cna jkP;k fBdk.kh vlysY;k O;kikjh xkokyk fejsvls EgVys tkbZ- lkekU;r% xkokr pkj idz kjP;k lRrk :< gksR;k- ifgyh fnok.kLkRrk- ;kr gokynkjdkjdwu b-jkT;kf/kdkjh vlr vkf.k R;kPa ;kekQZr jktk vkiyh lRrk Eg.kts xkrs lRrk fdoa k n’s klRrkgks;- ;kr xkops orunkj vf/kdkjh j;r] cyrq snkj ;kpa k leko’s k gksr vls frljh lRrk Eg.kts/keZlRrk gh Lora = o Js\"B vls-pkSFkh lRrkO;kikjh lRrk gh ns[khy Lor=a o Js\"B vls- orunkjkrn’s keq[k]n’s kikMa s]ikVhy]dyq d.khZ]pkxS yq k]’kVs s egktu]fejktnkj o cyqrns kj ;k orunkjkpa k lekos’k gkrsvls- ns’ke[q k o ns’kikMa s gs orunkj ijx.;kps vf/kdkjh vlys rjh ijx.;krhy cgrq sd xkokrwu R;kpa htehu vlY;kus xkok’kh R;kpa k fudVpk lca a/k ;sr vls- n’s ke[q k gk [kMs xs kokrhy loZ ikVykaP;kdkekoj n[s kjs[k Bsohr vls- xkoph ifMd tehu ykxoMh[kkyh vk.k.ks] frpk lkjk dze’kok<fo.ks]ijx.;kpk okf\"kdZ nkjS k dk<wu lkjk fuf’pr dj.ks] xkod&;kPa ;k vMp.kh lkMs fo.ks] vkiY;kizns’kkrhy yksdoLrh fVdfo.ks o frpk fodkl dj.ks]ykxoM]flpa u b- 'krs hP;k dkekdMs y{kn.s ks]ikVykdjoh lkjk olqyh d:u rks ljdkjkr Hkj.ks] nq\"dkGkP;koGs h fdoa k Vpa kbZP;k osGhxkod&;kua k lk&;kr lwV ns.ks]ijx.;kr 'kkarrk o lOq ;oLFkk jk[k.ks b- dkes ns’keq[kka uk djkoh ykxrvlr- eglyq hP;k dkekP;k tkMs hykp y\"djh lsose/;s lq/nk R;kyk Hkkx ?;kok ykxr vls- oa’kijaijus svfLRokr vlysyk [ksMsxkokrhy nlq jk oxZ Eg.kts fejklnkj o mijh ;kapk gk;s - xkokrhyykxoMh[kkyhy tehu dl.;kps dke gk oxZ djhr vls- fejklnkjkua k R;kPa ;k 'krs hP;k vFkok vU;dkekr enr dj.;klkBh ts ykds enr dj.;klkBh ts ykds xkokr ;sr vlr R;kua k mijh Eg.kr-xksrlHks’kh R;kpa k dkgh lca a/k uls- mijhua k ijds ekuhr vlr- R;keqGs R;kua k xkokr dlyps LFkku uls-cyqrns kj o vkyrq ns kj xkoxkM;kr ijaijsulq kj pkyr vlr- xkoph dkgh tehu R;kaP;kdMs vls- cgq/kkfrP;kojhy lkjk ekQ vls xkoP;k LFkS;kZlkBh cyrq snkj o vkyrq ns kj Qkj ekys kph dkefxjh ctkorvls- lk/kkj.ki.ks 12 vkyrq snkj o 12 cyrq ns kj vls- orunkj] fejklnkj] mijs] cyrq snkj o vkyrq ns kj¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 125ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

;k lokZpa k feGwu ejkBkdkyhu xkoxkMk cuyys k gkrs k vkf.k ;krhy iRz ;sd ?kVd lektkP;kfodklklkBh >Vr gksrs- ejkB;kpa k lkekftd bfrgkl&tkrhO;oLFkk] fL=;kaph fLFkrh] xkoxkMk ;kpa k vH;kl djrkukvls tk.koys dh fdoa k v’kk fu\"d\"kZ dk<rk ;sbZy dh ejkBk lektkph fLFkrh Eg.kkoh r’kh pkxa yhuOgrh- tkrhO;oLFksus R;kauk >xMysys gkrs s- vkrkgh vkiY;k l|fLFkrhr lektkyk tkfrO;oLFksus>xMyys s vkgs- ekb;k l’a kks/kuk fo\"k;lq/nk ota kjh lektkpk bfrgkl vlk vlY;kdkj.kkus lektkrhyloZ tkrh tekrhfo\"k;kpk vH;kl djkok ykxrks- ;k vH;klko:u vls tk.kor vkgs dh vktlq/nkfgna w lektkyk tkrhO;oLFksus >xMyys s vkgs- ojhy vH;klko:u vlk fu\"d\"kZ dk<rk ;bs Zy dh]1-ejkBsdkyhu o is’kosdkyhu lkekftd fLFkrhe/;s iwohZpps fopkj] ijia jk vfLrRokr gksR;k- R;ke/;s[kwi rkBji.kk o fpdVi.kk vkyk gksrk- R;kpa k nq\"ifj.kke Hkkjr Lora= >kY;kojlq/nk iRz ;;kl vkyk-2-ejkBsdkyhu lektO;oLFkspk ifj.kke vFkZdkj.k o jktdkj.;koa j gksr vlrks o rks ejkBh lektkoj>kyk-3-lektkrhy fofo/k ?kVdkaph nsok.k?ksok.k tkrhca/kukae/;ps gkrs gkrs h O;DrhdMs tkfrlaLFkspk ?kVdEg.kwu ikgr vlr O;Drh Eg.kwu ikgr uls Eg.kts tkfrlLa Fksiq<s O;Drhyk dkgh LFkku uOgrs-dqVaqcO;oLFkse/;s tkfrO;oLFkls vUkU;lk/kkj.k egRo ikz Ir >kys gkrs s- tkfrlaLFksP;k pkdS Vhr loZ O;ogkjgksr vlY;kus fookgklca a/kke/;s ikz eq[;kus tkrh]mitkrh ;kpa k fopkj gkrs vls-4-ejkBsdkyhu lektkr fL=;kpa h fLFkrh vfr’k; n;uh; v’kh gkrs h- R;kaps eq[; dkj.k Eg.ktsf’k{k.kkdMs >kysys v{kE; nyq Z{k gk;s -lna HkZlwph %&1- ejkB;kapk i’z kkldh;] lkekftd o vkfFkZd bfrgkl] ikz -ch-,l-lkora o izk-tk/ko] fo|k idz k’ku ukxiwj 20072- ejkBsdkyhu lektn’kZu] 'ka- uk-tk’s kh3- f’kodkyhu egkjk\"VÒ] MkW-v-jk-dqyd.khZ4- egkjk\"VÒ lLa d`rh & ?kM.k o fodkl] ikz -g-Jh- 'k.s kkys hdj o MkW- iz-u-ns’kikMs5- i’s kokbZP;k lkoyhr] uk-xks-pkQsdj6- f’kodkyhu osBfcxkj] uk-xks-Hkojs7- ejkB;kpa k lkekftd]vkfFkZd o lkLa d`frd bfrgkl] MkW-ch-,u-ljnslkbZ] QMds idz k’ku¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 126ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

ejkBsdkyhu ukFk laiznk; fo'ks\"k lanHkZ e<h ik[kjs lfa ni Hkkmlkgsc l'a kks/kd fo|kFkhZ nknkikVhy jktGs dyk o foKku egkfo|ky; vfnukFkuxj] rk- ikFkMhZ ft- vgenuxj-izLrkouk %egkjk\"Vª gh lra kpa h Hkweh vkgs- rj vgenuxj ftYgk gk ukFk lainz k; vkf.k okjdjh laiznk;;kaph deZ Hkweh vkgs- rlsp egkjk\"Vª gh Mksaxjn&;kua h llq Tt o n&;k[kks&;kua h uVyys h vkf.k jktsf'ko N=irh ;kPa ;k inLi'kkZus ikou >kyys h ifo= Hkweh vkgs- LojkT;kP;k iko.k v'kk Hkwfee/;s e<hgs xko olyys s vkgs- usoklk ;sFks lra Kkus'ojkauh HkDrhpk ik;k jpyk vkf.k okjdjh lia nz k;kr HkDrhgh lkekftd 'kDrh vkgs gs nk[kowu fnys-e<h gs xko ukFk lainz k;kph Hkew h vkgs- ukFklia nz k;kus o ejkBk ljnkjkua h e<hP;ktudY;kuklkBh iz;Ru dsysys fnlrkr- brj lainz k;kis{kk ukFk lia nz k; ykds kai;ZUr [kiq tyn ikgs pyk-;kps e[q ; dkj.k vls dh tls N=irh f'kokth egkjktkua h izR;ds tkrhP;k yksdkua k cjkscj ?ksowuLojkT; LFkkiu dys s- R;kp iez k.ks ukFk lia nz k;kus o.kZ O;oLFksrhy czkEg.k ] {kf=;] oS'; vkf.k 'kwnzv'kk loZ ykds kauk cjkscj ?ksowu ukFk lia znk;kpk izlkj dsyk- Eg.kwup e<hyk HkVD;kpa h ia<jh vlk ukemYys[k dys k tkrks- o e<hP;k dkUgksckph loZ tkrh /kekZps HkDr eMa Gh vkgsr- R;keqGs brj lia nz k;kis{kk ukFk lia znk;kpk ykdS hd tkLr vkgs- R;krp xMkojhy ftukZs/nkj ,fs rgklhd okLrw o R;kpa s i'z kkluO;oLFkk gh vktgh xkokr n`< vkgs- jkts f'koN=irh gs e/;;xq krhy nwjn`\"Vh jkts gkrs s- gs ;ko:ufnlwu ;rs s- R;kPa ;k dkGkrhy vusd in/krh vktgh xkoke/;s ipz yhr vkgrs - ;k y?kw icz a/kkr ukFklia nz k; o ejkBs ;kpa k rqyukRed vH;kl dys ys k vkgs-lg;knhz ioZrkP;k dkgh mijkxa k iow Z if'pe fn'ksus iljysy;k vkgsr- ;k jkxa kae/;s xHkZfxjhioZr jkxa k 1494 lkyh vgen futke 'kgk ;kus oloyYs ;k vgenuxj o chM ftYg;ke/;s ijlysY;kvkgrs - gk ijhlj fulxZjE; vlwu xHkZfxjhP;k ioZr jkaxsr [kG[kGwu okg.kk&;k io.kkfxjh unhP;k'kts kjhy mpa VsdMhP;k ik;F;k'kh e<h gs xko olyys s vkgs- ijq k.kkra jh xkokph O;k[;k rFkk 'kwnztuizk;k lqle`/nd`\"khoyk A {k=s kis HkksHkwe/;s olfrxkZelafKrk AAftP;k Hkksorh dhnZlkj ofgrkyk ;ksX; tehu vkgs vkf.k ftP;ke/;s ekrCcj 'krs djh o i\"q dGlls etwjvkgrs v'kk oLrhyk xko Eg.krkr-¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 127ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

e<h ;k xkokek/;s mpa xwykcVsdMhoj czEgprS U; Jh dkfuQukFk egkjktkua h 'kds ngkO;k 'krdkr QkYxuq oS| ipa ehyk lta hou lek/kh ?krs yh- ukFk ifa Fk;kpa s vkn;ihB Eg.kwu HkkjrHkj izfln/k vlysys gs LFkku lokZpa sp J/nk LFkku vkgs- xHkkZfxjhP;k n&;k[kks&;krwu vo[kGi.ks >si.kkjh iouk unh ;k rhFkZ{k=s kP;k dq'khr tjk'kh fLFkjkors vkf.k ura j i<q s xkns kojhr foyhu gkrs s- ,ds dkGh ;k e<h xkoke/;s QDr taxy gkrs s vls EgVys tkrs dh f'ko;kx ;KklkBh loZ nso gs i`Fohoj vkys gkrs s- R;kua h o R;kPa ;k f'k\";kauh jkg.;klkBh e<h ;k fBdk.k eB fuekZ.k dys s o ;k fBdk.kh okLrO; dsys ;k eBkaeGq s ;k xkokyk iwohZ eBh vls Eg.kr ijra q R;k ukokpk viHkz'a k gksmu e<h gs uko iMys o ;k xkokrhy ifgyh oLrh Eg.kts dVq s okMh gks;- uarj va/kkjoM] f[kjiMh v'kk oLR;k fuekZ.k >kY;k e<hr jkg.kkjs eBhdjkpa k viHkz'a k gksmu eBdj >kys o eBdjkpa k viHk'az k gksowu ejdM gs vkMuko r;kj >kys- eBhr jkghyk dkfuQktrh A mihj efPNnkz a'kh ek;cki Eg.krh AA vlk mYys[k uoukFk HkfDrlkj v/;k; dz 40 vksoh dz 94 e/;s vkgs- ukFk laiznk;kr x:q aps LFkku gs egRRokps vlrs- nf{k.k Hkkjrkr ikz [;kr vls lkrokgu ?kjk.;krhy jktk gy ;kPa ;k xkFkk lIr'krh gk lkrokgudkyhu xazFkke/;s f'kokyk oanu vkgs- ukFkiaFkh;kaps ns[khy vkjk/; gs Hkxoku f'ko vkgrs - rj ejkBs ljnkj n[s khy f'kokps mikld fnlrkr- ;ko:u ukFk lainz k; o ejkBs ;kPa ;krhy lkE; fnlrs- e<h gs xko ,sfrgkfld n`\"V;k [kiq egRRokps vkgs- dkj.k xkokP;k gnnhyk fdaok lhesyk f'ko gh laKkvkgs- gh LojkT;kph ns[khy lhek vkgs- dkj.k e<h xkokP;k lhes iklwu yxps p gnS kz cknP;k futkekphlRrk fdoa k jkT; pkyw gkrs gkrs s- e<h xkokdMs LojkT;kpk Vksy Eg.kuq gh ikfgys tkrs Eg.kwu ;k xkokyk,sfrgklhd egRRo vlY;kps fnlrsl- N=irh f'kojk;kpa k ;k ena hjkP;k cka/kdkekr ekys kpk okVk vkgs-ena hj cka/k.;kiwohZ jaxipa ehyk R;kpa s iwoZt e<hyk ;rs gkrs s- LojkT; ftda .;klBh R;kpa h lia w.kZ egkjk\"VªHkj?kkMs nkMS pkyw gksrh- e<hpk dkUgksck uolkyk ikorks rks gkdsyk /kkorks- gs ekfgr vlY;kus N=irhf'kojk;kpa ;k lwuckbZ egkjkuh ;ls wckbZuh N=irh 'kkgw egkjktkpa h vkjS xa tsc ckn'kgkP;k dnS rs wu lwVdkgks.;klkBh ukFkkua k dys Ys ;k uolirq hZlkBh ljnkj fiykth xk;dokM o dkjHkkjh fpekth lkora ;kpa hues .kdq d:u xMkps cka/kdke d:u ?krs ys- ;k xMkps egRRo QDr ,d ena hj ulwu gk xM LojkT;kpkj{kd xM Eg.kwu ;k xMkdMs ikghys tkrs- dkj.k ;k xMkps cka/kdke gs LojkT;krhy fdY;kia s{kk oxs Gsukgh- xMko:u rksQkpa k ekjk djrk ;bs Zy ;kph lks; vkgs- rV j{kd fHkra h vkgsr- nksu e[q ; izo's knokjvlwu ,d pkjs njoktk n[s khy vkgs- rlsp ,d va/ksjh Hkq;kj ns[khy vkgs- dkj.k LojkT;krhy lokZr'kos Vps xko vlY;kus ;k xkokHkksorh nkV taxy vlY;kus gnS kz cknP;k futkekps usgeh gYys Ogk;ps o¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 128ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

xko vljq f{kr vlk;ps ;keGq s ;k xMkph jpuk v'kk idz kjs dsysyh fnlrs- rlsp xkoke/;s vkt n[s hyneq tyh ?kjs cka/kyh tkr ukghr- R;kps ,sfrgklhd dkj.k vls dh] LojkT;koj usgeh 'k=pqa s vdez .ks gksrvlk;ph 'k=uaq k xko fnlw u;s- Eg.kuw ykds neq tyh ?kjs cka/kr ulr- frp ijia jk i<q s vk.kr vkti;Zran[s khy e<he/;s neq tyh ?kjs ukghr- N=irh f'kojk;kpa s vkjekj iez q[k dkUgksth vkaxsz ;kPa ;k ofMykua h o'a kkl fnok ns.;kP;k uolirq hZlkBh eyq kps uko dkUgkts h Bsowu lnksfnr ros .kkjk una knhi o ipa /kkrpq k ?kkMs k Jh dkfuQukFkkPa ;k pj.kh vi.kZ dys k vkgs- vls dkgh y[s kdkpa s er vkgs- o vkt ns[khy rks ipa /kkrpq k ?kksMk ena hjke/;s vkgs- ena hjkP;k dkgh f'kyky[s kko:u R;kph lR;rk iVrs- rlsp ;kp fBdk.kko:u i'S kkph nos k.k?ksok.k n[s khy gkrs vls- gnS kz cknP;k futkekps pyu gYyh o LojkT;krhy :i;k] f'kojkbZ ;kpa h vknyk cnyh fdoa k vktP;k Hkk\"ksrhy ykp ;k Lo:ikr ns[khy nos k.k ?kos k.k pkyr vls- e<h ;k xkokyk HkVD;kaph i<a jh vls Eg.krkr- dkj.k tls f'kokth egkjktkua h loZ tkrh/kekZaph ykds ?kos wu LojkT;kph LFkkiuk o foLrkj dsyk- R;kp izek.ks ;k xMkP;k cka/kdkeklkBh loZ tkrh /kekaZuh ekBs ;k izek.kkoj enr dsyh vkgs- ddS kMh lektkus VksiY;k fo.k.;kps dke] rYs ;kus xMkps fniLraHk iTz ;ksyhr Bso.;kps dke] <kys h ¼ejS kG½ lektkus uxkjk okto.;kps dke] Qyq k&;kuh Qyq kpa h 'krs h djk;ph v'kh rjrwn gkrs h- o gh loZ tckcnkjh R;k dkGkiklwu vkti;Zra R;kap;koj vkgs- o ikz ek.khd i.ks rh ctkor vkgrs - R;kPa ;k vf/kdkjkoa j vkt ns[khy dBq yhgh ca/kus ?kkryh xsyys h ukghr- Ek<h xkokyk HkVD;k lektkph i<a jh Eg.krkr rlsp gs xko HkVD;k lektkps U;k;ky; vkgs- fofo/k lektkph yXu lekjaHk] rVa s] ?kVLQksV] tehuhps rVa s v'kh loZ rVa s feVoyh tkrkr- ;k ifz dz;syk tkr ipa k;r vls Eg.krkr- dkgh dfu\"B tkrhPa ;k fo'k\"s krk vkBjk ixM tkrhP;k ipa k;rh ;sFks gksrkr- gk loZ dkjHkkj rkMas h pkyrks- ikVykPa ;k ;k dkjHkkjkl rkMas ikVhydh Eg.krkr- vkrk gs dk;n;kus can >kys vkgs- 2015 lkyh rk;xk f'kna s ;k O;DrhP;k nkO;kus gh ikjaikjhd U;k;nkukph izFkk can ikM.;kl R;kua k ;'k vkys- vkt n[s khy vkBjkixM tkrhua k e<he/;s ekukps LFkk;u vkgs- f'ko'kkghus ?kkywu fnyys s ca/kus vkt ns[khy xkz eLFk ikGrkr- o vkBjkiXkM tkrhpa s dBq ygs h ekuiku fgjkowu ?krs ys ukghr- ;ko:u xkz eLFkkpa s mnkj O;DrheRRo fnlwu ;srs- N=irh f'kokth egkjktkPa ;k vk\"Biz/kku eMa GkidS h ckz Eg.k gk lfq 'kf{kr oxZ gksrk- ckz Eg.k lfq 'kf{kr vlY;kus R;kP;kdMs U;k;nkukps dke gkrs s- rlsp e<h xMkP;k itq sps dke gs czkEg.k lektkdMs gkrs s- iq<s e<hrhy ckz Eg.k lektke/;s ojS fuekZ.k >kys o Lodh;kPa ;k =klkyk dVa kGwu ckcklkgsc nknklkgcs fn{khr ;k ofS nd ckz Eg.kkus bLyke /keZ Lohdkjyk o eGq fuoMaqxs xkops pOgk.k vkf.k lkrirq s fg ykds e<h e/;s vkyh o R;kua h ckcklkgsc nknklkgsc fn{khr ;k iqtk&;kl ckz Eg.k gkdywu yko.;kl enr dsyh- R;k cnY;kr pOgk.k vkf.k lkriqrs ;kua k v/kkZ fgLlk ns.;kr vkyk- pOgk.k vkf.k lkrirq s gs R;kPa ;k ukokus ;sFks jkfgys ukghr- rs¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 129ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

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\"gagoZmnVr C‘m~mB© Xm^mS>o ¶mM§ o gm‘m{OH$ d Ym{‘H© $ H$m¶©' eoI H$Xra H$mg‘ nrEM.S>r. g§emoYH$, gm{dÌr~mB© ’w$bo nwUo {dÚmnrR>, nwUo. ‘mo. Z§. 9850737921 \"Yݶ C‘m~mB© Xm^mS>o &eÌ ybmIao Mmar amoH$S>o& T>JmVyZ drO Oer H$S>mS>o & ‘méZr Q>mM nidr KmoS>o& ’$mS>br eÌyMr Xm^mS>o&& nwʶmZOrH$ Amho EH$ Jmd& Zmd VioJmd gdmªZm R>md& Jmdm‘ܶo ^ì¶ amOdmS>m & n§MH$ë¶mUr ~gʶmKmoS>m& nm¶r Ago gwdUm©Mm VmoS>m&&' ‘amR>m B{VhmgmV Aem àH$maMo dU©Z AgUmè¶m AmR>amì¶m eVH$mVrb ‘amR>m gm‘«mÁ¶mVrb ‘hËdmH$m§jr,‘wËgÔr Am{U H$V¥©ËddmZ pñ̶m§‘ܶo aUPy§Oma gagoZmnVr C‘m~mB© Xm^mS>o ¶m§MoZmd à{gÕ Amho. Aem ¶mC‘m~mBªMm OÝ‘ B.g. 1692 ‘ܶo ~mJbmZÀ¶m Xodamd R>moHo$ Xoe‘wI A^moUoH$a ¶m§À¶m Hw$imV Pmbm hmoVm.C‘m~mBªMm {ddmh VioJmd (Vm. ‘mdi, {O. nwUo) ¶oWrb ¶ogmOr Xm^mS>o ¶m§À¶m ‘wbm~amo~a åhUOMo I§S>oamdXm^mS>o ¶m§À¶mer B.g. 1704 ‘ܶo Pmbm hmoVm. XmoÝhr ~mOyZo namH«$‘r Kamʶm§Mm dmagm bm^boë¶m C‘m~mBªZrAmnë¶m H$m¶m©VyZ gm‘m{OH$ à{Vð>m hr àmßV Ho$bobr hmoVr. ¶m gm‘m{OH$ à{Vð>oMr MwUyH$ ˶m§À¶m gm‘m{OH$ dYm{‘©H$ H$m¶m©VZy {XgyZ ¶Vo o.gm‘m{OH$ d Ym{‘©H$ H$m¶© -VioJmd dgVmZm Jmdmbm bmJyZ ZXr Zgë¶m‘wio nmʶmMm A^md hmoVm. Jmdmbm bmJUmè¶m nmʶmMr JaO^mJ{dʶmgmR>r Xm^mS>o ¶m§Zr nyduÀ¶m nÕVrMm ^a^³H$‘ Agm EH$ Vbmd Amnë¶m ñdIMm©Zo ~m§Ybm hmoVm.˶m‘wio JmdmVrb nmʶmMm àíZ gyQ>ʶmg ‘XV Pmbr hmoVr. ¶m Vbmdmg nwadR>m H$aUmao nmUr ‘moR>çm ¶w³VrZo~mOybm AgUmè¶m S>m|JamÀ¶m nm¶Ï¶m nmgyZ gmaIo ~m§Y Q>mHy$Z VbmdmV gmoS>ʶmV Ambo. ¶mdê$Z Xm^mS>oKamʶmbm gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmMr OmU hmoVr ho ñnï> hmoVo. Xm^mS>o KamʶmÀ¶m JV d¡^dmMr AmR>dU H$ê$Z XoUmam hmVbmd AmO hr gwpñWVrV Amho. VbmdmÀ¶m ~mOybmM EH$ JUnVrMo ‘§{Xa Amho. ¶mbmM AmO \"‘mimdaMm JUnVr' åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmVo.nmVmioídamMo ‘§{Xa gwÕm VbmdmÀ¶m eoOmarM Amho. {deof åhUOo ¶mM VbmdmÀ¶m H$mR>mda IS§ >oamd Xm^mS>o ¶m§ZrI§S>mo~mMo ‘§{Xa ~m§Ybbo o Amho. I§S>oamd Xm^mS>o ho I§S>mo~mMo ^³V hmoVo. bT>mBd© a OmVmZm Vo Zoh‘r Amnë¶m gmo~VEH$ I§S>mo~mMr ‘wVu ~miJV AgV Am{U {Z˶ {Z¶‘mZo ˶m ‘wVuMr ‘moR>çm lÕoZo nyOm H$arV AgV. ¶mM¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 131ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

‘§{XamVrb I§S>mo~mMm CËgd (¶mÌm) AmOhr Xadfu JwT>rnmS>ì¶mÀ¶m {Xder gmOam H$aʶmMr na§nam H$m¶‘ MmbyAmho. ho I§S>m~o mMo ‘§{Xa AmOhr Mm§Jë¶m pñWVrV Amho. VgoM VioJmdÀ¶m nyd©obm H$moQ>oídadmS>r ¶oWo hr H$moQ>oídamMo‘§{Xa ~m§Ü¶mMo H$m‘ C‘m~mBªZr Ho$bobo hmoVo. Hr gd© Eo{Vhm{gH$ ‘§{Xao VioJmdmÀ¶m gm¢X¶m©V Am{U C‘m~mB© Xm^mS>o¶m§À¶m gm‘m{OH$ d Ym{‘©H$ H$m¶m©À¶m JV d¡^dmV ^a Q>mH$Umar AmhoV. VioJmdnmgyZ OdiM AgUmao B§Xmoar hoJmd N>ÌnVr emhÿ ‘hmamOm§Zr Xm^mS>çmZ§ m 6 Am°³Q>mo~a 1729 ‘ܶo BZm‘ åhUyZ {Xbo hmVo o. ¶m JmdmV B§Ðm¶UrZXrH$mR>r AgUmam ^yB©H$moQ> {H$ëbm Am{U ˶mVrb H$S>OmB© XodrMo ‘§{Xa ’$ma gw§Xa Amho. ¶m H$S>OmB© XodrbmC‘m~mB© Xm^mS>o ¶m§Zr Amnbno yÌ ¶ed§Vamd Am{U ~m~yamd ¶m§À¶m H$adr H$moQ>r {VW© ¶k Ho$bo hmVo o. Xm^mS>o KamʶmVrb ‘hmàVmnr I§S>oamd Xm^mS>o hm ‘amR>m gm‘«mÁ¶mMm gm‘m{OH$ OmU Agbobm, gd©Y‘©g‘^md ‘mZUmam Am{U H¥${Verb XmZeya ‘amR>m gaXmahmoVm. I§S>ao md Xm^mS>o ¶m§À¶m níMmV ˶m§À¶m Y‘©nËZrC‘m~mB© Xm^mS>o ¶m§Zr nVrMm gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmagm OmonmgʶmMo H$m‘ Ho$bo. C‘m~mB© ¶mhr XmZeay åhUyZ à{gÕ hmo˶m.˶m§Zr hr OoOyarÀ¶m I§S>mo~mÀ¶m JS>H$moQ>mMm {OUm}Õma H$ê$Z VoWrb H$ig ~m§YʶmMo H$m‘ Ho$bo hmVo o. Xohÿ ¶oWrb{dR²>R>b-ép»‘Ur g§ñWmZmbm H$mhr O{‘ZrXmZ {Xë¶m hmo˶m. VwiOmnyaÀ¶m Xodrbm ^mo¶o nmQ>rb ¶m§À¶m ‘m’©$V 400EH$a O{‘Z XmZ {Xbr hmoVr. dUrÀ¶m (Zm{eH$) XodrÀ¶m Xe©ZmgmR>r ¶oUmè¶m ^m{dH$ ^³Vm§À¶m gm¶o rgmR>rC‘m~mBªZr B.g. 1710 ‘ܶo 470 XJS>r nm¶è¶m ~m§YyZ {Xë¶m hmo˶m. Aem àH$maMo XmZY‘©, gm‘m{OH$ dYm{‘©H$ H$m¶© C‘m~mBªZr Ho$bo hmoVo. ¶mdê$Z I§S>oamd d C‘m~mB© ho nVr-nËZr gm‘m{OH$-Ym{‘©H$ àd¥ÎmrMo hmoVo hoñnï> {XgVo. VgMo g§V-‘h§V, H$bmd§V Aem JwUr gËnwéfm§ {df¶r ˶m§Zm ’$ma AmXa hmoVm. C‘m~mB© ¶m eya{da Vahmo˶m MnU XmZeya åhUyZ hr ˶m§Zm ’$ma ‘moR>m bm{¡ H$H$ hmoVm. noedo-Xm^mS>o ¶m§À¶mV S>^moB©À¶m bT>mBZ© §Va {dVwï> {Z‘mU© Pmbo hmoVo. ˶m‘wio noeì¶mZo 26 ‘o 1751amoOr Xm^mS>çm§À¶m gd© ‘§S>itZm nwʶmV AmUyZ hmoiH$am§À¶m dmS>çmVZ Oa H¡$XoV R>odbo hmoVo. nwʶmV AgVmZmMC‘m~mBªMr Vã¶oV ’$maM {~KS>ë¶m‘wio 28 Zmoìh|~a 1753 amoOr ˶m§Mm ñdJ© dmg Pmbm. C‘m~mBªÀ¶m níMmVXm^mS>o KamʶmMm PnmQ>çm Zèo hmgKSy>Z Ambm. AmO ’$³V Xm^mS>o KamʶmMo \"goZmnVr' ho ZmdM H$m¶ Vo {eëbH${XgVo. Aem ViJo mdÀ¶m Xm^mS>o KamʶmVrb aUPy§Oma goZmnVr C‘m~mB© Xm^mS>o `m§Mo H$m¶© A{Ib ‘mZdOmVrbm Am{U {defo V… ñÌr dJm©bm àoaUmXm¶r Va AmhoM naV§ w EH$ AmXe© gwÕmAmho.* g§X^©1. Xm^mS>o goZmnVr ¶m§Mr h{H$H$V, H$mì¶o{Vhmg g§Jh« -13, 1887.2. ^maV B{Vhmg g§emoYH$ ‘§S>i, goZmnVr Xm^mS>o XßVa.3. ^mdodm. H¥$., noedo H$mbrZ ‘hmamï´>, ^maVr¶ AZwg§YmZ n[afX, {Xëbr, 1973.4. Stewart Gordon, The Marathas (1600-1818), Cambridge University Press, 1993.¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 132ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

^^ljy”dj ukjk;.kjko ikV.kdj ;kauk duZy osyLyh ;kauh ikBfoysys b-l-1803 ps i=** vekys fnudj xk;dokM ih,p-Mh- l’a kks/kd fo|kFkhZ] lkfo=hckbZ Qyq s i.q ks fo|kihB] i.q ks- bfrgkl Eg.kts jktsjtokM;kpa h o’a kkoG] lukoG;kpa h ta=h ulrs- rj R;k R;kdkGkrhy lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktdh;] lkLa d`frd ?kVukpa k vk<kok ijq krRoh;]dkxni=kPa ;k ijq kO;kaP;k vk/kkjs dsysys fo’ys”k.k Eg.kts bfrgkl gks;- Hkkjrkr ts dkghLodh;kua h bfrgklys[ku dys ys s vkgs] rs oKS kfud ikrGhoj fVdw ‘kdr ukgh- dkj.k ;kfy[kk.kke/;s dkghv’a kh oLrfq u”Brps k vHkko fnlwu ;rs ks- vuds bfrgkldkjdkua h dsysysys[ku gs dkgh rjh feGsy ;k vkfe”kkua s dsysys fnlwu ;rs s- R;keqGs vki.kkal eksxydkGkrhy jkstukes] dkgh c[kjh] ijdh; ioz k’kkpa h ioz klo`RRks] njckjh vl.kkjs ijdh;ofdykaps fjiksVZ rlsp baxtz bfrgkldkjdkua h fyfgyYs ;k o`Rrkra koj voyca wu jgkos ykxrs-bfrgklke/;s uohu ijq kO;ka ph miyC/krk vkf.k fl)rscjkscj ,sfrgkfld lR;kps iqufuZ/kkj.kgkÅs ‘kdrs- R;kpiez k.ks uohu fopkjiz.kkyh fuekZ.k gkÅs u bfrgklkyk uohu lna HkZykHkrkr- egkjk“Vªkpk bfrgkl ?kMfo.;klkBh vusd ygkueksB;k ifz l/n ?kjk.;kua hfi<;ku~fi<;k vkiys eksykps ;kxs nku fnys- ;ke/;s ljnkj ikV.kdj ?kjk.;kpa s ukofuf’prp egRRoiw.kZ vkgs- LojkT; fufeZrhr o ejkB;kPa ;k Lokr™a ;laxkz ekrhy R;kpa s;ksxnku mYy[s kuh; vkgs- izlaxh cfynku nsÅu R;kua h ekfS yd dkefxjh dys h- 'kgkthjkts]N=irh f’kokth egkjkt] N-laHkkth egkjkt o N-jktkjke egkjkt ;kPa ;k dkjfdnhrZpkna thjko] ukxksthjko] ;‘kora jko] tkujko] /kkjjko bR;knh ikV.kdj ohjkauh ijkØekph[kjks[kj 'kFkZp dys h vkgs- R;kpa k xkjS o iRz ;{k N=irhua h ekulUeku] fdrkc]tgkfxjh&oru o ljnkjdhpk cgqeku nÅs u dys k- vuds egRRokP;k eksfgekar ;kua hlgHkkx ?krs yys k fnlwu ;rs ks- 18 O;k 'krdkP;k v[kjs hl ;k ?kjk.;krhy ykds ljy“djinki;Zar ikgs pysys fnlwu ;rs kr- orukP;k ok ljatkekP;k vk’ksus ok LokFkkZus vuds t.kLojkT;nzksg djrkuk fnlwu ;srkr ijarq ljnkj ikV.kdj ?kjk.;kus ejkBk lRrps h los kfofo/k dky[kMa ke/;s dsysyh fnlwu ;rs s-¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 133ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8

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lksAAlh vkrk dk;s th;knk dk;s fyAA I;kj eksgcr vlks fntsgs fdAA iks N 11 ftygts lqAA lykl e;krsu o vyQ nj tkxk djohjmilga kj% 18O;k ‘krdkP;k mRrjk/kkrZ ukjk;.kjko ikV.kdjkapk mYys[k rRdkyhudkxni=ke/;s lrr ;srks- ukjk;.kjko ikV.kdj gs vkiY;k dr`ZRokP;k tkjs koj djohjfj;klrhP;k ljy”dj inki;Zra ikgs pys gkrs s- 1802 e/;s >kyys k ckthjko nlq js vkf.kbxa zt ;kPa ;krhy olbZP;k rgkUo;s ckthjko nlq js ;kl i’s kosin vkf.k iq.;ke/;s baxztQktS k rlsp jktdh; dkjHkkj dj.;kph baxtz kauk la/kh feGkyh- ;k rgkP;k rjrwnhulq kjnf{k.ksdMs vl.kkjk tujy osyLyh gk vkiY;k QktS slg iq.;kdMs jokuk gk.s kkj gkrs k-rsOgk lnj QktS ;s&tk djhr vlrk djohj fj;klrhr dkgh pkjs ] yqVk: dMwudk.s krkgh vik; gksÅ u;s] ;kph [kcjnkjh vki.k ?;kohr] ;klna HkkZr tujy osyLyhusgs i= djohj fj;klrhps ljy”dj ukjk;.kjko ikV.kdj ;kauk fyfgys vkgs- lnj i=ke/;sckthjko pkxS yq s vkf.k l[kksiar ;kpa k mYys[k vk<Grks- rlps daiuhP;k ;k QktS sdMwudjohj fj;klrhrhy dk.s kR;kgh xkokyk minzo gks.kkj ukgh] ;kph dkGth ?ksryh tkbZy-lnj QkSt vkiY;k eDq dkeh ikgs psi;Zar dk.s krkgh ckdk ilz ax mn~Hkow u;s ;kLro gs i=fyfgysys fnlwu ;srs- ;k i=krwu rgkUo;s ejkBk lkekz T;kr gkos w ?kkryys s cny vkf.krRdkfyu ifjfLFkrh vki.kkla fnlwu ;rs s- rlps ljnkj ikV.kdj ?kjk.;kpa s egRRo ts dhdjohj fj;klrhrhy ljy”dj ukjk;.kjko ikV.kdj ;kPa ;k :ikus igko;kl feGrs-¤üÖ¤üÖ¯ÖÖ™üᯙ ¸üÖ•ÖôêûÛú»ÖÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ®Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, †Öפü®ÖÖ£Ö®ÖÝÖ¸ü,ŸÖÖ.¯ÖÖ£Ö›üá, וÖ.†Æü´Ö¤ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü 135ISBN. : 978-93-83401-46-8