Class-8

Computer Science Day: 45/46 Activity : 1 Conversion from decimal to octal Divide the number by 8 until the quotient becomes 0 and note the remainder. Illustration Convert (120)10 into octal Solution: 8 120 0 8 15 7 1 Thus, (120)10= (170)8 Activity: 2 Convert the following decimal number into octal. a. (205)10 b. (463)10 c. (225)10 d. (1245)10 Day : 47/48 Activity: 1 Other base to decimal number base (source pg. no: 216) Illustrations; Binary to decimal (Source pg .no : 217) Octal to decimal (Source pg .no : 217) Hexadecimal to octal (Source pg .no : 217) Activity: 2 1. Convert binary into decimal. a.(1010) b. (11011) c. (101100) 2. Convert octal into decimal. a. (147) b. (162) c. (6745) 3. Convert hexadecimal into decimal. a.(CAFÉ) b.(DAD)c. (1ADE) Activity: 1 Day: 49/50 Binary Arithmetic 1. Binary addition 3. Binary multiplication 0×0=0 0+0=0 1×0=0 0+1=1 0×1=0 1+0=0 1×1=1 1+1=0(plus carry 1) --151--

2. Binary subtraction 4. Binary Division Class-8 0-0=0 0/0=0 divide by zero error 0- 1-0=1 0/1=0 1-1=0 1/0=0 divide by zero error 1=1(with borrow of 1) 1/1=1 Activity: 2 1. Add the following numbers. a. (110010+11110) b. (1100+111+101) 2. Subtract the following numbers. a. (101010-1010) b. (1100-110) 3. Multiply the following numbers. a. (1100×101) b. (1010×11) Day :51/52 Activity : 1 Program Designing Tools & Techniques Program design tools: The set of tools and techniques used to design computer program. Tools for program designing 1. Algorithm 2. Flowchart 3. Pseudo code Activity : 2 1. What do you mean by programming? 2. Who is programmer? 3. Write the role of program design tools. 4. List the tools for program designing. Day : 53/54 Activity: 1 Algorithm:Algorithm is a set of instructions or procedure to solve a problem in finite number of steps. Features of algorithm (Source pg. no : 255) Examples of algorithm (Source pg. no : 255) Activity: 2 1. Why is algorithm necessary? 2. Define algorithm. 3. Write an algorithm to find greatest number among any 2 numbers. 4. Write an algorithm to calculate volume of a box. Day : 55/56 Activity: 1 Flowchart:The diagrammatic representation of an algorithm. Rules for drawing flowchart. (Source pg. no :256) Symbols used on flowchart. (Source pg. no : 257) Illustrations (Source pg. no : 258) --152--

Computer Science Activity : 2 1. Define flowchart. 2. What are the uses of flowchart? 3. Draw a flowchart for finding smallest number of three numbers. 4. Draw a flowchart to calculate area of circle. Day : 57/58 Activity : 1 Types of flowchart 1. System flowchart: The way of displaying how data flows in a system and how decisions are made to control events. 2. Program flowchart: It is a diagram which uses sets of standard graphic symbols to represent the sequence of coded into instruction fed into a computer, enabling it to perform specified logical & arithmetic operations. Activity: 2 1. Name any two shapes used on flowchart. 2. State the types of flowchart. 3. Which symbol is used to show the direction of flowchart? 4. Define program flowchart. Day : 59/60 Activity: 1 Pseudo code: It is a simple way of writing program code in English. Illustration Examples of pseudo code (Source pg .no : 259) Activity: 2 1. Define pseudo code. 2. Is pseudo code a actual programming language? 3. Write a pseudo code to multiply 2 numbers and display the result. 4. Write a pseudo code to find average of any 3 numbers. --153--

Class-8 Model Question paper - 2077 Class: Eight F.M.:50 Subject: Computer Science Time.: 1 hour 30 minutes Students are suggested to give answers in their own words as far as practicable. Group ’A’ Computer Fundamental & Number system (34 marks) 1. Answer the following questions: (7×2=14) a) What is computer memory? b) Write any two advantages and disadvantages of computer. c) What do you mean by operating system? d) Differentiate between hardcopy and soft copy output. e) Differentiate between Compiler and Interpreter. f) What is utility software? Write suitable examples. g) List any four features of Ms-Word. 2. State whether the following statement are true or false. (4×1=4) (4×1=4) a) A computer is a powerful machine developed by nature. (4×1=4) b) An application software is developed for specific use . (4×1=4) (4×1=4) c) Page set up helps to set top, left and right and bottom margin. d) Mail merge is used to create multiple documents at once. 3. Match the following columns: Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ a) Accuracy i) Input Hardware b) RAM ii) Soft copy output c) Monitor iii) Non-Volatile memory d) Keyboard iv) GIGO v) Volatile memory 4. Write down the single technical terms for the following information. a) Parts of CPU which controls over all operation. b) Software designed to remove computer virus. c) Set of instruction or command to perform specific task. d) Collection of raw facts . 5. Write down the full forms of the followings. IPO CU ROM GIGO 6. Perform following binary calculations. a. (1001011)2 into decimal b. (1457)8 into decimal c. 101010-11111 d. 1110×110 Group ‘B’ (5×2=10) Computer Programming (16 marks) 7. Answer the following questions. a) Define algorithm.. b) Write an algorithm to calculat-e-t1h5e4p-r-oduct of two numbers.

Computer Science (3×1=3) (3×1=3) c) Write any two rules for drawing flowchart. d) Draw a flow chart to calculate the volume of a box. e) Write a pseudo code to calculate area of a triangle. 8. Fill in the blank with correct word (s) from given list of words. [Pseudo code, Oval, Flowchart, Connector] a) ____ is a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm. b) _____ is a way of writing program code in English. c) _____ box is used to connect flow chart. 10. State whether the given statements are true or false. a) Pseudo code is not a programming language. b) Diamond box is used for decision making. c) Flowchart is used to show the structure of the process. [ Practical test~ 50 marks] THE END --155--

Subject : OBTE Class-8 Day:-1/ 2 Unit:-1 Professional/ Career Education Lesson:-1 Medium and Higher Level Professions and Their Entry Qualification Activity:--1 Introduction and Importance Every individual is involved in one or other profession. They involve in profession for earning for living. Agriculture, education, health, transportation, civil services, tourism, medicine etc are some sectors that people engage in. all the jobs require skills, knowledge and ability to do better. Profession human resources related medicine People working in medical fields are medical personnel. This profession is of three types on the basis of knowledge, skill and ability- basic level, medium level and higher level. In medical field, doctors, nurses are higher level workers, health assistants are of medium level and assistant health workers, lab assistants are basic level workers. Some of the medical professions are nursing and nurse, ophthalmology and ophthalmologist, pharmacy and pharmacist, MBBS/doctors, dentistry and dentist, physiotherapy and physiotherapist etc. all the professions are equally important because all the personnel work for the better health of people and help to produce healthy human resources. Note- Read the lesson well for detail information. Activity:-2 answer the following questions. 1. What do you mean by medical personnel? 2. Why are their services in the soviet very important? Write reasons. 3. What do you mean by nursing? What are the major jobs? 4. What does a dentist do? Why is his/her job important? 5. Write the name of the professions related to the medical fields Day:-3/4 Unit:--1 Lesson:-2 Profession and Human resources Related to Engineering Activity:-1 Summary Designing and evaluating the criteria for construction for infrastructure development is engineering. Designing and construction of building, road, bridges, tunnels, and so on come under engineering. Scientific knowledge is applied for practical solutions to practical problems. Various fields of this profession are there such as civil engineering, mechanical engineering, computer engineering, electrical engineering, architecture etc. It has great scope. It helps in the development of infrastructures by means of construction works and production of skilled human resources. Activity:-2 Answer the following questions. 1. What do you mean by engineering? 2. What is architect? 3. What is architecture? 4. Write the importance of engineering? 5. Write any two differences between engineer and architect. Note:-Detail information is given in the book- lesson-2. So you are requested to read well before you answer. --156--

OBTE Day:-5/6 Unit:-1 Lesson:-3 Profession and Human Resources Related to Agriculture Activity:-1 Read the important points. • Agriculture is growing crops and rearing animals. • Agronomy, animal husbandry, fisheries, poultry, horticulture, floriculture, bee keeping etc are the branches of agriculture. • Agriculture and Forestry Universities, other institutions like HICAST, ICCIMID, CTEVT etc. produce skilled human resources like agriculture officer, veterinary doctors, JT, JTA etc.. • Agriculture is important because the high percentage of GDP is from agriculture. Most of the people and industries of Nepal depend upon agriculture. • Agriculture should be developed by commercializing it and making good policy. Activity:-2 Answer the following questions. 1. What doo you mean by veterinarian? What is his/her works? 2. What is the qualification for pursuing the study off veterinarian? 3. How do agriculturist help to maximize the quantity and quality products in agriculture? Write in brief. 4. Write the importance of agriculture in Nepal. Note:- Read the lesson in detail. Day:-7/8 Unit:-1 Lesson:-4 Profession and Human Resources Related to Finance Activity:-1 Introduction and Importance Along with the increment of economic activities in the country, financial activities are also increased. Financial aspects of any organization should be managed well to run the organization smoothly. Proper financial planning and implementation of it can sustain any economic activities. Different sectors of professions are there for proper management of it. They are accountant, auditors, finance manager or chief executive officer etc.They have their specific works and academic qualifications. An accountant keeps the record of income and expenditure, an auditor checks and rechecks the financial transactions, auditing is of two types – internal and external. Financial manager/ CEO supervise the overall financial activities of the organization. All the professions related to financial sectors are equally important because they help to manage the financial aspects of an organizations- transparency can be maintained, plan and policy can be formulated and implemented. A firm can sustain through good financial management and make it a profitable business. Note:- Read the lesson carefully for further information. Activity:-2 Answer the following questions. 1. What is auditing? What are its types? Explain. 2. Why is auditing important for an organization? How is auditing performed? 3. Differentiate between auditor and financial manager in three points. 4. Mention the academic qualification of becoming a financial manager --157--

Class-8 Day:-9/10 Unit:-1 Lesson:-5 Activity:-1 Definition of Tourism Tourism industry is one of important economic activities of Nepal. It is the activities of accepting the native and foreign people who travel from place to place for various purposes, entertaining them and providing them with the necessary services. People who travel for purposes like entertainment, study and research, pilgrimage, business etc. are tourists. There is high prospective of tourism in Nepal because Nepal is a country rich in diversity- geographical diversity, ethnic and cultural diversity, religious diversity, bio-diversity etc. We can get good benefits from tourism. To run this business, a good human resource is needed. It consists of various professions and professionals. The major professions include; hotel manager, trekking guide, rafting guide, porters, cooks , travel agents , waiters, room attendants etc. Hotel management and Hotel Manager Quality goods and services are to be provided to the tourists. For the management of the hotel, the manager is responsible. He looks after the day to day management of hotel mobilizing the available resources. He is responsible for assuring the most hospitable environment in the hotel. Tourism can prove milestone to contribute in national economy. Activity:-2 Answer the following questions. 1. What doo you mean by tourist? 2. What is tourism? Write the prospective of tourism development in Nepal? 3. List the major qualities of a hotel manager. 4. Write the importance of tourism in Nepal. Day:-11/12 Unit:--1 Lesson:-6 Professions and Human Resources Related to Teaching Profession Activity:-1 Introduction and Importance. Teaching is a profession related to education sector. A teacher is a teaching professional who imparts knowledge to the learners. Teaching is a challenging profession because a sound knowledge, skills and ability to present the contents. A good teacher should understand the students, have love, affection, sympathy on the students. They should be able to create a sound teaching learning environment despite the students of various backgrounds and nature. School teachers, lecturers , principal are some professionals in this occupation. Basic level and secondary level teachers are the school teachers. A basic level teacher should have minimum of 10+2 academic qualification and a secondary level teacher should Bachelors degree. Lecturer should have Master’s degree. Teaching profession is related to education because it delivers required education to the students. It is important profession for it produces capable human resources for a nation. Activity:-2 Answer the following questions. 1. What do mean by teaching profession? --158--

OBTE 2. How does a teacher maintain the quality of education? Write in brief. 3. Why doo you think that the teaching job is the most important job? Give reason. 4. Differentiate between teaching profession and other professions. Day:-13/14 Unit:-1 Lesson:-7 work in the Public/Civil Service Activity:-1 Read the snapshots carefully. • The service provided to the people from the government for the welfare of the people is public service and the people providing services public servants. • We get services in the fields of health, education, electricity, transportation, communication, security, law etc. from different offices. • To provide the services smoothly, various personnel are involved in the offices such as section officer, head of the office, manager etc. • The section officer , head of the office and the manager have important role to run the office. • The profession in civil service organizations play important role of bridge that connects the people with that off their government. The people engaged in public service help to launch the government’s programs and policy meant for the grass root level people. Activity:-2 Answer the following questions.. 1. Define public service. 2. How is public service important for general public? 3. Why are public service organizations are established by the government? Give reasons. 4. What are the major functions and responsibilities of section officer, head of the office and manager. 5. Why do you think the roles of manager are very important? Write reasons. Day:-15/16 Unit:-1 Lesson:--8 Relation Between Professions and Education Activity:-1 Snapshots • Profession is any legal job that provides regular income and education is knowledge spreading activity- the cultivation of brain. • Any professions need knowledge, skills , abilities to have better performance. Education provides necessary knowledge, skills and makes them able. • Education helps to cultivate knowledge and sharpens their skills, abilities and efficiencies. • So, education is very important for professional development which finally helps in the development of individual, society and the nation. --159--

Class-8 Activity:-2 write solutions for the following. 1. What do you mean by education. 2. Define profession and professionals. 3. How are education and profession interrelated? Explain. 4. Education is the foundation of profession. Justify. 5. Profession without education is like a fish without water. Elucidate the statement with logics. Day:-17/18 Unit:- Education , Training and Employment Lesson:-1 Institutions of Medium and Higher Level General Education Activity:-1 Read the following important points. • School Sector Development Plan defines Grade I -VII as basic education and Grade IX- XII secondary education or high school education. • There are different universities providing higher education and campuses affiliated to them. • Many faculties are there to provide education on different dimensions such as faculty of Humanities, Management , Law, Education • Sociology, anthropology, arts , population, communication, linguistics, geography etc are the dimensions in the faculty of Humanities, trade and business, market, finance and managerial education in faculty of Management , rules and regulations, constitution , judiciary system in the faculty of Law and theoretical and practical knowledge on curriculum , teaching- learning programs and skills, preparation of teaching- learning materials etc in the faculty of Education are taught. • There are nine universities in Nepal- Tribhuwan University, Nepal Sanskrit University , Kathmandu University, Pokhara University, Purvanchal University, Lumbini Buddha University, Agriculture and Forestry University, Mid-Western University and Far- Western University. Note:- Read well the lesson for detailed information. Activity:-2 Solve the problems below. 1. Name some of the faculties of different universities in Nepal. 2. What are the programs run by Tribhuwan University? Write them. 3. When was Kathmandu University established? Why is it a popular university in Nepal? 4. What is the main objective of Far-Western University? In which state does it lie? 5. Draw the logo of your school. Day:-19/20 Unit:-2 Lesson:-2 Institutions of Medium and Higher Level Technical Education Activity:-1 Tips for learning. Technical Education is the special education to produce technical human resources through theoretical and practical knowledge based on scientific methods. Many educational institutions and councils provide this education. Some of the institutions are: Tribhuwan University Teaching Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Science, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Science, National Academy of medical Science, Pulchowk Engineering Campus, --160--

OBTE Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science and Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training They all have the sole objectives of producing skilled technical human resources in the country. Note:- Study in detail from page no. 46 – 48. Activity:-2 Answer the following. 1. Make a list of technical institutions of Nepal along with their prima ry objectives. 2. What kind of human resources are produced by the technical institutes ? make a list. 3. Write in detail about the programs of any one of the technical academy and institutions. 4. When was CTEVT established? What were the initial products? 5. Write the importance of technical education. Day:-21/22 Unit:-2 Lesson:-3 Selection of Future Plan and Making a Plan Activity:-1 Gist Reading Professional life helps us for easier living. So we should select good profession. For the purpose we should have good future plan for job. Jobs should be selected based on one’s skill, knowledge, ability, interest, financial capability, etc. One can have better performance in their professions of their choice and skills. One should determine why to choose the profession. To make sure of choosing a profession/career, one should examine themselves by considering the following things. Know your strength and interest. Make a compression among the jobs you’re interested and choose the most preferable one. Sharing is needed but decision is yours. Pay attention to required academic qualification and do accordingly. Go to join CTEVT to get technical and vocational education to start professional life right after SEE. Assimilate the proverb ‘Cut your coat according to the size of your coat.’ regarding financial aspect. Be positive and benevolent to family, society and faithful to reading and learning. Activity:- 2 Answer the following. 1. Make a list of different areas of professions found in your locality? 2. Why are people engage in different types of professions? Give reasons. 3. Do you think all the professions people engage in are their own choice? Why? 4. We need careful study and investigation to make good choice of profession. Justify. Day:-23/24 Unit:-2 Lesson:- 3 Activity:- 1 Read the things to consider for selecting profession/career well. Activity:-2 Write the important ways to select good profession. --161--

Class-8 Day:-25/26 Unit:-3 Information About Employment Lesson :-1 Sources of Achieving Information about Foreign Employment. Activity:--1 Read the following. The job in the foreign land is foreign employment. Many youths of our country have been to foreign land for employment opportunity. A big amount of foreign currency has been earned by them termed as remittance. Countries like Dubai, Qatar , Saudi, Kuwait, Japan, Korea, European and American countries are some of the countries for foreign employment. The countries demand the workers with lawful formalities and make agreement. But many of the youths are deprived of the opportunity due to lack of information and sometimes badly cheated by the brokers and mistreated in the foreign land. So, information about foreign land should be given. People can get information from many sources like training institutes, websites of foreign companies, human resources organizations or institutions, Department of Foreign Employment, Ministry of Labor, counseling and advocacy agencies etc. Activity:-2 Answer the following questions. 1. What do you mean by foreign employment? Write with examples. 2. What do you mean by remittance? How is it sent by the foreign workers? 3. Mention the various sources of information about the foreign employment and describe two of them. 4. How does foreign employment play vital role in rising the economic standard of people of our country? Day:-27/28 Unit:-3 Lesson:-2 Techniques of Receiving Information about Foreign Employment. Activity:-1 Read the following. • We can get information about foreign employment from various sources. • The techniques are websites, notice board, organizations and institutions under the Ministry of Labor, brochures, public contact, newspaper, electronic medias Note:- Read lesson one and two carefully for further information. Activity:- 2 Answer the following questions. 1. What are the source s of receiving information about the foreign employment? Make a list of them. 2. What techniques can be used for getting information abbot foreign employment? Write them. 3. Do you think every places of our country is accessible to all kinds of information obtaining sources? Why ? Give reasons. --162--

OBTE Day:-29/30 Unit:-3 Lesson:-3 Fundamental Information about Foreign employment. Activity:-1 Read the summary carefully. Basic information about foreign country and the employment sectors should be obtained by a person for foreign employment. The fundamental information makes people cautious about upcoming problems. Due to the lack of information, many people are getting into troubles. Some of the fundamental information’s are: information about the countries to go, society, culture, language, climate, their behavior to us, labor contract or protocol, nature of job, salary, terms and conditions, total cost required etc. Similarly, a person should have information on what things should be done and what things should not be done ( do’s and don’ts ). Apart from the above precautions, several things should be kept in mind some of which are; cultural orientation before departing, it helps to minimize risks and challenges, carrying copy of document by oneself, choosing country, checking work permit, avoiding illegal things etc. Note: Read the lesson in detail for further information. Activity:-2 Answer the following. 1. What are the fundamental information that one should now about the foreign employment? List them. 2. What are the advantages of good information keeping about the foreign employment? 3. Why do many Nepalese go abroad? Give reason. Day:-31/32 Unit:-3 Lesson:-3 Activity:-1 Based on the above summary of the lesson, do the following activities. Activity:-2 Answer briefly. 1. You might have heard the troubles of foreign employment seeker from anyone who had gone for foreign employment. Why do you think that they have such troubles and hardships during their stay in the foreign country? Give reasons. 2. What are the things that are prohibited to keep with us while going for foreign employment? Make list of them. 3. What do you mean by cultural orientation? Is it important to be given to the foreign employment seekers? Why give reasons. Day:-33/34 Unit:3 Lesson:-4 International Organizations and Multi-national companies Activity:-1 Introduction and Importance The organizations working for the welfare for the societies in international level are called international organizations. Many organ-i-z1at6io3n-s- are under the UNO like FAO, ILO,

Class-8 UNICEF, WHHO, UNDP,UPU,IMF, etc. And some other are World Bank, SSOSS, Catholic Relief Service, CARE international, World Vision, ICIMOD etc . They work in coordination with the government of the concerned countries. All the INGOs are non-profit making organizations. they run the development activities with the donation of donor agencies. In the same ways , many multinational companies which are profit making agencies also are run in many countries. They also run social welfare activities along with the provision of goods and services. Coca-Cola , KFC, Samsung, Honda, Addidas etc are some examples of them. Activity:-2 Answer the following questions. 1. What do you mean by International Non-government Organization? 2. How do INGOs work in the country? 3. What is multi-national company? How does it serve its customers in different countries? Explain. Day:-35/36 Unit:-3 Lesson:-4 Activity:-1 Importance of INGOs and Multi-national Company • Provision of employment • Establishment of new companies and industries • Acceleration of the economic activities and prosperity of the country • Introduction of scientific knowledge, skills ,and technology in various fields. • Expansion of market and exploration of new area of employment and support • Creation of awareness among the locals • Mobilization of local resources for income generation • Cooperation with the government of that particular country etc. Activity:-2 Write the importance of INGOs and Multi-national Company. Day:-37/38 Unit:-3 Lesson:-4 Activity:-1 Read the lesson carefully. Activity:-2 Write the full forms of : • INGOs, • UNDP • UN • ILO • ICAO • SOS • FAO • ICIMOD • WHO • UNESCO • Note:- Take the help of text book or inte-rn-1et6f4o-r-reference.

OBTE Day:-39/40 Unit:-3 Lesson:-5 Foreign Employment Promotion Board Activity:-1 Introduction and major functions Foreign Employment Promotion Board (FEPB) was established in 2064 B.S. under the Foreign Employment Act at Anamnarar in Kathmandu. Its main objective is to make the board to promote foreign employment by establishing it as secure, prestigious and well managed. It has a fund to relieve the family who loses the employee in the foreign land. It also provides the treatment services to the seriously injured employee. Major functions are: • Promotes foreign employment by making secure, well managed and more prestigious. • Formulates rules and regulations to guarantee the rights of the foreign employees and regulates manpower companies. • Submits the rules and regulations to the government of Nepal because it is responsible to government • Instructs the organizations which run orientation programs regarding skills • Runs awareness programs on challenges, prospective and pros and cons of the foreign employment • Advises the government for the amendments of Foreign Employment Act. • Works for exploring the foreign employment • Timely collection and publication of information related to foreign employment affairs • Tries to formulate better rules and regulation for better mobilization of the endowment fund Activity:-2 Answer the following questions. 1. What do you mean by FEPB? What are its main objectives? 2. Write the functions of FEPB. 3. Write the importance of Foreign Employment Promotion Board in your words. 4. What do you understand by foreign endowment fund? How is it important in the field of foreign employment? Day:-41/42 Unit:-3 Lesson:-6 Prospective and Challenges of Foreign Employment Activity:-1 Highlights Prospects: • A large amount of foreign currency in form of remittance is earned. • Employment opportunity. • Skills, knowledge, technologies and experiences gained can be used for national development.. • Opportunity to study geographical, climatic, socio-economic aspects of other country. • Good chance of earning for saving for future. • Mutual relation between the countries. Challenges: --165--

Class-8 • Complicated process for foreign employment due to well organized foreign employment agencies. • Duplicate processes by illegal foreign employment agencies and problems created by them. • Interference of broker and cheating. • Deprivation of labor rights in foreign land and misbehavior. • Loss of life due to lack of work safety. • Maladjustment due to lack of working skills and language skills. • Brain drain situation. Activity:-2 Answer the following questions. 1. What do you mean by foreign employment? 2. What are the prospects of foreign employment in Nepal? Write them. 3. What are the major challenges of foreign employment in Nepal? Write them briefly. 4. How can the suffering and problems of Nepalese workers minimized? Write your opinion. Day:-43/44 Unit:-3 Lesson:-5 Activity:-1 Read lesson 5 well for the more information. Activity:-2 Write answer for the following question. 1. Foreign employment has negative impacts in long term as it invites the situation of brain drain. Do you still support for foreign employment? Or you are against of it? Write an argumentative essay on the foreign employment giving examples from agricultural production shrinking in Nepal. Day:-45/46 Unit:-8 Fruit Farming Lesson:-1 Planning for Fruit Farming Activity:-1 Introduction Horticulture is the science and art of producing, improving, marketing and using fruits and vegetables. Production and consumption of fruits is important through health and financial view point. Fruit farming is the integral part of horticulture which is done for familial consumption and commercial purposes. Fruit farming can be divided into two types based on production capacity – small scale fruit farming and large scale fruit farming. Various types can be grown in Nepal because Nepal has diverse types of climate and soil. Litchi, mango, jackfruit, papaya, apple, plum, guava, banana, orange, lemon, pineapple etc can be grown. Farmers can get more benefits if they go through a good planning. Planning includes aspects like selection of land, area selection of fruits, method of plantation of fruits, weeding and irrigation, use of fertilizers etc. --166--

OBTE Activity:-2 Answer the following questions. 1. What is meant by horticulture? 2. What are the things to be considered before establishing a fruit garden? 3. Write the differences between small-scale and large-scale fruit farming. 4. “Selection of fruit is very important for fruit cultivation”. Justify. Day:-47/48 Unit:-8 Lesson:-2 Production of Fruit Trees Activity:-1 Summary Fruit trees needed for a fruit garden can be reproduced in two ways- seed propagation and vegetative propagation. Seed propagation is the reproduction of fruit trees through seeds. It is very easy method in which seeds are sown directly but fruit yielding time may be too longer. Vegetative propagation is the method of producing new plants through asexual propagation method in which parts of plants such as roots, leaf, stem, bud are used. Fast fruits yielding, transferring all the parental characteristics, high productive are some strengths of this propagation. However, the life span of the plants is said to be shorter. Some methods of vegetative propagation are: cutting, grafting and budding. Activity:-2 Answer the following questions. 1. Differentiate between seed propagation and vegetative propagation. 2. What are the different methods of vegetative propitiation? Write the advantages of vegetative propagation. 3. State the strength and weakness of seed propagation. 4. In what ways cutting differs from grafting? Discuss Note:- Read the lesson carefully for more information. Day:-49/50 Unit:--8 Lesson:2 Activity:-1 Revise the lesson well. Activity:-2 Complete the following table . 1. Draw the table showing the types of grafting and budding. Grafting methods Budding methods a. a. b. b. c. c. d. d. --167--

Class-8 Day:-51/52 Unit:-8 lesson:-3 Pruning of Fruit Trees Activity:-1 Introduction • Pruning is cutting and removing the parts of plants. • It is done for purpose of beauty, higher production, enough light, controlling diseases, easy harvest etc. • Good knowledge and equipment are needed in pruning. • Hand pruner, long-handled looping shears and a pruning saw are common pruning tools. • It is good to have pruning of fruit trees at least once of year. Things to be considered in pruning. • They should be pruned during leaf fall. • Old, broken, dried, infected parts should be removed. • Sucker, water sprouts and higher branches must be removed. • Make sure of enough light access by pruning the top parts. • Practice must be applied in the diseased, broken and dry branches. • Robbing and dropping branches, excessive branches are to be removed. Advantages • Pleasing and desirable shape. • Easy harvesting and safety in harvesting • Enough access of lights to all parts of tree. • Thicker, stronger and healthy plant and so higher productivity. • Long life. Activity:-2 Answer the following questions. 1. What is pruning? Why is it done? 2. What are the advantages of pruning? 3. Write the things to be considered while pruning. 4. Name some equipments of pruning. Day:-53/54 Unit:-8 Lesson:-4 Storage of Fruits Activity:1 Sum up of the lesson Introduction Fruits that cannot be consumed and sold at the time of harvest should be kept for future use which is termed as storage. According to the report about 25% - 60% of fruits in the SAARC countries go waste. We can get benefits from fruits storage. But it should be done well. Damaged fruits should be avoided. They ruin whole fruits. For the purpose zero energy cold storage can be used. It is the cool place for storing fruits made by using local technology and materials like stone, bricks, sand, dry grass and straw, bamboo etc. Method of constructing Zero Energy Cold Storage house (ZECS House) • Cool land near water source and high land should be selected. • Floor of the chamber should be paved with bricks of 165X115 cm. • Two walls of 67.5 cm high should be-m-1ad6e8-w-ith 7.5 cm gap in between.

OBTE • The gap should be filled with wet sand with watering facility in it. • Bamboo frame of 165X115 cm contained paddy straw should be made to cover it. • Roof over it should be made to protect from sun and rain. • North facing land should be selected. Benefits of ZECS • Enhances self-life of fruits and vegetable • Increases the farm income • Availability of fruits and vegetable even in off season • Cheaper storage house for local materials and technology is used and does not need power consumption. • Reduction of post harvest loss. • Maintains the freshness of fruits and preserves nutrients of fruits. • Eco-friendly technology Activity:-2 Answer the following questions. 1. What is fruit storage? Why is it essential? 2. Describe the fruit storage process in your own words. 3. Write the methods of construction of zero energy cold storage. 4. Write the advantages of zero energy cold storage house. Day:-55/56 Unit:-1 Lesson:-1 Activity:-1 Revise the lesson carefully and do the following activity. Activity:-2 Fill in the blanks. 1. Literally --------------- refers to taking care of or nurturing off the patients when they come to take services in the hospital. 2. In Nepal the study of pharmacy is divided into ------------ types- Diploma and Bachelor levels. 3. The minimum qualification for pursuing MBBS is 10+2 or high school with 50% in Science stream. 4. A dentist takes care and treats -------------- related diseases. Day:-57/58 Unit:-1 Lesson:-5 Activity:-1 Do the following activities based on the lesson. Activity:-2 Write true or false for the following statement. 1. Only the foreign people who travel from place to place are called tourists. --169--

Class-8 2. Tourism is one of important economic activities of Nepal. 3. Tourists are attracted by the political diversity of Nepal. 4. Hotel manager has the crucial role in the management of a hotel. Day:-59 Unit:8 Lesson:-4 Activity:-1 Revise the lesson well to deal with the activity below. Activity:-2 Describe the subject matters in the flow- chart briefly and write their interrelationship. Harvesting Grading Processing Bagging Tagging Day:60 Activity:-1 Use your General Knowledge based on the above lessons and exercises for the following activity. Activity:-2 Complete the cross word puzzle with the given meaning and instruction. a. Across 1. One of the branches of agriculture (10 letters) 2. A sub-tropical fruit (4 letters) 3. The largest fruit which grow well in tropical climate (9 letters) 4. Related to the country other than own country (7 letters) 5. Not lawful (7 letters) b. Down 1. A branch of knowledge that deals with living organism and vital process (7 letters) 2. Job opportunity; a means of earning (10 letters) 3. One of the methods of vegetative propagation (8 letters) 4. Manure or chemical mixture to make soil more fertile (10 letters) 5. A business representative ( 5 letters) Crossword Puzzle Thank You! --170--