Sách Tâm lý học đường

["L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 a. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ebb th\u00edch l\u00e0m \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t b. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ebb gh\u00e9t l\u00e0m \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t B\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i c. \u0110i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1ee9a d. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng e. Nh\u1eefng lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc C\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng f. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 g. B\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean a. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1n b. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c. Nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1n th\u00edch hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c d. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1n (\u0111\u00e1nh nhau, b\u1ecb b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c) C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c e. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc f. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1eb9n h\u00f2, quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n sinh THCS a. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh b. Lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t c. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 d. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi anh ch\u1ecb em e. Quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 f. Tranh gia \u0111\u00ecnh a. 3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc b. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c. Mong \u01b0\u1edbc thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh d. C\u1ea3m x\u00fac (h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, bu\u1ed3n, gi\u1eadn, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i) e. Lo l\u1eafng f. Nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c g. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t a. Nghi\u1ec7n r\u01b0\u1ee3u, nghi\u00ean ch\u1ea5t b. H\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c. Quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, mang thai, n\u1ea1o ph\u00e1 thai, b\u1ec7nh l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 97","V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c, sau khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n, nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ed9i dung tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m. B\u1ea3ng 4 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd g\u1ee3i \u00fd nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho t\u1eebng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c. B\u1ea3ng 4: C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn L\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 g\u00e2y stress v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e2y? - N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n - S\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 T\u1ea1i sao b\u00e2y gi\u1edd b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi - C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1? L\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng - C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a? - Gia \u0111\u00ecnh - S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 - T\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n? Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf Ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n n\u00e0o? - Tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch - \u0102n m\u1eb7c v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3i chu\u1ed1t T\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh - S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ra sao? Th\u0103m d\u00f2 - C\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng lo \u00e2u C\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m g\u00ec b\u1ea5t - N\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng? suy ngh\u0129. - \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t Tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? - Xung \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ed1ng? L\u1ecbch s\u1eed B\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e0m r\u00f5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? - H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i - M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng V\u1edbi b\u1ea1n, th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 - \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra? L\u01b0u \u00fd - C\u00e1c m\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n - Th\u00e0nh t\u00edch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp - B\u1ea1n th\u00e2n - Tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n 98 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u L\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i? G\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a - Ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n - V\u0111 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt L\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ea1i? - H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe - Tu\u1ed5i, gi\u1edbi, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi - Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c - T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c - Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n - Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7 N\u00f3i cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh K\u1ebft l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ra sao? - C\u00f3 \u0111ang d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c g\u00ec ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n - L\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen - T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe n\u00f3i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn chung s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe? - Th\u00f3i quen s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thay Th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u01b0a? K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 - N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i - N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng B\u1ea1n l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u - L\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o? - X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u00f4i trong - Nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u? thay \u0111\u1ed5i Khi n\u00e0o\/\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o s\u1ebd gi\u00fap thay \u0111\u1ed5i? C\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 t\u00f4i - S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1edf n\u00ean bi\u1ebft n\u1eefa? - T\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin. B\u1ea1n c\u00f2n c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0o cho - X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng? t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. 2.5.2. Quan s\u00e1t l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng Quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh. Tri gi\u00e1c m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tham d\u1ef1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. Trong quan s\u00e1t, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 tri gi\u00e1c, c\u00e1c t\u00e2m th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 99","Quan s\u00e1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00ed h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung l\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i, thu th\u1eadp h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00e2m l\u00ed, nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Quan s\u00e1t c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: (i) quan s\u00e1t tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 (ii) quan s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng tham d\u1ef1. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tham gia v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan s\u00e1t, c\u00f2n trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 hai th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. Song d\u00f9 l\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o th\u00ec nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 h\u1ecd b\u1ecb quan s\u00e1t. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f3ng k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan s\u00e1t s\u1ebd b\u1ecb sai l\u1ec7ch. T\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a quan s\u00e1t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, nh\u01b0: m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch quan s\u00e1t, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, kinh nghi\u1ec7m, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t. \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a quan s\u00e1t l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, d\u1ec5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, quan s\u00e1t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, do \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian; nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ecdi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan s\u00e1t... B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan s\u00e1t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Trong quan s\u00e1t, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ec9 theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 c\u1eed ch\u1ec9, h\u00e0nh vi, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan t\u00e2m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m l\u00ed \u1ea9n d\u1ea5u sau nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng, quan s\u00e1t l\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0nh vi. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1n th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf (b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef) th\u00ec quan s\u00e1t l\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o. Quan s\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan s\u00e1t, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, cha m\u1eb9, ho\u1eb7c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (t\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t). \u0110\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n k\u0129 thu\u1eadt tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap nh\u01b0: m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh, m\u00e1y ghi h\u00ecnh, hay c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, b\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3u, c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y b\u00fat. \uf06c\uf020Quan s\u00e1t trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00edch \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Do v\u1eady c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. 100 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qui tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e3 ho\u00e1 h\u00e0nh vi- BCS (Behavioral Coding System) do Patterson v\u00e0 CS so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o n\u0103m 1975 (b\u1ea3ng \u2026 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y). Qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi hung h\u00e3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nghe l\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t tr\u1ebb t\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh trong kho\u1ea3ng 1-2 gi\u1edd. \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1 l\u00fd th\u00fa l\u00e0 Patterson v\u00e0 Fongatch (1995) quan s\u00e1t 67 tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1edf tr\u1ebb t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft th\u00fac tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o cao v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ecb c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t b\u1eaft gi\u1eef trong v\u00f2ng hai n\u0103m sau. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t: th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, cha m\u1eb9 l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. \uf06c Quan s\u00e1t \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 m\u1eabu quan s\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Achenbach- DOF (Achenbach\u2019s direct observation form, 1994) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 http:\/\/www.aseba.org\/dof.html. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra theo m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan s\u00e1t l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng \u1edf M\u1ef9, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t quan s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i 3 gi\u00e2y l\u1ea1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng di\u1ec5n ra trong th\u1eddi gian 3 gi\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3 theo m\u1ed9t m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 m\u00e3 n\u00e0y trong b\u1ea3ng 5 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y. B\u1ea3ng 5: V\u00ed d\u1ee5 h\u1ec7 m\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00f3i (VD: ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c T\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh) x\u01b0\u1edbng Khen ng\u1ee3i ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh H\u1ecdc sinh n\u00f3i 1. \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi 2. Gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i 3. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn 4. Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c H\u1ecdc sinh n\u00f3i \u2013 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi H\u1ecdc sinh n\u00f3i \u2013 t\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng Im l\u1eb7ng Im l\u1eb7ng ho\u1eb7c l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 101","Vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 m\u00e3 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean t\u00f9y bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1edbi m\u1eabu quan s\u00e1t tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh phong c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean n\u00f3i v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00f3i. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n im l\u1eb7ng ho\u1eb7c l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn trong gi\u1edd d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec di\u1ec5n ra trong nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y n\u00e0o l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i sao tr\u1ebb l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi. H\u1ec7 m\u00e3 n\u00e0y th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean t\u00ecm ra phong c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc sinh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu quan s\u00e1t theo d\u00f5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c gi\u1eefa h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean STT C\u00e1c m\u00e3 H\u1ecdc H\u00e0nh Nh\u00f3m C\u00e1 Ph\u00f9 Ko M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n h\u1ee3p PH c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp vi I C\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c 1 C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb t\u00edch c\u1ef1c A S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb vui v\u1ebb B Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, ghi nh\u1eadn\/c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb 2 L\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u t\u00edch c\u1ef1c 3 \u0110\u01b0a cho tr\u1ebb ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng quy \u0111\u1ed5i 4 Ra d\u1ea5u c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c II \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u00e0nh vi H\u1ecdc H\u00e0nh Nh\u00f3m C\u00e1 Ph\u00f9 Ko t\u1eadp vi nh\u00e2n h\u1ee3p PH 1 Ra l\u1ec7nh 2 Nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf 3 C\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o 4 \u0110e d\u1ecda 5 Ra hi\u1ec7u 102 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","STT C\u00e1c m\u00e3 H\u1ecdc H\u00e0nh Nh\u00f3m C\u00e1 Ph\u00f9 Ko M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n h\u1ee3p PH c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp vi III H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 Ph\u00f9 Ko h\u1ee3p PH 1 \u0110\u01b0a ra h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c 2 \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea1t IV Kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p Ghi r\u00f5 m\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p 1, 2 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 1 Gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u 2 N\u00e9t m\u1eb7t 3 L\u00e0m x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5, b\u00eau x\u1ea5u h\u1ecdc sinh 4 So s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa 2 em 5 Tranh c\u00e3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt V C\u1ea3m x\u00fac Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p Kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p 1 T\u1eeb m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac 2 \u0110\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh quan s\u00e1t l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 sau: \uf06c\uf020M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. C\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd trong \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ai v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec (v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai) c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i quan s\u00e1t. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan s\u00e1t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ea7n quan s\u00e1t ai. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ph\u1ea3i quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh. Hai l\u00e0, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i. \uf06c\uf020H\u00e0nh vi c\u1ea7n quan s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5n nhau: L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1edf tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c m\u00e3 ho\u00e1 h\u00e0nh vi trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u1edf ch\u1ed7 12 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 103","h\u1ecdc sinh t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi nhanh m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a bu\u1ed5i ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00f3m ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c). M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng am hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00ean m\u00e3 ho\u00e1 h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y v\u00e0o ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 m\u00e3 ho\u00e1 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng\u201d. \uf06c\uf020H\u1ec7 m\u00e3 ho\u00e1 d\u1ec5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng: Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh vi. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n s\u00e2u c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00fang t\u00fang ho\u1eb7c l\u1ea7n l\u1eabn. \uf06c\uf020 Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i: Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa h\u00e0nh vi m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi do m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00e1c n\u00eau ra v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1. B\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi quan s\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp (V\u00ed d\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n quan s\u00e1t qua b\u1eb1ng ghi h\u00ecnh). 2.5.3 Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n Trong ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng. \u1ede ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c quan s\u00e1t, ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n (MSE). \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac). N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n MSE s\u1ebd bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \uf06c\uf020\u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung: di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o, h\u00e0nh vi, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \uf06c\uf020Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c: c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng cao \u0111\u1ed9, \u1ee7 r\u0169, \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u1edd m\u1edd \uf06c\uf020Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung \uf06c\uf020L\u1eddi n\u00f3i: R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, suy gi\u1ea3m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef 104 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","\uf06c\uf020\u0110\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng: v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n, th\u1eddi gian \uf06c\uf020T\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \uf06c\uf020T\u01b0 duy: li\u1ec1n m\u1ea1ch hay phi t\u00e1n, c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u01b0 duy kh\u00f4ng \uf06c\uf020N\u1ed9i dung suy ngh\u0129: \u00e1m \u1ea3nh, \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng hay \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn \uf06c\uf020Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \uf06c\uf020Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c: c\u00f3 hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \uf06c\uf020Tr\u00ed nh\u1edb: t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi, ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n, d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n \uf06c\uf020Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i M\u1eabu b\u1ea3ng ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n MSE \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 xem \u1edf ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c 2. 2.5.4 Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n quan s\u00e1t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft h\u00e0nh vi nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c can thi\u1ec7p. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh d\u1ea1y h\u00e0nh vi trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch nghi. \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0: \uf06c\uf020M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng quan s\u00e1t. \uf06c\uf020\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u. \uf06c\uf020Ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 h\u00e0nh vi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o (g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh vi). \uf06c\uf020\u0110\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do ho\u1eb7c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi (g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sinh h\u1ecdc, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng). B\u1ed1n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 4 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh g\u1ed3m (i) x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; (ii) Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111o c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u; (iii) L\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 (iv) Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u00ec sao h\u00e0nh vi l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y ra. B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 105","\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng h\u00f3i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u00e0nh cho gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ki\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh vi d\u00e0nh cho tr\u1ebb t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1n, m\u1eabu ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (xem b\u1ea3ng\u2026) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thang \u0111o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 lo \u00e2u, tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m, r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3m ch\u00fa \u00fd\u2026 B\u1ea3ng 7: M\u1eabu \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng M\u1eaaU \u0110\u00c1NH GI\u00c1 PH\u00c2N T\u00cdCH H\u00c0NH VI CH\u1ee8C N\u0102NG H\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u00ean h\u1ecdc sinh:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng n\u0103m: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gi\u1edd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u\/k\u1ebft th\u00fac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh\/t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng\/\u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ Th\u1eddi gian A B C S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t H\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea3y ra H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3: 9:30 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n sau h\u00e0nh vi h\u00e0nh vi k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd; Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ch\u1ec9 Tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1n; \u0111\u00e1 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ti\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i d\u1eabn, ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i l\u1ed7i c\u1eb7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, n\u00e9m gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1; b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 sai, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp; ch\u00fa \u00fd; gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn y\u00eau g\u00e0o kh\u00f3c; nh\u1ed5 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb, b\u1ea1n n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt; ch\u1ea1y ra c\u1ea7u; tr\u1ebb tr\u00e1nh b\u00e8 c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ed7; \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb s\u1eadp m\u1ea1nh c\u1eeda h\u1ecdc hay ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m b\u00e0i t\u1eadp m\u00f4n tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ....... ....... ....... ....... N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, sau b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi g\u00ec; nh\u1eefng g\u00ec xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0nh vi; nh\u1eefng g\u00ec xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch nghi; h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ho\u1eb7c tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec. T\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u; khi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o. 106 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","\u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem minh h\u1ecda \u1edf b\u1ea3ng sau: B\u1ea3ng 8: Minh h\u1ecda h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong l\u1eadp m\u1eabu \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0nh vi H\u00e0nh vi H\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh quan s\u00e1t quan s\u00e1t Trong gi\u1edd \u0103n tr\u01b0a, khi h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00e1c chen ngang, X\u00e2m k\u00edch th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1n H\u00e0nh vi g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i H\u1ecdc sinh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tr\u00eau b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn g\u00e2y c\u01b0\u1eddi trong gi\u1edd l\u00e0m to\u00e1n T\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng H\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ef1a qu\u1eady li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i, lu\u00f4n ch\u00e2n tay ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, ra kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ed7 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng xin ph\u00e9p trong l\u00fac \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111o c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u. Trong b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 (i) \u0110\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi (e.g., t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i, c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9, etc.); (ii) H\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y so v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1ee9a th\u00ec ra sao; (iii) H\u00e0nh vi thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o (\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u1edf nh\u00e0). \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 (i) Quan s\u00e1t trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u2013 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y v\u00e0o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian; (ii) Quan s\u00e1t h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea3y ra; (iii) Quan s\u00e1t h\u1ecdc sinh trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau trong ng\u00e0y. B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: L\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 th\u00f4ng tin thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 (i) Nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau; (ii) Tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec ho\u1eb7c tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf; (iii) Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t, nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0o c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh vi (A-B-C\u2019s); (iv) Li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebfu k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean h\u00e0nh vi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng. B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u00ec sao h\u00e0nh vi l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y ra. Trong b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n (i) \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3y ra h\u00e0nh vi; (ii) Ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec h\u1ecdc sinh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec, ho\u1eb7c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i g\u00ec? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u1ea7n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft; (iii) Ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc sinh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u01b0 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 107","th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch n\u00e0o; (iv) V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u00ec l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o? M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00fap suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft g\u1ed3m (i) C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi; (ii) C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi; (iii) M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi (tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t, n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t); (iv) C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh vi; (v) Cha m\u1eb9, th\u1ea7y c\u00f4, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o; (vi) Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp (th\u00edch\/kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc); (vii) Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1ec1 cha m\u1eb9; (viii) Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi; (ix) Nh\u1eefng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh xong b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh xong nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: (i) Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi thay th\u1ebf l\u00e0 g\u00ec; (ii) H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1edfng, ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0o c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh; (iii) C\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u00e0nh vi t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi t\u00edch c\u1ef1c; (iv) Thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o; (v) H\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n; (vi) Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch nghi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 g\u00ec? 108 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","3. K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng tham v\u1ea5n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n 3.1 K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng. K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd, \u201chi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u00fd th\u1ee9c\u201d \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, trong m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd, l\u1eafng nghe th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m khi \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u201cch\u00fa t\u00e2m\u201d Ch\u00fa t\u00e2m c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecd to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd n\u00f3i ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m. Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e2m l\u00fd, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y (1) cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 cho th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng nghe; (2) truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd. Ch\u00fa t\u00e2m c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 l\u1eafng nghe b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec h\u1ecd n\u00f3i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m, phi l\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng qu\u00e3ng l\u1eb7ng ho\u1eb7c d\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 khi trao \u0111\u1ed5i. L\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u00f2n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u00f3i. C\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u1ea5m \u00e1p. Gi\u00fap cho th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd gi\u00fap th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m hay suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch duy tr\u00ec giao ti\u1ebfp m\u1eaft, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n coi tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd \u0111ang n\u00f3i. Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 khi h\u1ecd n\u00f3i c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng ta t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng h\u1ecd. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 c\u0169ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i khi \u0111ang n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. H\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p gi\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u01b0 th\u00e1i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb s\u1ee9c \u00e9p, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb v\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafng nghe lo l\u1eafng, b\u1eadn t\u00e2m ho\u1eb7c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. N\u00e9t m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 c\u0169ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m, th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 c\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh \u0111ang theo d\u00f5i d\u00f2ng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111ang n\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. C\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m: TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 109","\uf06c\uf020T\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \uf06c\uf020Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean \uf06c\uf020Giao ti\u1ebfp m\u1eaft v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \uf06c\uf020Bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 \uf06c\uf020\u00c2m \u0111i\u1ec7u\/gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7u b\u1ed9 \uf06c\uf020S\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng \uf06c\uf020Ch\u1ea1m Giao ti\u1ebfp m\u1eaft: Giao ti\u1ebfp m\u1eaft l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafng nghe. N\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap (Ridley & Asbury, 1988). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i duy tr\u00ec giao ti\u1ebfp m\u1eaft v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe (Young, 2017). T\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u01a1 th\u1ec3: T\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n khi tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t t\u01b0 th\u1ebf tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u cho TH\u00c2N CH\u1ee6 bi\u1ebft \u201cT\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafng nghe b\u1ea1n\u201d. chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n n\u00ean h\u01a1i nghi\u00eang ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tay ch\u00e2n), kh\u00f4ng khoanh tay. S\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng: Vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian im l\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecf mang l\u1ea1i cho TH\u00c2N CH\u1ee6 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 suy ng\u1eabm v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd. \u0110\u00f4i khi, im l\u1eb7ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 khi th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1eeba tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t l\u1edbn. N\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. T\u00f4ng gi\u1ecdng, gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p manh m\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1eeb t\u00f4ng gi\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nh\u1ee9c nh\u1ed1i nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c hay s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m, b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m b\u1eb1ng t\u00f4ng gi\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Khi th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1edd gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn hay tr\u1ebb em, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111an xen, b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m b\u1eb1ng t\u00f4ng gi\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ea5n \u00e1t. \u0110\u00f4i khi, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111ang g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i. Khi chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n n\u00e2ng t\u00f4ng gi\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat ho\u1eb7c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n hi\u1ec3u. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng gi\u1ecdng, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh khi n\u00f3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng cho Th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 bi\u1ebft chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham 110 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","v\u1ea5n \u0111ang l\u1eafng nghe r\u1ea5t k\u1ef9, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. Bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec7u b\u1ed9: chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hay kh\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau gi\u1eefa n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t, c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i l\u00e0 manh m\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, thi\u1ebfu trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c quan t\u00e2m k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc xem h\u1ecd \u0111ang g\u1eedi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u00ec th\u00f4ng qua bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t. C\u1eed ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ho\u1eb7c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng. \uf06c\uf020Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 b\u1ed3n ch\u1ed3n, lo l\u1eafng, hay t\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 xa c\u00e1ch. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed3n ch\u1ed3n, ngh\u1ecbch b\u00fat ch\u00ec, g\u00f5 ng\u00f3n tay li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo l\u1eafng, thi\u1ebfu ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \uf06c\uf020Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a TC s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n, \u1ea5m \u00e1p, gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: g\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7, n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u00edch th\u00fa c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n tay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t t\u1eadp trung cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7: Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, kho\u1ea3ng 1 m l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n l\u01b0u \u00fd, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf th\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u00e0ng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. C\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1eadt l\u00fd nh\u01b0 b\u00e0n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u00eam c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c trang tr\u1ecdng cho m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 qu\u00e1 g\u1ea7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 g\u00e2y lo l\u1eafng. Ch\u1ea1m: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u00fd khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i v\u1ed7 vai, b\u1eaft tay, v.v. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c lo l\u1eafng, b\u1ecb k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng khi b\u1ecb ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9 theo b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o (Hunter & Struve, 1997). Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i l\u00ean c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u1edf th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 111","Ch\u00fa t\u00e2m ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc Ch\u00fa t\u00e2m ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc l\u00e0 khi chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3i ra. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ef1c t\u1ee9c, kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung, m\u1ed9t \u00fd ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 l\u1eafng nghe \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd do th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3. Qua \u0111\u00f3, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung \u0110\u00f4i khi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5. Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb sao nh\u00e3ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 xung quanh v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t t\u1eadp trung. S\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong su\u1ed1t bu\u1ed5i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh vi bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa t\u00e2m l\u00e0: \uf06c\uf020C\u1eaft ngang l\u1eddi \uf06c\uf020Ghi ch\u00e9p \uf06c\uf020\u0110\u01b0a l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean (ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p) 3.2 K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng l\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c Khi giao ti\u1ebfp, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng l\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng sao nh\u00e3ng, ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c ngh\u0129 (ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n) xem ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia s\u1ebd n\u00f3i g\u00ec ti\u1ebfp theo, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i chia s\u1ebb. V\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110, l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u0169ng l\u00e0 hai trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i tham v\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t-m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. L\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1eafng nghe ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng) l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 l\u1eafng nghe, ch\u00fa \u00fd, quan t\u00e2m, th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. L\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau. L\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe nh\u1eadn, di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u00fap th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 112 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7- s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 l\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecd to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong su\u1ed1t bu\u1ed5i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t. T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a l\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c L\u1eafng nghe khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang n\u00f3i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng. Khi ch\u00fang ta d\u00e0nh cho ai \u0111\u00f3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 tin, tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i h\u01a1n. Khi chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 d\u00e0nh ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111ang n\u00f3i, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1eabn c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. L\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c gi\u00fap (1) x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng; (2) t\u1ea1o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng an to\u00e0n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1; (3) cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa c\u1ea3m x\u00fac; (4) gi\u1ea3m c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng; (5) khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch khai th\u00e1c s\u00e2u th\u00f4ng tin. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c L\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 nghe nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3i. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 (c\u00f3 l\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1eddi) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang nghe v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u h\u1ecd, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3i, \u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng: \uf06c\uf020\u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Ng\u1ed3i th\u1eb3ng ho\u1eb7c nghi\u00eang ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m. \uf06c\uf020Duy tr\u00ec giao ti\u1ebfp m\u1eaft m\u1eaft, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang ta quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd n\u00f3i. \uf06c\uf020 C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u1eb1ng sau nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin ho\u1eb7c suy ngh\u0129 m\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3i ra. \uf06c\uf020\u0110\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, phi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u01b0, g\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u00edu l\u00f4ng m\u00e0y v.v v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp. \uf06c\uf020 V\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t gi\u00fap chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. \uf06c\uf020H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. Nghe nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u00f3i. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 n\u00f3i c\u00e0ng \u00edt, th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 113","\u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf. C\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt trong l\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c L\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u1eafng nghe m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5i vai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafng nghe s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i s\u1ebd mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i th\u00eam ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i th\u00eam v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt trong l\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i (th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7) v\u1eabn c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng nghe, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i vai gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe. \uf06c\uf020 Nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i: Ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung (m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u) m\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3i m\u00e0 theo chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 : Th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (TC): \u201cch\u00e1u r\u1ea5t b\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n A\u201d Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 : \u201cch\u00e1u r\u1ea5t b\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n A\u201d. \uf06c\uf020Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i. Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ec3 d\u00e0i, l\u00e0m r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u1ebb k\u1ec3, cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i dung v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0o. Cho d\u00f9 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea7n thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i y nguy\u00ean. Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u00f3i v\u00ec n\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 \u0111ang l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111ang n\u00f3i. Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u201ct\u00f4i nghe th\u1ea5y ch\u00e1u n\u00f3i\u2026\u201d, \u201cc\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0\u2026\u201d, \u201cch\u00e1u n\u00f3i l\u00e0\u2026\u201d. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: TC \u201cch\u00e1u gh\u00e9t m\u00f4n to\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00f4 d\u1ea1y to\u00e1n v\u00ec c\u00f4 \u00fd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd cho ch\u00fang ch\u00e1u l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c hay ho trong l\u1edbp\u201d (TC nam, 12 tu\u1ed5i, l\u1edbp 6) Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110: \u201cc\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ch\u00e1u \u0111ang g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi m\u00f4n to\u00e1n v\u00e0 m\u00f4n to\u00e1n l\u00e0m ch\u00e1u m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi v\u00e0 ch\u00e1n\u201d. \uf06c\uf020 Ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 nh\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3i v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i cho th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u ch\u1eef m\u00e0 h\u1ecd n\u00f3i. 114 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 soi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, ni\u1ec1m tin, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. Ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sau (Dalmar, 1981): \uf06c\uf020Ch\u00fa t\u00e2m trong cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i \u0111i c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 g\u00e2y sao nh\u00e3ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra. \uf06c\uf020Th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \uf06c\uf020Ch\u00fa \u00fd ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu (g\u01b0\u01a1ng) c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi v\u00e0 phi l\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00ec c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u00f4i khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng qua l\u1eddi n\u00f3i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i, c\u1eed ch\u1ec9, n\u1ed9i dung. \uf06c\uf020Ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh, n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u1edf nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec1. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh n\u1ed9i dung, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1: TC: \u201cCh\u00e1u nh\u1edb l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 ch\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng khen ch\u00e1u l\u1ea7n n\u00e0o. H\u1ecd lu\u00f4n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ch\u00e1u. M\u1eb9 ch\u00e1u lu\u00f4n n\u00f3i ch\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 ch\u00e1u n\u00f3i ch\u00e1u ngu ng\u1ed1c\u201d. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 \u201cc\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u bu\u1ed3n b\u1ef1c v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00fang \u00fd cha m\u1eb9 ch\u00e1u d\u00f9 ch\u00e1u \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng\u201d (ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ea3m x\u00fac); \u201cc\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ch\u00e1u th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec t\u1ed1t d\u00f9 ch\u00e1u \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng\u201d (ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh n\u1ed9i dung) V\u00ed d\u1ee5 2: TC: \u201cB\u1ea1n b\u00e8 \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t ch\u00e1n. C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u00fd g\u1ecdi ch\u00e1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a x\u1ea5u x\u00ed. Ch\u00e1u lu\u00f4n mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t\u201d. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110: \u201cCh\u00e1u th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh kinh kh\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ch\u00e1u mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t\u201d (ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh n\u1ed9i dung), \u201cch\u00e1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u1eefa\u201d (ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ea3m x\u00fac) Ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ea3m x\u00fac nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \uf06c\uf020G\u1ecdi t\u00ean c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. C\u1ea3m x\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 qua nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c qua vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \uf06c\uf020S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e2u nh\u01b0: \u201cCh\u00e1u c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111ang c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y...\u201d, \u201cT\u00f4i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00e1u \u0111ang c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y...\u201d v\u00e0 th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m x\u00fac tr\u1ebb v\u1eeba b\u00e0y t\u1ecf (tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng l\u1eddi). \uf06c\uf020C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf h\u01a1n: \u201cD\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u00e1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y----------khi -----------\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cCh\u00e1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ----------b\u1edfi v\u00ec--------------\u201d. \u1ede nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 115","di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. \uf06c\uf020N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, h\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i: \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng?\u201d, \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?\u201d, \u201c\u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00e1u \u0111ang c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng?\u201d. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng mang l\u1ea1i cho th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh, b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00ednh ch\u00ednh c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110. \uf06c\uf020T\u00f3m t\u1eaft: T\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i sau khi n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n d\u00e0i. T\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng \u00fd ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u1ebb k\u1ec3. K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafng nghe tr\u1ebb trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian (t\u1eeb ba ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa), nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110: \u201cLan \u00e0, ch\u00e1u n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n v\u1eeba qua th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi ch\u00e1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103m s\u00f3c em c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00e1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u00e1p ch\u1ebf, ch\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf hay chia s\u1ebb tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00e1u quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn gia \u0111\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ch\u00e1u b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ch\u00e1u mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d. 3.3 K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi Trong tham v\u1ea5n, t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb th\u00f4ng tin v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00fang gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecfi qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin h\u01a1n trong th\u1eddi gian cho ph\u00e9p. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n h\u1ecfi d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n\u201d, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc sinh THCS kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch im l\u1eb7ng. H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc sinh THCS l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin quan tr\u1ecdng, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho ph\u00e9p tr\u1ebb b\u00e0y t\u1ecf c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9 ch\u00fang \u0111ang g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i, trong khi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh n\u1ed9i dung th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u1ebb n\u00f3i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u1ef1 \u00e1p ch\u1ebf\u201d h\u1ecdc sinh THCS. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i m\u1edf cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m x\u00fac b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u201cch\u00e1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\u201d, \u201cch\u00e1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y g\u00ec khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3?\u201d, \u201cch\u00e1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra?\u201d 116 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","D\u1ea1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1edf th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t trong t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n\/tham v\u1ea5n b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng cho h\u1ecdc sinh THCS tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p cho chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \\\"c\u00e1i g\u00ec\\\", \\\"th\u1ebf n\u00e0o\\\", \\\"\u1edf \u0111\u00e2u\\\", \\\"t\u1ea1i sao\\\", \\\"c\u00f3 th\u1ec3\\\", \\\"s\u1ebd\\\". V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \\\"T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u00e1u th\u1ebf n\u00e0o sau c\u01a1n b\u00e3o l\u0169?\\\", \u201cCh\u00e1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 cho c\u00f4 nghe vi\u1ec7c ch\u00e1u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o sau khi m\u1eb9 ch\u00e1u \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u00e1u ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng?\u201d. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1edf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \\\"c\u00f3\\\" ho\u1eb7c \\\"kh\u00f4ng\\\". C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3ng, n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap nh\u00e0 tham v\u1ea5n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin nhanh v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft th\u00fac nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea3n m\u1ea1n. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \\\"c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i\\\", \\\"c\u00f3 ... kh\u00f4ng\\\", \\\"\u0111\u00e3\\\" v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \\\"c\u00f3\\\" ho\u1eb7c \\\"kh\u00f4ng\\\". M\u1eb7t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p tr\u1ebb gi\u00e3i b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho tr\u1ebb bi\u1ebft chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n nghe th\u00f4ng tin g\u00ec. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi nh\u00e0 tham v\u1ea5n h\u1ecfi tr\u1ebb: \\\"Ch\u00e1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng?\\\" ho\u1eb7c \\\"Ch\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng ch\u1ee9?\\\" l\u00e0m cho tr\u1ebb hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang \\\"n\u00ean\\\" ngh\u0129, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 x\u1eed s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3ng n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1edf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o; V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cB\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\u201d thay v\u00ec h\u1ecfi \u201cB\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng?\u201d). N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 m\u1eb9: \\\"Ch\u1ecb c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1t con m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng?\\\" v\u00e0 b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \\\"C\u00f3\\\", b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1t con c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecb ta nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec7n g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc, trong, v\u00e0 sau s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m giao ti\u1ebfp trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1n, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110. Lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tin b\u1ea1n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1edf c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \uf06c\uf020 L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n; qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi bi\u1ebfn bu\u1ed5i tham v\u1ea5n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n. TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 117","\uf06c\uf020S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1edf \u201cC\u00e1i g\u00ec\u201d : s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u201cTh\u1ebf n\u00e0o\u201d: qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hay c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn\u2026\u201d: nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u201cC\u00f3 th\u1ec3\u201d: b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ed5ng quan. \uf06c\uf020C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p). \uf06c\uf020C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd trong tu\u1ea7n qua. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Nh\u1eefng l\u01b0u \u00fd khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. Trong khi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb to l\u1edbn th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: H\u1ecfi t\u1edbi t\u1ea5p, tra h\u1ecfi: Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u00e0o th\u1ebf t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. H\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t l\u00fac: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m tr\u1ebb l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac tung ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. \u0110\u00e2y th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecfi t\u1edbi t\u1ea5p, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 l\u00fac n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb \u00edt n\u00f3i. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi g\u1eafn v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0: \u201cCh\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh si\u00eang n\u0103ng h\u01a1n s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u00edch cho ch\u00e1u r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hay sao?\u201d. M\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng - n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1ea1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201ct\u1ea1i sao\u201d: H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cT\u1ea1i sao ch\u00e1u l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf\\\" v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong tham v\u1ea5n, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \\\"t\u1ea1i sao\\\" th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u00e0o th\u1ebf t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t: H\u00e3y ghi nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ai s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec, bao gi\u1edd th\u00ec b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3i v\u00e0 s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00edch khi c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 cho tr\u1ebb. 3.4 Th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m Th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m (empathy) l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea3m 118 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a, n\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd \u201cc\u00f9ng v\u1edbi [em-] n\u1ed7i \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn [-pathos]\u201d nh\u01b0 n\u1ed7i \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au m\u00e0 ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu. Th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac; n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u r\u1ea5t \u00fd th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0, m\u00ecnh \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn, hi\u1ec3u, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eefng lo l\u1eafng, b\u1eadn t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e2m l\u00fd, c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn g\u00ec). Th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m gi\u00fap chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110: \uf06c\uf020Hi\u1ec3u th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf c\u1ea3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (h\u1ecd \u0111ang ngh\u0129 g\u00ec) v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac (h\u1ecd \u0111ang c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y g\u00ec) \uf06c\uf020Quan t\u00e2m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \uf06c\uf020Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t. \uf06c\uf020C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb. Trung th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 bi\u1ebft khi ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa t\u00e2m. Ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 trung th\u1ef1c, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTLH\u0110 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m tin t\u1eeb th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Trung th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: \uf06c\uf020Lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 theo c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, tinh khi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. \uf06c\uf020Trung th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m: (1) X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 l\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i, h\u00e3y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. (2) Ch\u1ec9 ra, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00e2u n\u00f3i, c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n phi ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. (3) Th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \uf06c\uf020G\u1ecdi t\u00ean c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00ean l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng m\u1eabu c\u00e2u: \\\"Em\/Con c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u2026 khi \u2026 \\\"; ho\u1eb7c \\\" B\u1ea1n\/ho\u1eb7c anh\/ch\u1ecb TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 119","c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u2026 v\u00ec\u2026\\\". V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Em c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u00ec b\u1ea1n A \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a v\u1edbi em. \uf06c\uf020Th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \uf06c\uf020B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd : Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ecd; v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u1ecd \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 : \\\"Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a em c\u0169ng t\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng em b\u00e2y gi\u1edd\\\"; \\\"N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i \u1edf trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a em, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u00f4i c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c bu\u1ed3n t\u1ee7i v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n nh\u01b0 em \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua\\\". \uf06c\uf020L\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb: \\\"T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng em \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t lo l\u1eafng v\u00e0 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn khi em trai em tr\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc \u0111i ch\u01a1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecb y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m cho em trai m\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac nh\u01b0 v\u1eady\\\". 3.5 Th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n D\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i v\u00e0 th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sau th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c stress, t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1ecdc sinh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi th\u1edf ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n, gi\u1ea3m huy\u1ebft \u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n g\u1ed3m: \uf06c\uf020Th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n c\u0103ngch\u00f9ng c\u01a1 \uf06c\uf020H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u00f3a t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \uf06c\uf020Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u1edf ch\u1eadm Th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n c\u0103ngch\u00f9ng c\u01a1 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh v\u00e0 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t. Khi h\u1ecdc sinh b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh v\u00e0 th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a em \u1ea5y. C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh c\u0169ng gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n c\u0103ng ch\u00f9ng c\u01a1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n c\u0103ngch\u00f9ng c\u01a1 trong tham v\u1ea5n cho nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdc sinh. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m c\u00e1ch h\u00edt th\u1edf s\u00e2u, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u00f3a t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n c\u0103ng ch\u00f9ng c\u01a1. 120 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cC\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c lo l\u1eafng ho\u1eb7c bu\u1ed3n b\u1ef1c l\u00e0m cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh h\u01a1n. H\u00f4m nay, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c em m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3\u201d Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m ng\u1ea3 l\u01b0ng v\u00e0o gh\u1ebf (ho\u1eb7c n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean s\u00e0n n\u1ebfu c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i h\u01a1n), nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft v\u00e0 l\u00e0m theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean. H\u1ecdc sinh th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n. N\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh r\u1eb1ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m kh\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung, h\u00e3y di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t tay l\u00ean vai h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1ecdc sinh: \u201cT\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c em b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn em th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf \u00eam \u00e1i ho\u1eb7c b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n. H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n \u0111ang n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. H\u00edt v\u00e0o [\u0111\u1ee3i 3\u20134 gi\u00e2y] v\u00e0 th\u1edf ra [\u0111\u1ee3i 3\u20134 gi\u00e2y], h\u00edt v\u00e0o. . . v\u00e0 th\u1edf ra. . . h\u00edt v\u00e0o . . . v\u00e0 th\u1edf ra. C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1edf theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y khi ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. V\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i em th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea1n n\u1eafm tay v\u00e0 si\u1ebft n\u00f3 th\u1eadt ch\u1eb7t. Em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf m\u1eaft v\u00e0 xem c\u00e1ch t\u00f4i \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Gi\u1eef ch\u1eb7t. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 x\u00f2e tay ra. L\u00e0m l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa; n\u1eafm tay. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u00fac c\u0103ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng kh\u00f4ng? H\u00e3y l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1nh tay c\u1ee7a em. C\u0103ng h\u1ebft m\u1ee9c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1nh tay c\u1ee7a em. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. L\u00e0m l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. C\u0103ng h\u1ebft c\u1ee1, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd gi\u00e3n ra. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta chuy\u1ec3n sang vai c\u1ee7a em. \u0110\u01b0a vai l\u00ean g\u1ea7n tai v\u00e0 si\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t. . . gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y n\u00f3. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng. L\u00e0m l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u01b0a vai l\u00ean g\u1ea7n tai. . . gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y n\u00f3 . . . b\u00e2y gi\u1edd th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0n tay, c\u00e1nh tay v\u00e0 vai c\u1ee7a em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. H\u00edt v\u00e0o . . . v\u00e0 th\u1edf ra . . . h\u00edt v\u00e0o . . . v\u00e0 th\u1edf ra. TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 121","B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Nh\u00edu m\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i h\u1ebft m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, nh\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t m\u1eaft, nh\u1ebfch mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u00f3. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng ra. H\u00e3y th\u1eed l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. C\u0103ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u00f3. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng. Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1edf nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. . . h\u00edt v\u00e0o . . . v\u00e0 th\u1edf ra . . . h\u00edt v\u00e0o . . . v\u00e0 th\u1edf ra. Ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Cong l\u01b0ng h\u1ebft m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y vai v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda sau, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111ang l\u00e0m. Gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y n\u00f3. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng. Ti\u1ebfp theo, khu\u1ef5u g\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 cong l\u01b0ng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u00f3p b\u1ee5ng h\u1ebft m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. Gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y n\u00f3. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng. L\u00e0m l\u1ea1i . . . gi\u1eef n\u00f3, v\u00e0 th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng. Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1edf. . . h\u00edt v\u00e0o... th\u1edf ra.... h\u00edt v\u00e0o... th\u1edf ra.\u201d H\u00e3y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Du\u1ed7i th\u1eb3ng ch\u00e2n l\u00ean, co c\u00e1c ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n. C\u0103ng hai ch\u00e2n. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd gi\u1eef n\u00f3. Th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng. L\u00e0m l\u1ea1i . . . gi\u1eef n\u00f3, v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng. Ti\u1ebfp theo, h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n ra xa nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u0103ng c\u01a1 ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y n\u00f3. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng. L\u00e0m l\u1ea1i . . . gi\u1eef n\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng. H\u00edt v\u00e0o. . . th\u1edf ra.... h\u00edt v\u00e0o... th\u1edf ra. Ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0o b\u1ecb c\u0103ng ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng ra kh\u1ecfi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n. H\u00edt v\u00e0o. . . th\u1edf ra.... h\u00edt v\u00e0o... th\u1edf ra. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y m\u1edf m\u1eaft ra, ng\u1ed3i d\u1eady v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m.\u201d 4. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tham v\u1ea5n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc 4.1 Tham v\u1ea5n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVH\u0110 kh\u00f4ng tham v\u1ea5n trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc sinh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m l\u00fd, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 tham v\u1ea5n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVH\u0110 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh, do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p can thi\u1ec7p (tr\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3) c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ebd c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVH\u0110 c\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00ean l\u1ecbch cho c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i tham v\u1ea5n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u00edt \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed7i bu\u1ed5i tham v\u1ea5n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n ra trong kho\u1ea3ng 10 \u2013 30 122 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","ph\u00fat, th\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh theo l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: khi m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVH\u0110, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc sinh, gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0o l\u00fac cu\u1ed1i gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c th\u1eddi gian ngh\u1ec9\/chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp sang gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVH\u0110 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 10 ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Khi l\u1eafng nghe h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00f3i v\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 bu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ho\u1eb7c xem c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n tuy\u1ebfn, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc sinh ra nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc hay kh\u00f4ng. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVH\u0110 c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n cho h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111ang tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean n\u00ean y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc sinh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi gian cho c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i g\u1eb7p kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh (Kolbert v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2016). Trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tham v\u1ea5n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong tham v\u1ea5n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Tham v\u1ea5n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (Person-Centered Therapy) H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tham v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m (l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m) c\u1ee7a Rogers l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft duy nh\u1ea5t cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i\/ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u1edf th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Rogers tin r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 b\u1ecb tr\u1edf n\u00ean sai l\u1ec7ch khi h\u1ecd ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c b\u00f3p m\u00e9o c\u00e1c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nam gi\u1edbi nh\u00ecn chung th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u1ecf ra y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c b\u00f3p m\u00e9o nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3, b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, v.v. S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd duy tr\u00ec h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ec7ch ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quan t\u00e2m, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecdc sinh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau trong tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, do \u0111\u00f3 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 suy ngh\u0129, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, v.v. c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho h\u1ecdc sinh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1c em nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c em \u0111ang m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh (Kol- bert v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2016). TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 123","C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tham v\u1ea5n nh\u01b0: chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111ang c\u00f9ng \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u; h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd; chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m gi\u00fap chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i, v.v. c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc sinh (Wright, 2011). Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u nh\u1eafc m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u201cH\u00e3y cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a em trong tu\u1ea7n n\u00e0y\u201d s\u1ebd ng\u0103n h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecdc sinh k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. L\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n t\u1eadp trung to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111ang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111ang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u00ean em \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, t\u1ea9y chay, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00f4i nghe th\u1ea5y em n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng em c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc\u201d, hay khi m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 huynh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi em, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 em \u0111ang t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 m\u1eb9 em \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho em\u201d. Th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00e0y, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang g\u00e2y xung \u0111\u1ed9t, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. Ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. Vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf trong gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean. H\u1ecdc sinh \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVH\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh (Wright, 2011). L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u01b0u ti\u00ean khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecdc sinh m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 l\u1eafng nghe c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (Basic Listening Sequence) \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khung tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 logic gi\u00fap chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 124 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","\u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1ecdc sinh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Khung n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m 5 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh: (1) Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7: x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng\/mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 quy tr\u00ecnh tham v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00f2ng tin l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh chia s\u1ebb suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. H\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn tham v\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u1eddng mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i cho h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 quy tr\u00ecnh tham v\u1ea5n. H\u1ecdc sinh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng quen v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tham v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tham v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u1edf nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cH\u1ecdc sinh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u00f4i khi c\u00e1c em g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u1ea1nh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i, \u0111au bu\u1ed3n, ho\u1eb7c khi c\u00e1c em c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u1edbn mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, hay l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n h\u01a1n. T\u00f4i gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 suy ngh\u0129, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng nhau x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a em\u201d. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVH\u0110, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1ec1 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p h\u1ecdc sinh. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc sinh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 lo ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, ph\u1ee5 huynh v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi hay s\u1ef1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean\/ph\u1ee5 huynh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb v\u1ec1 l\u00fd do n\u00f3i chung, l\u00fd do ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ee9a h\u1ecdc sinh g\u1eb7p chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean. Vi\u1ec7c giao ti\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb, do \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00f2ng tin \u1edf tr\u1ebb. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng tham v\u1ea5n do b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a em \u0111\u00f3 lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a em. Trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh, \u201cB\u1ed1 em g\u1ecdi v\u00ec b\u1ed1 em lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a em v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 em ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap em\u201d. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a bu\u1ed5i tham v\u1ea5n tr\u1edf n\u00ean tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng an to\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, sau khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch quy tr\u00ecnh tham v\u1ea5n, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u201cT\u00f4i bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi g\u1eb7p nhau v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 em m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. Em th\u00edch l\u00e0m g\u00ec khi \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng?\u201d. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng an TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 125","to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng an to\u00e0n (Kolbert v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2016). (2) Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1eafng nghe c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh: kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 suy ngh\u0129, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh\/ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, suy ngh\u0129, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh\/ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1edf, di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac khi h\u1ecdc sinh chia s\u1ebb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc sinh t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham v\u1ea5n. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, \u00fd ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh khi ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c em. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c em \u0111ang g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang c\u00e1c em v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00fd g\u1ee3i ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc sinh th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y trong l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c em kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 em \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p. Theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c em \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecf tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00f3 xem m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p (Kolbert v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2016). (3) Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau: x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean l\u00e0m r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. Sau khi thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1eafng nghe c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n n\u00ean t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh, sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecfi h\u1ecdc sinh: \\\"Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4i h\u1ecfi em m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, em c\u00f3 mong mu\u1ed1n g\u00ec trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y?\\\" C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 h\u01a1n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecdc sinh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n g\u1eafn v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi: \u201cV\u1eady c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 em mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3?\u201d (Kol- bert v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2016). (4) Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i: x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh 126 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u201cEm n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng em \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a em v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c em ngh\u0129 b\u1ea1n \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 tung tin \u0111\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 em, nh\u01b0ng em c\u0169ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng em kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y hay kh\u00f4ng\u201d. C\u00e2u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf \\\"ti\u1ebfn tho\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nan\\\" c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. Trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3 x\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t em \u1ea5y mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c em \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1ebd lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecdc sinh xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c em \u0111ang lo ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc sinh xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh tin l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m\/ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 xem ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc sinh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00eau b\u1eadt nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m \u1ea9n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00fac n\u00e0y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 xem khi em \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m cao, em \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?Khi c\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, em \u1ea5y c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00e3 x\u1eed tr\u00ed m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v.v. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV c\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (Kolbert v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2016). (5) Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng: gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh chuy\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng tin ho\u1eb7c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh chuy\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m r\u00f5 trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 xem h\u1ecdc sinh d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00f3. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (Kolbert v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2016). Li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (Reality Therapy) TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 127","Theo Mabeus v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2016), li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p Th\u1ef1c T\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u ng\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft L\u1ef1a Ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a William Glasser. Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh h\u1ecd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (Banks, 2009). L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft L\u1ef1a Ch\u1ecdn cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra v\u1edbi n\u0103m nhu c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng \/c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1, vui v\u1ebb, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \/ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, sinh t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do (Glasser, 1999). M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng), v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n; v\u00e0 khi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u00e0nh x\u1eed theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (Glasser, 1999). Mason & Duba (2009) n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a em \u1ea5y. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tham v\u1ea5n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (Mason & Duba, 2009). \u0110\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tham v\u1ea5n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong Li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea1o b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n khi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p (Banks, 2009). C\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n WDEP c\u1ee7a li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf g\u1ed3m: \uf06c\uf020(W)ants: Mong mu\u1ed1n \uf06c\uf020(D)irection and Doing: Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \uf06c\uf020(E)valuation: \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \uf06c\uf020(P)lanning: L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u201cTh\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1ea1o ra ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng: \u201cN\u1ebfu em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u0169a th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec em mu\u1ed1n, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\u201d. Khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u00eam c\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t thang \u0111o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t ra lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau: \u201cTheo thang \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 10, v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m 10 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u em mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5t 128 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","v\u00e0 1 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng, em th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a em t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 8 \u0111i\u1ec3m\u201d. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1ebd n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 gi\u00fap chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n hi\u1ec3u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o trong bu\u1ed5i tham v\u1ea5n. Ti\u1ebfp theo, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc sinh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1eb7c H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i suy ngh\u0129 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc sinh vi\u1ebft ra nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau\/mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc sinh l\u1eadp danh s\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh xem nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau mong mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc sinh \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cc\u1ea3n tr\u1edf\u201d qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecdc sinh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 m\u00e0 em \u1ea5y mu\u1ed1n t\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f2n non n\u1edbt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n n\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ecdc sinh nam x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u1ede vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean n\u00ean h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1eeb vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft SAMIC: (s)imple (\u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n), (a)ttainable (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c), (m)easurable (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c), (i)mmediate (t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi), (c)ontrolled (ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c), (c)ommit- ted (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cam k\u1ebft), v\u00e0 (c)onsistent (nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n). C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc sinh thi\u1ebfu cam k\u1ebft. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 129","sinh mu\u1ed1n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: n\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1ecb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ee5 huynh trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111o\u00e1n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 huynh ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a em v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a em, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ecdc sinh \u00edt c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u1eafp to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i; chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft h\u1ecdc sinh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u00edt thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 do k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, ch\u01b0a ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n WDEP \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (Kolbert v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2016). T l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh l\u1edbp 8, 13 tu\u1ed5i, em m\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng. T \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng tham v\u1ea5n theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 em. Em n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng em kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi. Em c\u0169ng k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi em tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, em c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Em ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn em v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a em \u0111ang d\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat. T lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m cao v\u00e0 gi\u1edd em \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u01b0\u1edbi trung b\u00ecnh trong hai m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc. Do \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat, m\u1eb9 em \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ph\u00f2ng tham v\u1ea5n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 mong r\u1eb1ng chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi T. Li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T v\u00ec em \u1ea5y \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a em \u1ea5y gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat. Theo Kiefer, Alley v\u00e0 Ellerbrock (2015), m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean. \u201cTh\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d c\u1ee7a T kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p do thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nhu c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng\/s\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1. T c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng \/thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n T \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ph\u00f2ng tham v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nhanh v\u1edbi em \u1ea5y v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a em nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 em c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. 130 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u00e0m cho T c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u1edbi T r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb l\u00e0 b\u00ed m\u1eadt tr\u1eeb khi T ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng em mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i T. L\u00e0m cho T c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y em \u1ea5y \u0111ang \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian an to\u00e0n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00ec T kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng tham v\u1ea5n m\u00e0 do m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a em mu\u1ed1n em \u0111\u1ebfn. \u1ede c\u1ea5p trung h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, (Akos, 2005) \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0a ra cho c\u00e1c em, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1nh ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t, l\u1eafng nghe, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng tham d\u1ef1 (Mason & Duba, 2009) l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a T. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh WDEP l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u1ea3 thi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T v\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh cho T c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a em \u1ea5y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a em \u1ea5y t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n. Sau khi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 T, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng T kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 xem em \u1ea5y mu\u1ed1n g\u00ec. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch T chia s\u1ebb c\u00e0ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a em, \u0111\u1ec3 em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i. Sau khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u T c\u00f3 mong mu\u1ed1n g\u00ec, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a T \u0111\u1ec3 T \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n. Theo Banks (2009), c\u00f3 5 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cam k\u1ebft: kh\u00f4ng cam k\u1ebft g\u00ec c\u1ea3, mong mu\u1ed1n chung chung, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cam k\u1ebft trung b\u00ecnh, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cam k\u1ebft cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cam k\u1ebft cao nh\u1ea5t. C\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a T tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n sang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh WDEP \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n bi\u1ebft T s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu T th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cam k\u1ebft th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n (m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng), chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 T bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng T c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 T ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 em \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng em \u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a T, gi\u00fap T c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tham v\u1ea5n. TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 131","Theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh WDEP, T c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc T t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u xem T c\u00f3 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng n\u1ebfu em \u1ea5y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 em \u1ea5y \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi. L\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p T h\u00ecnh dung ra m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu T ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfn T kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec T hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang l\u00e0m cho ph\u00e9p T t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a em \u1ea5y v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch em \u1ea5y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n danh s\u00e1ch ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a T, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap T c\u00f3 ch\u00fat th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u00e0 em \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y \u1edf c\u1ea3 trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 T xem c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 em \u1ea5y nh\u1eadn ra m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn trong ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 em \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Sau khi T x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 \u1ea5y, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n T sang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh WDEP. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c khi\u1ebfn T thay \u0111\u1ed5i suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap T nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u00e0 em \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i cho em nh\u1eefng g\u00ec em mong mu\u1ed1n. N\u1ebfu T c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a T v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang \u0111ang khi\u1ebfn em \u1ea5y tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7, th\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 T \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u201ch\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eebng h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi T xem em ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap \u00edch hay g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho em. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 T b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 khi T x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, T hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng T ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111ang g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf em \u1ea5y k\u1ebft b\u1ea1n. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh WDEP l\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn T th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a em \u1ea5y nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o T. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y 132 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","cho ph\u00e9p T ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 em ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a T l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn. Ngo\u00e0i ra, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f9ng T so\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch T b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch nh\u1ecf v\u00ec n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 theo d\u00f5i T trong m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 xem li\u1ec7u T c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay kh\u00f4ng. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y T kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo \u0111\u00fang k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a em \u1ea5y, v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a em \u1ea5y c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu trong bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u T l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m trong v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y t\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y T th\u1eed k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p T \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 xem k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi T hay kh\u00f4ng. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p T sau v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra xem T c\u00f3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Ta \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng l\u1ee9a. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 cho T c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 \u1ea5y v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c theo d\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a T v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng ch\u00fang s\u1ebd c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n khi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a em \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. (Mabeus & Rowland, 2016) Li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho h\u1ecdc sinh trung h\u1ecdc v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o cho h\u1ecdc sinh c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, gi\u00fap trao quy\u1ec1n cho h\u1ecdc sinh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. WDEP \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecdc sinh thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em. H\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c em mu\u1ed1n, v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u1ecdc sinh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 xem h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 hay kh\u00f4ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, h\u1ecdc sinh l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c (Banks, 2009). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecdc sinh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c em ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 133","ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (Mabeus & Row- land, 2016). Tham v\u1ea5n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i cho c\u1ea3 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 tham v\u1ea5n, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng (Murphy, 2008). Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (Kolbert v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2016). T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, ban \u0111\u1ea7u, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh, ch\u0103m ch\u00fa l\u1eafng nghe h\u1ecdc sinh, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec mang t\u00ednh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ho\u1eb7c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh (Murphy, 2008). C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc sinh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 em \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc sinh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 em tin r\u1eb1ng em \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra, v.v. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7\u201d n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi \u201cnh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi h\u1ecfi th\u00f4ng tin ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi\u201d, trong \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 em \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129, h\u00e0nh vi, b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v.v., m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng (Kolbert v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2016). H\u1ecdc sinh A, 16 tu\u1ed5i, em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng tham v\u1ea5n v\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1ea3y ra trong l\u1edbp to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y T. Th\u1ea7y T m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 A l\u00e0 \\\"b\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp\\\", th\u1ea7y c\u0169ng n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng A \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u00e9m \u1edf b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra gi\u1eefa k\u1ef3 m\u00f4n to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y d\u00f9 A l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. Th\u1ea7y T n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng th\u1ea7y \\\"c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 h\u1ebft c\u00e1ch\\\". Khi bu\u1ed5i g\u1eb7p gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 huynh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a A di\u1ec5n ra, 134 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","A t\u1ecf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0: \u201c\u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a con\u201d, \u201cTo\u00e1n l\u00e0 m\u00f4n v\u1edb v\u1ea9n\u201d, \u201cKh\u00f4ng ai hi\u1ec3u con\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cCon \u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 con y\u00ean\u201d. M\u1ed7i cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 v\u1edbi A \u0111\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng c\u00e3i l\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfng la h\u00e9t. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi v\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a A. Cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a A \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p A v\u00e0 \u201cl\u00e0m cho con hi\u1ec3u\u201d nh\u1eefng g\u00ec A \u0111ang l\u00e0m. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao A kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u01b0 x\u1eed t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n khi \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng. A \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng tham v\u1ea5n, ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng gh\u1ebf v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn ch\u1eb1m ch\u1eb1m xu\u1ed1ng s\u00e0n nh\u00e0. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: C\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4 kh\u00e1 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4 c\u1ea7n ch\u00e1u gi\u00fap, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f4 mu\u1ed1n nghe mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3. A: Ch\u00e1u s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f4 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tin ch\u00e1u Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: ch\u00e1u c\u1ee9 n\u00f3i \u0111i A: V\u00e2ng. Ch\u00e1u mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m cao h\u01a1n trong m\u00f4n To\u00e1n. Kh\u00f4ng ai tin ch\u00e1u, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00e1u tin. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00e1u l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n? A: Ch\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u00e9m, b\u1ecb \u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u1edbp, ch\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: \u0110i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u \u0111ang th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? A: To\u00e0n d\u01b0\u1edbi trung b\u00ecnh \u1ea1 Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00e1u l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u kh\u00e1c \u0111i? A: \u00dd c\u00f4 l\u00e0 g\u00ec \u1ea1? Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: \u00c0, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. C\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u1ea5y c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u1ed5n khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u01b0\u1edbi trung b\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ecfi. N\u00ean c\u00f4 \u0111ang b\u0103n kho\u0103n l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec ch\u00e1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng? A: Ch\u00e1u mong \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean 8. C\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u01b0\u1edbi trung b\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y\u2026 Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: Ch\u00e1u \u0111\u00e3 bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 8 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f4n To\u00e1n ch\u01b0a? Trong n\u0103m ngo\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c n\u0103m nay? A: C\u00f3 \u1ea1 Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: Khi n\u00e0o? A: B\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u1edf h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3 1. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 to\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u01b0\u1edbi trung b\u00ecnh \u1ea1. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: H\u1ecdc k\u1ef3 1 c\u1ee7a n\u0103m nay? TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 135","A: V\u00e2ng. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: Ch\u1ec9 v\u1eeba m\u1edbi v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc? A: V\u00e2ng. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: \u1ed2. V\u1eady \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra l\u00fac \u1ea5y, khi m\u00e0 ch\u00e1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 8 \u0111i\u1ec3m? A: Ch\u00e1u ch\u1ec9 ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung l\u00e0m b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u, nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n xung quanh n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00f9a ngh\u1ecbch l\u00e0m ch\u00e1u m\u1ea5t t\u1eadp trung. Th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho ch\u00e1u v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1t ch\u00e1u, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea7y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1t m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9a kia Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: C\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ch\u00e1u \u0111ang c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ea7y \u0111ang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi ch\u00e1u? A: V\u00e2ng \u0111\u00fang \u1ea1. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: \u1eea A: Th\u1ea7y \u1ea5y g\u1ecdi v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 ch\u00e1u, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi b\u1ed1 d\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u \u1edf l\u1edbp. B\u1ed1 m\u1eafng ch\u00e1u, ch\u00e1u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ed1 b\u1ea3o: \u201cB\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nghe\u201d. Ch\u00e1u c\u00e3i l\u1ea1i b\u1ed1. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: V\u1eady l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u1edf l\u1edbp To\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u \u1edf nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng? A: V\u00e2ng. \u0110\u00fang \u1ea1. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: C\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. V\u1eady ch\u00e1u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u, gi\u00fap ch\u00e1u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 l\u00ean l\u1edbp? A: H\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi h\u01a1n \u1ea1. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec? A: Thi tho\u1ea3ng ch\u00e1u s\u1ebd h\u1ecfi th\u1ea7y, ch\u00e1u h\u1ecfi th\u1ea7y c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m b\u00e0i v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y s\u1ebd n\u00f3i: H\u1ea1 tay xu\u1ed1ng, em ch\u1edd m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat\u201d. Th\u1ea7y b\u0103n kho\u0103n l\u00e0 v\u00ec sao b\u1ecdn ch\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m b\u00e0i. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: V\u1eady l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng g\u00ec? A: Kh\u00f4ng \u1ea1. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: \u1eea, ch\u00e1u c\u00f2n l\u00e0m g\u00ec n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng? A: Ch\u00e1u \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 ng\u1ed3i ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n g\u00ec Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? A: T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 sao \u1ea1? Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: Ch\u00e1u c\u00f3 b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n hay \u00edt h\u01a1n khi ch\u00e1u ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n g\u00ec? 136 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","A: \u00cdt h\u01a1n \u1ea1 Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi ch\u00e1u A: N\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00ec ch\u00e1u ng\u1ed3i c\u00e1ch xa ch\u1ed7 th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: \u0110i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n hay k\u00e9m h\u01a1n khi ch\u00e1u ng\u1ed3i \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3? A: C\u00f3 v\u1ebb t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, v\u00ec ch\u00e1u t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 ch\u00e1u c\u0169ng l\u00e0m b\u00e0i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0. V\u1edbi c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00e1u ng\u1ed3i \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u01a1i \u1ed3n \u00e0o. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV: \u1eea, v\u1eady ch\u00e1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? A: Ch\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. Th\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd vi\u1ec7c ch\u00e1u ng\u1ed3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2u \u1ea1. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV v\u00e0 A ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch A c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap em \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m cao h\u01a1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ng\u1ed3i xa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u1ed3n \u00e0o. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0 A \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a A \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m kho\u1ea3ng 50% trong th\u1eddi gian c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u0103m h\u1ecdc. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 8 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f4n To\u00e1n, em \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n sang l\u1edbp 11. (Murphy, 2015) Murphy (2015) \u0111\u00e3 so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u201ccu\u1ed9c thi k\u00e9o co gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh\u201d. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00e0ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng k\u00e9o h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, th\u00ec h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e0ng c\u1ed1 k\u00e9o l\u1ea1i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 n\u00fat th\u1eaft ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u1eb7t h\u01a1n. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c thi kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o d\u00e2y. Khi ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111ang gi\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea7u kia c\u1ee7a s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 \u00e9p h\u1ecdc sinh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea3 d\u00e2y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, \u00e9p h\u1ecdc sinh. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a A, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1eb1ng th\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng \\\"tr\u00f9\\\" em, th\u1ea7y ph\u1ea1t do th\u1ea5y nh\u00f3m em n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n g\u00e2y \u1ed3n \u00e0o, v.v. t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi A. Suy cho c\u00f9ng, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c gi\u1eb1ng co nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00e2y b\u00ean kia. C\u00e2u chuy\u00ean vi chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a A minh h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao tham v\u1ea5n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00f2ng tham v\u1ea5n. Nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a A, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p g\u1eb7p A \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 A \u0111ang kh\u00fac m\u1eafc, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a A, thay v\u00ec c\u1ed1 \u00e9p A nh\u00ecn m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 theo c\u00e1ch TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 137","kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111ang g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n s\u1ebd thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh. Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tham v\u1ea5n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 huynh v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u1eb9 nh\u00f5m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c khi h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd - v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd - \u0111ang l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a A c\u0169ng minh h\u1ecda hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a tham v\u1ea5n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u2014 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh (Murphy, 2015). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac, \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecdc sinh nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3, h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y. \uf06c\uf020 Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7\u201d: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t\/x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ed1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \uf06c\uf020Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh d\u00e1n nh\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh theo thang \u0111o t\u1eeb 1 \u2013 10, gi\u00fap d\u1eabn d\u1eaft h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 trong thang \u0111o n\u00e0y l\u00ean. \uf06c\uf020Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111ang c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng theo m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn\/kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi gi\u00fap \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 (Kolbert v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2016). Li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh vi (CBT) Aaron Beck \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh REBT c\u1ee7a Alfred Ellis b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 \u00edt c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (Beck, 1979; Sussman, 2006). Beck \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 phi l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ellis m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ec7ch trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c suy ngh\u0129 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y song song v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u0111ang c\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb kia \u0111ang c\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea1o, n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn 138 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (Wright, 2011). Can thi\u1ec7p theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh vi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa suy ngh\u0129, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c thu nh\u1eadn k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1eabu (Kolbert v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2016). Theo m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Wright (2011) v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng CBT trong tham v\u1ea5n, khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tham v\u1ea5n, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tin c\u1eady gi\u1eefa m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh. Bu\u1ed5i tham v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cho bu\u1ed5i tham v\u1ea5n. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0: \u201cKhi k\u1ebft th\u00fac bu\u1ed5i tham v\u1ea5n, em mu\u1ed1n m\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\u201d C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u01b0u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch (Sussman, 2006). Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u bu\u1ed5i tham v\u1ea5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xem x\u00e9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cho can thi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1edf ho\u1eb7c l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u01b0, \u201cChuy\u1ec7n g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi em trong tu\u1ea7n n\u00e0y?\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cEm h\u00e3y t\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c em l\u00e0m trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y t\u1eeb khi th\u1ee9c d\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111i ng\u1ee7\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cEm h\u00e3y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a em l\u00fac n\u00e0y\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TV d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc sinh th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. M\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ecdc sinh tin r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea1o, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean s\u1ebd h\u1ecfi h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, v\u1edbi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0: \u201cC\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang c\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f9a hay m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c hay kh\u00f4ng?\u201d B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 m\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng, h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi, t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n. C\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i tham v\u1ea5n. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean giao \u201cb\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0\u201d. H\u1ecdc sinh n\u00ean vi\u1ebft ra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c suy ngh\u0129 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169 v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u khoa h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. Trong bu\u1ed5i tham v\u1ea5n ti\u1ebfp theo, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc sinh xem l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y gi\u00fap cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 tham v\u1ea5n th\u00eam. 4.2 Tham v\u1ea5n nh\u00f3m C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y can thi\u1ec7p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tham v\u1ea5n nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u0103ng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh trung h\u1ecdc (Gerrity & DeLucia-Waack, 2006; Zinck & Littrell, 2000; Firman, Karneli & Hariko, 2018; Adriani, Jannah, & Tahlil, 2020; Grant v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2021; Pranoto v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2016; Grant & Berkovitz, 1999; Hajhosseini, 2016; Putrikita, & Sari, 2020; Nelson v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 1996; Ismail v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2010; Krisnanda, 2019; Bakh- tiar & Rahmatia, 2018; Bemak v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2005). TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 139","B\u1ea3ng 9: Tham v\u1ea5n nh\u00f3m d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tham v\u1ea5n nh\u00f3m tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u t\u00e2m b\u1ec7nh l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng (Sink v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2011) Nh\u00f3m d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc Nh\u00f3m trong tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng Ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 quy Ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba v\u00e0 can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c c\u1ea5p, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh t\u00ecm kh\u1ecfe t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea9n c\u00e1ch n\u00e2ng cao c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m l\u00fd n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng). lo ng\u1ea1i ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c gia \u0111\u00ecnh; v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng). M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1eadp C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 th\u00e2n trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \/h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m nh\u00e2n \/x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc x\u00fac, suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, suy ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh. N\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u01b0\u1eddng do N\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u01b0\u1eddng do chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u00e0 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7t ra d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u1ea5y tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m. cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n \/nhu c\u1ea7u). Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n trong \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong th\u1eddi gian kho\u1ea3ng 6-8 tu\u1ea7n (ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n). d\u00e0i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tham v\u1ea5n nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u t\u00e2m l\u00fd d\u1ee5c, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3c can thi\u1ec7p s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, h\u00e0nh vi ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. 140 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","Kolbert v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2016) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00f3m tham v\u1ea5n t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc: (1) T\u1ea1i sao nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p\/c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh? (2) Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o (l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i, c\u1ea5p l\u1edbp, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc sinh)? (3) \u0110\u00e2y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ti\u00eau ch\u00ed n\u00e0o? (4) B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd tuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean cho nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? (5) L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m? (6) Nh\u00f3m s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p nhau bao l\u00e2u m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o (s\u00e1u tu\u1ea7n, m\u01b0\u1eddi hai tu\u1ea7n, v.v.)? (7) V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m s\u1ebd l\u00e0 g\u00ec? (8) C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp nh\u00f3m s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? (9) B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? S\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tham gia nh\u00f3m Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u1ecfi t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd do t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c trong nh\u00f3m. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m: \uf06c\uf020H\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u00f3m t\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng? \uf06c\uf020H\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i dung m\u00e0 nh\u00f3m s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng? \uf06c\uf020Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng? Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf, v\u00ec c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo nh\u00f3m. Vi\u1ec7c s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 xem nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m hay kh\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t \u0111i do thi\u1ebfu b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn tham gia nh\u00f3m Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 huynh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m hay kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0m s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp nh\u00f3m. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u0169ng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0o TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 141","nh\u00f3m, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi nh\u00f3m k\u1ebft th\u00fac, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt (Kolbert v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2016). C\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m V\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc sinh trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1eeb hai \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tham v\u1ea5n nh\u00f3m: Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh: Nhu c\u1ea7u: c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m, lo ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tham gia. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch: tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tham gia nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n nh\u00f3m. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac: th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m cho c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp nh\u00f3m, xem x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m. N\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7t ra. Quy tr\u00ecnh s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc: \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 m\u1eddi h\u1ecdc sinh B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh: v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong nh\u00f3m. C\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 sau: Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n N\u1ed9i dung Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m, c\u1ea7n th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o. C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m, nh\u00f3m bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n kh\u00e1c nhau. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. Sau khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ecdp, m\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd tham gia v\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho m\u1ed7i phi\u00ean. H\u1ecdc sinh trong nh\u00f3m \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo l\u1eafng, t\u00f2 m\u00f2, hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00e1c em bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m. 142 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","\u0110\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u h\u01a1n Chuy\u1ec3n giao v\u1ec1 quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m. Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng, lo l\u1eafng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0i nghi. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 gi\u00fap c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00ean v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u0169ng s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 lo ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1edfi m\u1edf trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh giao ti\u1ebfp trong nh\u00f3m. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00edt s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng chia s\u1ebb g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m v\u00ec s\u1ee3 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9. Nh\u00f3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ea3y ra xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u201cchi\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn\u201d v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c em cho l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac lo l\u1eafng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, s\u1ebd gi\u00fap x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00f2ng tin gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lo s\u1ee3, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecf qua s\u1ef1 lo l\u1eafng v\u00e0 b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u00e0 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nhau th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean cho to\u00e0n nh\u00f3m. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i nh\u00f3m. TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 143","K\u1ebft th\u00fac K\u1ebft th\u00fac nh\u00f3m. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a. M\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 mu\u1ed1n \u0103n m\u1eebng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n khi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft th\u00fac n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m s\u1eafp t\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd: \uf06c\uf020K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00f3m: Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u1eabu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 v\u0169 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng khung m\u00e0 nh\u00f3m s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng (Brown, 2009). \uf06c\uf020 L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00f3m: Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m: \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u00f3m, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 huynh, h\u1ecdc sinh (Conyne, Crowell, & Newmyer, 2008). Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m sau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n: \uf06c\uf020Nh\u00f3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp: C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u1eddi gian, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ea5p (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 do h\u1ecdc sinh chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00ean trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc). \uf06c\uf020Nh\u00f3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p: C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft bao g\u1ed3m thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, v.v. \uf06c\uf020Nh\u00f3m c\u1ea3m x\u00fac\/x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft bao g\u1ed3m \u0111au bu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 lo \u00e2u, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hung h\u0103ng\/g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn em m\u1edbi sinh ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111ang gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ly h\u00f4n ho\u1eb7c xa c\u00e1ch cha m\u1eb9 (giam gi\u1eef, nh\u1eadp vi\u1ec7n, v.v.) (Kolbert v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2016). 144 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean n\u00ean t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00ean t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. H\u1ecdc sinh n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m \\\"Bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y em c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7t ra trong ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay kh\u00f4ng?\\\", v\u00e0 \\\"Em c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u1edbi trong nh\u00f3m h\u00f4m nay kh\u00f4ng?\\\". Khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac nh\u00f3m, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean nh\u00f3m, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong h\u00e0nh vi ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0: \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u em th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t \u1edf nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 _____\u201d, \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u em kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u1edf nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ____\u201d . Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac nh\u00f3m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thang \u0111o Likert sau: \u201c5 = thay \u0111\u1ed5i \/c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, 4 = thay \u0111\u1ed5i \/c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u, 3 = m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \/c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, 2 = thay \u0111\u1ed5i \/c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u00edt, 1 = kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \/kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, 0 = kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \/kh\u00f4ng quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y (Kol- bert v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2016). 4.3 Ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba, can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd\/t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc (Brock, 2002). Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng x\u1ea3y ra trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (\u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o), ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1, chi\u1ebfn tranh, h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng, tai n\u1ea1n giao th\u00f4ng, d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh, t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t, c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda\/s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tai n\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c, b\u1eaft n\u1ea1t (Motomura, 2009). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau sau m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, 80\u201385% ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd trong v\u00f2ng 24 gi\u1edd; kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong ba tu\u1ea7n tr\u1edf l\u00ean. C\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u1eady. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y \u1edf tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn bao g\u1ed3m: \uf06c\uf020Lo \u00e2u, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \uf06c\uf020C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i \uf06c\uf020M\u1ea5t ni\u1ec1m tin, thu m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \uf06c\uf020C\u00e1u k\u1ec9nh, t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn \uf06c\uf020Gi\u1ea3m t\u1eadp trung, ch\u00fa \u00fd TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 145","\uf06c\uf020T\u0103ng xung \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ee7i ro, t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \uf06c\uf020 Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c k\u00e9m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n, \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t \uf06c\uf020Sang ch\u1ea5n b\u1ecb t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c k\u00fd \u1ee9c x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n) \uf06c\uf020R\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7, khi ng\u1ee7 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb gi\u1eadt m\u00ecnh \uf06c\uf020C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n) \uf06c\uf020C\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u00ea li\u1ec7t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c g\u00ec v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y). Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, can thi\u1ec7p kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 can thi\u1ec7p kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 2: C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 can thi\u1ec7p kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc Can thi\u1ec7p kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng B\u1eadc 3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh Tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u t\u00e2m l\u00fd Cung c\u1ea5p cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 sang ch\u1ea5n cao Th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng Can thi\u1ec7p kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng B\u1eadc 2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a Can thi\u1ec7p kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng Cung c\u1ea5p cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 sang ch\u1ea5n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 Can thi\u1ec7p kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng trung b\u00ecnh d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc V\u1edbi kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng cao, c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u00e2m l\u00fd cho h\u1ecdc sinh th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1eddng theo nh\u00f3m Can thi\u1ec7p kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t B\u1eadc 1 \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103m s\u00f3c Cung c\u1ea5p cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1t tay, t\u1edd r\u01a1i, th\u00f4ng tin sinh, nh\u1eefng em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 c\u00f3 sang ch\u1ea5n t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 sang ch\u1ea5n t\u00e2m l\u00fd X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 an ninh v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 X\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba sang ch\u1ea5n t\u00e2m l\u00fd 146 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG"]