Sách Tâm lý học đường

["C\u00e1n b\u1ed9 l\u00e0m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u00edt nh\u1ea5t theo ba c\u00e1ch: gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc sinh THCS trong th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb stress; gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh THCS ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n; gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh THCS khi tr\u1ebb c\u1ea7n. Gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3: \uf06c\uf020 Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c em chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec em \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng l\u1eafng nghe. H\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eebng v\u1ed9i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean. C\u00e1c em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o, c\u00e1c em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u1ecf, kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i lo l\u1eafng, b\u1eadn t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh THCS. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i \u201cem s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u00f4i\u201d kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb VTN r\u1eb1ng ta kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nghe tr\u1ebb. \uf06c\uf020 L\u00e0m c\u00e1c em y\u00ean l\u00f2ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c em. S\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng an \u1ee7i tr\u1ebb b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng n\u1ebfu tr\u1ebb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c t\u1ecf ra b\u1ef1c t\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng khi c\u00e1c em g\u1eb7p stress. H\u00e3y ki\u00ean tr\u00ec v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1c em bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng n\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc sinh THCS c\u1ea7n. \uf06c\uf020Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, v\u1eabn th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7. \uf06c\uf020Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch tr\u1ebb tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c em th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau th\u00edch. \uf06c\uf020C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c em c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p ch\u00fang ta khi c\u00e1c em c\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecdc sinh THCS ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n g\u1eb7p ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00e1c em \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua. Gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c em ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u: H\u00e3y l\u00e0m m\u1eabu c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh THCS c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh THCS \u0111ang g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i. D\u1ea1y c\u00e1c em k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \uf06c\uf020\u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. \uf06c\uf020D\u1ea1y c\u00e1c em c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. \uf06c\uf020T\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho tr\u1ebb th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3: gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 47","\u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u01b0u, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p Gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ea3m x\u00fac: \uf06c\uf020D\u1ea1y c\u00e1c em nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cx\u1ea3 stress\u201d v\u00e0 th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n nh\u01b0 \u0111i d\u1ea1o, ch\u01a1i th\u1ec3 thao, nghe nh\u1ea1c ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ai \u0111\u00f3. \uf06c\uf020 Gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh THCS h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau: nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u1edf m\u1eb7t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nh\u1ee7 v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. \uf06c\uf020 Gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecdc sinh THCS tham gia v\u00e0 vui v\u1ebb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi. T\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng vui v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edch. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh THCS n\u1ea1p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m stress. 2.4.2. Nghi\u1ec7n internet, nghi\u1ec7n tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn (game online) 2.4.2.1. C\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft tr\u1ebb nghi\u1ec7n internet, nghi\u1ec7n tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn Trong cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 10.000 thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean t\u1ea1i 25 qu\u1ed1c gia do UNICEF th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2016 cho th\u1ea5y 72% thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng internet. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Minh C\u00f4ng (2011) cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kho\u1ea3ng 12,3% h\u1ecdc sinh THCS nghi\u1ec7n internet \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a V\u00f5 Kim Duy v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2021) ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i 4 qu\u1eadn\/huy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a TP. HCM. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 h\u1ecdc sinh THCS v\u00e0 THPT nghi\u1ec7n internet l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 cao so v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2u \u00c1. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nghi\u1ec7n internet \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m \u1edf l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ecdc sinh nam N \u2013 14 tu\u1ed5i: H\u1ecdc sinh nam 14 tu\u1ed5i, l\u00e0 con th\u1ee9 3\/3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, tr\u00ean l\u00e0 2 ch\u1ecb g\u00e1i. N \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau nhau, gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7m \u1ea5m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ba ch\u1ecb em \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi v\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c em \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ngoan ngo\u00e3n, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u00e0i h\u00f2a. Khi N \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 10 tu\u1ed5i gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ea3y ra bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 l\u1edbn. Ch\u1ecb c\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 t\u1eed v\u00ec tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m khi \u0111ang l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean n\u0103m th\u1ee9 3 \u0111\u1ea1i 48 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","h\u1ecdc. C\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111au bu\u1ed3n v\u00ec sang ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9, t\u1ef1 tr\u00e1ch m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb l\u00e2u nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee9 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \\\"hi\u1ec1n, \u00edt n\u00f3i\\\" c\u1ee7a con, kh\u00f4ng chia s\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi con n\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 con t\u1ef1 t\u1eed. \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i l\u00e0 do con h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u m\u1edbi b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m. T\u1eeb suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng cho N v\u00e0 ch\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u, b\u1eaft ch\u01a1i l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho con trai ch\u01a1i c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. N nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 game tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 l\u01a1 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh. N kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111i h\u1ecdc, xem nh\u1eb9 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd trong ng\u00e0y tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Sau 2 n\u0103m th\u00ec N \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, h\u00e0nh vi so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y: + S\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng b\u1ecf h\u1ecdc + D\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian trong ng\u00e0y cho ch\u01a1i Game + Hay t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00f4 c\u1edb + L\u01a1 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c \u0103n u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n + Khi c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u N th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec N kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m v\u00e0 c\u00e1u g\u1eaft, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n th\u00ec N s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1c. N tr\u1edf l\u00ean h\u1eadn th\u00f9 v\u1edbi m\u1eb9 v\u00ec m\u1eb9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf khi N ch\u01a1i Game qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. + N \u00edt \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp h\u01a1n. Khi \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp l\u1ea1i \u00edt ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 l\u1ea7m l\u00ec B\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 nh\u00e2n ra v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n N ch\u01a1i game. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a N c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf l\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u: c\u00e1u g\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ea1p ph\u00e1, ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n v\u1edbi m\u1eb9.... sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u nh\u01b0ng c\u00e0ng r\u1ed1i h\u01a1n.. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ch\u01a1i game V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh h\u1ecdc Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ch\u01a1i Internet v\u00e0 ch\u01a1i game, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra cho h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n kinh dopamine qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c. Dopamine l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n kinh x\u1ea3y ra trong n\u00e3o c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh\u201d ni\u1ec1m vui. Ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra trong nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 49","\u0111\u1ed9ng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khi b\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u0103n u\u1ed1ng hay \u0103n m\u1eebng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1ea3y ra khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u00e3o ti\u1ebft ra ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp h\u01a1n. Khi \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh c\u1ea3m, khi\u1ebfn ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u01a1i game nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ee7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng dopamine nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1eady c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 game \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n (hijack) v\u00e0 thao t\u00fang c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t game c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ea3n sinh \u0111\u1ee7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng dopamine nh\u01b0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u, r\u1ed3i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u00e0n ch\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u1ec7n game c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. V\u1edbi game hi\u1ec7n nay, b\u1ea1n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y k\u00edch th\u00edch n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m. V\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i game n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n. Tuy v\u1eady, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecf ngang v\u00ec n\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 quen c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf dopamine \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t b\u1edfi tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i. Sau n\u00e0y, khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ecf game, th\u00ec n\u00e3o b\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng dopamine \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p t\u00e2m l\u00fd, th\u00f4i th\u00fac b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i quay l\u1ea1i ch\u01a1i game \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n sinh ti\u1ebfp dopamine. Ng\u00e0y nay, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ghi nh\u1eadn t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb v\u1ecf n\u00e3o (brain scan- ning\/ positron emission tomography \u2013 PET) ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng dopamine ti\u1ebft ra khi ch\u01a1i game. Qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Ham- mersmith t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, Anh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y n\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i game ti\u1ebft ra g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng dopamine so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng game th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7n. Ngo\u00e0i dopamine, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 oxytocin, endorphins v\u00e0 serotonin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e3o ti\u1ebft ra khi ch\u01a1i game. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft c\u1ea3m x\u00fac con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u00f4ng qua game, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y s\u1ebd g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u1ea3o v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3o ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u0103ng kh\u00edt h\u01a1n. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n \uf06c\uf020S\u1ee3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u1ecb \u201cl\u1ea1c h\u1eadu\u201d M\u1ed9t l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m b\u1ecf game, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecf trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu. Nhi\u1ec1u game \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cphong \u0111\u1ed9\u201d v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh. Nh\u1eefng game online l\u1edbn hi\u1ec7n nay nh\u01b0 Dota, Li\u00ean Minh, Free Fire kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 game. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u, h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u 50 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","fan trung th\u00e0nh \u0111ang tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng ri\u00eang v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf gameplay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng qua c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea3o n\u00e0y v\u1eabn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 tham gia hay kh\u00f4ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i ph\u1ea3i theo s\u00e1t c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a game \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi cho k\u1ecbp. C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4i th\u00fac h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp ch\u01a1i game h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. \uf06c\uf020K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, game ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb, th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n nay, game l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Game th\u1ee7 kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau, b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n, chia s\u1ebb kinh nghi\u1ec7m\u2026 Game MOBA y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u01a1i theo nh\u00f3m. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecf game s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u00e1p l\u1ef1c nh\u00f3m l\u00ean m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean (peer pressure) c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i khi mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecf r\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m game c\u00f2n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c\u2026 nh\u1eb1m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi game th\u1ee7 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u0103ng kh\u00edt h\u01a1n. Qua \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb d\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn game l\u00e0 1 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \uf06c\uf020C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u0103m 2009 cho th\u1ea5y 41% ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tham gia ch\u01a1i game v\u00ec l\u00fd do mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. Trong game, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i theo s\u1edf th\u00edch v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p hay chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 do th\u00ec c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t! M\u1ed9t khi b\u1ecb d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1edfi t\u00ednh t\u00f2 m\u00f2 v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u00edch tinh th\u1ea7n, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh, h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u00f4i k\u00e9o v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a game. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m th\u00e1i n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n, truy c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m cao tr\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan h\u01a1n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, l\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang ta l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb game \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m sinh l\u00fd, quan ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi? Bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ch\u01a1i game C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ch\u01a1i Game\/Internet nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 51","Sue Fisher (1994) \u0111\u01b0a ra 9 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh k\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nghi\u1ec7n game (1) S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m, (2) s\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng, (3) h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng cai v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, (4) tr\u00e1nh tho\u00e1t, (5) s\u1ef1 s\u0103n \u0111u\u1ed5i, (6) n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i v\u00e0 l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t, (7) h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p, (8) ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh\/ nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, (9) m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Beard, K., & Wolf, E. (2001) Theo \u00f4ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ee7 (1-5) ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t: 1. M\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet (suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp) 2. Nh\u1eefng mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng th\u1eddi gian trong s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n. 3. C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, c\u1eaft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, hay d\u1eebng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet. 4. B\u1ed3n ch\u1ed3n, bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u, ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, c\u00e1u k\u1ec9nh khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1eaft hay d\u1eebng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet. 5. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn. V\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n sau: 1. G\u00e2y h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i hay ch\u1ecbu r\u1ee7i ro m\u1ea5t c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hay c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet. 2. N\u00f3i d\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u00e0 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 che d\u1ea5u ph\u1ea1m vi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. 3. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hay gi\u1ea3m \u0111i nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 lo li\u1ec7u, t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, lo \u00e2u, tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m). Trong Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 B\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe li\u00ean quan (ICD 11), c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5, WHO \u0111\u01b0a nghi\u1ec7n game v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi h\u00e0nh vi ch\u01a1i dai d\u1eb3ng, t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn hay ngo\u1ea1i tuy\u1ebfn. Theo \u0111\u00f3, ba d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nghi\u1ec7n game \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed3m: 1. Kh\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u01a1i game (nh\u01b0 t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t, c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9, th\u1eddi gian, b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh); th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ea5t ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u01a1i game. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 ch\u01a1i game, c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u01a1i game hay kh\u00f4ng, khi n\u00e0o th\u00ec d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i,... 52 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","2. \u01afu ti\u00ean ch\u01a1i game h\u01a1n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7n game t\u0103ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u01a1i game. Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u01a1n c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u1ebb nghi\u1ec7n game online c\u00f2n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1n ch\u00f3t l\u00e0m b\u00e0i t\u1eadp, \u00f4n thi,... 3. Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c ch\u01a1i game ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ch\u01a1i game Tr\u1ebb ch\u01a1i game nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ean 10 gi\u1edd\/ng\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd, v\u00f9ng \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf, v\u00f9ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. L\u00e2u d\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \uf06c\uf020R\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7n game online c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ee7 r\u1ea5t \u00edt, s\u1ed1 gi\u1edd ng\u1ee7 trong ng\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 3 - 4 gi\u1edd g\u00e2y m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, d\u1ec5 c\u00e1u g\u1eaft, ch\u00e1n ch\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng. \uf06c\uf020M\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ngon mi\u1ec7ng, \u0103n \u00edt ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m c\u00e2n, s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat: Do nghi\u1ec7n game online m\u00e0 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c \u0103n r\u1ea5t \u00edt. S\u1ee5t c\u00e2n, s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe k\u00e9m \u0111i, ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t hay g\u1eb7p \u1edf b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7n game online. \uf06c\uf020R\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng: Thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1eadm, ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p khi giao ti\u1ebfp, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i nh\u1ecf, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00edt, n\u1ed9i dung ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i. \uf06c\uf020 R\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n tr\u00ed nh\u1edb: Gi\u1ea3m tr\u00ed nh\u1edb ng\u1eafn, tr\u00ed nh\u1edb d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed1t trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n \uf06c\uf020 Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n, b\u1ee9c b\u1ed1i kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i. \uf06c\uf020Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1ng: Qu\u00e1 ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm trong m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 game online khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trong game in s\u00e2u v\u00e0o suy ngh\u0129, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \uf06c\uf020\u1ea2o t\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u1eb7c \u0111a nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i nh\u1eadp vai qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c. S\u1ef1 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi kinh kh\u1ee7ng, qu\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea3n trong quan h\u1ec7 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 53","c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng hung h\u0103ng, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \uf06c\uf020C\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ebb nh\u1ea1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n do ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7n game ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng xa r\u1eddi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u00edt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \uf06c\uf020S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat giao l\u01b0u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 xung quanh, \u00edt quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh. \uf06c\uf020B\u1ecf b\u00ea vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, tr\u1ebb em h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh sa s\u00fat h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 tan v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \uf06c\uf020R\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ch\u01a1i game thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ch\u01a1i game v\u00e0 l\u1ea5n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea3o khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 tho\u00e1t ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ch\u01a1i\u2022game c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 con nh\u1ecf b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ch\u01a1i game online l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean n\u00f3ng ru\u1ed9t, qu\u00e1t th\u00e1o hay n\u1eb7ng l\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1eafng tr\u1ebb. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u00fang m\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch s\u1ebd gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Thang \u0111o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng Internet- Game Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m IAT (Internet Addiction Test) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1996 b\u1edfi Ts K. S. Young (Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Trung t\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nghi\u1ec7n Internet \u2013 Hoa K\u1ef3), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0a ra thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef nghi\u1ec7n Internet l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1996. Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nghi\u1ec7n Internet, tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Young v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m bao g\u1ed3m 20 item, m\u1ed7i item c\u00f3 5 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 : 1 \u2013 Hi\u1ebfm khi; 2 \u2013 Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng; 3 \u2013 B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng; 4 \u2013 Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean; 5 \u2013 Lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n. C\u00e1ch t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 theo s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, 0 \u2013 0 \u0111i\u1ec3m; 1 \u2013 1 \u0111i\u1ec3m; 2 \u2013 2 \u0111i\u1ec3m; 3 \u2013 3 \u0111i\u1ec3m; 4 \u2013 4 \u0111i\u1ec3m; 5 \u2013 5 \u0111i\u1ec3m. C\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nghi\u1ec7n Internet \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau: C\u1ed9ng d\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m, nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 54 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1ed9c kho\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o th\u00ec \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3: - 0 \u2013 30 \u0111i\u1ec3m : S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet \u1edf m\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. - 30 \u2013 49 \u0111i\u1ec3m: Nghi\u1ec7n Internet nh\u1eb9. - 49 \u2013 79 \u0111i\u1ec3m: Nghi\u1ec7n Internet \u1edf m\u1ee9c v\u1eeba. - 79 \u2013 100 \u0111i\u1ec3m: Nghi\u1ec7n Internet \u1edf m\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng. Trong 20 c\u00e2u ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n trong 2 tu\u1ea7n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 4 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9: 1- ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng, 2- th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, 3- th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, 4- lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang hay sai h\u00e3y khoanh tr\u00f2n v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh nh\u00e9! N\u1ed9i dung Hi\u1ebfm Th\u1ec9nh B\u00ecnh Th\u01b0\u1eddng Lu\u00f4n khi tho\u1ea3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean lu\u00f4n 1. B\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y b\u1ea1n 1 online l\u00e2u h\u01a1n b\u1ea1n d\u1ef1 2345 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o? 12345 2. B\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y b\u1ea1n b\u1ecf b\u00ea vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 12345 d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian online \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o? 12345 3. B\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y b\u1ea1n 12345 th\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi 12345 gian cho b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o? 4. B\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n m\u1eadt tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi online kh\u00e1c \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? 5. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o? 6. Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n (b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0) b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian b\u1ea1n online \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 55","N\u1ed9i dung Hi\u1ebfm Th\u1ec9nh B\u00ecnh Th\u01b0\u1eddng Lu\u00f4n khi tho\u1ea3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean lu\u00f4n 7. Bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n b\u1ea1n 1 th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec3m tra 2345 email c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n 12345 thi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c? 12345 8. Bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u 12345 qu\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng 12345 b\u1edfi internet? 12345 12345 9. Bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n b\u1ea1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c b\u00ed m\u1eadt khi m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m g\u00ec khi online? 10. Bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129\/v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u1ec1 internet? 11. Bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n, b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng khi n\u00e0o th\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c online? 12. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea1n s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd bu\u1ed3n t\u1ebb, tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng v\u00e0 t\u1ebb nh\u1ea1t khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 internet? 13. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea1n c\u00e1u k\u1ec9nh, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c khi h\u1ecd l\u00e0m phi\u1ec1n b\u1ea1n l\u00fac online? 56 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","N\u1ed9i dung Hi\u1ebfm Th\u1ec9nh B\u00ecnh Th\u01b0\u1eddng Lu\u00f4n khi tho\u1ea3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean lu\u00f4n 14. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 1 m\u1ea5t ng\u1ee7\/ thi\u1ebfu ng\u1ee7 2345 v\u00ec online qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n? 12345 15. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1ed3n 12345 ch\u1ed3n v\u00ec internet khi 12345 b\u1ea1n of line, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1n 12345 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ph\u1ea5n k\u00edch 12345 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c online l\u1ea1i 12345 16. Bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n b\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh \u201cch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u00fat n\u1eefa th\u00f4i\u201d khi b\u1ea1n online? 17. Bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n b\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1n online nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i? 18. Bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n b\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea5u l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 online bao l\u00e2u? 19. Bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n b\u1ea1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 online h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111i ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n? 20. Bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n, \u1ee7 r\u0169 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ed3n ch\u1ed3n khi b\u1ea1n of line, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n online l\u1ea1i? T\u1ed5ng T\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec3m \/ 100 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 57","C\u00e1ch t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec3m: \uf06c\uf020Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m bao g\u1ed3m 20 item, m\u1ed7i item c\u00f3 5 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 : 0 \u2013 Kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p; 1 \u2013 Hi\u1ebfm khi; 2 \u2013 Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng; 3 \u2013 Th\u01b0\u1eddng; 4 \u2013 Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n; 5 \u2013 Lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n. C\u00e1ch t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 theo s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, 0 \u2013 0 \u0111i\u1ec3m; 1 \u2013 1 \u0111i\u1ec3m; 2 \u2013 2 \u0111i\u1ec3m; 3 \u2013 3 \u0111i\u1ec3m; 4 \u2013 4 \u0111i\u1ec3m; 5 \u2013 5 \u0111i\u1ec3m. \uf06c\uf020C\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nghi\u1ec7n Internet \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau: C\u1ed9ng d\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m, nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1ed9c kho\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o th\u00ec \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3: - 0 \u2013 30 \u0111i\u1ec3m : S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet \u1edf m\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. - 30 \u2013 49 \u0111i\u1ec3m: Nghi\u1ec7n Internet nh\u1eb9. - 49 \u2013 79 \u0111i\u1ec3m: Nghi\u1ec7n Internet \u1edf m\u1ee9c v\u1eeba. - 79 \u2013 100 \u0111i\u1ec3m: Nghi\u1ec7n Internet \u1edf m\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 thang \u0111o ri\u00eang \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng\/nghi\u1ec7n game tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Thang \u0111o tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch \u1ee9ng tr\u00ean 1250 kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng Internet v\u00e0 Game \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong thang \u0111o n\u00e0y. 2.4.2.2. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng internet\/game Internet c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Internet c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u00f4ng tin, tri th\u1ee9c, mua s\u1eafm tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn, v.v. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng internet m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh. H\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi nghi\u1ec7n Internet, nghi\u1ec7n tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00f3i quen v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng internet qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean t\u1eeb 13 \u2013 19 tu\u1ed5i (Gangwar & Suwidha, 2016; Caldwell & Cunningham, 2010). 2.4.2.3. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tr\u1ebb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng internet, game Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVH\u0110: Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u: H\u1ecdc sinh g\u1eb7p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVH\u0110 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u1edf h\u1ecdc sinh. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 58 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","th\u1ec3 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 khi h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111ang \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng do gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong b\u1eefa \u0103n tr\u01b0a, gi\u1edd ngh\u1ec9, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sau gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc (Kim, 2007). Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean n\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 can thi\u1ec7p ngay khi th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 gi\u1edd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet \u1edf m\u1ee9c nghi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian l\u1edbn b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i gi\u1edd m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u00fd h\u1ecdc sinh (Young, 1999). Nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \/x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh trung h\u1ecdc (ASCA, 2005). Do \u0111\u00f3, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet, trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 huynh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 huynh lo ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. C\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ee7 trong l\u1edbp v\u00ec h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 truy c\u1eadp Internet su\u1ed1t \u0111\u00eam). C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ecfi l\u01b0ng v\u00e0 m\u1ecfi m\u1eaft do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u00edt v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i (Young, 1999). H\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m, thu m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1u k\u1ec9nh ho\u1eb7c lo l\u1eafng do h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7n Internet. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp bao g\u1ed3m gi\u1ea3m th\u00f3i quen h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, b\u1ecf h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat. H\u1ecdc sinh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00edt tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f3a h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh nghi\u1ec7n Internet (Young, 2006). \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng nguy c\u01a1 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3ng h\u1ecfi, thang \u0111o nh\u01b0 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m nghi\u1ec7n Internet IAT g\u1ed3m 20 c\u00e2u, ho\u1eb7c B\u1ea3n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n nghi\u1ec7n Internet c\u1ee7a Young (1996). 1. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1eadn t\u00e2m c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Internet (ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng online tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y hay ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng online k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp)? 2. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? 3. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t d\u1eebng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet? 4. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ed3n ch\u1ed3n, bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n, m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, d\u1ec5 n\u1ed5i c\u00e1u khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c d\u1eebng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet? TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 59","5. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet l\u00e2u h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh? 6. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet c\u00f3 g\u00e2y nguy h\u1ea1i hay r\u1ee7i ro cao cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n (nh\u01b0 m\u1ea5t c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m; \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp; m\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c)?. 7. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u00e0 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u hay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c vi ph\u1ea1m ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n b\u1edfi Internet? 8. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hay l\u00e0m khu\u00e2y kh\u1ecfa nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n (c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 lo li\u1ec7u, t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, lo \u00e2u, tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m)? H\u1ecdc sinh tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u201cc\u00f3\u201d 5 ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1n trong 8 c\u00e2u tr\u00ean th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nghi\u1ec7n Internet. Can thi\u1ec7p: Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVH\u0110: Tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u h\u00e0nh vi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet (Young, 2007). Young s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ec7ch trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7n Internet c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Can thi\u1ec7p h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 tham v\u1ea5n nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf\/tham v\u1ea5n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cho h\u1ecdc sinh. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba nghi\u1ec7n Internet, nghi\u1ec7n tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecdc sinh. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVH\u0110 c\u1ea7n n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, ban gi\u00e1m hi\u1ec7u, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, ph\u1ee5 huynh, h\u1ecdc sinh, v.v. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i t\u1ecda \u0111\u00e0m, t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n, di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n trao \u0111\u1ed5i, v.v. \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7n Internet, nghi\u1ec7n tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 huynh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc sinh. Trong nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7n Internet, nghi\u1ec7n tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, c\u1ea3 b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p cho cha m\u1eb9 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ra gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho con v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet khi c\u1ea7n. 60 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 huynh: Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ph\u1ee5 huynh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u1edf trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ecdc sinh N \u1edf tr\u00ean, N \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen ch\u01a1i game trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u00e0i n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt ham mu\u1ed1n ch\u01a1i game v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f3i quen h\u00e0nh vi. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 huynh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ham mu\u1ed1n ch\u01a1i game g\u1ed3m: \uf06c\uf020B\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng tham gia v\u1edbi con trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 g\u1eafn b\u00f3, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i h\u01a1n. Khi b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1ea7n g\u0169i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u con \u1edf nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh, s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa, mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a con \u2026 T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trao \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u1eddi gian ch\u01a1i game ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. C\u1ed1t l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 khi con c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh qua nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Con s\u1ebd n\u1ea3y sinh s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m, ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng mong mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb ph\u00eda gia \u0111\u00ecnh hay c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh d\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 (c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh) \uf06c\uf020T\u1ea1o cho con nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m vui kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea3nh r\u1ed7i trong ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 con th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u01a1i game. Khi tr\u1ebb b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quen v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian ch\u01a1i game xu\u1ed1ng. \uf06c\uf020L\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9. C\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m: \uf06c\uf020B\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 con th\u00edch th\u00fa ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u00edch th\u00fa. Ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 \u00f4ng b\u00e0 ch\u01a1i; c\u00f9ng b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 tham gia m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i d\u00e3 ngo\u1ea1i; ch\u01a1i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1; ch\u01a1i c\u1edd c\u00e1 ng\u1ef1a v\u1edbi anh ch\u1ecb em\u2026). Kh\u00f4ng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho con ng\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 xem ho\u1ea1t h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ecdc truy\u1ec7n tranh\u2026 \uf06c\uf020B\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian cho nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y (VD b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian bi\u1ec3u m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y d\u00e0nh 15 ph\u00fat bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u01a1i c\u1edd c\u00e1 ng\u1ef1a v\u1edbi con; 30 ph\u00fat bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u sau khi \u0111i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i b\u1ed9, \u0111\u00e1 b\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c ch\u01a1i c\u1ea7u l\u00f4ng; cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1ebd tham gia m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 th\u0103m \u00f4ng b\u00e0) \uf06c\uf020 Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1eddi gian ch\u01a1i game cho con m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y l\u00e0 45 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 61","ph\u00fat (v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01a1i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong ng\u00e0y). Th\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u01a1i game s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m \u0111i khi tr\u1ebb b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00edch th\u00fa c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 sau v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n, b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 s\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u1eddi gian xu\u1ed1ng 30 ph\u00fat\/l\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u1eddi gian nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y ch\u01a1i game (ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y con kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i t\u1eadp). Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01a1i game v\u00e0o 2 ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n\u2026 \uf06c\uf020B\u00e0n b\u1ea1c v\u1edbi con v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c cho tham gia nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 con h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa. \uf06c\uf020X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi con v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed5 r\u00e1c, g\u1ea5p ch\u0103n g\u1ed1i, gi\u00fap m\u1eb9 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb b\u00e0n \u0103n, d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda) \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00e0nh t\u00edch. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00e0nh t\u00edch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy \u0111\u1ed5i ra nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 con mu\u1ed1n mua ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. B\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 s\u1ebd c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen m\u1edbi n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khen v\u00e0 ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi con m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n con th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. 62 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","3. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, bao g\u1ed3m gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean (Schizoph, 2011). B\u1ea3ng 2: C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u2212 Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u2212 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t sinh h\u1ecdc h\u1ea1i (VD: thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, r\u01b0\u1ee3u, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i v.v.) trong thai k\u1ef3 \u2212 S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u2212 Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m \u2212 Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\/ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1ea7n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t \u2212 Ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u2212 T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ng\u1ea1t\/thi\u1ebfu oxy khi sinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng khi sinh kh\u00e1c \u2212 Nhi\u1ec5m HIV \u2212 Suy dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u2212 L\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7n \u2212 C\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u2212 R\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u2212 C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u2212 \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch kh\u00f3 th\u00edch nghi \u2212 C\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng\/s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u2212 L\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, cao l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecf b\u00ea v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m \u2212 C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i x\u00fac quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf t\u1ed1t \u2212 Kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 th\u00edch \u2212 C\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nghi TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 63","C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u2212 Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i \u2212 S\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 trong gia d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u2212 C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tham gia t\u00edch \u2212 M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn trong gia c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00ecnh \u2212 \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u2212 Phong c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khi tham gia v\u00e0o gia trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nghi\u00eam \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u1eafc, c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn hay nu\u00f4ng chi\u1ec1u, ph\u00f3 m\u1eb7c \u2212 Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u2212 M\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u2212 Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u2212 C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u2212 Ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 \u2212 C\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cho tr\u1ee3 tr\u1ebb tham gia v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh t\u00edch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1eadp \u2212 Nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u2212 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Gi\u00e1o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc cung c\u1ea5p \u2212 B\u1eaft n\u1ea1t C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u2212 Thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, h\u1ed7 \u2212 S\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u2212 C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u2212 C\u00e1c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u2212 Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u2212 C\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu, t\u1ea5m \u2212 Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c g\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u2212 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u2212 \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c (VD: qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb cho vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o h\u00f3a) c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ngu\u1ed3n: World Health Organization Child and Adolescent Mental Health Policies and Plans, WHO, Geneva, 2005 (theo Schizoph, 2011) 64 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","CH\u01af\u01a0NG 3 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG THAM V\u1ea4N TRONG TR\u01af\u1edcNG H\u1eccC TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 63","1. Quy tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ec3n khai ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tham v\u1ea5n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, tri\u1ec3n khai ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tham v\u1ea5n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo quy tr\u00ecnh 7 b\u01b0\u1edbc can thi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 sau: B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00f3m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tham v\u1ea5n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan (V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong ban gi\u00e1m hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean), g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c can thi\u1ec7p. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a xem nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t n\u00e0o s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00f3m c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc. Khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 trung th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng Nh\u00f3m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u00eda ph\u00f2ng tham v\u1ea5n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tham v\u1ea5n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, n\u00e2ng cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe tinh th\u1ea7n cho h\u1ecdc sinh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u00e2m l\u00fd b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u cho nh\u00f3m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Ban gi\u00e1m hi\u1ec7u nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu. C\u00f3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n t\u00e2m l\u00fd trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tri\u1ec3n khai ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tham v\u1ea5n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u00e2m l\u00fd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Qua vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u00e2m l\u00fd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eafng nghe chia s\u1ebb t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng sau c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, trao \u0111\u1ed5i, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n t\u00e2m m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tham v\u1ea5n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tri\u1ec3n theo th\u00e1ng, k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdc, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. 66 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng\/ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf s\u00f3t h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 2 l\u1ea7n\/n\u0103m h\u1ecdc. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00f3m ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ph\u00e9p, nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nguy c\u01a1. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho vi\u1ec7c s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc c\u00e1c nguy c\u01a1 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, v.v. Sau khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng can thi\u1ec7p. Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tham v\u1ea5n, hay ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1eddng (\u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc 5), chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t\u00e2m l\u00fd ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin cho vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng Sau khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u00f9ng chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng can thi\u1ec7p T\u1ea7ng 1: c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c chung, cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc sinh. T\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, hai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf t\u1ea7ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 PBIS (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u00e0nh vi t\u00edch c\u1ef1c) v\u00e0 SEL (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ea3m x\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tham v\u1ea5n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 can thi\u1ec7p to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1eddng (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft n\u1ea1t, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trao th\u01b0\u1edfng cho h\u00e0nh vi t\u00edch c\u1ef1c), can thi\u1ec7p nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn, v.v. c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho \u0111a s\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc sinh. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i d\u1ea1y k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u01a1n t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, v.v. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc sinh, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, ph\u1ee5 huynh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho h\u1ecdc sinh. T\u1ea7ng 1 \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho kho\u1ea3ng 80 \u2013 85% h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1ea7ng 2: Can thi\u1ec7p \u1edf t\u1ea7ng 2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u1edf t\u1ea7ng 1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c can thi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0: (a) c\u00e1c can thi\u1ec7p TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 67","m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, (b) c\u00e1c can thi\u1ec7p cho nh\u00f3m, v\u00e0 (c) c\u00e1c can thi\u1ec7p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi \u00edt nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng can thi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c can thi\u1ec7p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho h\u1ecdc sinh theo nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi. Nh\u00f3m ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e0o s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u1edf t\u1ea7ng 2 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng xem x\u00e9t xem can thi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e0y. \uf06c\uf020Tham v\u1ea5n nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf: Tham v\u1ea5n nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u00e2m l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1). Tham v\u1ea5n ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, lo l\u1eafng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. V\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3u nh\u00f3m, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01a1i h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1edfi m\u1edf, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc sinh. \uf06c\uf020Can thi\u1ec7p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n: M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m tham v\u1ea5n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e0y, can thi\u1ec7p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Hai chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 Check-in, Check-out (can thi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110a s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh tham gia v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 c\u00e3i l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i khi \u0111ang \u1edf trong l\u1edbp, v.v., can thi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y nh\u00ecn chung c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh quan t\u00e2m, th\u00edch c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn). C\u1ea3 hai chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c can thi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. H\u1ecdc sinh nh\u1eadn can thi\u1ec7p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tham v\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u00eam. N\u1ebfu can thi\u1ec7p \u1edf t\u1ea7ng 2 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, nh\u00f3m ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00ean can thi\u1ec7p \u1edf t\u1ea7ng 3. T\u1ea7ng 3: Can thi\u1ec7p \u1edf t\u1ea7ng n\u00e0y d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 cao \u1edf k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c can thi\u1ec7p \u1edf t\u1ea7ng 2 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf t\u1ea7ng 2, trong t\u1ea7ng 3, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u0169ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, tham v\u1ea5n cho \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp can thi\u1ec7p. Can thi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd bao g\u1ed3m tham v\u1ea5n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn 1 \u2013 1, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea7n d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 can thi\u1ec7p chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u. Vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p tham v\u1ea5n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, do 68 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham v\u1ea5n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u 1 \u2013 1. B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 T\u1eeb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1 v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc sinh, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n t\u00e2m l\u00fd tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, can thi\u1ec7p ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh \u1edf m\u1ed7i t\u1ea7ng. Ho\u1eb7c, chuy\u00ean v\u1ea5n tham v\u1ea5n t\u00e2m l\u00fd k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe tinh th\u1ea7n cho h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. B\u01b0\u1edbc 6: Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i sau can thi\u1ec7p Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tham v\u1ea5n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 k\u1ebft th\u00fac sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 can thi\u1ec7p, nh\u00f3m ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a can thi\u1ec7p. Vi\u1ec7c s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t hai l\u1ea7n trong n\u0103m h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tham v\u1ea5n. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc, nh\u00f3m ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn hay kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t \u1edf t\u1ea7ng 2 ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea7ng 3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n xu\u1ed1ng t\u1ea7ng 1, nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t \u1edf t\u1ea7ng 1 ho\u1eb7c 2 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean t\u1ea7ng cao h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c can thi\u1ec7p \u1edf t\u1ea7ng 3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a can thi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u01b0 trung th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tham v\u1ea5n (Belser v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2016). B\u01b0\u1edbc 7: \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai K\u1ebft th\u00fac n\u0103m h\u1ecdc, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eb1m h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. T\u1eeb x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ec3n khai ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m h\u1ecdc. TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 69","70 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 1: Quy tr\u00ecnh can thi\u1ec7p h\u00e0nh vi X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00f3m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \uf06c Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean TVTL \uf06c Ban gi\u00e1m hi\u1ec7u \uf06c Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \uf06c Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \uf06c Ghi ch\u00fa l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \uf06c X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \uf06c Ghi ch\u00fa l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kh\u00fac m\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i \uf06c Ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng\/ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \uf06c Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i sau can thi\u1ec7p Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng\/ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \uf06c Thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \uf06c S\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \uf06c \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 trung th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc \uf06c \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau can thi\u1ec7p Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng \uf06c D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nguy c\u01a1 \uf06c C\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \uf06c Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i t\u1ea7ng \uf06c C\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5","2. Quy tr\u00ecnh tham v\u1ea5n C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tham v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ra theo m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc trong tham v\u1ea5n s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u. Quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh 5 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1: Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tham v\u1ea5n, h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (Horvath & Bedi, 2002; Ilgen, Tiet, & Finney, 2006). M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1t gi\u00fap th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 khi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u hay b\u1ecf tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec tham v\u1ea5n ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf lu\u00f4n vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean gia. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 tham v\u1ea5n l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8\u2026 n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c hoang mang, \u0111\u1eafn \u0111o, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 tham v\u1ea5n. V\u00ec v\u1eady hai b\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 71","tham v\u1ea5n, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho hai ph\u00eda, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c thao t\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea3y sinh xung quanh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tham v\u1ea5n (h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng tham v\u1ea5n). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng tham v\u1ea5n. B\u1ea3n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb hai ph\u00eda, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 tham v\u1ea5n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7; vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i b\u00ean; h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c; b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a hai b\u00ean; nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i b\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tham v\u1ea5n. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (tinh th\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tham v\u1ea5n t\u00e2m l\u00fd. M\u1ed9t th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 quan trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tham v\u1ea5n. \u0110\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n n\u00ean nh\u1eadp cu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, n\u00f3ng n\u1ea3y, b\u1ea5t nh\u00e3; Lu\u00f4n coi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh; B\u00e0y t\u1ecf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ebd g\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai; Kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, tuy nhi\u00ean chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh; Th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn n\u00eau l\u00ean s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a tham v\u1ea5n vi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. C\u1ea7n b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2: Thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u00ean, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, t\u00e2m l\u00ed. Sau khi t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea1m vi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tham v\u1ea5n n\u0103m giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i khai th\u00e1c nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a qua nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 3: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 3 l\u00e0 gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. N\u1ebfu cu\u1ed9c tham v\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau hay \u0111\u1ecbnh 72 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","h\u01b0\u1edbng, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u201cvu v\u01a1\u201d v\u00e0 l\u00fang t\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch trong tham v\u1ea5n. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y h\u00e3y h\u1ecfi tr\u1ebb: \u201cEm mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra?\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cN\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 em mu\u1ed1n th\u00ec s\u1ebd th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\u201d. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng m\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn c\u00e1c em ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ebb l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u201csai\u201d. Tr\u1ebb em th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, tr\u1ebb mu\u1ed1n b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e3 ly h\u00f4n quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau). H\u00e3y ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb (s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m) nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111ang ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c cho tham v\u1ea5n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u00e0ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 4: T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf Khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngh\u0129 nhanh c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cTheo anh\/ch\u1ecb c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y?\u201d. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3: \uf06c\uf020H\u00e3y chia v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \uf06c\uf020 X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \uf06c\uf020\u0110\u1eb7t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u1ea3 thi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \uf06c\uf020Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u00fap th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chia nh\u1ecf nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cc\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn\u201d th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf, d\u1ec5 x\u1eed l\u00ed h\u01a1n (V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u201cch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n\u201d b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 gi\u00fap th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1ea1ch ra c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1eebng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t). Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cho th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 73","quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong su\u1ed1t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t trong khi \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, g\u1ee3i \u00fd nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00e1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y lu\u00f4n l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cH\u00e0, ch\u00e1u v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. Th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang n\u00ean l\u00e0m g\u00ec ti\u1ebfp theo. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch r\u0169 b\u1ecf tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 ngh\u0129 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho ch\u00fang th\u00ec s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu th\u1ea5y th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ecb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c b\u1edfi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y (th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00f4 ngh\u0129 n\u1ebfu ch\u00e1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi c\u00f4 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u1ea3 thi theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f9ng xem x\u00e9t\u201d. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ebb, tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang. S\u1ef1 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd gi\u00fap th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh h\u01a1n. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 5: \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac tham v\u1ea5n Nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ebfn tham v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean c\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3). Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i. Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u0169ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ho\u1eb7c lo l\u1eafng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n tham v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra sau m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam. h\u00e3y ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn. Khi th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7t ra h\u00e3y khen ng\u1ee3i h\u1ecd. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a tham v\u1ea5n. 3. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac (d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh) k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quan s\u00e1t l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103m s\u00f3c (n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n). T\u1eeb k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng, nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f2n nghi v\u1ea5n. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean 74 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quan s\u00e1t l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng, ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m, thang \u0111o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n, l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 can thi\u1ec7p sau \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00ec th\u00f4ng tin thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m l\u00fd. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd do kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh, kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 t\u00e2m tr\u1eafc c\u1ee7a tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c, x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang, x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t sai, \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u) n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn sai l\u1ec7ch. 3.1. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng xem x\u00e9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi (h\u00e0nh vi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o) v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 duy tr\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi (ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng). Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: My v\u00e0 Loan c\u00f9ng n\u00f3i t\u1ee5c trong gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Loan n\u00f3i nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, c\u00f2n My n\u00f3i t\u1ee5c v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o cho m\u00ecnh ra kh\u1ecfi l\u1edbp, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m b\u00e0i t\u1eadp To\u00e1n. C\u1ea3 hai h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh vi l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Do \u0111\u00f3, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi \u1edf m\u1ed7i h\u1ecdc sinh. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh vi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (ho\u1eb7c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch) c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y \u1edf h\u1ecdc sinh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch can thi\u1ec7p h\u00e0nh vi, c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c can thi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi thay th\u1ebf. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch can thi\u1ec7p h\u00e0nh vi t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. H\u00e0nh vi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00e1c em kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1ecb khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i khi n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n trong gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc), nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y v\u00ec th\u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 75","C\u00f3 hai ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi: \uf06c\uf020C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 (nh\u01b0 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, ho\u1eb7c k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c); \uf06c\uf020C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 (nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, ho\u1eb7c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng). V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e0o g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n trong gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1eeb b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, n\u00ean d\u00f9 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf, h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n trong gi\u1edd. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng: 1. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. 2. Thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi. \u0110o c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u. Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111o. 3. T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. 4. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao h\u00e0nh vi l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y ra. Ch\u00fa \u00fd: Khi l\u00e0m xong \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh n\u00ean: \uf06c\uf020X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch can thi\u1ec7p h\u00e0nh vi. \uf06c\uf020Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch can thi\u1ec7p h\u00e0nh vi. \uf06c\uf020\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh khi c\u1ea7n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung v\u1ec1 quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 sau: 76 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","\u0110\u00c1NH GI\u00c1 CH\u1ee8C N\u0102NG C\u1ee6A H\u00c0NH VI M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 N\u1ebfu Thu Xem Ph\u00e1t Li\u00ean L\u00ean h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ea7n th\u1eadp x\u00e9t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ebft k.ho\u1ea1ch thi\u1ebft th\u00eam d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3 v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebft can thi\u1ec7p 1. T\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t 1. Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh di\u1ec5n ra? quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o \u00e1n, 2. Quan s\u00e1t kh\u1ecfe t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n? b\u00e0i d\u1ea1y 2. Trong \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh bao l\u00e2u? 3. T\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t Li\u00ean quan c\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c d\u1eabn, d\u1ea1y 3. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 4. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y? th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 H\u00e0nh vi C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 4. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u? 5. Ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng? Sinh h\u1ecdc \/ thu th\u1eadp 5. Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1? C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 T\u00e2m l\u00fd 6. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i 6. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \/ c\u1ea3m x\u00fac? theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 7. B\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch hay giao ti\u1ebfp? b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng? \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 (ki\u1ec3m Thu\u1ed1c 8. Khi n\u00e0o? so\u00e1t, tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9, thu h\u00fat ch\u00fa \u00fd, Thu th\u1eadp tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, v.v. TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 77","C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 sau: B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. H\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: G\u00e2y h\u1ea5n Trong gi\u1edd \u0103n tr\u01b0a, khi h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00e1c chen ngang, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1n G\u00e2y r\u1ed1i H\u1ecdc sinh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tr\u00eau b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn g\u00e2y c\u01b0\u1eddi trong gi\u1edd l\u00e0m to\u00e1n T\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng H\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ef1a qu\u1eady li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i, lu\u00f4n ch\u00e2n tay ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, ra kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ed7 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng xin ph\u00e9p trong l\u00fac \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd xem x\u00e9t: \uf06c\uf020Quan s\u00e1t kh\u00e1ch quan h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau \uf06c\uf020 S\u1ef1 mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh (c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, hay ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean) \uf06c\uf020H\u00e0nh vi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 M\u1ed9t khi h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u00e0nh vi\u201d. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u00e0nh vi: m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y. Khi t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u00e0nh vi, h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t: \uf06c\uf020S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, d\u1ec5 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ghi l\u1ea1i \uf06c\uf020C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tin trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c - do \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra hay kh\u00f4ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u00e0nh vi ch\u01b0a t\u1ed1t h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t C\u01a1n c\u00e1u gi\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n Nguy\u1ec7t m\u1ea5t Nguy\u1ec7t kh\u00f3c qua vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f3c, n\u1eb1m l\u0103n ra, \u0111\u1eadp tay ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1u gi\u1eadn l\u00ean s\u00e0n nh\u00e0. Linh kh\u00f4ng Linh \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u00ecnh Linh ch\u1eedi b\u1eady, n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u nghe l\u1eddi lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 trong gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi x\u00fac h\u1ee3p trong gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea1m b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 trong l\u1edbp. 78 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","H\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau. Do v\u1eady: \uf06c\uf020C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi \uf06c\uf020 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft sai v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c can thi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi. \u0110o c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u. Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111o. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0nh vi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch sau \u0111\u00e2y: \uf06c\uf020Xem l\u1ea1i h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh \uf06c\uf020S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp (c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra, b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0, v.v.) \uf06c\uf020Quan s\u00e1t h\u1ecdc sinh \uf06c\uf020Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n ph\u1ee5 huynh \uf06c\uf020Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c \uf06c\uf020Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n h\u1ecdc sinh Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n thu th\u1eadp nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi nh\u01b0 sau: \uf06c\uf020S\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n khi h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra \/kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra \uf06c\uf020V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra \uf06c\uf020C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n khi h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea3y ra \/kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra \uf06c\uf020Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t khi h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \/\u00edt x\u1ea3y ra \uf06c\uf020Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 - c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0nh vi \uf06c\uf020H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 - c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra sau h\u00e0nh vi \uf06c\uf020C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh vi, t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t, h\u00e0nh vi th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra khi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u2013 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c c\u00e1ch thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng: \uf06c\uf020 \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp: \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u1ecdc b\u1ea1, c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc sinh, ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n ph\u1ee5 huynh h\u1ecdc sinh, v.v. \uf06c\uf020 \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp: Quan s\u00e1t h\u1ecdc sinh. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. \uf06c\uf020Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n xung quanh h\u00e0nh vi (b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u00e0nh vi di\u1ec5n ra \u2013 x\u1ea3y ra khi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u) \uf06c\uf020 Hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t: Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 - h\u00e0nh vi \u2013 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 (Antecedents-Behavior-Consequences, ABC), bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 quan s\u00e1t h\u00e0nh vi. TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 79","80 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG Ng\u00e0y\/Gi\u1edd Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 H\u00e0nh vi H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 Th\u1eddi gian H\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea3y ra H\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? h\u00e0nh vi trong ho\u1ea1t Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra ngay sau x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed9ng\/t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng khi h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea3y ra?\/nh\u1eefng khi h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea3y ra? K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0o? g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? 8\/2\/2018. Gi\u1edd To\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra? 9:35 s\u00e1ng Gi\u1edd To\u00e1n C\u00f4 Chi \u0111ang gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i Ho\u00e0ng n\u1eb1m b\u00f2 ra b\u00e0n C\u00f4 Chi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Ho\u00e0ng ch\u00fa \u00fd 8\/2\/2018. (*Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc 9:38 s\u00e1ng c\u00f3: Ho\u00e0ng n\u00f3i Ho\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i qua) C\u00f4 Chi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Ho\u00e0ng ch\u00fa \u00fd Ho\u00e0ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3i to trong C\u00f4 Chi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, v\u00e0o b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp khi c\u00f4 Chi \u0111ang gi\u1ea3ng sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1edd Ho\u00e0ng \u0111i b\u00e0i 8\/2\/2018. Trong gi\u1edd To\u00e1n, c\u1ea3 C\u00f4 Chi \u0111ang k\u00e8m ri\u00eang cho Ho\u00e0ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3i to C\u00f4 Chi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n l\u1edd 2:40 chi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp l\u00e0m b\u00e0i t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t b\u1ea1n, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n Ho\u00e0ng \u0111i nh\u00f3m sang d\u1ea1y k\u00e8m ri\u00eang cho Ho\u00e0ng","Ng\u00e0y\/Gi\u1edd Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 H\u00e0nh vi H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 8\/2\/2018. Ho\u00e0ng n\u00f3i \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d v\u00e0 n\u00e9m 2:55 chi\u1ec1u Trong gi\u1edd To\u00e1n, c\u1ea3 B\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng nh\u00f3m v\u1edbi Ho\u00e0ng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n B\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng nh\u00f3m quay v\u1ec1 l\u1edbp l\u00e0m b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0m b\u00e0i t\u1eadp to\u00e1n ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m chung 9\/2\/2018. nh\u00f3m c\u00f4 b\u1ea3o Ho\u00e0ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3i to trong v\u1edbi Ho\u00e0ng n\u1eefa. C\u00f4 Chi n\u00f3i 9:00 s\u00e1ng l\u1edbp v\u1edbi Ho\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f2n Gi\u1edd To\u00e1n C\u00f4 Chi \u0111ang gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa Ho\u00e0ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u00ean ph\u00f2ng ban gi\u00e1m hi\u1ec7u C\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp l\u1edd Ho\u00e0ng \u0111i TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 81 9\/2\/2018. Gi\u1edd To\u00e1n C\u00f4 Chi \u0111ang gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i Ho\u00e0ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3i to, \u0111\u00f9a C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddi 9:40 s\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1n l\u00ean b\u1ea3ng l\u00e0m b\u00e0i","Th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch thu th\u1eadp, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ban \u0111\u1ea7u: \uf06c\uf020Th\u00f4ng tin thu th\u1eadp v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi can thi\u1ec7p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \uf06c\uf020 \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sau \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c can thi\u1ec7p Trong b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1: Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 sau \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: \uf06c\uf020\u0110i\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec k\u00edch th\u00edch h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3? \uf06c\uf020N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra 10 l\u1ea7n, h\u00e0nh vi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \uf06c\uf020 H\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i? \uf06c\uf020N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec? \uf06c\uf020Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 g\u00ec? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n n\u00e0o? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o? X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3: Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 sau \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: \uf06c\uf020\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra ngay sau khi h\u00e0nh vi? \uf06c\uf020B\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \uf06c\uf020Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \uf06c\uf020Nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \uf06c\uf020Nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng? \uf06c\uf020Trong s\u1ed1 10 l\u1ea7n, th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra ngay sau h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1? Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi: \uf06c\uf020H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra ngay sau h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh \uf06c\uf020Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecdc sinh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb h\u00e0nh vi 82 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0: H\u1ecdc sinh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\/\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u2026 H\u1ecdc sinh tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9\/tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \uf06c\uf020S\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn \/gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \uf06c\uf020S\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn \/gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \uf06c\uf020S\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m, ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1eeb b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 \uf06c\uf020S\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 \uf06c\uf020C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c mong mu\u1ed1n \uf06c\uf020C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean \uf06c\uf020C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u01b0u ti\u00ean \uf06c\uf020Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \uf06c\uf020Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kh\u00e1c \uf06c\uf020T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a th\u00edch \uf06c\uf020K\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \uf06c\uf020K\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Sau khi thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, h\u00e3y so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00f4ng tin \uf06c\uf020C\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng? \uf06c\uf020C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh \/k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \uf06c\uf020C\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng? \uf06c\uf020 C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u00edch th\u00edch\/ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \uf06c\uf020H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \uf06c\uf020Nh\u1eefng can thi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng? \uf06c\uf020S\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0 g\u00ec? B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao h\u00e0nh vi l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y ra. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n \uf06c\uf020 \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3y ra h\u00e0nh vi. \uf06c\uf020H\u1ecdc sinh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec, ho\u1eb7c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i g\u00ec? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u1ea7n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft? \uf06c\uf020H\u1ecdc sinh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch n\u00e0o? \uf06c\uf020H\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u00ec l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ebd g\u1ed3m c\u00f3: 1. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi 2. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 83","3. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi (tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t, n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t) 4. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o 5. Cha m\u1eb9, th\u1ea7y c\u00f4, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o 6. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp (th\u00edch\/kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecd) 7. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1ec1 cha m\u1eb9 8. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi 9. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i M\u1eabu gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0: Khi\u2026. \u2026h\u1ecdc sinh\u2026 \u2026\u0111\u1ec3\u2026 (m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1) (m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh vi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau) (m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng) V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Khi c\u00f4 Chi \u0111ang gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i, Ho\u00e0ng n\u00f3i to trong l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd 2.2. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u00e1c r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng SKTT trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u201c\u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d \u2013 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp danh m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m so\u00e1t theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c nguy c\u01a1 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng SKTT \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 (a) xem vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m; (b) vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u00edch qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ri\u00eang; (c) k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n m\u00e0 n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u1ed5 (chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch) ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng cao ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 30% 84 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p trong v\u00f2ng 1 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u1edf thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean c\u00f2n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u00ec nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em v\u1eabn \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i xung quanh c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. T\u1eeb c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1eadp danh m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n s\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Dodge (2008), ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u nh\u01b0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y g\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng \u1edf cha m\u1eb9 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho tr\u1ebb ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t\u00e2m l\u00fd khi\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch. S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng tr\u00ean khi\u1ebfn cho tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n, ph\u00e1 ph\u00e1ch, ngh\u1ecbch ng\u1ee3m, kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 n\u1ed9i quy (bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n h\u00e0nh vi). M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng tr\u00ean c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ecdng khi tr\u1ebb b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o tu\u1ed5i v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. V\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec, nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ebb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n h\u00e0nh vi s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c trong l\u1edbp t\u1ea9y chay, b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp s\u00fat k\u00e9m. Kh\u00f4ng duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn cho tr\u1ebb ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean. C\u0169ng theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Dodge, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ti\u1ec1n d\u1eady th\u00ec, khi m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m, ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd con c\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, nhi\u1ec1u cha m\u1eb9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 bu\u00f4ng xu\u00f4i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho tr\u1ebb ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ebft b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1n x\u1ea5u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean. TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 85","86 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i Cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o Thi\u1ebfu k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng H\u00c0NH VI \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ea0O L\u1ef0C V\u1eca TH\u00c0NH NI\u00caN R\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n h\u00e0nh vi Ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n x\u1ea5u Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i Cha m\u1eb9 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng quan t\u00e2m L\u1edbp 7 - l\u1edbp 11,12 .................... 0 - 5 tu\u1ed5i .................... L\u1edbp 1 L\u1edbp 4 L\u1edbp 5-6 Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 1: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u1edf tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean. Ngu\u1ed3n Dodge (2008)","B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sau: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 theo c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00ec ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ch\u01b0a \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00e0nh vi c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n. Th\u1ee9 hai, thay v\u00ec qu\u00e1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t, n\u00e9t nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi sang qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Thay v\u00ec qu\u00e1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f2n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c suy ngh\u0129, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y ra b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh mang dao \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp ch\u00e9m b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t do n\u00f3ng gi\u1eadn m\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Cho n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi mang t\u00ednh chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em. Th\u1ee9 ba, thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft ki\u1ec3u c\u00f3 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c\/kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nay gi\u00fap cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do, t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd c\u01b0 x\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o sang vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nguy c\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c can thi\u1ec7p nh\u1eb1m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c b\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em t\u00e1i h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung. 2.3. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 Sau khi x\u00e1c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng SKTT, b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i. M\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ti\u00eau ch\u00ed, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng cho gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m. TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 87","Trong ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i minh h\u1ecda s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y \u00c2u. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c t\u1eed vong cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chung cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u1edf thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u quy tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c can thi\u1ec7p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m A, B, C, D ho\u1eb7c E. L\u00fd do c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi t\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1eb1m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn nh\u00e3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 tr\u1ebb. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 5 nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c can thi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng: + Nh\u00f3m A (nguy c\u01a1 th\u1ea5p): tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n vi ph\u1ea1m n\u1ed9i quy tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbp nh\u01b0 mang v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng dao r\u1ecdc gi\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n. C\u00e1c em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c r\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec5u t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. V\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 vi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nhanh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng can thi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb, \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c vi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m. + Nh\u00f3m B (nguy c\u01a1 t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn trung b\u00ecnh): Nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t, thi\u1ebfu suy ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c (VD sau khi xem m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 phim kinh d\u1ecb, tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 th\u00edch nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tr\u00ean phim v\u00ec anh ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o). C\u00e1c em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c r\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec5u t\u00e2m l\u00fd nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. V\u1edbi nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c can thi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m A, c\u00e1c em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n cam k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 tham gia m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i bu\u1ed5i tham v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. + Nh\u00f3m C (nguy c\u01a1 trung b\u00ecnh): Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed r\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec5u t\u00e2m l\u00fd nh\u01b0ng \u0111ang m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ea5m \u1ee9c, c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 (Vd nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea9n trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111e do\u1ea1 b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc, \u2026). Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec tr\u1ebb trong nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng hay m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp). C\u00e1c can thi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft n\u1ea1t, b\u1ecb tr\u00eau ch\u1ecdc. 88 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","+ Nh\u00f3m D (nguy c\u01a1 cao \u2013 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh): Tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n h\u00e0nh vi ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111ang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng cho nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111e do\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Can thi\u1ec7p cho tr\u1ebb thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c cho tr\u1ebb k\u00fd cam k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng cho tr\u1ebb ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m v\u0169 kh\u00ed, th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nguy c\u01a1 cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u1edf nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c. + Nh\u00f3m E (nh\u00f3m nguy c\u01a1 cao \u2013 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch hung h\u00e3n): Tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng r\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh vi, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m E c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m D ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u1ed7 nguy c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c r\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec5u t\u00e2m l\u00fd, t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c em trong nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n x\u00e2m k\u00edch ho\u1eb7c h\u00f9ng h\u1ed5 qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c em thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m D v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m E l\u00e0 c\u00e1c em nh\u00f3m E c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 b\u1eaft n\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c hung t\u00ednh khi nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch. Vi\u1ec7c can thi\u1ec7p cho nh\u00f3m E v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m D nh\u01b0ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tham v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c em, t\u00ecm c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho c\u00e1c em gi\u1ea3i to\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac (nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 thao, sinh ho\u1ea1t CLB), s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c can thi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c r\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec5u t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t h\u00e0nh vi \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u00e0; \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 xin l\u1ed7i khi l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. 2.4. Quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 Quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng SKTT c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 sau: Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 g\u1ed3m g\u1ed3m 6 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: (a) gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1; (b) xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb; (c) ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n cha m\u1eb9; (d) ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan; (e)ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n tr\u1ebb; (f) x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00e2n dung t\u00e2m l\u00fd, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb. Theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m (i) nh\u1eadn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u; (ii) thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n; (iii) \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p; (iv) k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c can thi\u1ec7p. TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 89","M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 g\u1ed3m 5 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n (a) ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u; (b) ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng cha m\u1eb9 ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103m s\u00f3c; (c) ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng tr\u1ebb; (d) ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m cho cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan t\u00e2m; (e) k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. T\u1ef1u chung l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 (i) nh\u1eadn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u; (ii) thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n; (iii) \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p; (iv) k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c can thi\u1ec7p. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng theo 6 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau tr\u00ean. Xem bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 3.2 + Quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng tham v\u1ea5n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. Th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u cho cha m\u1eb9 b\u1ea3n k\u00fd x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn tham gia qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 n\u00eau c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 quy tr\u00ecnh, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt th\u00f4ng tin. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nhanh xem nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p can thi\u1ec7p k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng bi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. + B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 l\u00fd do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft h\u0103m do\u1ea1 b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi h\u0103m do\u1ea1 v\u00e0 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng s\u1ef1 h\u0103m do\u1ea1 b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh vi. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng s\u1ef1 h\u0103m do\u1ea1 b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111e do\u1ea1 b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i. Trong b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc sinh trong s\u1ed5 ghi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e0i, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 kh\u00e1m ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh n\u1ebfu c\u00f3. Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra th\u00eam \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi nguy c\u01a1. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i theo ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00e2n dung t\u00e2m l\u00fd theo chi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian. 90 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","L\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi C\u0110 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 C\u0110 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0110\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, PH v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf thuy\u1ebft C\u0110 c\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn HS (C\u0110 chuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u C\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a HS bi\u1ec7t HS C\u0110 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a HS TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 91 Ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ea5n s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf HS Kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t Ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 2: Quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0nh vi nguy c\u01a1 trong h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho HS","+ Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n cha m\u1eb9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u00e2m l\u00fd r\u1eb1ng cha m\u1eb9 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i v\u00ec quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u con h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ea7n tr\u1ea5n an h\u1ecd v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh mang t\u00ednh g\u1eafn nh\u00e3n cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n cha m\u1eb9. Khi \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecfi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. Cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec5u t\u00e2m l\u00fd, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u00e0nh vi, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra trong b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, tham gia v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1n x\u1ea5u, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n hay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt quen thu\u1ed9c m\u1edbi b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m v\u0169 kh\u00ed\u2026 + Sau khi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n cha m\u1eb9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, c\u00f4ng an, b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong khu ph\u1ed1 n\u01a1i tr\u1ebb s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n tr\u1ebb. C\u00f3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb v\u00e0o trong cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea5p tin tr\u00ean, b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f3 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ebb th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y c\u00f4, b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a b\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea5p tin kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 tr\u1ebb bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd c\u00f3 s\u1ee3 tr\u1ebb hay kh\u00f4ng. Hi\u1ec3u vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 s\u1ee3 tr\u1ebb hay kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh xem c\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hay kh\u00f4ng. + Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh theo phong c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u tra vi\u00ean, lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t ra nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n tr\u1ebb b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho tr\u1ebb v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. B\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn 92 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","kh\u00edch tr\u1ebb nh\u1edb v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft t\u1eebng h\u00e0nh vi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ho\u1eb7c l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec tr\u1ebb \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00ean \u0111i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi chung \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (Vd nh\u01b0 h\u1ecfi tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u00e2m b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u th\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i r\u01b0\u1ee3u n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 u\u1ed1ng bao nhi\u00eau\u2026). Thay v\u00ec t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh vi, c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng, suy ngh\u0129 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u201cEm \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 \u0111e do\u1ea1 b\u1ea1n trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o? Em ngh\u0129 g\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft l\u00e1 th\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3?\u201d + B\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00e2n dung t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u1ec1 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nguy hi\u1ec3m hay nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb m\u00e0 c\u00f2n n\u00eau c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m h\u00e0nh vi nguy c\u01a1 v\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e2m k\u00edch ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c can thi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2, ph\u1ea7n 2.2. Quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o mi\u1ec7ng ho\u1eb7c bi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ghi nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00e2n dung t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. N\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u1edf tr\u1ebb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p can thi\u1ec7p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba h\u01a1n l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, kh\u1ed1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u1edf thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean c\u00f2n g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo nh\u1eefng quy tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c trong thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p can thi\u1ec7p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00e1c. TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 93","2.5. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi 2.5.1 Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng (h\u1ecfi chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng) Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n hay h\u1ecfi chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eb1m thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sau: (i) t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea3y sinh; (ii) t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7; (iii) t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed y khoa v\u00e0 l\u00fd l\u1ecbch t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; (iv) x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7; (v) \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi can thi\u1ec7p\u2026 M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chung nh\u1ea5t, ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n t\u00e2m l\u00fd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh, \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch can thi\u1ec7p. Trong ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n\/h\u1ecfi chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng, vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1m t\u00e2m l\u00fd l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ri\u00eang cho n\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng cho m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1m t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd trong ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng 94 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG","(c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn Ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc, H\u00e0nh vi h\u1ecdc, Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c\u2026) M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 (a) k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n (ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t); (b) c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed v\u1eadt l\u00fd (kh\u00f4ng gian ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ri\u00eang t\u01b0, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n nhi\u1ec5u ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n); (c) ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd (th\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1c k\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chia s\u1ebb). B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 (d) thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ea7n lu\u00f4n \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n (c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh); lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i, tin c\u1eady. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u00ec (e) ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea5p tin ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft. Trong c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u00ean th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o, chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1edf; im l\u1eb7ng khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft; l\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau: \uf06c\uf020 Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n t\u1ef1 do (phi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac): \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng trong \u0111\u1ea7u (ki\u1ec3u trao \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 \u1ea5u v\u00e0 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m c\u0169, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o, tu\u1ef3 theo nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ham mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eabu, n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo t\u1eebng nh\u00e0 l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng \uf06c\uf020 Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac: \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103m d\u00f2 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, theo m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc. L\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c theo n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3ng h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. V\u1edbi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi gi\u1ed1ng nhau theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau. V\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 2 nh\u00e0 l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng 1 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao). TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG 95","\uf06c\uf020 Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n b\u00e1n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac: t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1edf, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng b\u00e1n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd. Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia theo m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o (t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd do t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u; \u00e1p l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3; m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai; nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft\/mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1edbi d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 tham v\u1ea5n tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u; \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 xem li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 qua quan hay ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh can thi\u1ec7p hay kh\u00f4ng). Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i; c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, y t\u1ebf, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u00e1c); M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng: M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngay khi ch\u00fang di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c nguy c\u01a1 sau th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n duy tr\u00ec k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u0103m ch\u1eefa ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n ri\u00eang, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eady c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi g\u1ee3i \u00fd ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 Trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi g\u1ee3i \u00fd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung sau: B\u1ea3ng 3: C\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng a. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng y\u00eau th\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch b. C\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao tr\u1ebb tham gia c. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng y\u00eau th\u00edch d. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e0 tr\u1ebb tham gia e. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c (b\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian) 96 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH T\u1ed0T KHI L\u00c0M VI\u1ec6C TRONG NH\u00c0 TR\u01af\u1edcNG"]