Class-9

Subject : Compulsory English DAY-1 Lesson - The Wind and the Leaves Activity-1 Watch the you tube video, https://youtu.be/cjBPnIXK60U and read the poem. “Come, little leaves,” said the wind one day “Come over the meadows with me and play. Put on your dresses of red and gold; For summer is gone, and the days grow cold.” Soon as the leaves heard the wind’s loud call, Down they came fluttering, one and all. O’er the brown field then they danced and flew, Singing the soft little songs they knew. Dancing and whirling, the little leaves went, Winter had called them, and they were content. Soon, fast asleep on their earthy beds, The snow laid a coverlet over their heads. Activity-2 Read the poem and match the words under column A with their meanings under column B. AB Meadow bedspread Fluttering grassland content moving lightly DAY-2 Lesson - The Wind and the Leaves. Activity-1 watch the you tube video, https://youtu.be/cjBPnIXK60U and read the poem. Activity- 2 Read the poem again and answer the following questions. a. What did the wind ask the leaves to do? b. How do the leaves look when they are old and ready to drop? c. Why were the leaves so satisfied to come down? d. When did the snow lay the bedspread over them? DAY-3 Lesson - Nima’s Letter to Her Brother Activity-1 Read the letter ( on page No. 13 and 1 4 ) written to Lhakpa by his sister, Nima and try to comprehend the meaning with ihe help of the word meaning given below. .i. excited:very enthusiastic and eager 2.conscious: having knowledge of something. 3. perform: carry out, accomplish, or fulfill 4.Verbally: orally 5.benefit: advantage 6.expression: the action of making known one's thoughts or feelings 7.performance: the action or process of performing a task or fun ction 8. Lingua franca: common language9. significance: importance 10. Sentiment: feelings 11. Fraternity: friendship and mutual support within a group. 12. Contribute: give (something, especially money) in order to help achieve or provide something A. Find the similar meaning in the following. --1--

a. Very eager b. Aware c. hints /tips d. do/carry out e. giving out f. importance g. resources h. feelings i. certainly B. Find the opposite meaning of the following . a. Worse b. domestic c. boring d. ugliness e. similar f. weak g. war h. foreigner DAY - 4 Lesson - Nima’s Letter to Her Brother Activity-1 Read the letter (on page No. 13 and 14) written to Lhakpa by his sister, Nima and try to comprehend the meaning with the help of the word meaning given on day 3. Activity-2 Match the following a. Communicate words or phases b. copying help to make something happen c. effective features or quality d. expressions doing some thing in the same way as something else e. audio visual successful or achieving the result that you want f. fraternity share information or conversation with other people g. attributes using both sound and image h. contribute feelings of friendship, trust , and support between people D. Write 'T' for true and 'F 'for false . a. lakpa and nima are brother and sisters. b. lakpas received nima's letter on 21 April,2015. c. Lakpa is planning to visit the U.K during loshar. d. Lakpa wants to improve English. e. nima advice lakpa to speaks English with his friends and teacher. f. love fraternity and respect for others are some the qualities of humanity. DAY- 5 Lesson - Nima’s Letter to Her Brother Activity-1 Read the letter ( on page No. 13 and 1 4 ) written to Lhakpa by his sister Nima, and try to comprehend the meaning with the help of the word meaning given on day 3. Activity-2 Complete the following sentences. a. Nima wrote this letter in reply to her..........'s letter. b. Communication in English with your teacher and friend in the one way to……….. your English. c. Nima advise Lakpa to buy a good English ……….. to improve his English d. Nima's English was not good when she was in …………. e. some education related offices in Nepal have developed audio visual materials on……….. english. f. some education related offices in Nepal have developed audio visual materials for the students with the average ………. Level. --2--

DAY- 6 Lesson - Nima’s Letter to Her Brother Activity-1 Read the letter ( on page No. 13 and 1 4 ) written to Lhakpa by his sister, Nima and try to comprehend the meaning with the help of the word meaning given on day 3. Activity-2 Answer the following questions. a. When and from where was this letter written? b. What is the main massage of this letter? c. Why does Nima advises lakpa to buy the radio? d. 'But now I feel it's great .' What does it refer to? e. How does talking to foreign tourist help in improving English, According to Nima ? f. According to nima what is the interesting way to learning English ? g. How does the writer feel about her own performance in the English language? h. What does a lingua franca mean? i. How does the English language as a lingua franca help to unite different countries in the world? Day -7 Lesson: Articles Activity-1 A. Study the following tips carefully. 1. \"A\" is used before singular countable nouns and adjectives if the pronunciation starts with consonant sound. Eg. A pen , a car , a student 2. We use \"a\" before some abbreviation which begins with consonant sound .eg .a B.A student, a B.B.C program , a R.O.M, a Ph. D scholar 3. We use \"a\" before some words such as unity, useful, university, Unicorn, Universal , unique, Ewe, One , European, Union, etc. as their initial letters have consonant sounds though they start with a Vowel letter. 4. \"An\" is used before singular countable noun if the pronunciation of the word starts with vowel sound. 5. We use \"an\" before some abbreviations such as SLC,FM ,I.A. , MBBS, M.A., M.Ed. , MP, NTC, HA L.L.M , SOS, etc. 6. We use \"An\" before some words such as honest, hour, honorable, heir, etc. as their initial letter /h/ becomes silent throughout its production.(For more detail look at your grammar book on the topic \"Article\".) Activity-2 A. Fill in the blanks with A or An. i. It is … universal truth. 2. Gokul is … B.A student. 3. She is … Ugly girl. 4. He is … one eyed man. 5. Anita bought … inkpot at Rs 50. 6. Mr. Jhon is … European. 7. Sita is … Ph. D scholar. 8. Ram caught … owl yesterday. 9. Did you receive … SOS message. 10. We have to buy … half dozen of pens. 11. Can you write … few paragraphs about cow. 12. Sita is … heir of her parents. 13. I am thinking to spend … couple of days in Pokhara. 14. Can you wait for me … hour. 15. Sandesh borrowed … umbrella from Ramesh . 16. Potato costs Rs.50 … Kilo. 17. What … lovely place. 18 What … intelligent boy. 19. What … innocent girl she is! 20. How … a Beautiful girl she is! --3--

DAY- 8 Lesson: Articles Activity-1 A. Study the following tips. 1. We use \"the\" before the name of rivers, name of newspapers, geographical areas, musical instrument, superlative degree, ordinal number, mountain range, religious books, seas and oceans, parts of day, directions and poles, historical period/ ages, buildings and monuments, titles and positions, scientific inventions, a noun which represent whole class of animals or things, a noun repeated in the second sentences, a noun made specific by the use of the phrase 2. Do not use any article before the name of games, colours, diseases, abstract noun, languages, proper noun, and material noun. 3. Do not use article before public places i.e.-temple, bed, church , school, collage ,hospital if they are used for primary purpose but use\" the \" if they are used for secondary purposes. E.g. He goes to …. temple to worship. He goes to the temple to take photos. (for more detail look at your grammar book on the topic \"article\".) Activity – 2 A . Fill in the blanks with a, an or the. 1.Crown Prince Charles of Great Britain is …. heir to the throne. 2. Kebal broke my Chair to make … wooden ruler. 3. Jinisha Keeps Busy herself in ….. kitchen every morning. 4. Rajan is … MP. 5. The Nile is … longest river in the world. 6.We need to do more for … poor. 7. Binod is ….. B.A student. 8. Janak is … M.Sc student. 9. Once Sudip saw …. cute ape in the zoo. 10. Has Sagar ever seen ….wounded man ? 11. Could you close…… door, please? It’s really cold. 12. Dinesh is …..SLC graduate. 13. …. Statue of liberty was a gift of friendship from France in the United States. 14. …..girl in blue skirt is my sister, 15. Who is best ……student of your class? 16. Samjanadoesnot want to miss the opportunity to be… doctor. 17. Tila is…… NGO officer. 18. Bichhet is ….. University Student. 19. …. European tourist visited our school today. 20. Lovin and Chudamani have climbed up….. Everest within the decade. DAY- 9 Lesson: Articles Activity-1 Study the tips given on day 7 and 8 again. Activity-2 A. Use ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ where necessary. B. Hariram Agrawal is ………… wealthy businessman. C. I bought ……. Newspaper and ……… packet of biscuits. D. He sat at ……… back of the bus. E. Do you think ….. Science is easy or difficult? F. …….dogs in my neighbour’s house are always barking. G. My sister is not afraid of ……dogs. H. I like …….shirt you are wearing. I. ……..gold is very expensive. J. Where is……cap that I bought yesterday? K. He came ….third in the race. L. …….water in the glass is very dirty. --4--

M. ……Nile is….longest river. N. Is there …….university in your town? O. ….New York lies in….United States. P. ……heart purifies the blood. DAY-10 Lesson: Articles Activity- 1 Study the tips given on day 7 and 8 again. Activity-2 Use ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ where necessary. i. …...Amazon is ….. second longest river in the world. ii. There is much……… sugar in the tea. iii. What……amazing picture! iv. …….milk in these bottles are sour. v. …..water and ….food are often polluted. vi. There is scarcity of ……….water in Kathmandu. vii. ……lion is ……….dangerous animal. viii. Anuj doesn’t like…..milk. He never drinks it. ix. Arbind is ……..one-legged man. x. Archi is reading ….old comic. xi. ……people of India need…..jobs. xii. Can you see……igloo over there? xiii. There’s……..notebook in the rack. xiv. He earns Rs. 10,000………month. xv. I have…..aunt who is…….fashion designer DAY-11 Lesson: Writing a Letter / Email Activity – 1 Read the following tips. Personal letters are also known as friendly letters, and social notes normally have five parts. • The Heading. This includes the address, date line by line, with the last line being the date. ... • The Greeting. The greeting always ends with a comma. ... • The body. Also known as the main text. ...( the actual message ) • The complimentary close. ... • The signature line • Show the sample of envelope. • Short for electronic mail, e-mail or email is information stored on a computer that is exchanged between two users over telecommunications. More plainly, e-mail is a message that may contain text, files, images, or other attachments sent through a network to a specified individual or group of individuals. --5--

• While sending e-mail we should use our email address and the receiver should also have an email address. • In e-mail we have to write the subject of the mail. While sending an e-mail we do not need to write date and give the sample of envelope too. Activity–2 Write a letter to your friend describing your experience of the pandemic of Covid - 19 DAY-12 Lesson: Writing a Letter / Email Activity-1 Read the tips given on day 12 and write a letter to your maternal uncle telling him what one should and should not do to be safe from the pandemic of Covid - 19 . DAY-13 Lesson: Writing a Letter / Email Activity-1 Write an email to one of your relatives who is living abroad describing about your study during the closing of school due to pandemic of Covid - 19 --6--

DAY – 14 Lesson: Causative Verb Activity-1 A. Study the following tips carefully. (Watch the video on you tube https://youtu.be/16bb-ao9mqo ) a. Let , make, get, have and help are called causative verbs in English. b. subject + make / have + person( agent ) +v1. Eg: He made me dance in the party. I have my mother cook for me. c. subject + get + person ( agent) + to + v1 Eg: He got me to dance in the party. I got my mother to cook for me. d. subject + get +object ( thing ) + v3 Eg: He got my house painted. She got her shoes mended. Activity -2 a. Choose the correct word / phrase to complete the following sentence. 1. Hari will have his face………………… ( wash , washed , to wash) 2. I had a servant……..the tree in the yard (cut , to cut , cutting ) 3. He ………his room painted. 4. Kunal got his health………………( check, to check , checked ) 5. We got a carpenter ………… some furniture.( make , to make, made ) 6. Can you make him……..( laugh , to laugh, laughed) 7. He …….. me to carry his bag ( has , makes, gets ) 8. Don’t make anybody ………this camera.( use , to use , used) DAY – 15 Lesson: Causative Verb Activity-1 A. Study the following tips given on day 25 carefully again. Activity -2 A. Choose the correct word / phrase to complete the following sentence. 1. Why did he have the tree...............? (to fell. felled, fell) 2. I ........him to sing a sony. (get. make. have) 3. The master made me ..................the room. (sweep, to sweep. swept) 4. The teacher got students ...................... ........... writing. (stopped! to stop, stop) 5. The doctor had an assistant ........................for his help.(appoint .to appoint appointed) 6. His shoes are torn. He will get the cobbler ....................................them. (to mend, mend, mended) 7. He didn't make her ................................................... night. (stay up, to stay up, stayed up) 8. He got me...........................at the party.(drunk, to drink. drink)? 9. She never gets her homework . ...... . . ... . . . ......... .... ( to check, check. Checked ) 10. The clever Crow got some men………… (kill, to kill, killed ) --7--

DAY – 16 Lesson: Causative Verb Activity-1 A. Study the following tips given on day 25 carefully again. Activity -2 A. Choose the correct word / phrase to complete the following sentence. 1.She got her friend …… more in the sari (pay. to pay, paid) 2. They have their hair ……………( to cut, cut, cutting ) 3. She………. Hari sing a song. (makes. gets, have) 4. She. ……… to work for her. (got. had, get) 5. The teacher made her her……… homework (do. does. did) 6. My friend made his son……… his girl friend home. (bring. to bring, brought) 7. ………………………….this radio repaired. (Get, Make. Had) 8. The old man got his ten year old grandson………………. karate. (learn. to learn, learnt) 9. Our English teacher is strict. She always makes us………….. quiet. (keep, to keep, kept) I0. My father got me……………. in the garden. (work. to work, works) 11. She………… her father to buy a cell phone for her. (has, makes, will get) 12. Have me…………….. something please. (say, to say, said) 13. Barsha made me……………. this matter. (type, typed, to type) 14. l shall get Sharad…………… my work. (check, to check, checked) 15. Rity got me…….. this matter. (write. written, to write) I6. Kiran will get the black pants…………… (buy, to buy, bought) 17. 1 made her…………….. me. (to follow, followed, follow) 18. He……….. everything done in time. (get, make, has) 19. 1 had my brother………. my homework. (done, to do, do) 20. she ……….her clothes washed. (have, makes, will get) DAY- 17 Lesson: Dialogue Writing Activity-1 A. Read the text carefully. Dialogue is a written or spoken conversational exchange let it be formal or informal between two or more people. Some Hints A. Initial Stage (greetings and well-being) : When the persons visit each other, they greet and ask the well being of each other. So, while writing dialogue, use the greetings like: Good morning, Good afternoon or Good evening, Hello, Hi, How do you do? Then after, individuals will ask well- being of each other. B. Middle Stage (Subject matter) : After greeting and well-being, the participants of dialogue should be diverted towards subject matter. They should talk on the subject matter provided by the question. Suppose that the question is: Compose a dialogue between two friends discussing about coming Saturday plan. While writing dialogue of this question, you should mention clearly where to go on coming Saturday, when to go, how to go, what to do there etc. C. Final Stage (Ending) :You can extend your dialogue as long as you wish. But it is not better to write Ion conversation than necessity. When the volume of dialogue is sufficient, divert you dialogue towards ending. Don't end your dialogue forcefully. You can use any one of the following sentence before ending your dialogue. i. Oh, interval time is over. Let's go to classroom. ii. My mother is telephoning me. I have to go home now. Bye see you tomorrow. iii. It is getting dark. Let's go home now. Bye. --8--

Activity-2 A. Read the given sample of the dialogue carefully. Eg: Compose a dialogue between two friends talking about a friend who is getting married. Chandrakant : Hi, Bhumika, how are you? Bhumika : I'm fine and you? Chandrakant : I'm fine, too. Have you heard any news? Bhumika : Not yet. Is there any special news? Chandrakant : Yes, Our classmate Manju Karki is getting married next month. Bhumika : Oh, to whom is she getting married? She didn't tell me anything. I met her yesterday. Chandrakant : I heard the boy lives in Kathmandu and teaches in campus. Bhumika : Chandrakant, do you have Manju's mobile number? Chandrakant : Yes ,I've dialed on my mobile. Here you are. Bhumika : Thanks. Oh, my mother is calling me. I've to go home. Bye. Chandrakant : Bye. See you tomorrow. DAY- 18 Lesson: Dialogue Writing Activity-1 Read the tips and sample of dialogue given on day 40 carefully again. Activity-2 Complete the following dialogue. Passenger : Good afternoon. Counter clerk : Good afternoon, …………………….? Passenger : What time does the bus for Pokhara leave? Counter clerk : ………………………………………… Passenger : But it's already quarter past twelve. Counter clerk : ……………………….. I'll call the driver soon. Passenger : Yes, where's the driver? Counter clerk : ………………………………………….. Passenger : Then, please call him otherwise we'll be late. Counter clerk : …………………. You'd better get on your bus. Passenger : ………………………………………..? Counter clerk : About six hours. Passenger : ……………………………………………… Counter clerk : You are most welcome sir. • What can I do for you, sir? • The scheduled time of its departure time is 12.00 p.m. • I'm afraid it's getting late by 15 minute. • I think he has gone to have lunch. • Oh! Yes he's coming. • Actually, how long does it take to reach Pokhara? • Thanks for your kind information. --9--

DAY-19 Lesson: Dialogue Writing Activity-1 Read the tips and sample of dialogue given on day 40 carefully again. Activity-2 Compose a dialogue between a hotel receptionist and a customer in about six exchanges. The customer has just reached the hotel and he wants to stay there for some days. DAY-20 Lesson: Dialogue Writing Activity-1 Read the tips and sample of dialogue given on day 40 carefully again. Activity-2 Compose a dialogue between two friends on the basis of given situation. Rita and Manju are in gift shop. They both are going to attend Sita's birthday. They are discussing about buying presents for Sita. DAY-21 Lesson: Dialogue Writing Activity-1 Read the tips and sample of dialogue given on day 40 carefully again. Activity-2 Write a dialogue between two friends on visiting ZOO. DAY-22 Lesson: Writing Condolence Message Activity-1 Read the following tips carefully. i. First of all write the title such as Heartfelt Condolence ii. Keep photo under the title iii. Write date of birth and date of date to either side of the photo.. iv. Express your sorrow, sympathy, sow your concern, write about the good qualities of person, v. Express your condolence, pray for departed soul, vi. Finally write your name and address. Follow the lay out and give simple decoration.. Activity-2 Write a newspaper condolence notice on the untimely demise of your friend. Use the clues given in the box: Gokul Tharu – 21 years old –sociable and helpful –a national volleyball player –killed in car accident on April, 2002. Day- 23 Activity-1 Read the tips given on day 22. --10--

Activity-2 Image that one of your friends has had a bus accident. He died in hospital. Write a formal notice of condolence in a newspaper. . DAY-24 Lesson: Leaflet Activity-1 Watch the following video on you tube: ( https://youtu.be/Jwcd4jNygA4?list=PLt1OxXVa5UOmgy5fiGu2T4bF-Yv7qGbrq ) Activity: 2 Develop a visitor’s guide of any place you like [ include location (where is the place / Map geographic Information ),How can people get there ? ( transportation ),Where to stay ?,What can they experience ? (recreational activities ),What can they see ? (Sights), specialties (special features ), Climate / good time to visit, Money, relevant pictures] DAY-25 Lesson: Writing an essay Activity-1 Read the following tips and copy it in your exercise book. An essay is a written composition that helps students to express their personal ideas or opinions on some topic. It is a practical piece of writing. Here is a model essay structure: TITLE ↓ Introduction (First Paragraph) Introductory statement Thesis statement ↓ (Mid Paragraphs) First supporting idea Transition, topic sentence Discussion, examples, and analysis ↓ Second supporting idea Transition, topic sentence Discussion, examples, and analysis Third supporting idea Transition, topic sentence Discussion, examples, and analysis ↓ Conclusion (Last Paragraph) Transition, statement reflecting back on thesis Restate key points --11--

Activity-2 Read these points to know the organization and types of essays: The introductory statement could be an anecdote, quotation, saying, description, striking statistic, a fact that will lead to the thesis statement. The main idea of the essay is stated in a single sentence called the thesis statement. Supporting paragraphs make up the main body of the essay. They develop the main idea of your essay. A topic sentence is the sentence that will explain what the paragraph is mainly about. Each paragraph should have one topic sentence. We use special transition words to link your supporting paragraphs together. Here are some transition words- first, second, third, however, even though, nevertheless, therefore, in addition to, as a result of, consequently, furthermore, also, despite, etc. DAY- 26 Lesson: Writing an essay Activity-1 Read this sample essay and copy in your exercise book. Mount Everest Introduction- Mount Everest, the world's highest peak, lies in Nepal. It i the highest peak of the Himalayas. It sits on the border between Nepal and China. The summit ridge of Mount Everest separate Nepal and Tibet, Nepal is the home of ten tall mountains, and each of them has its own story. Thesis Statement- Mount Everest speaks of its story through the people who have named, measured and climbed it. Topic statement – Body paragraph 1-Mount Everest is called by different names in Tibet and Nepal. Its Tibetan name is 'Jomolungma', which means ‘Holy Mother', and its Nepali name is Sagarmatha, which means 'the goddess of the sky'. Mt Everest got its name after the person Sir George Everest, a British surveyor who first tried to locate the exact position of the peak. Topic statement- Body paragraph 2-It took many years to figure out the exact height of Mt. Everest. In the 19th century, the Great Trigonometric Survey of India first tried to measure the height of Mount Everest. The surveyors didn't agree on the height of Mount Everest. The British government thought the height was 29,002 feet, and the Indian government said it was 29,028 feet. These days, we know for sure the exact height of 29,035 ft or 8850m because we have better tools to measure. But the official altitude of Mt. Everest that was approved by the Nepali government is 29,029 feet. Topic Sentence- Body paragraph 2-Mount Everest has its own history of its climbers. The first success climb was made by Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norge in 1953. Since then Mount Everest has been climbed by more than 3000 people and many records have been set and man died. Pasang Lhamu Sherpa became the first Nepalese lady to climb Everest, and Apa Sherpa holds the record for reaching the summit more times. The oldest climber to reach Mount Everest is 76-year-old Min BahadurSherchan. Concluding paragraph-To sum up, it is the dream of several mountain climbers from all over the world to climb Mount Everest, and to be involved in the story of the world's highest mountain. --12--

DAY-27 , 28, 29 Lesson: Writing an essay Activity-1 Read the tips given on day 48, and sample essay given on day 49. Activity-2 Write an essay on the topics below: i. Role of Youths in the Development of Nation ii. Use and Misuse Cell phone iii. My country My pride DAY-30 Lesson: Transformation of Sentence Activity-1 Study the following rules carefully. Conversion of a kind of sentence into some other kind is called transformation of sentence. One kind of sentence can be transformed into another in the following ways. a) While making a sentence 'negative' (indicating 'no' or 'not') add not to the auxiliary verb (if any). (i) They are playing cowrie shells. (Affir.) They are not playing cowrie shells. (Neg.) b) Sometimes there is no auxiliary verb in the sentence. In such situation Negatives and Questions are made by the help of 'do' or 'does' if the verb is in the present and 'did' if the verb is in the past. [Note: 'do' verbs are 'do', 'does' and 'did' and use 'V 1 ' after each] (i) Ratna eats apples. Rama doesn 't eat apples, (Neg.) Does Rama eat apples? (Qu) c) If you are told to transform the sentences containing always, some, somebody, someone, sometimes, something, any of— in to negative, you change them into -- never, any, nobody, no one, seldom, nothing and none of respectively. (i) She always comes to meet me. (Affir.) She never comes to meet me. (Neg.) d) 'Some' used with the subject/object becomes no in, the negative. (i) I bought some wine. (Affir.) I bought no wine/l didn 't buy any wine. (Neg.) e) 'Either ….or' changes into 'Neither . . nor’ in the negative. (i) Either Ram or his friends have stolen books. Neither Ram nor hisfriends have stolen books. f) 'Must' changes into 'needn't' and 'mustn't’ in the negative, (i) You must work hard. You needn 't work hard. (no necessity) You mustn 't work hard. (prohibition) g) 'A lot of' changes into 'much' or 'many? in the Question and Negative. (i) There was a lot of water. There was not much water. (Neg.) h) 'Already' changes into 'yet' in the 'Negative' and 'Qyestion' --13--

(i) He has already gone. He hasn 't gone yet. (Neg.) Hasn 't he gone yet? (Qu.) i) 'Always' and 'sometimes' change into fevers in the Interrogative (Question). (i) Beena always comes here. Does Beena ever come here?(Qu.) j) 'Too', 'and so' and 'as....as' change into 'either', 'neither' and 'not so' in the Negative respectively. (i) Bhuwan loves her too. Bhuwandoesn 't love her either (Neg.) k) Sentences with -- has to/have to/had to/used to +V1 are changed into Negative in the following ways. (i) He has to do this =He doesn 't have to do this. 1. Sometimes the verbs — has, have and had are used alone i.e. not with any other ordinary verbs. In such situations, they themselves are ordinary verbs. So, 'Negatives' and 'Questions' are made by the help of 'do' or 'does' if the verb is in the present i.e, 'have' or 'has' and 'did' if the verb is in the pasti.e. 'had'. (i) Sanu has a fever. =Sanudoesn 't have fever. (Neg.) m) While transforming sentences into 'Wh' questions i.e. questions from Whom, Whose, Which, Where, etc., we keep the 'Wh' word given at the beginning and other changes are made according to the rules mentioned earlier. i) He lives in Kathmandu. (In to Where question) Where does he live? DAY-31 Lesson: Transformation of Sentence Activity-1 Study the rules given on day 30 carefully again Activity-2 Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. 1. She has already done her homework. [into negative] 2. He believes in ghost. [into negative] 3. Either you or he has stolen my pen. [into negative] 4. Something was wrong. [into negative] 5. He must guide me. [into negative] 6. Rajesh is plowing in the field. [into negative] 7. Stop talking. [into negative] 8. Dipa has not completed her assignments. [into affirmative] 9. She doesn't know the answer. [into affirmative] 10. He rarely speaks French. [into affirmative] 11. Nobody is calling you. [into affirmative] 12. Don't make noise. [into affirmative] 13. Ram didn't have his lunch. [into affirmative] --14--

DAY-32 Lesson: Transformation of Sentence Activity-1 Study the rules given on day 30 carefully again Activity-2 Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets 1. Nile is the longest river in the world. [Which —question] 2. Someone hit on her head. [Yes/ no question] 3. Somebody has closed the door. [Yes/ no question] 4. He always helps the poor. [Yes/ no question] 5. Some students have completed their assignment. [Yes/ no question] 6. He goes to school on foot. [Yes/ no question]Ramesh worked hard. [who question] 7. Soniya loves her mother. [Whom question] 8. They built a temple in the village. [where question] 9. They came to Berlin last Friday. [when question] 10. Aakash is listening classical songs. [ what question] 11. Do it. [Into Negative] 12. I have already done my work. [Into negative] DAY- 33 Lesson: Transformation of Sentence Activity-1 Study the rules given on day 30 carefully again. Activity-2 Change the following sentences into negative. 1. Radhika put some sugar in her tea. 2. Suraksha cut her finger. 3. He loves dancing. 4. Hari passed the exam . 5. Geeta cleaned the room . 6. Actors can earn their bread easily in Nepal . 7. People used to send their children to collect firewood 8. She has already finished her work. 9. My brother passed his exam. 10. Ramesh always works hard. 11. Nitesh often comes to me. 12. Either Nima or Krishna is there. 13. Put some sugar in your tea. 14. He had a book. 15. My boss believes me. DAY-34 Lesson: Transformation of Sentence Activity-1 Study the rules given on day 30 carefully again --15--

Activity-2 Change the following sentences into negative. 1. My mother always takes care of me. 2. I know how this problem can be solved. 3. You did it nicely. 4. They go jogging every morning. 5. My dog loves travelling in fast car. 6. Lila had a bad dream last night. 7. Manaswi likes going to cinema hall. 8. She kept the ring in the jewelry box. 9. Prem had a nice journey last week. 10. Chirag studies in grade X. 11. She does her homework. 12. Somebody likes to help me. 13. You cooked food for me . 14. Somebody likes to sing a song. 15. He had a car. DAY-35 Lesson: Unit 3 ( An Interview with a Doctor) Activity-1 Study the following word meaning carefully. 1. reporter: 2.pediatrician: a medical practitioner specializing in children and their diseases3.pandemic: (of a disease) prevalent over a whole country or the world. 4 precautions: a measure taken in advance to prevent something dangerous, unpleasant, or inconvenient from happening 5. Avian: relating to birds 6 . deadly: causing death7. Pathogenic (of a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism) causing disease: 8. Mammals: a warm-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that is distinguished by the possession of hair or fur, females that secrete milk for the nourishment of the young, and (typically) the birth of live young 9. Bucher: meat seller 10. Poultry: domestic fowl, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese 11. migratory: shifting from place to place 12.droppings: 13. Contaminated: polluted, dirty 14.ache: pain 15.symptoms: a physical or mental feature which is regarded as indicating a condition of disease Activity 2: With the meaning given on day 30 activity 1 read the text given on page NO 28 and 29 of your book and try to comprehend the meaning of the text. DAY-36 Lesson: Unit 3 ( An Interview with a Doctor) Activity-1 With the meaning given on day 30 activity 1 read the text given on page NO 28 and 29 of your book and try to comprehend the meaning of the text. Activity-2 Read the interview again, and decide whether the following sentences are true or false. a. Bird flu is not as lethal to humans as to the birds. b. Nearly 60% of the total deaths in the world have been caused by bird flu. c. During 2011 Nepal had only the shadows of infected flying birds. d. Consumption of well cooked chicken does not transmit H5N1 virus to humans. e. All kinds of fever blended with sore throat are not the symptoms of bird flu. f. PPE as mentioned in the interview should be used while consuming poultry. --16--

DAY-37 Lesson: Unit 3 ( An Interview with a Doctor) Activity-1 With the meaning given on day 30 activity 1 read the text given on page no. 28 and 29 of your book and try to comprehend the meaning of the text. Activity-2 Match the expressions under column A with those under B so that they match the ideas as expressed in the interview. AB a. H5N1 i. is one of the precautions against the influenza. b. bird flu ii. is available for the flu. c. no effective medicine iii. is one of the symptoms of bird flu. d. fever iv. is a strain of the virus. e. avoiding contact with v. is the common name of avian infected poultry influenza. DAY-38 Unit 3 ( An Interview with a Doctor) Activity-1 With the meaning given on day 30 activity 1 read the text given on page NO 28 and 29 of your book and try to comprehend the meaning of the text. Activity-2 What do these words used in the text mean? a. frequently : i. often ii. regularly iii. occasionally b. deadly : i. related to the dead ii. likely to cause death iii. as of the dead ones c. migratory : i. having the habit of migration ii. having migraine iii. having the habit of immigration d. plucking : i. picking ii. Pulling the feathers off iii. picking someone from danger e. droppings : i. things dropped ii. solid waste matter of birds iii. falling of something f. pandemic : i. disease that spreads over a whole area ii. disease that causes pain I ii. disease that is regularly found in a particular area DAY-39 Unit 3 ( An Interview with a Doctor) Activity-1 With the meaning given on day 30 activity 1 read the text given on page NO. 28 and 29 of your book and try to comprehend the meaning of the text. Activity-2 Answer the questions below. a. What is bird flu ? When was it first detected among humans? b. Who are most prone to get bird flu virus, according to the doctor? c. Mention any two possible ways humans can get infected by the avian influenza? --17--

d. What are some of the indications that one is infected with the bird flu? e. Which of the precautions, as mentioned by the doctor, do you usually adopt? Why? DAY-40 Unit 3 ( An Interview with a Doctor) Activity-1 Use your dictionary and find what specialization do these doctors have? a pediatrician = diseases of children a dermatologist =………………………………. an orthopedist =……………………………… a cardiologist = ………………………………….a gynecologist =……………………………… a dentist =……………………………………….. a neurologist =………………………………… a psychiatrist =…………………………………… a nephrologist =……………………………… DAY-41 Lesson: Unit 3 (Foolish Fish-Poem ) Activity -1 Read the Poem (Foolish Fish-Poem) Activity-2 Read about the poem and try to grab the meaning. ‘The Foolish Fish’ is a beautiful poem for kids. The poem is about a little arrogant fish and its helpless death. The poet includes a moral theme i.e. disobedience and its harmful consequence in the poem. This poem is a straightforward narrative and tells a story of son and mother fish. As the poem in the narrative form, it offers a voice describing the action of two fish with the technique of personification. The story of the poem is provided from the narrator’s perspective. The narrator is an observer of the entire action and offers the exposition. The exposition sets the scene and explains what is happening in the poem. There are three stanzas in the poem. Each stanza contains four lines. The poem has ABAB rhyming scheme. For example, the word ‘fish’ rhymes with ‘wish’ of the third line. Likewise, ‘see’ of the second line and ‘me’ of the third line are the rhyming pair. In short, the poem has simple narration, common rhyming scheme and moral theme. These qualities make the readers interest it. Summary of the Poem: A hungry baby fish saw a worm and asked his mother to get it for him. The mother fish observed the worm and told the baby fish that he had no knowledge what it was. She warned him that the worm was covering a sharp hook to trap the fish. In spite of his mother’s warning, the little foolish fish swam to the worm and looked around it. He didn’t see the hook and gave a bite. He lost his life as he did what his mother had told him not to do. DAY-42 Unit 3 ( Foolish Fish-Poem ) Activity-1 Read the poem and the note given on day 40. --18--

Activity-2 A. find the words that are similar in meaning. a. starving b. corner c. conceal d. silly e. soon/shortly e. lucky B. find the words that are opposite in meaning. e. bid a. guilty b. ended c. bluntness d. wise C. Find the words that rhyme with the other words. A .Fish b. see c. nook d. trout DAY-43 Unit 3 ( Foolish Fish-Poem ) Activity-1 Read the poem and the note given on day 40. Activity-2 a. match the following . Innocent a common river fish Hook unlucky or unfortunate Trout a bad or difficult Ventured having no knowledge of the unpleasant Longing told or ordered somebody to do something Hapless a small curved piece of mental used for catching fish Plight a strong feeling of wanting something Bid went somewhere or did something that could be dangerous b. write 'T' for true and 'F' for false . a. The little fish was very hungry. b. The mother fish see the worm first. c. The little fish wanted to eat the worm. d. The little fish knew that the worm was covering a hook. e. The little fish was wise and clever. f. The mother did not know about the worm. g. The little fish ate the worm at the end. DAY-44 Unit 3 ( Foolish Fish-Poem ) Activity-1 Read the poem and the note given on day 40. Activity-2 Fill in the blanks. a. The little fish wanted to eat the…………….. b. The little fish did not know there was a ……… covered in the worm . c. The mother fish warned the little ……….. not to go near the worm. d. The little fish did not see the ……… when he looked around the worm. e. The little fish…………. At the end. f. The little fish did not obey his …………. --19--

DAY-45 Unit 3 ( Foolish Fish-Poem ) Activity-1 Read the poem and the note given on day 40. Activity-2 Answer the following question. a. Who is speaking in the first stanza? b. Who is the speaker in the second stanza? c. What did the little fish wish for ? d. What did his mother tell him about the worm? e. Why did his mother call him' sweet innocent'? f. Why did the little fish go near the worm? g. Which line in the poem explain the danger of the hook? h. Which line in the poem describes the death of the little fish? i. Do you think the title of the poem is suitable? Why? j. What lesson do you learn from this poem? DAY-46 Lesson: Writing Condolence Message Activity-1 Study the following tips and the text given on page No. 42 and 43 of your text book carefully. Whatch the video on you tube: https://youtu.be/YYkdbf-Q2UM i. First of all write the title such as Heartfelt Condolence ii. Keep photo under the title iii. Write date of birth and date of demise to either side of the photo.. iv. Express your sorrow, sympathy, sow your concern, write about the good qualities of person, v. Express your condolence, pray for departed soul, vi. Finally write your name and address. Follow the lay out and give simple decoration.. VII. Some useful vocabulary 1.obituary: a notice of a death, especially in a newspaper, typically including a brief biography of the deceased person 2. Saddened: made very sad 3.premature: before getting maturity/ old 4.untimely: before time/getting old 5.heartfelt: from the core of the heart 6.shocked: 7.immeasurable: that cannot be measured 8.demise: death 9. Pray: 10.departed: passed away 11:condolence: an expression of sympathy, especially on the occasion of the death of a person's relative or close friend. 12.funeral: a ceremony or service held shortly after a person's death, usually including the person's burial or cremation 13.bereaved :deprived of a close relation or friend through their death: DAY-47 Lesson: Writing Condolence Message Activity-1 Read the text given on page No.42 and 43 of your text book. Activity-2 From the message of condolence and the sympathy letter, find the words which are similar in meaning to these words. i. liked by many ii. death iii. before time iv. people working together --20--

v. lasting forever vi. very deep/serious vii. that can’t be measured viii. resist/endure DAY-48 Lesson: Writing Condolence Message Activity-1 Read the text given on page No.42 and 43 of your text book . Activity - 2 Match the expressions under column ‘A’ with their continuations under ‘B’. AB a. Bir Bahadur i. extend condolence to the family. b. Sarita ii. was untimely. c. Bir Bahadur’s death iii. writes a letter to Bir Bahadur’s wife. d. The students iv. was a teacher in a school. e. Hamid v. is Bir Bahadur’s wife. B.True or False a. Bir Bahadur passed away in his old age. b. The message of condolence is for his friends and family. c. Hamid didn’t attend the funeral because he didn’t like it. d. Bir Bahadur’s colleagues liked him very much. e. Hamid is perhaps one of his colleagues. f. The loss of life is reparable or regained. DAY- 49 Lesson: Writing Condolence Message Activity-1 Read the text given on page No.42 and 43 of your text book. Activity -2 Read the texts again and answer these questions. a. What was the name of the school where Bir Bahadur worked? b. What was the cause of his death? c. According to the texts, what was Bir Bahadur like? d. How are the texts in the first and the second box different? e. Who is the message of condolence for and who will receive the letter? DAY- 50 Lesson: Writing Condolence Message Activity-1 Study the tips given on day 46 and page No.42 and 43 of your text book. Activity-2 Write a newspaper condolence notice on the untimely demise of your friend. Use the clues given in the box: Gokul Tharu – 21 years old –sociable and helpful –a national volleyball player –killed in car accident on April, 2002. --21--

Day- 51 Activity-1 Study the tips given on day 46 and page No.42 and 43 of your text book. Activity-2 Image that one of your friends has had a bus accident. He died in hospital. Write a formal notice of condolence in a newspaper. DAY- 52 Lesson: Debate ( Unit: 5) Activity-1 Read the text given on page No. 56 and 57 of your text book.( Difficult words and meaning are given here ).1. troubling: 2.strive: 3.standstill: 4. Long for: 5.cherish: 6. By-instinct: 7. Inquisitive: 8. Advocate: 9.ambitionless: 10.Aristotle : a famous philosopher 11. Hand in hand : together 12: flare: desire 13. Legislative: senatorial: prosperity: 14: Cogressional: Activity-2 Read the texts again and answer these questions. DAY: 59 and 60 Test Yourself Activity-1 Solve the problems and test yourself. Subject: English F:M:75 I. Read the following poem and do the tasks that follow. 5 The wind and the Leaves. “Come, little leaves,” said the wind one day, Come over the meadows with me and play. Put on your dresses of red and gold, For summer is gone, and the days grow cold Soon as the leaves heard the wind’s loud call, Down they came fluttering, one and all. O’er the brown field then they danced and flew Singing the soft little songs they knew. Dancing and whirling, the little leaves went, Winter had called them, and they were content Soon, fast asleep on their earthy beds, The snow laid a coverlet over their heads. A. Answer the following questions. 5×1=5 i) What are two seasons mentioned in the poem? ii) Who put a bedspread over the heads of the leaves? iii) How did the little leaves come down? iv) Where did they dance? v) Who called the leaves to the meadows? 2. Read the following text and do the tasks that follow. 10 You should always try to communicate in English with your English teacher and the friends. Listening to radio programs in English could be an interesting way. Why don't --22--

you buy a radio for yourself and listen to such program? For better pronunciation, copying people could be effective. As you listen to any new word you ought to repeat it. Using an English dictionary is another effective way to learn the language .You had better buy a good English dictionary and use it. You know my English was not that good when I was in Nepal But now I feel it’s great. I have to speak it all the time. I picked up pronunciation and expressions one by one. How about talking to foreign tourists who come to visit our area ?. They will be happy to know about our village and its beauty from a student and you would benefit with new English word and expressions. I have heard that the education related offices in Nepal have been developing and distributing different audio visual materials on learning English. If I were you, I would talk to teachers about them too. These materials, 1 guess, much have been developed considering the average performance level of the Nepalese students. Wouldn’t it be better if you got some of them your practice? A. Match the words in Column 'A' with their meaning in Column ‘B’. 5×1=5 Column A Column B Effective relating of other countries Picked up method Foreign ordinary Average impressive Way gathered B. Answer the Following questions. 5 a. what could be an interesting way to learn English? b. what should you always try according to the text? c. what are the effective ways to learn English? d. Who has developed and distributed audio visual materials on learning English in Nepal? e. How can you improve your English pronunciation? 3. Read the following advertisement and do the tasks that follow. 10 Vacancy Announcement A newly established A level commercial bank with the motto of quality and reliable banking service is looking for energetic and enthusiastic staff for the following posts: Post: supervisor Qualification: bachelor in management or economics. Experience: at least 2 years in a financial institution. Remuneration: as per the rules of the bank. Required No :3 Qualified and interested candidates are requested to send their application along with a recent passport size photo, curriculum vitae and copies of citizenship and academic certificates not later than 7 clays of the publication date to the following address: Post box no. 516 Kathmandu or vacancy @bankjobs. com A. Fill in ihe blanks. 5 1. This is an announcement of A-level………………… bank. ii. The advertised post is …………………………….. iii. The candidates should apply not later than………………. of the publication date. iv. The numbers of required post are ……………………………… v. The candidates should apply by………………….. or email --23--

B. Answer the following questions. 5×1=5 a. What type of bank is it? b. What is the necessary qualification of the candidates? c. How many posts are required? d. What is the motto of the bank? e. What testimonials should the applicants attach with their application? 4. Read the following text and do the tasks that follow. 15 R.K Narayan is widely known throughout the world as one of the best indo- Anglican writers, an Indian who writes in English. He was born in madras in 1907, but subsequently settle down in Mysore. He has a large number of books which include Bachelor or Arts The Dark Room, Mr. Sainpath. the guide etc. An interesting feature or Narayan’s work is his creation of a fictitious place known as Malgudi. it could be anywhere in India and all Narayan's works are in a sense accounts of Malgudi and it the people who Live there. His story Lawley road begins with a reference to the municipal council in Malgudi and it is a mild satirical account, with element of humour, of an aspect of the contemporary socio-political situation in that country. A. Put the following sentences into the correct order. 5×1=5 a. Lawley road is a mild satirical account of the contemporary socio-political situation in the country. b. Malgudi is a fictitious place. c. R.K Narayan is an Anglo-Indian writer. d. He wrote a large number or books including the guide. e He was born in Madras in 1907. B. State whether the following sentences are true or false. 5xl=5 a. R.K Narayan is an Indo-American writer. b. He wrote his books in English. c. Malgudi is a real place in India. d. He was born in Mumbai in 1907 e. Lawlev road has homour and satire C. Answer the following questions. a. Who is R.K Narayan h. Write four important books written by him, which are given in the passage. c. Where is Malgudi? d what is the main theme of the story ‘Lawley Road”’ e.What is an interesting feature of R.K Narayan’s work? 5. Write a story on the basis of the following outlines. A wicked woman finds a girl- -the girl has no parents and home --- the old woman makes her work hard - refuses to pay for that --- the girl cannot bear injustice-- -leaves the house - -- the old woman regrets - promises to pay--- . the girl comes back--- but is only partially paid--- the girl again leaves- the old woman promises again but the girl does not trust- - always keep your promise . 6. Write an essay in about 150 words on the “Misuse of internet by the Young Generation. 8 7. Write a short dialogue between two friends who meet outside a cinema hall after watching a movie. (At least six exchanges). 6 8. Write a message of condolence to your friend whose sister died recently in a plane crash. Use the following clues. 5 Ramesh Gurung. sincere sympathy on the death of Rachana Gurung in a plane crash, air hostess, great loss, god help to bear the sorrow, death s inevitable and ultimate truth --24--

9. Reproduce the following sentences as directed in the brackets. 6×1=6 i. Nothing is important ?(add a suitable tag) ii. He brought some oranges (into negative) iii. Arun and Sunita got married yesterday.(into when question) iv. I play games (into future perfect tense) v. She said to me,\"Where are you from?”(into indirect speech) vi. I heard the sound of the crow. (Into passive voice) 10. Choose and copy the best answer from the numbered brackets below. 10×0.5-5 There ..... 1......... (was /were/is) a small brother and small sister. They had a stepmother. They………. 2….. (maltreated/ was maltreated/ were maltreated) by their stepmother. They fled away from home. After running for a while, the brother said: ‘I'm so thirsty. Let's find a spring and have……….. 3… (a/an/the) drink.” ……..4. . .(although/though/ In spite of), as the brother bent down to drink. his sister heard a voice: 'who drinks from me will turn………... .5….. . (in/to/into) a fawn.' It was the witch. Too late, the sister tried to prevent her brother from drinking. The boy changed into a fawn .The fawn ran off into the forest. The sister followed him .There they found……. 6…. (a/an/ the) abandoned collage and lived together. One day a king, along with his hunters ………7.. …(saw/sees/seen ) the fawn. The fawn went to the girl. She was so much beautiful. The king fell into love and asked her if she (could be / can be / may be) his wife. He further said” if you accepted my proposal, you…… 9.. ... (will be / would be/ can be) rich and happy “She wept with happiness. The tears dropped upon the fawn and hanged into a man again This ,made them ….10… . . ,(become/ to become /became) very happy. The End --25--

ljifo M g]kfnL lbg M Ps kf7 M afw] kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]vg cWoog v08 af]w kZ| gsf] pQ/df lgDg s/' fx¿df Wofg lbg'xf;] \\ M – lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] /fd|/L k9g\\ x' f;] \\ . – ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] ;se/ Pp6} jfSodf pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ . – 5f6] f5] l/tf] t/ dfl} ns jfSodf pQ/ lbgx' f];\\ . – jfSo h'g ;/+ rgf -sfn, jrg, cfb/ cflb_ df 5 ToxL ;+/rgfdf pQ/nfO{ 6ª' U\\ ofpg'xf];\\ . tnsf] cgR' 5b] /fd|/L k9g\\ 'xf;] \\ / tn ;f]lwPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \\ M s/' f] s] /x]5 eg] To; lbg laxfg s0fs{ fGt gbLsf] lsgf/} lsgf/ pQ/lt/ nfu5] . pm hLjgdf slxNo} klg To; lbzflt/ nfu]sf] lyPg . hfFbf hfFbf cUnf cUnf kxf8x¿sf] aLrdf pm k'u5] . u8tL/} u8tL/ lx8F b\\ f 8f8F fx¿sf] cUnfO{ a9b\\ } uP5 . tL gfua]nL kb{} uP5g\\ / db} fgaf6 cfe] m]n k/]/ pm o:tf] 8/nfUbf] 7fpdF f ku' ]5, hxfF crDdsf] zflGt kml} nPsf] /x]5 . ePg, ca kmls{gk' ¥of] eg/] s0f{sfGtn] ;F9' prfn]/ cfÇgf] z/L/nfO{ o;f] blIf0flt/ 3'dfpg} cfF6s] f] lyof], p;sf sfgdf cgf7} f] sNofªaNofª 7fl] Ssg cfOku' 5] . o:tf] ;'g;fg 7fpFdf klg sf] a:bf /x5] g\\ x]g'k{ ¥of], e/] ldt gq] nfnnfO{ 5Ss kfb}{ ltgsf ljifodf eGg kfOg] 5 eGg] ljrf/n] s0f{sfGt To; xf]xNnflt/ uP5 . ;k{ u'8l' NsP h:tf 8f8F fx¿sf] kmb] lt/ hª\\unsf] aLrdf Pp6f ;fgf] vn' f rp/ /x]5 h;df 7N' 7'nf ¿vsf d'9fx¿ hft] /] cfuf] afnL To;sf jl/kl/ /fIf;x¿ gflr/x]sf /x]5g\\ . Tof] Pp6f c;fWo} /fd|f] / 7n' f] cf9] f/df uP/ 7f]lSsPsf] /x]5 . /fIf;x¿ To; cf9] f/sf] dv' af6 kfgL au] h:t} rp/lt/ lg:sbF f /x]5g\\ . cEof; v08 dflysf] cgR' 5b] kl9;sk] l5 tn ;fl] wPsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f]6f]5l/tf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ . s_ s0fs{ fGt s'g af6f] stflt/ nfu]5 < v_ s0fs{ fGt ku' ]sf] 7fpF s:tf] lyof] < u_ s0fs{ fGt lsg kmlsg{ cfF6o\\ f] < 3_ s0f{sfGt cfÇgf ldt gq] nfnnfO{ s] eGg rfxGYof] < ª_ /fIf;x¿n] u/]sf sfdx¿af/] pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . lbg M bO' { kf7 M bO' { ldtsf] syf cWoog v08 kf7sf] $% bl] v %! cfF} cgR' 5b] ;Dd cWoog ugx'{ f;] \\ . cEof; v08 /fIf;af6 cfÇgf ldt s0f{sfGtnfO{ arfpg g]qnfnn] s:tf] h'lSt lgsfNof] < Ps cgR' 5b] df nV] gx' f;] \\ . lbg M tLg kf7 M hGdel\" d cWoog v08 tkfOs{F f cleefjsnfO{ pxfFx¿n] hfgs] f] sg' } /dfOnf] syf ;g' fpg cfux| ug{x' f;] \\ . cEof; v08 pQm syf ;l' g;sk] l5 tkfO{sF f] cfÇg} efiffdf 5f6] s/Ldf ;f] syf n]Vg'xf;] \\ . --26--

lbg M rf/ kf7 M Jofs/0f v08 -wft_' cWoog v08 tnsf] cg'R5]b /fdf| ];Fu xg] '{xf;] \\ . d}] vfgf vfP.F lxhf] klg oltan] f d vfbF } lyP.F afaf cfpg] a]nfdf d}n] vfgf vfPsf] lyPF. Ps lbg t efs] nfus] f] a]nfdf lgs} w]/} vfgf vfP5'. klxn] klxn] d lgs} w]/} ld7fO{vfGyF] . oxfF ‘vf’ wft'af6 vfPF, vfbF } lyPF, vfPsf] lyP,F vfP5', vfGyF] h:tf ls|ofkb lgdf0{ f ePsf 5g\\ . wft' eg]sf] ls|ofkb lgdf{0f ug]{ eflifs PsfO xf] . wft'n] sfd hgfp5F . Pp6} wfta' f6 klg y'k}| ls|ofkb agfpg ;lsG5 . cEof; v08 != dflysf] cgR' 5b] df Pp6} ‘vf’ wft'af6 ls|ofkb lgdf{0f u/L jfSodf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . tkfOF{ klg ‘lxF8\\’, ‘;t' \\’ / ‘v]n’\\ wft' /fv]/ dflysf h:t} ls|ofkb lgdf0{ f u/L kfFr kfFrj6f jfSo agfpg'xf];\\ . @= tnsf] cg'R5]b k9\\gx' f];\\ / oxfF k|of]u ePsf lso| fkb l6Kgx' f;] \\ / tL s'g sg' wft'af6 ags] f 5g\\, n]Vg'xf];\\ . xfdL lg/Gt/ ldlxg]t u5fF{} . ldlxg]t ugf{n] hLjgdf kmn k|flKt x'G5 . ldlxgt] L dflg;nfO{ ;a}n] dg k/fpF5g\\ . To:tf dflg;sf] hLjgdf ;kmntfn] sb' 5{ . ;a} dflg; ldlxg]tL ePsf] ;dfh cfTdlge/{ aG5 . To:tf] ;dfhdf ;Eotf af; a:g]5 . -wft' 5'6\\ofpFbf cfkm\"n] 5'6\\ofPsf] c+zdf ‘g'’ / ‘g]’ k|Too hf8] g\\ x' f];\\ . oL kT| oo hf8] k] l5 ags] f] zAbn] sfd ae' mfof] eg] tkfOnF{ ] 56' \\ofPsf] cz+ wft' xf] gq xf]Og ._ lbg M kfFr kf7 M Jofs/0f -sfn_ cWoog v08 t;] f| ] lbgsf] cWoog v08df lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] /fdf| ;] uF k9g\\ 'xf];\\ . cEof; v08 t;] |f] lbgsf] cgR' 5]bsf ;a} jfSo e\"tsfnsf kfFr kIf -;fdfGo, ck\"0f{, k\"0f{, cEo:t /c1ft_sf] ;+/rgfdf ag]sf 5g\\ . ;a} jfSodf ‘d’ stf{ 5 . dfly lbOP emF} xfdL,ltdL, lbbL, Tof,] pgL/ ;fyLx¿ stf{ /fv]/ et\" sfnsf ;a} kIfsf Ps Ps jfSo agfpgx' f];\\ . -sfn eGgfn] ;donfO{ a'lemG5 . sfn et\" , jtd{ fg / eljiot\\ u/L tLg ks| f/sf x'G5g\\ . e\"tsfn egs] f] lats] f] ;do xf] . o; sfnsf ;a} kIfsf ls|ofkb agfpFbf lalt;s]sf] jf eO;ss] f] sfdnfO{ pNn]v ugk{' b{5 ._ lbg M 5 kf7 M Jofs/0f -sfn_ cWoog v08 != dfofn] Wofg lbP/ klqsf k9\\5] .cfh klg pm klqsf k9\\b} 5] . p;sf] klqsf k9/] d'Vo s/' f l6Kg] afgL a;s] f] 5 . dflysf ;a} jfSodf clxn] eO/xs] f sfdsf af/]df pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . clxn] rln/x]sf] ;do jt{dfg sfn xf] . To;}n] dflysf jfSo jtd{ fg sfnsf jfSo x'g\\ . @= o:tf] nfU5,g]kfn klg Ps lbg ljsl;t xg' 5] . ;a} gk] fnLn] bz] lgdf0{ fdf lgs} ;xof]u ub{} x'g5] g\\ . g]tfn] klg ljsf;sf gofF of]hgf agfPsf x'g]5g\\ . tkfOF{n] dflysf jfSo k9g\\ e' of] < oxfF g]kfn kl5 ljsl;t xg' ] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . kl5 cfpg] ;do eg]sf] eljiot\\ sfn xf] . t;y{ dflysf tLgj6} jfSo eljiot\\ sfnsf xg' \\ . --27--

-et\" sfndf ;fdfGo, ck\"0f{, k\"0f{, cEo:t / c1ft u/L kfrF j6f kIf xG' 5g\\ . jtd{ fg sfn / eljiot\\ sfndf eg] ;fdfGo, ck\"0f{ / k0\" f{ u/L hDdf tLgj6f dfq kIf xG' 5g\\ ._ cEof; v08 != dflysf] klxnf] -!_ cg'R5]bdf h:t} jt{dfg sfnsf tLgj6} kIf ;d6] L tLg jfSodf tkfOn{F ] cl3Nnf] sIffdf gk] fnL ljifodf k9]sf s'/fx¿ nV] gx' f;] \\ . @= dflysf] bf;] |f] -@_ cgR' 5]bdf emF} tkfO{Fn] eljiodf ug{] ofh] gf agfpg'ePsf s/' fx¿ pNn]v u/L eljiot\\ sfnsf ;fdfGo, ck\"0f{ / k\"0f{ kIfsf Ps÷Ps u/L tLg jfSosf] Pp6f cg'R5b] tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \\ . lbg M ;ft kf7 M Jofs/0f -sfn_ cWoog v08 != tnsf] cgR' 5b] cWoog ug'x{ f;] \\ M cfheGbf b'O{bzs cufl8 ljBfno txdf k9b\\ ftfsf gk] fnsf] kl/ro lbgk' g{] ljleGg kZ| gsf pQ/ n]Vbf g]kfnnfO{ ‘s[lifk|wfg bz] ’ sf ¿kdf k:| tt' ul/GYof] . To;avt gk] fnsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf s[lif Ifq] sf] ofu] bfg sl/a sl/a ^) k|ltztsf] jl/kl/ lyof] . cfh cfk}mnF ] ljBfnodf k9fpFbf klg ljBfyL{ gk] fnsf] kl/ro lbFbf pxL kbfjnL pNn]v u5g{ \\ ‘sl[ ifk|wfg b]z’ . gofF k:' tfsf] dfgl;stfdf ;dt] cem} gk] fn sl[ ifkw| fg bz] eg]/ xfdLn] ha/h:tL el//xs] f 5f}F / unt lzIff k|bfg ul//x]sf 5f}F . ;don] lgs} sf]N6] kml] /;ss] f] 5 xfdL eg] pxL k/Dk/fut ljrf/af6 clekl]| /t 5fF} . bz] sf] sn' u|fx:y pTkfbgdf sl[ ifnfO{ rSdflbbF } cGo s/' fx¿n] Tof] :yfg cf]ul6;ss] f] oyfy{ Psflt/ 5 . csf]l{ t/ g]kfnsf ljljw ;Defjgfx¿nfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;Dafw] g u/L ;/sf/L of]hgf lgdf{0f x'g g;Sbf b]zsf] cfGtl/s pTkfbg lg/Gt/ cf/] fnf] nfUbf] cj:yfdf 5 / cyt{ Gq w/fzfoL aGb} wn\" f] rf6\\g] cj:yfdf k'lu;ss] f] 5 . b]zaf6 l;ª\\uf] o'jf b:tf kvflnP/ sf]xL vf8L k'u] . slt ci6«]lnofsf d?e\"ldsf] 5]p5fp kl;gf r'xfO/x]sf 5g\\ . o'/fk] / cdl] /sfsf tNnf pkNnf ;ª\\3ifd{ o sfdx¿df lg/Gt/ pl5gkfl5g ub}{ lg;fl;P/ aflF r/x]sf 5g\\ . cEof; v08 tkfOn{F ] dflysf jfSo k9\\ge' of] <;f] cg'R5]bdf ko| fu] ePsf jfSodf ko| fu] ePsf lso| fkbx¿ s'g s'g sfn / kIfsf xg' \\ < 56' o\\ fP/ sfkLdf ;fgx{' f;] \\ . lbg M cf7 kf7 M ofqf ;'? u/f}F -sljtf_ cWoog v08 != efSb} cf:yfsf] cf/tL hxfF xfdL cgfof; AoF'lemPsf lyof}F ToxL uD' af, dlGb/, dl:hb / luhf3{ /sf] k|fªu\\ 0faf6 ;xwds{ f] ofqf ;'? u/fF} hxfF ltdL / xfdLn] xftd] fnf] u//] cf/De u/s] f lyofF} PsLs/0fsf] ofqf sfi7d08ksf] ToxL bj] naf6 lwd] ahfpbF } gjPstfsf] ofqf ;'? u/f}F ;fFem k//] af; a;s] f lyof}F hxfF gfDrs] f] kmb] Ldf ToxL km]bLaf6 ;u/dfyf lzv/sf] ofqf ;'? u/f}F . -b'a;' If]qL_ --28--

@= df5fkR' 5|] lul/lzv/sf] kf/df dl' QmIf]q aN5g\\ aQL emndn hxfF dn' \\e'n] dn\" leq ltd|f] hGd:yn 5 klxnf] Hofl] tsf] lbJo wfd sfnL uª\\uf eg g s;/L s'Fbb\\ 5o\\ f} zflnuf| d .!. a;]F Lb]lvg\\ au/au/} xfF;n] n]s k'Ug] 5ofF aUnf;l/ nx/fdf tL/sf jI[ f emS' g] 3'D5g\\ d/] } o; xb[ odf ;f| ]t ltdf| kljq uª\\ufh:t} lzv/tk;L hGx'sf sf]vleq .@. -dfwjk;| fb l3ld/,] lj=;=+ !(&^–@)&&_ dflysf] klxnf] sljtfz+ -sljtfsf] Ps efu_ uB sljtf xf] / bf];f| ] sljtfz+ kB sljtf xf] . dflysf bf];|f] sljtf+zsf] klxnf] Znfs] sf klxnf] / bf;] |f] kªl\\ Qmdf /xs] f ‘d'lQmIf]q’ / ‘d\"nleq’ zAbx¿ pRrf/0f ubf{ p:t} p:t} ;l' gG5g\\ . To:t} t];|f] / rf}yf] kªl\\ Qmsf ‘wfd’ / ‘zflnu|fd’ zAb p:t} ;l' gG5g\\ . To;} u/L bf];|f] Znfs] sf klxnf] / bf;] |f] kª\\lQmdf ‘k'Ug’] / ‘emS' g]’ / t];|f] / rfy} f] kªl\\ Qmdf ‘kljq’ / ‘sf]vleq’ zAb klg pRrf/0fdf p:t} p:t} ;'lgG5g\\ . pRrf/0fdf p:t} ;l' gg] / p:t} no cfpg] zAbnfO{ cgk' f| ; elgG5 . cg'k|f; kª\\lQmsf] clGtddf k|of]u ePsf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ cGTofgk' |f; elgG5 . uLt / sljtfdf cgk' f| ;sf] lgs} dxŒj x'G5 . ‘d'lQmIfq] ’ / ‘dn\" leq’ ‘kU' g]’ / ‘emS' g’] ‘wfd’ / ‘zflnuf| d’ ‘kljq’ / ‘sf]vleq’ cEof; v08 dflysf b'O{ sljtfz+ cWoog ug'{xf;] \\ M s_ dflysf b'O{ sljtf+zdf slt slt kªl\\ Qm 5g\\ nV] gx' f;] \\ . v_ s'g sljtfz+ uB / sg' sljtf kB xf] pNn]v ugx'{ f];\\ . u_ dflysf sljtf+zsf n]vsx¿ sf]sf] x'g\\ < 3_ cgk' f| ; eg]sf] s] xf] < ª_ dflysf] bf;] |f] sljtfz+ df k|of]u ePsf cgk' |f;-cGTofgk' f| ;_ ldn]sf zAbnfO{ sfkLdf ;fg{'xf];\\ . lbg M gf} kf7 M ofqf ;'? u/f}F -sljtf_ cWoog v08 cf7fF} lbgsf bO' { sljtf+z cWoog ugx'{ f;] \\ . tLdWo] klxnf] sljtfz+ sljtf ‘ofqf ;'? u/fF}’ sljtfsf] t];|f] cg'R5b] xf] . To;}u/L bf];f| ] sljtfz+ sfnLu08sL sljtfsf b'O{ Znfs] x'g\\ . klxnf] sljtf uB sljtf xf] eg] bf];|f] kB sljtf xf] . sljtf vf;u/L bO' { ks| f/sf xG' 5g,\\ uB / kB . nfs] 5Gb jf zf:qLo -;:+ s[taf6 cfPsf_ 5Gbdf n]lvPsf efsf xfn]/ ufpg ldNg] sljtf kB sljtf x'g\\ . klB sljtfdf a/fa/ j0f-{ cIf/_ / dfqf -f, l, L, ', ], f], cf} cflb_ x'G5g\\ . ltgsf x/kmx¿ nueu a/fa/ xG' 5g\\ To;}n] ltgnfO{ ufpg ldN5 . uB sljtf dQ' m -:jtGq÷sljsf] cfÇg} 5§' }_ nosf] xG' 5 . o:tf sljtfdf kªl\\ Qmx¿ a/fa/ ;ª\\Vofsf j0f{ / dfqfx¿ ldn]/ ag]sf xbF' g} g\\ . To;n} ] kªl\\ Qmx¿ nfdf5f6] f xG' 5g\\ . logsf] cfÇg} no t xG' 5 t/ efsf xfn]/ ufpg ldNb}g .kB sljtfsf rf/ kª\\lQmnfO{ Ps Znf]s elgG5 eg] uB sljtfsf kª\\lQmx¿sf] Ps ;dR' r ¿knfO{ cg'R5]b elgG5 . kB sljtfdf cgk' f| ; ldns] f zAbx¿ ko| fu] ul/G5 eg] uB sljtfdf cgk' f| ;o'Qm zAbx¿sf] ko| f]u Tolt xF'bg} . --29--

cEof; v08 dflysf] cgR' 5b] sf cfwf/df uB / kB sljtfsf km/sx¿ tflnsf agfP/ nV] gx' f];\\ . lbg M b; kf7 M ofqf ;?' u/fF}-;k|;ªu\\ JofVof_ cWoog v08 sljtf 5f6] f] x'G5 t/ o;sf] cy{ eg] lgs} uxg / nfdf] x'G5 . 5f]6f] n]vfOdf w/] } cy{ ;d]l6Psf] n]vgnfO{ ‘;q\" fTds nv] g’ elgG5 . sljtfsf] efiff ;q\" fTds xG' 5 . efiffdf w]/} cy{ afS] g] eflifs jfSo jf kª\\lQmnfO{ JofVof ug]{ ;Lk clgjfo{ x'G5 . 5f6] f t/ dxŒjk0\" f{ cz+ nfO{ JofVof u//] nfdf] agfpg] / nfdfnfdf ljifoaf6 d'Vo c+z dfq 5fg]/ 5f6] f] agfpg] bj' } ;Lk xfdL;uF x'g cfjZos xG' 5 . oL bj' } ;Lk ePdf xfdL efiffdf ;an aG5fF} . oxfF xfdL JofVof ug]{ sx] L ;Lkaf/] rrf{ u5fF}{ . ;k|;ªu\\ JofVof ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg{] sx] L s/' fx¿ tn lbOPsf 5g\\ . xg] x{' f];\\ x} t . ;k|;ª\\u JofVof tLg cgR' 5]bdf ;d]6/] n]Vg'k5{ . h;cg;' f/ M klxnf] cgR' 5]b M – kf7, n]vs, ljwf -sljtf, syf, lgaGw cflb_ pNnv] ug]{, – ;f]lwPsf] c+zsf] ;Gbe{ / k;| ª\\u – s'g kl/j]zdf s;n] s;nfO{ egs] f] xf] eGg] s/' fsf] pNnv] ug]{, – lbOPsf] c+zsf] dn\" ;f/ nV] g] . bf;] |f] cg'R5]b M – pbfx/0f / ts{ k:| t't ub{} lbOPsf] cz+ sf] ;/n efiffdf l;nl;nf ldnfP/ JofVof ug]{ – ;fl] wPsf] cz+ sf] d\"n ljifodf s]lGbt| /xg], – cfjZostfcg';f/ ljifo;uF ldNg] pvfg, 6S' sfsf] ko| fu] ug{] . t;] f| ] cgR' 5b] M – k|:t't c+zdf /xs] f laDa, kt| Ls, cnª\\sf/, 5Gb cflbsf af/]df yfxf eP;Dd nV] g,] – ;f]lwPsf] c+zsf] efiff s:tf] 5 -;/n, k|tLsfTds cflb_ To;af/d] f pNn]v ug]{, – kg' M k|Zgsf] dn\" efj n]Vg] / pQm ljifosf af/d] f cfÇgf] ljrf/÷wf/0ff n]Vg] . -cl3Nnf sIffdf klg tkfOnF{ ] ;k;| ªu\\ JofVofsf] cWoog / cEof; ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 . t;y{ dflysf sx] L ;Lkn] tkfOFn{ fO{ k'gM To; s/' fsf] :d/0f cjZo} u/fof] xfn] f ._ cEof; v08 tnsf] sljtfz+ sf] ;k|;ªu\\ JofVof ug{x' f;] M\\ ToxL cfsfz 5'g] lxdfnnfO{ ;fIfL /fv/] ;xsfo{sf] ofqf ;?' u/fF} hKb} uf}/f hxfF gfrs] f lyof}F bp] 8f ToxL s0fn{ Lsf] d'xfglg/ pleP/ gjlgdf{0fsf] ofqf ;?' u/f}F . lbg M P3f/ kf7 M ofqf ;'? u/f}F cWoog v08 ‘ofqf ;'? u/f’F} sljtfsf] jfrg ul/Psf sx] L ;fduL| o6' \\o'adf kfOG5g\\ . pQm jfrgnfO{ /df| ;] Fu ;G' g'xf;] .\\ cEof; c08 ofqf ;'? u/fF} sljtfsf] ;:j/ jfrg u//] cfÇgf cleefjsnfO{ ;g' fpg'xf];\\ . cfÇgf cleefjsnfO{ cfpg] sg' } sljtf jfrg u/]/ ;g' fpg cg/' fw] klg ugx{' f];\\ . --30--

lbg M afx| kf7 M ofqf ;?' u/f}F cWoog v08 ‘ofqf ;?' u/f}’F sljtf k'/} k9g\\ 'xf;] \\ . cEof; v08 sljtfdf xfdLn] sg' s'g lsl;dsf] ofqf ;'? ug'k{ g{] s'/f sljn] atfpge' Psf] 5 < ;r\" L agfO{ n]Vg'xf;] \\ . lbg M tx] | kf7 M ;ªu\\ Lt1 /fdz/0f bgfn{ cWoog v08 hLjgL nv] gsf sx] L ;Lkx¿af/] cWoog u/fF} . hLjgL nv] gsf dV' o tLg efu xG' 5g\\ . tL tLg efudf s]s] ;d]6]/ n]lvG5 eGg] s/' f 5f6] s/Ldf oxfF pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] v08 M ki[ 7e\"ld, hGdldlt, hGd:yfg, dftflktfsf] gfd, afNosfn / kfl/jfl/s cj:yf, :jefj, lzIff cflb pNn]v ul/G5 . bf];|f] v08 M k|dv' sfo,{ ;ª\\3if{ tyf ofu] bfg -;dfhdf pgsf sfdn] k'¥ofPsf kmfObf_ af/] pNnv] ul/G5 . -;flxTosf/ ePdf sl[ t -k':ts_ x¿ o;d} f ;d]6g\\ _] t;] |f] v08 M ;Ddfg, k/' :sf/, d\"Nofª\\sg, d[To' ePsf eP dT[ o' ePsf] ldlt / k|/] 0ff ;d]l6G5 . hfgsf/L M dV' otof oL tLg v08df hLjgL nl] vg] xF'bf tLg cgR' 5]bdf ;d6] g\\ ' k/LIffsf nflu pkoQ' m xG' 5 . t/ ;;fgf kfrF cgR' 5]bdf nV] bf hLjgL /fd|f] / :t/Lo x'G5 . k/LIffdf afxs] hLjgL n]Vbf cln nfdf] / w/] } cg'R5]bdf ;d]6/] nV] g ;lsG5 . -cfÇgf] hLjgdf lgs} dN\" ojfg\\ sfd u/]/ ;dfhdf ljzi] f ofu] bfg k'¥ofpge' Psf JolQmTjsf af/]df hLjgL nl] vG5 . ;dfh;]jf, ;flxTo, lj1fg, /fhgLlt, :jf:Yo, vn] s'b cflb ljljw Ifq] df ;kmn JolQmsf] hLjgsf b'Mv, ;ª\\3if{ / ;kmntfsf af/]df hLJgLdf pNn]v ul/G5 ._ cEof; c08 /fdz/0f bgf{nsf] hLjgL kl9;sk] l5 tkfOFn{ ] pxfsF f] hLjgsf af/d] f sx] L s/' f yfxf kfpge' of] . tkfOsF{ f cfkmGt jf l5d]sLdWo] sf]xL To:tf JolQm x'g ;Sgx' 'G5, h;n] ;dfhsf] ljsf;df ljz]if of]ubfg lbg'ePsf] 5 . To:tf sg' } Ps JolQmTjsf af/]df Pp6f 5f]6f] hLjgL tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . -To:tf JolQmTjsf af/]df afafcfdf Pjd\\ l5d]sLaf6 hfgsf/L lnO{ hLjgL tof/ kfgx{' f];\\ ._ lbg M rf}w kf7 M ;ªu\\ Lt1 /fdz/0f bgf{n cWoog v08 ‘;ª\\uLt1 /fdz/0f bgfn{ ’ kf7sf] rfy} f] cg'R5b] Wofgkj\" s{ cWoog ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; v08 kf7sf] rfy} f] cg'R5]b cWoog u/k] l5 pgnfO{ sg' s'g s'/fn] k9fOkl| t ?lr hufP < ;\"rL agfO{ sfkLdf n]Vg'xf;] \\ . --31--

lbg M kGw| kf7 M /fdz/0f bgf{n cWoog v08 ljjr] gfTds pQ/ nv] gsf s]xL ;Lkx¿ M o; v08df ljjr] gfTds pQ/ nV] g] ;Lksf af/d] f 5f6] s/Ldf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ljj]rgfTds pQ/ klg ;k;| ª\\u JofVof h:t} d'Votof tLg v08df afF8]/ nV] g] ul/G5 . ljljw ;Gben{ fO{ ljZn]if0f u//] n]Vgk' g]{ ePsf] x'gfn] ljjr] gfTds pQ/ JofVofeGbf cln nfdf] x'G5 . t;y{ klg o;nfO{ rf/÷kfFr cg'R5]bdf ;d]6]/ n]Vbf k|efjsf/L x'G5 . o;sf dV' o tLg v08df cfwfl/t /x]/ ljj]rgfTds pQ/ n]vgsf ;Lkaf/] tn ;ªI\\ fk] df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ k9g\\ x' f];\\ . k|yd v08 -k|f/lDes cgR' 5]b_ M • ljwf -syf, sljtf, lgaGw, hLjgL cflb_, nv] s÷;Dkfbs / ltgsf ;flxlTos ljz]iftf / of]ubfgsf af/]df n]Vg,] • k|Zgn] k:| tt' ug{] / pQm kZ| g ;fl] wPsf] kf7n] lbg] dV' o ;Gbz] nfO{ pNnv] ug{] . låtLo v08 -ljZni] f0ffTds cgR' 5]b_M • o; v08sf] yfngLdf k|Zgn] ;ªs\\ ]t u/s] f] pQ/nfO{ s]Gbd| f /fVg], • ljifosf ;Gbe{, 36gfnfO{ ;6Ls k|:t'lt ug]{ / ts{ lbbF } k'li6 ug,]{ • ljifosf /fdf| g/fdf| kIfaf/] pNn]v ub{} kfqsf] rl/qnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug],{ • efiff dfl} ns / dL7f] zn} Ldf ;/n tl/sfn] nV] g], -o;sf nflu cfjZos pbfx/0f, pvfg, 6'Ssf cflb ko| fu] ug{ ;Sg'xG' 5._ tt[ Lo v08 -lgisiffT{ ds v08_M • kf7 / n]vsaf/] pNn]v ub}{ kf7df ko| fu] ePsf eflifs zn} L / lzNk-snf_ k:| t't ug],{ • 5Gb, cnª\\sf/, laDa, kt| Ls cflbaf/] hfgsf/L eP;Dd pNn]v ug],{ • k|Zgn] vf]h]sf] pQ/sf] ljifonfO{ ;xof]u x'g] u/L cfÇgf] df}lns ljrf/ k|i6 tl/sfn] k:| tt' ug]{ . cEof; v08 ‘;ª\\uLt1 /fdz/0f bgf{n’ kf7sf] cf7fF} cgR' 5]b /fd|f];Fu k9g\\ 'xf;] \\ . s_ ‘/fdz/0f bgf{n b'Mv} b'Mv;Fu hw' /] vfl/Psf df]tL x'g\\’ . o; egfOnfO{ cg'R5]bsf cfwf/df ljj]rgf ug'x{ f;] \\ . lbg M ;f]x| kf7 M ab'F f l6kf6] / ;f/fz+ n]vg cWoog v08 a'Fbf l6kf]6 / ;f/fz+ n]vgsf ;Lk hfgk] l5 xfdLnfO{ lgDg s'/fdf ;lhnf] x'G5 . s_ nfdfnfdf kf7 cWoog u/]/ d'Vo s'/fnfO{ 5f6] f] agfP/ l6k/] /fVg v_ s;n} ] sg' } ljifosf af/d] f af]ln/xFbf dV' o dV' o s'/fnfO{ l6Kg, u_ cfkm\"n] hfgs] f s'/f st} /fVgk' /]df 5f6] s/Ldf k|:tt' ug,{ 3_ kqsfl/tf, cWoog / cleJolQmdf of] ;Lk ke| fjsf/L ¿kdf sfddf cfp5F . xfdL aFb' fl6kf6] / ;f/f+z nv] g -;ª\\Ifk] Ls/0f_ sf sx] L ;Lkaf/] oxfF rrf{ u5f{F} . s_ aFb' f l6kf]6 ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg{] s'/fx¿ M  lbOPsf] cgR' 5]bnfO{ /fd|/L k9L dV' o s/' fnfO{ /]vfª\\sg ug,]{  abF' f nV] bf c;dflksf lso| f ePsf] ck\"0f{ jfSodf 6ª' U\\ ofpg] / cNklj/fd /fVg], --32--

 aF'bfx¿ l;nl;nf ldnfP/ n]Vg,]  clGtdsf] aF'bf nl] v;sk] l5 ck0\" f{ jfSo eP klg k0\" f{lj/fd ko| f]u ug]{ . v_ ;f/f+z nv] gdf Wofg lbgk' g{] s/' fx¿ M  lbOPsf] cgR' 5]bnfO{ /fd|/L k9L d'Vo s/' fnfO{ /v] fªs\\ g ug]{,  tLg p -pvfg, plQm÷egfO / pbfx/0f_ nfO{ x6fpg,]  cg'R5b] sf zAbnfO{ u0fgf u/L sn' zAbnfO{ ltgn] efu ubf{ x'g cfpg] zAb ;ªV\\ ofdf ;f/fz+ sf] cgR' 5b] ;d]6g\\ ,]  ;f/f+zsf] ;'?df ljifo ;x' fpbF f] zLifs{ /fVg,]  dV' o ljifo g5'6fO{ cfÇg} dfl} ns efiffdf ;f/fz+ n]Vg,]  cGTodf bfofFtkm{ k/' f zAb ;ª\\Vof, Ps ltxfO zAb ;ª\\Vof / ;f/f+z zAb ;ªV\\ of pNnv] ug]{ . cEof; v08 ‘d sf] xF'’ lgaGwsf] ;ftfF} cg'R5b] Wofgkj\" s{ k9g\\ x' f];\\ / To;sf dV' o d'Vo rf/ abF' f l6kL Ps ltxfO -tLg efusf] Ps efu_df ;f/f+z n]Vgx' f];\\ . lbg M ;q kf7 M d sf] xF' cWoog v08 k[i7 #% sf] kZ| g g=+ # df /xs] f] cg'R5b] /fd|f];uF x]g'{xf];\\ . cEof; v08 pko{Q' m cgR' 5]bdf‘z’, ‘if’, ‘;’ k|ofu] ePsf zAbx¿ 5fg/] sfkLdf ;fgx{' f];\\ . lbg M c7f/ kf7 M d sf] xF' cWoog v08 xfdLn] b;fF} lbgdf ;k|;ª\\u JofVofsf ;Lkaf/] cWoog u/s] f lyofF} . pQm ;Lkaf/] km]l/ Psk6s :d/0f ugx{' f];\\ . cEof; v08 JofVof ug{x' f;] \\ M cfdfafx]s d/] f] csf]{ OZ{ j/ 5}g . lbg M pGgfO; kf7 M Jofs/0f -gfd_ cWoog v08 gfd M ;;+ f/df ks| l[ td} ags] f / dflg;n] agfPsf c;ªV\\ o ;hLj÷lghLj{ rLhx¿ 5g\\ . tL ;a}nfO{ klxrfg ug{sf] nflu dflg;n] Pp6f Pp6f ;ª\\s]t lbPsf] 5 . eflifs ¿kdf lbOPsf To:tf ;ªs\\ t] ;r\" s zAb g} gfd x'g\\ . JolQm-dfG5_[ , j:t' -rLhaLh_, 7fpF / efj hgfpg k|ofu] xg' ] zAbnfO{ gfd elgG5 . jfSodf ko| f]u ePsf zAbdWo] gfd s;/L klxrfg ug]{ < eGg] kZ| g p7g\\ ;S5 . o;sf nflu sx] L ;lhnf pkfosf af/]df 5f6] s/Ldf oxfF atfOPsf] 5 . sg' } klg jfSodf s] <eGg] kZ| g ubf{ To;sf] pQ/sf ¿kdf j:t' jf efj cfpF5 . --33--

sf] <eGg] kZ| g ubf{ pQ/df JolQm cfp5F eg] sxfF <eGg] k|Zg ubf{ pQ/sf ¿kdf 7fpF cfpF5 . o;sf nflu tnsf] jfSo cWoog ug'{xf];\\ M s_ cfdfn] cf/tLnfO{ dfof ugx{' G' 5 To;n} ] cf/tLn] klg kfv] /faf6 cfpFbf cfdfnfO{ dg kg]{ 6Lsf / ld7fO{ NofOlbOg\\ . dflysf] afSodf – s<] eGg] kZ| gsf] pQ/df dfof, 6Lsf / ld7fO{ zAbx¿ cfpF5g\\ . sf<] eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/df cfdf / cf/tL zAbx¿ cfpF5g\\ . To:t} sxfF<eGg] kZ| gsf] pQ/df kf]v/f zAb cfp5F . -s], sf] / sxfF kZ| g ubf{ cfPsf oL zAbx¿ jfSodf gfdsf ¿kdf ko| fu] ePsf 5g\\ . oL tLg k|Zg jfSodf ubf{ cfpg] zAb gfd xg' \\ ._ cEof; v08 dflysf] cfwf/df tnsf jfSodf ko| f]u ePsf gfd zAb 5fg]/ sfkLdf ;fg'{xf];\\ . s= o;kfln sf/] fg] fn] xfdLnfO{ ljBfno uP/ ;fyL;Fu vN] g / k9g\\ glbP klg xfdL 3/d} a;/] k9]sf 5fF} . v= /fd|f;] Fu ga'ems] f] kf7sf] pQ/ nV] g lgs} sl7g xG' 5 . u= cfsfz, kftfn / cGtl/If;Dd lj1fgn] lgs} rdTsf/ u/s] f] 5 t/ slxn]sfxLF lj1fg klg xfg]{ u/L dxfdf/L km}lnFbf /x5] g\\ . To;}n] xfdLn] kY[ jLnfO{ hf]ufpgk' 5{ / ks| l[ t ljgfz xg' ] sfo{ ug{x' G' g . 3= a4' n] cfk;L ;xofu] , Odfgbf/L, ;To / clx+;fnfO{ ljzi] f hf]8 lbPsf 5g\\ . ;a} kf| 0fLnfO{ dfof ug{ pgn] cfu|x u/]sf 5g\\ . lbg M aL; kf7 M Jofs/0f -;j{gfd_ cWoog v08 gfdsf] ;§fdf ;j{gfd k|ofu] xG' 5 . jfSodf hxfhF xfF gfd ko| f]u ePsf] 5, ToxfF ;j{gfdsf] ko| f]u u//] ;f]xL jfSonfO{ p:t} cy{ lbg] u/L xfdL km]l/ n]Vg ;S5f}F . Pp6} JolQm, j:t' / 7fpnF fO{ bfx] f]¥ofP/ n]Vbf ltgsf] gfdsf 7fpdF f ;jg{ fd nV] bf efiff /fdf| ] x'G5 . ljgon] cfh klg cgnfOg sIff k9] . pgnfO{ ToxfF lzIfsn] w]/} s'/f l;sfpg'eof] . pgn] lzIfs;uF ghfgs] f kZ| g klg ;fw] ] . lzIfsn] ltgsf] pQ/ lbg'eof] . dflysf] klxnf] jfSodf ‘ljgo’ k|of]u ePsf] 5 eg] bf];|f] jfSodf ljgosf] ;f6f] ‘pgL’-pgnfO_{ / t;] |f] jfSodf ‘pgL’ -pgn_] ko| fu] ePsf] 5 . To;} u/L klxnf] jfSodf k|of]u ePsf] ‘cgnfOg sIff’sf] ;§f bf;] f| ] jfSodf ‘Toxf’F k|ofu] ePsf] 5 . t;] |f] jfSodf ePsf] ‘k|Zg’ eGg] zAbsf] ;§fdf rfy} f] jfSodf ‘ltgL’-ltgsf_] eGg] zAb ko| 'Qm 5 . o;/L pgL, ToxfF / ltgL zAb gflds kb -gfd zAb_ sf ;§fdf k|ofu] ePsfn] tL ;j{gfd xg' \\ . gfdsf] ;f6f] ko| f]u x'g] ePsfn] ;j{gfd klxrfg ug{ klg jfSodf s], sf] / sxfF k|Zg g} ug]{ / To;sf] pQ/df ;jg{ fd cfPsf] xG' 5 eGg] a'‰gk' 5{ . -ljelQm / gfdofu] L hfl] 8Psf zAb ls t gfd ls ;jg{ fd xG' 5g\\ ._ gfd / ;j{gfdsf af/]df yk a'‰g Jofs/0f k:' tssf] ;xof]u lngx' f]nf . cEof; v08 d, xfdL, pm, s,] hf], hxfF, tkfO,F{ ltdL, tF, slt, slxn] cflb ;j{gfd k|of]u u/L Pp6f 5f6] f] cg'R5b] tof/ kfgx{' f];\\ . --34--

lbg M PSsfO;{ kf7 M Jofs/0f -ljzi] f0f_ cWoog v08 gfd jf ;j{gfdsf] ljz]iftf a'emfpg] zAb ljzi] f0f xg' \\ . gfd jf ;jg{ fddf s:tf], sqf,] s'g, slt, s;sf] cflb k|Zg ubf{ To;sf] pQ/df h'g zAb cfp5F Tof] ljzi] f0f x'G5 . ljz]if0f k|foM u/L gfd jf ;jg{ fdsf] cufl8 k|ofu] x'G5 . ljzi] f0fn] JolQm, j:t', efj / 7fpsF f cfsf/, k|sf/, :jfb, /ª, :jefj, ;ªV\\ of, cj:yf cflb ljleGg ljz]iftf a'emfpF5 . tn lbOPsf] pbfx/0f xg] '{xf;] \\ M cfdfn] cfh dL7f] t/sf/L ksfpg'eof] . d]/f] efO b; jif{sf] eof] . dL7f] kfPkl5 efOn] 7n\" f ufF; xfNb} vfgf rf8F } ;S5 . a9\\bf] pd]/df a9L k|f]l6g vfgk' 5{ eGb} cfdfn] kf}li6s vfgf tof/ ugx{' 'G5 . afafn] klg kxF]nf kmnkmn' vfgk' 5{ eGb} ;fgf cª\\u'/bl] v 7\"nf s6x/;Dd xfdLnfO{ v'jfO/xg' xG' 5 . of] s/' f dnfO{ dg k5{ . xfdL :j:y hLjg afFlr/xs] f 5f}F . s:tf] t/sf/L < – dL7f] slt jif{ < – b; sqf ufF; < – 7\"nf s:tf] pd/] < – a9\\bf] slt kf| l] 6g < – a9L s:tf] vfgf < – kfl} i6s s:tf kmnkmn' < – kxnF] f sqf cª\\u'/ < – ;fgf sqf s6x/ < – 7\"nf sg' s/' f < – of] s:tf] hLjg < – :j:y oL kZ| gsf] pQ/sf ¿kdf cfPsf ;a} zAb ljzi] f0f x'g\\ . -ljzi] f0fsf af/]df yk hfGgsf nflu Jofs/0f k':ts xg] {x' f]nf ._ cEof; v08 dflysf h:t} ljzi] f0f k|of]u u//] cfÇgf] ;fyLsf] z/L/sf] cfsf/, ?lr, :jefj / Jojxf/ cflb ;d6] ]/ Pp6f cg'R5b] n]Vg'xf;] \\ . lbg M afO{; kf7 M Jofs/0f -lj:doflbaf]ws / lgkft_ cWoog v08 lj:doflbafw] s M bof dfof, 30[ ff, cfZro,{ xif{, v;' L, Oi{ of,{ 8/ cflb ljljw efj hgfpg] zAbnfO{ lj:doflbaf]ws zAb elgG5 . lj:doflbaf]ws zAb k|foM jfSosf] cufl8sf] cz+ df k|of]u x'G5g\\ . o:tf zAb;uF lj:do;\"rs lrGx -¤_ ko| f]u x'G5 . cfxf ¤, jfx ¤, cf]xf] ¤, cxf] ¤, 5\\of ¤, Xof ¤, Pø] of ¤, x/' ]{ ¤, cfDd} ¤, l5 ¤, pkm\\ ¤ cflb zAb lj:doflbafw] s x'g\\ . s;n} fO{ af]nfpFbf -;Daf]wg_, clejfbg, ljho, cfef/ cflb k|s6 ug]{ zAb klg lj:doflbaf]ws x'g\\ . h:t} M wGojfb ¤, hog]kfn ¤, nfn;nfd ¤, cf]O{ ¤, xh/' ¤, :ofaf; ¤, ;\"rgf ¤ cflb. lgkft M cfÇgf] 5§' } cy{ gxg' ] t/ jfSodf ko| fu] ePkl5 jfSosf] cy{nfO{ yk uxg / ;G' b/ agfpg] eflifs PsfOnfO{ lgkft elgG5 . t, lg, kf,] nf,} x,} Sof, xlu, Sof/,] /,] c/], Aof/,] v}, g cflb zAb lgkft xg' \\ . xfdLn] af]Nbf k|ofu] xg' ] y]uf]x¿ klg lgkftd} k5g{ \\ . h:t} M rfOg] hf,] xh'/sf], tkfOFs{ f] cflb . cEof; v08 != lj:doflbafw] s zAb k|ofu] u/L bO' { hgf ;fyLsf aLrdf ePsf] 5f6] f] ;j+ fb tof/ ug'{xf];\\ . @= dfly cWoog v08df /x]sf s'g} % lgkft k|ofu] u/L g]kfndf af9Lklx/fs] f] k|sf]k ljifodf Pp6f ;fgf] cg'R5]b tof/ ug{x' f];\\ . --35--

lbg M t]O{; kf7 M Jofs/0f -gfdof]uL_ cWoog v08 cfÇgf] leGg} cy{ gxg' ] t/ gfd÷;j{gfd;Fu hf]l8Pkl5 cy{ kb| fg ug{] zAb gfdofu] L xg' \\ . gfd / ;j{gfdsf] k5fl8 hfl] 8g] ePsfn] k/LIffdf zAbsf] k'/} efudf /v] fªs\\ g gu/L cfwfeGbf k5fl8sf] efudf dfq /v] fª\\sg ePsf c+z 5g\\ eg] tL gfdofu] L xg' \\ eg/] a‰' g'k5{ . cfbzn{ ] klg vfn] ftkm{ af/Ldf s/] f nufPsf] /x5] . lxhf] nfn;Fu 3D' g hfFbf d}n] klg p;sf] af/L bv] F] . af/Lsf] bfofkF l§ afF; x'sfP{ sf] lyof] eg] afoflF t/ nK;L / ?b|fIfsf af6] ;dt] nufPsf] /x]5 . sx] L jif{clu xlNnP/ lxF8g\\ ] cfbz{ clxn] ;al} ;t 86/] lxF8\\g ;Sg] ePsf] 5 . bn} fd'lg hUuf afeF mf] /fv]/ ahf/lt/ nv/nv/ lx8F g\\ ] dfG5]x¿n] cfbz{;uF pBdzLntf l;s\"g\\ / sd{ u¿g\\ . p;n] t 3/dfl:t/ klg olt /fdf| ] au}rF f agfPsf] 5 ls au}Frfleq cgs] kmnkmn' n6/Dd kmn]sf] b]Vg kfOG5 . ;a}n] cfbze{ mF} ldlxg]t ug{] xf] eg] b]zsf] pTkfbg a9\\Yof] / sfd vf]Hb} g]kfnL ljbz] xfd kmfNg' kb{g} Yof] . cfÇgf] OR5fadf]lhd sfd ubf{ JolQmn] ;lhn} ;kmntf k|fKt u5{ eGg] pbfx/0f x'g\\ cfbz{ . dfly /]vfª\\sg ul/Psf zAb gfdof]uL x'g\\ . cEof; v08 dflysf] cgR' 5]bdf h:t} u/L lt/, ;uF , d'lg, dfly, kl§, ;d]t, afx]s, cg';f/, k|lt, leq, l;t cflb gfdofu] L ko| f]u u/L Ps cg'R5]b tof/ ug{'xf];\\ . lbgM rfa} L; kf7 M Jofs/0f -;+of]hs_ cWoog v08 ljj]s/jiff{ clt g} ldNg] ;fyLx¿ x'g\\ . pgLx¿sf] 3/ glhs} 5 clg pgLx¿ v]Ng] rp/ klg Pp6} xf] . Tolt dfq} xf] / < pgLx¿ k9g\\ ] ljBfno / sIff klg Pp6} xf] lg ¤hlxn] rf8kj{ cfpF5 tlxn] pgLx¿ emg\\ v';L x'G5g\\ . ljjs] v]ns'bdf cAan 5g\\ eg] jiff{ xflh/Lhjfkm / jStT[ jsnfdf lgs} tu8f l5g\\ . pgLx¿n] yk' k|} 6s kl| tofl] utfdf efu lnPsf 5g\\ lsgls pgLx¿n] efu lnPkl5 ljhoL ePs} x'G5g\\ . pgLx¿ c;fWo} ldN5g\\ To;sf/0f pgLx¿sf cleefjs klg lgs} v;' L 5g\\ . xfdL ;a} hgf ;fyL;uF ldNgk' 5{ gq /dfOnf] ug}{ kfObF g} . /dfpg hfGof}Feg] hLjg lrGtf/lxt aG5 eGg] xfdLn] a'‰gk' 5{ . dfly /]vfªl\\ st eflifs PsfO -zAb_x¿ ;o+ f]hs xg' \\ lsgls, s_ logLx¿n] b'O{ zAb jf jfSo hf8] g\\ ] sfd u/]sf 5g\\ . v_ logLx¿ k|foM jfSosf] lardf ko| f]u ePsf 5g\\ . cf_ lg/kI] f u_ jfSosf] cy{df logsf] vf;} el\" dsf 5}g . ;+ofh] s ;fdfGotof bO' { ks| f/sf xG' 5g\\ M c_ ;fk]If / ;fkI] f ;o+ fh] s • ;fkI] f ;o+ f]hs ld> jfSodf ko| f]u xG' 5 / of] kf| oM hf]8f x'G5 . • ha–ta, hxf–F txf,F h;sf]–To;sf], h;/L–To;/L, h'g–Tof], hf]–Tof,] hlxn–] tlxn,] h:tf]–To:tf] cflb . • ‘eg]’ PSn} cP tfklg jfSodf ko| f]u x'Gbf ;+ofh] ssf] sfd ug{] / cy{ ld>0fdf e\"ldsf vN] g] ePsfn] of] ;fkI] f ;o+ f]hs g} xG' 5 . lg/kI] f ;+ofh] s • lg/kI] f ;+of]hs ;o+ 'Qm jfSodf k|ofu] x'G5 . • /, clg, klg, jf, cyjf, t/, tfklg, t}klg, tyflk, To;sf/0f, To;}n,] t;y{, oBlk, lsGt', k/Gt,' lsgls, lsgeg] cflb ;+ofh] s lg/k]If ;+ofh] s x'g\\ . --36--

• lg/k]If ;o+ fh] sn] b'O{ jfSo hf]8\\g] dfq sfd u5{ t/ cyd{ f efu lnFb}g . cEof; v08 tnsf ;o+ f]hs ko| fu] u/L Ps Ps jfSo lgdf{0f ug'x{ f;] \\ . jf, lsgeg], To;n} ], tk} lg, tyflk, oBlk, eg], ha–ta, h;nfO–{ To;nfO,{ hxfF–ToxfF, h;/L–To;/L, h'g–Tof] lbg M kRrL; kf7 M Jofs/0f -lso| f ljzi] f0f_ cWoog v08 ls|ofljz]if0f÷ls|ofofu] L M slxn,] lsg, s;/L, stf, s] u//] , s] ubf÷{ ub}{ h:tf zAbn] k|Zg ubf{ pQ/ lbg ldNg] / lso| fsf] ljz]iftf atfpg] zAb lso| fljz]if0f xg' \\ . slxn] – lxhf], cfh, ef]ln, kl;{, kf]xf/] , k/f/ -;do hgfpg] zAb_ lsg– k9\\g, n]Vg, af]Ng, /dfpg -wftd' f ‘g’ kT| oo hf]l8Psf zAb_ s;/L – la:tf/}, v;' S' s, YofRr, KjfSs, Xjf/{ -cg's/0ffTds zAb_ stf – otf, ptf, tn, dfly, j/, k/, cufl8 s] u//] – xfF;/] , v]n]/, /dfP/, kms{/] -wft'df ‘P/’ k|Too hfl] 8Psf zAb_ s] ubf{÷ub{} – n]Vbf, k9b\\ }, /dfpFb,} xs' b{F }, 3d' fpbF } -wft'df t÷} b_} sfnsf ck\"0f{ / k0\" f{ kIfsf jfSodf t÷} b} / Psf÷] Psf÷PsL kT| oo hf]l8P/ ag]sf zAb lso| fljz]if0f xG' 5g\\ . cEof;v08 tnsf] cg'R5b] af6 lso| fof]uL zAb 5fg]/ sfkLdf ;fg'x{ f;] \\ . afv|fsf] kf7f] a?' Ss plk|mof] . Tof] b]v]/ ;fgf] s's'/ klg To;s} f kl5kl5 v'/{ bf}l8bF } uof] . lxhf] d}n] kf7f] / s's/' ;Fu} vn] s] f] bv] s] f] lyPF . efl] nkl;{ t oL bj' } 7n\" f xg' 5] g\\ . kf]xf/] sf] b;dF} f xfdLn] 3/sf] Pp6f v;Lsf] df;' vfof}F . dnfO{ ;fgf kf7fx¿ clt w]/} dg k5g{ \\ . ltgLx¿ lgs} r~rn] / rn' a'n] xG' 5g\\ . kf7f] /dfpbF } otfplt bf8} s] f] b]Vbf g/dfpg] sf] xf]nf / < of] kf7f] klg 7\"nf] xb'F } 5 . To;n} ] csf]{ ;fgf] kf7f] Nofpg dg nfus] f] 5 . lbg M 5AaL; kf7 M Jofs/0f -ls|ofkb_ cWoog v08 • lso| fkb wft'af6 aG5 To;}n] o;n] sfd hgfp5F . • lso| fkbn] kf| oM jfSo 6ª' U\\ ofpg] ePsfn] o;sf] k5fl8 k\"0f{lj/fd-._, k|Zgjfrs lrGx -<_ k|ofu] x'G5g\\ . • ls|ofkb slxns] fxLF jfSosf] aLrdf klg ko| fu] x'G5, o:tf] cj:yfdf lso| fkbsf] k5fl8 ;o+ f]hs jf n]Vo lrGx cNklj/fd-,_ jf cw{lj/fd-†_ k|of]u xG' 5 . yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu tnsf jfSo xg] {'xf];\\ . s_ lk|of cfh lgs} /dfO{. v_ dgf]hn] cfkm\" vn] vN] bg} t/ c¿n] v]ns] f] x]g{ rflxF c;fWo} dg k/fpF5 . u_ ltdLn] lrq agfof†} dn} ] x/] ]F† dn} ] klg clncln agfpg hfgF] To;}n] clxn] d v';L 5' . dflysf uf9f zAbx¿n] sfd hgfPsf 5g\\, jfSo 6'ª\\UofPsf 5g\\ / jfSosf] aLrdf cfpFbf k5fl8 ;o+ fh] s jf nV] o lrGx k|ofu] ePsf] 5 . t;y{ pkoQ{' m uf9f zAbx¿ lso| fkb xg' \\ . --37--

cEof; v08 tnsf cgR' 5]baf6 ls|ofkb klxrfg u/L sfkLdf ;fg{'xf;] \\ . gk] fndf a;]/ s]xL ug{ ;lsbF g} eGg] ;fr] kfNgx] ¿ gfdb{ x'g\\ . o:tf gfdb{x¿n] ;Gb's ?Otsf] hLjgL k9g\" \\ . dxfjL/ k'gaf6 s]xL l;sg\" \\ . ljb]zdf kl| tli7t hflu/ 5f]8/] bz] agfpF5' eg/] cfPsf :jl0f{d jfUn] / o'j/fh vltj8fnfO{ lrgg\" \\ . cfkm\"n] klg s]xL ug{ ;S5' eg/] gofF sfdsf] yfngL u¿g\\ . oj' f xlNnP/ lxF8\\5g,\\ gt] fnfO{ ufnL u5{g\\ t/ cfkm\" s]xL ub}{gg\\ To;n} ] t b]z aGg ;ls/x]sf] 5g} . lbg M ;QfO{; kf7 M dfgj a]rlavglj?4 xfdf| ] bfloTj-jSt[tf_ cWoog v08 jSt[tf n]vgsf s]xL ;Lkx¿ M • s'g} ljifodf To;n] cfu] 6\\g] ;a} Ifq] nfO{ ;d]6g\\ ] u/L k|:t't ul/g] cleJolQm -efif0f÷dGtJo_nfO{ jStt[ f elgG5 . • jSt[tfnfO{ afN] g] snf eg/] 5f]6s/Ldf a‰' g ;lsG5 . • sg' } klg ljifodf afN] g' kg{] x'bF f pQm ljifosf af/]df w]/} s'/f cWoog ugk{' b5{ / cWoog u//] kf| Kt ePsf s'/fx¿nfO{ aFb' f agfP/ l6Kg'kb5{ . • To;/L l6lk;s]sf ;fduL| nfO{ l;nl;nf ldnfP/ ltg v08df k|:t't ugk{' b{5 . • jSt[tf cfk} rfl/s sfo{sd| df k|:tt' ul/g] ePsfn] jSt[tfsf] ;?' df sfo{sd| sf ;efklt, kd| v' cltly, lg0fo{ s-kl| tof]lutf ePdf_, cGo clty, cfof]hs / pkl:ytnfO{ ;Dafw] g ug'k{ b5{ . • ljifosf ;Gbe{ /fVg] s|ddf Pp6f ;Gbe{ /fvk] l5 csf]{ ;?' ubf{ ;efWoIf÷;efklt nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{k' b{5 . • jStt[ fsf] efiff tYok/s / kd| fl0ft xg' ' kb5{ . To:tf s/' fnfO{ :ki6 kfg{ pbfx/0f / ts{ k:| tt' ug'k{ b5{ . • kl/roaf6 yfngL u/L lgisif{df k¥' ofP/ o;nfO{ 6'ª\\UofOG5 . jStt[ f d'Vo tLg v08df nl] vG5 M k|f/lDes v08  o; v08df ;Daf]wg ul/G5 . ;Daf]wgdf ;efklt, k|d'v cltly, lg0ff{os-kl| tofl] utf geP kb{}g_, cGo cltly, ;xefuL ;fyLx¿ / pkl:yt dxfg'efjx¿ u/L sd| };Fu cfb/fyL{ efiff k|of]u u/L nV] g,]  ;Daf]wgkl5 ljifosf] zLifs{ sf af/]df n]Vg] / To;sf] kl/roaf6 ljifokj| z] ug]{,  kl/ro / ;fdfGo dxŒjsf s'/fx¿ o; v08df n]Vg] . dV' o v08  ;DalGwt ljifodf xfdf| ] 1fg slt 5 eGg] s'/f o; v08af6 yfxf x'G5 t;y{ oxfF dxŒjk\"0f{ s/' fnfO{ alnof] ts{;lxt k:| t't ug],{  pbfx/0f lbP/ cfÇgf tsn{ fO{ alnof] agfpg] jf k'li6 ug,]{  cfjZostfcg';f/ dxfg\\ JolQmx¿sf egfO jf pvfg, 6S' sfsf] ko| fu] ug],{  ljifon] slt If]q ;d6] \\5, tL If]qnfO{ Pskl5 csf{] ub{} k|:tt' ug,{]  zLifs{ ;d:ok|wfg 5 eg] ;d:ofsf sf/0fx¿nfO{ a9L hf8] lbP/ ts{ k;] ug{,] lgisif{ v08  dfly /flvPsf ljrf/ / tss{ f d'Vo s/' fnfO{ hf]8 lbbF } lgisif{ k|:tt' ug{],  ljifosf af/]df cfÇgf wf/0ff / ljrf/nfO{ kg' M hf8] lbFb} ts{ lbP/ kl' i6 ug],{  cfÇgf ljrf/;lxt zLifs{ sf] dxŒj / ;d:of ePdf ;dfwfgsf pkfo;lxt egfO÷n]vfO 6'ªU\\ ofpg], --38--

 ;dosf] ;Ldf xg' ] ePsfn] hgfp 3G6L ahk] l5 d'Vo b'O{ ljifonfO{ bfx] f¥] ofP/ hf]8 lbFb} egfO÷nv] fO cGTo ug{,]  cGTodf wGojfb lbg gla;g{ ] . cEof; v08 dfly lbOPsf jSt[tf n]vgsf ;LknfO{ cWoog u/L gx/] Lsg cfÇgf sfkLdf l6Kg'xf];\\ . sg' } 5'6fpge' of] ls 56' fpge' Pg, kml] / xg] {'xf];\\ / ;Rofpgx' f;] \\ . lbg M c¶fO;{ kf7 M dfgj a]rlavglj?4 xfdf| ] bfloTj-jStt[ f_ cWoog v08 kf7sf] ( cfF} b]lv !* cfF} cgR' 5]b;Dd cWoog ug{'xf;] \\ . cEof; v08 pko'Q{ m cgR' 5b] x¿df jQmf cof]Wof kf}8n] n] k:| t't u/]sf dV' odV' o ljrf/-ts_{ aFb' fut ¿kdf n]Vgx' f;] \\ . lbg M pgfGtL; kf7 M afx\\o ;fdu|L cWoog v08 tnsf b'O{ cg'R5b] /fd|/L k9g\\ 'xf;] \\ / ckfª\\utf;DaGwL sx] L hfgsf/L k|fKt ug'{xf;] \\ . ckfª\\utf;DaGwL kl/dflh{t /fli6o« gLlt tyf sfo{of]hgfcg;' f/ ckfªu\\ tf ePsf ju{df ;ft ks| f/sf JolQmx¿ k5{g\\ . zf/Ll/s ckfª\\utf, bl[ i6;DaGwL ckfªu\\ tf, ;g' fO;DaGwL ckfªu\\ tf, >j0f– bl[ i6ljxLg ckfª\\utf, :j/ tyf af]nfO;DaGwL ckfªu\\ tf, dfgl;s ckfªu\\ tf / ax' ckfªu\\ tf. g]qxLg, alx/f, ;:' t dgMl:ylt -af}l4s ckfªu\\ tf_, xf]rf–k8' s\\ f, xft–v'§f gePsf, XjLnro] / k|ofu] stf,{ n¶L, ;]tf] 58L, jz} fvL 6S] g] / tLgkfª\\us|] f] ;xf/fdf u'8\\g] tyf ‘x]o/–P8’ sf] ko| f]u ug{x] ¿nfO{ ;dud| f ‘ckfª\\utf’ ePsf JolQm dflgG5. ;g\\ @))! df /fli6o« of]hgf cfof]u / o'lg;k] mn] u/s] f] ;a} k|sf/sf ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolQmx¿;DaGwL Ps ljZn]if0fn] ckfªu\\ tfsf] b/ !=^# kl| tzt /xs] f] b]vfPsf] 5. /fli6o« hgu0fgf, @)^* cg;' f/ eg] of] j[l4b/ !=($ k|ltzt dfq 5. ;jf/L b3' {6gf /] dfcfj] fbL lx;+ fsf sf/0f of] ;ª\\Vofdf jl[ 4 x'g] qmd a9\\bf] 5. oBlk, ;/sf/;uF o;sf] sg' } cflwsfl/s tYofªs\\ 5}g. ckfªu\\ tf ePsfx¿sf] xslxtsf nflu ul7t /fli6«o ckfªu\\ dxf;3+ ;uF !&) o:tf ;3+ / ;:+ yfx¿ cfa4 /xs] f] ;+3sf cWoIf jL/G] b|/fh kfv] /]n atfpF5g\\ . pgL eG5g\\ æ;dfj]zLsf] gfpFdf xfdL s;}sf] bofsf] kfq x'g rflx/xs] f 5}gfF.} /fHosf ;a} 7fpdF f ;xeflutf xfdf| ] clwsf/ xf.] ” cEof; v08 != dflysf cg'R5b] kl9;sk] l5 ckfªu\\ tf slt k|sf/sf /x5] g\\, ;\"rL agfpgx' f];\\ . @= g]kfndf ckfª\\utf ePsfx¿sf] ;ª\\Vof a9\\b} uPsf] bl] vG5 . o;sf sf/0f s] xg' ;Snfg\\ < sg' } kfFr sf/0fx¿ nV] gx' f];\\ . --39--

lbg M tL; kf7 M dfgj ar] lavglj?4 xfd|f] bfloTj-jStt[ f_ cWoog v08 != ‘dfgj ar] lavglj?4 xfdf| ] bfloTj’ kf7df ;xefuLn] /fv]sf ljrf/ /fdf| ;] uF cWoog ug'x{ f;] \\ . @= oltan] f xfdL sf/] f]gf ;ª\\sd| 0fsf sf/0faf6 ljBfnodf uP/ k9g\\ kfO/xs] f 5g} f}F . o;/L g} sf]/f]gfn] w]/} dflg;nfO{ pgLx¿sf] sfd ug{ lbPsf] 5g} . w]/} a]/fh] uf/ alg;s]sf 5g\\ . oL ;a} s'/f xfdLn] ;'Gb} / ef]Ub} cfPsf 5fF} . cEof; v08 != sf]/fg] fn] ljZjdf kf/s] f] k|efjaf/] ljleGg ljj/0f vfH] g'xf];\\ / ltgnfO{ abF' fdf nV] g'xf;] \\ . @= tL a'Fbfsf cfwf/df 3/sf ;Dk\"0f{ ;b:odWo] PshgfnfO{ ;efklt, PshgfnfO{ k|d'v cltly / cGonfO{ cltly dfg]/ sf]/f]gfn] kf/]sf] ke| fj ljifodf jSt[Tjsnf sfo{s|d cfof]hgf ug'x{ f];\\ / tkfOF{n] cfÇgf tsx{ ¿ k|:tt' ugx'{ f];\\ . lbg M PstL; kf7 M 3/fo;L lr7L cWoog v08 tn lbOPsf] lr7L cWoog ug{'xf;] \\ . :yfg M kfv] /f dxfgu/kflnsf–@, crn{ af]6 ldlt M @)&&÷)%÷)! lko| ldq l/oft] f/f], lgZ5n ;Demgf ¤ d cf/fd 5' . kl/jf/df sz' n dª\\un 5 . jflifs{ k/LIffsf] Jo:ttf lyof] . kq n]Vg ljnDa ePsfdf Ifdf dfUb5' . ltdLnfO{ ufydf ;~r} xf]nf . ltd|f] kl/jf/sf] zflGt / ;dl[ 4sf] sfdgf ub{5' . cl3Nnf kqx¿df ltdLn] gk] fn 3D' g cfpg] OR5f bv] fPsf lyof} . dnfO{ cf}wL v;' L nfu]sf] lyof] . o; k6s sf]/f]gf dxfdf/Ln] ;;+ f/ g} cfs|fGt alg/x]sf] 5 . ;+;f/e/ 3'dlkm/sf ultljlw k/' } 7Kk ePsf 5g\\ . o;k6s ljbfdf t ltdL cfpg kfPgf} . EoflS;g kQf nfu/] sf]/f]gfsf] ;ª\\s|d0f dTy/ ePkl5 ltdL cjZo g} gk] fn cfpg]5f} . ltd|f] b]zdf t sf/] f]gfn] Tolt w/] } c;/ gkf/s] f ;dfrf/ k9\\g kfPsf] 5' . lgs} v';L nfU5 . xfd|f] bz] df klg kl5Nnf] ;do sf/] f]gfsf] ;ª\\s|d0f ;d'bfod} km}lnPsf] 5 . ca t l5d]sdf ;dt] hfg 8/ nfu]sf] 5 . an] fan] fdf dxfgu/kflnsf / lhNnfn] ns8fpg ul//x]s} 5 . lbglbg} ;ªs\\ |ldt / dT[ o' xg' ]sf] ;ª\\Vof al9/x]s} 5 . ljBfno klg v'n]sf] 5g} . ltd|f] b]zdf t ljBnox¿ klg ;~rfng ePsf 5g\\ /] .P ;fFRrL ¤ ltd|f] bz] n] sf]/f]gf EoflS;g lgsfNg] ;dfrf/ ;'gs] L lyPF . Tof] kl| s|of sxf;F Dd kU' of] < csf{] kqdf pNnv] ug{' n . ltdLx¿sf] b]z lj1fg / kl| jlwdf lgs} cufl8 5 eGg] k:' tsdf k9]sL x'F . dnfO{ klg hfkfgsf] k|ult / ;dl[ 4 xg] ]{ /x/ 5 . o;kfln ltdL 3D' gsf nflu g]kfn cfpg gkfP klg d d]/f] b]zaf/] s]xL s/' f o; kqdf n]Vg uO/xs] f] 5' . ldq l/oft] f/f,] gk] fn cfvF fn] x]g]{ / x[bon] cge' \"t ug{] b]z xf] . cfvF fn] xg] ]{ egs] } ;'Gb/ j:t' g xg' \\ . h;n] x[bodf 5'§} cfgGb lbG5g\\ . cfsfznfO{ c8\\ofP/ /fVg] lxdfnx¿ gk] fnsf uxgf x'g\\ . tL lxdzª[ v\\ nf x]//] g cfFvf c3fpF5g\\ g t dg g} ;Gti' 6 x'G5 . laxfgb]lv an] 'sf;Dd /ª km]g]{ oL lxdfnn] jif{l] g nfvf}F ko{6snfO{ lgdGq0ff ul//x]sf 5g\\ . l;ª\\u} ljZjsf] emns lbg] h}ljs ljljwtf cuF fn]/ a;]sf oxfsF f jghª\\unx¿ lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ e]udf kml} nPsf 5g\\ . oxfFsf hª\\undf xfQLsf] nDsfO, af3sf] uhfO{ , lrt'jfsf] km8s\\ fO, du[ sf] pkm| fO, do'/sf] gfr, sf]OnL / GofpnLsf] uLt xg] { / ;'Gg kfOG5 . 5ª5ª emg]{ em/gfx¿, snsn aUg] gbLx¿df lg/Gt/ v]Ng lgs} dhf cfp5F . lxdfnL xfjfdf l;/s --40--

cf]9\\b} kxf8df lgl:kms|L sfjf vfP/ t/fOd{ f sk8f vf]nL zLtn a:gk' g]{ km/skm/s jftfj/0fsf] cge' j Psy} nf]df ug{sf nflu gk] fn dfq pkoQ' m ynf] xf] . ks| l[ th:t} ;'Gb/ ;:+ sl[ tdf emD' g klg gk] fn pQd 7fpF xf] . oxfFsf nf]suLtdf /Dg, nf]sg[Todf dUg xg' , ;f+:sl[ ts emfFsLx¿df d:t /xg oxfFsf a:tL a:tLdf 8'Ngk' 5{ . ltdL cfPkl5 kj\" {sf] ls/ftL ;+:s[lt, ldlynf Ifq] sf] lrqsnf, g]jf/sf] ufOh{ fqf xg] {5] f}F . To;}u/L tfdfªsf] ;]nf,] af| Ùd\\ 0fsf] ehg, yf¿x¿sf] 8lG8of gfr x'bF } ;b' \"/klZrdsf] bp] 8f;Dd xfdL ;Fu} /;f:jfbg ug{]5fF} . lk|o ldq ¤ ltdL g]kfnLx¿sf] df]xgL af]nLn] n¶} kg5{] f} . oxfFsf d\"lt{snf, lrqsnf, jf:t'snfsf ;;+ f/d} pTsi[ 6 gdg' f x/] ]/ ltdL bª\\u kg{]5f} . oxfF kj{tf/fx] 0f, kbofqf, 8ª' u\\ f ;o/, ¥ofÇl6ª, Sofgfl] gª, aGhL hlDkª, /s SnfOlDaª, Kof/fUnfOl8ª cflbsf nflu g]kfn ljZjd} pTs[i6 uGtJo dflgG5 lg . cl:t d/] f] afaf;Fu ltdL g]kfn 3D' g cft/' /x]sf] s/' f atfPsf] lyPF . afaf klg ltdLnfO{ g]kfn 3'dfOlbg OR5's xg' 'xG' 5 . g]kfnsf y'k|} s'/f o; lr7Ldf nv] /] ;fWo 5g} . ltdL cfPkl5 :juL{o cfgGb cfkmnF} ] cg'et\" ug]5{ f} . l5§} sf]/f]gfsf] vfk] agf];\\ . l5§} lglikms|L lxF88'n ug{ kfpg] cj:yf l;h{gf xfc] f];\\ . ltdL / d l5§} e]6g\\ kfpmF . clxnn] fO{ lr7L n]Vb} u/]sf] of] xft oxLF /f]S5' . pxL ltd|f] ;fyL /~hg u'?ª k]|ifsk|fks l6s6 /~hg u?' ª l/oft] f/f] cfaO] kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf–@, crn{ af]6 ofs] fx] fdf, hfkfg . u08sL kb| ]z, gk] fn . cEof; v08 dflysf] lr7L cWoog u/]/ tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M s_ lr7L s;n] s;nfO{ nv] ]sf] xf] < v_ lr7L nV] g] JolQmsf] 7u] fgf s'g xf] / of] sxfF pNn]v ePsf] 5 < u_ vfdsf] gdg' fdf k7fpg] JolQmsf] gfd stflt/ n]lvG5 / kfpg]sf] gfd / 7u] fgf stfkl§ n]lvG5 < 3_ kqdf g]kfnsf s] s:tf kf| s[lts ljz]iftf pNnv] ul/Psf 5g\\ < nV] gx' f];\\ . ª_ g]kfn s] s:tf ;:+ sl[ tdf cAan ePsf] /fi6« xf] < lbg M aQL; kf7 M lr7L cWoog v08 cl3Nnf] lbgsf] lr7L cjZo g} k9\\ge' of] .of] ;fyLn] ;fyLnfO{ n]lvPsf] lr7L xf] . o:tf] lr7LnfO{ 3/fo;L lr7L elgG5 . 3/fo;L lr7L 6f9f /x]sf 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO,{ cfkmGt Pjd\\ ;fyLnfO{ n]Vg] ul/G5 . cEof; v08 dflysf] lr7L k|fKt ePkl5 l/of]tf/f]n] /~hgnfO{ n]Vg] lr7Lsf] gd'gf tof/ kfgx'{ f];\\ . --41--

lbg M tQ] L; kf7 M lr7L -k7g cEof;_ cEof; v08 dflysf] lr7L /fd/| L k9\\g'xf];\\ / k9/] cfÇgf cleefjsnfO{ ;dt] ;'gfpgx' f;] \\ . lbg M rf}QL; kf7 M lr7L cWoog v08 tkfOF{sf] cleefjsnfO{ ljBfno, ;xsf/L jf cGo s'g} sfos{ |dsf] tkma{ f6 lgdGq0ff nufotsf lr7Lx¿ cfPsf xg' ;S5g\\ . To:tf lr7Lx¿ ePdf cleefjs;Fu dfu]/ x]gx{' f];.\\ cEof; v08 ljleGg 7fpaF f6 cfPsf lgdGq0ff kq cWoog u/]kl5 tkfOs{F f] 6fn] df 6f]n ;w' f/ ;ldltn] cfofh] gf ug{ uO/x]sf] vN' nf /Qmbfg sfos{ d| sf nflu lgdGq0ff kq tof/ ugx'{ f];\\ . lbg M kFt} L; kf7 M kofo{ jfrL zAb cWoog v08 kof{ojfrL zAb M Pp6} cy{ lbg] bO' { jf bO' e{ Gbf a9L zAbx¿nfO{ Ps csfs{ f kofo{ jfrL zAb elgG5 . o; zAbsf] 1fgn] xfdLnfO{ p:t} cy{ k|:tt' ugs{ f nflu km/s km/s zAbsf] ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] Pp6} zAb bfx] fl] /P/ efiffdf emGem6 nfUbf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'gaf6 hf]ufpF5 . oxfF s]xL kof{ojfrL zAb lbOPsf] 5, ltgnfO{ Wofg lbP/ k9\\g'xf;] \\ . rGbd| f M h\"g, OGb\", zzL, lgzfs/ ;\"o{ M 3fd, cflbTo, k|efs/, lbjfs/ l;Gw' M ;fu/, dxf;fu/, ;db' ,| hnlglw afaf M lktf, hgs, aa' f, afa', af cfdf M dftf, hggL, d'df, dfF af6f] M dfu,{ ky cjoj M cªu\\ , efu cWofo M v08, ;u{, r/0f clUg M cfuf], cgn, kfjs cnª\\sf/ M uxgf, cfe\"if0f crg{ f M k\"hf, k|fyg{ f cgk' d M cgf}7f,] pTsi[ 6 cdt[ M kLo\"if, ;w' f cjut M hfgsf/L, ;\"rgf, yfxf cy{ M tfTko,{ efj cfsfz M ge, ;u/, uug, Jof]d, cDa/ cfFvf M gq] , nf]rg, gog pks/0f M oGq, ;fwg, sn, dl] ;g pkxf/ M sf;] ]nL, ;fu} ft, e6] L pBfg M aurF} f, jfl6sf, kmn' af/L -kofo{ jfrL zAbsf] yk cWoogsf nflu kf7o\\ k:' ts / Jofs/0f k:' tssf] ;xofu] lng ;Sg'x'g]5 ._ --42--

cEof; v08 tnsf] cg'R5b] cWoog ugx'{ f;] \\ M ;fg}df v'§f ud' fPsf] kL8f, To;dfly ul/a eg/] ckxl] nt xg' ' / cefj} cefjdf afFRg ljjz xg' ', ;DemFbf klg lbSs nfU5 . v§' f dfq ;2] xG' y] eg] slt sfd ul/GYof] xf]nf . d;uF s} f t xg' \\ lg h7] f a8fsf 5f]/f /dz] . pgL slt k6s s~rgk/' k'u,] 8f]6L k'u], slxn] xf] s'lGg :ju{åf/L hfg] eGb} lyP . dfdfdfOhs' L 5f/] L ?lSd0fL deGbf klg sfG5L xg' \\ . pgL k/f/b} l] v of;f{u'Daf l6Kg hfg yfn]sL 5g\\ . kfx] f/] t pgn] of;fu{ D' af l6k/] } nfv ?lkofF sdfO5g\\ . cfkm\"nfO{ eg] rkL{ kU' g klg uf/f], :s'n hfbF f / cfpbF f emg\\ slt ufx|f] xG' 5 . x'g t of] ;;+ f/df cfkm\"n] rfx] h:tf] hLjg s;n] kf] kfPsf] 5 xf]nf / < /dz] / ?lSd0fLnfO{ klg t bM' v 5 . /dz] n] 8'Ng t kfPsf 5g\\ t/ csf{sf] el/of ag/] . ?lSd0fLn] of;f{ l6k/] s]xL k};f t sdfOg\\ t/ pgsf] k9fO laluo| f] . d}n] k;} f t sdfPsf] 5}g t/ k9\\g kfPsf] 5' . o:tf] cj:yfdf /x]/ klg k9g\\ kfpg' d]/f nflu /fdf| ] cj;/ xf] . d}n] of] cj;/sf] ;bk' ofu] ug'{k5{ . s_ tn lbOPsf zAbx¿;uF ldNbfh] N' bf] cy{ k|bfg ug{] -kof{ojfrL_ zAbx¿ dflysf] cg'R5b] af6 5fg]/ n]Vg'xf];\\ . uf]8f, si6, bl/b|, ;ªs\\ 6, lhpg, afWo, 7Ls, ljBfno, hut\\, 3D' g, bfd, dfs} f lbg M 5QL; kf7 M ljk/LtfyL{ zAb cWoog v08 zflGt – czflGt, cfsif0{ f – ljsif{0f, OHht – aO] Hht, cfljisf/ – gi6, ljsf; – ljgfz, ;'Gb/ – s¿' k, ;n' e – bn' {e, ;kgf – ljkgf, /ft – lbg, cWF of/f] – pHofnf], dfly – tn, pFwf] – peF f], leq – aflx/, xfF:g' – ?g,' b'Mv – ;v' , ;Gtl' i6 – c;Gtl' i6, cfk} rfl/s – cgfk} rfl/s, 5p] – sg' f], pkNnf] – tNnf,] dfl:t/ – d'lGt/, ;fkI] f – lg/k]If, kTof/ – cgkTof/, glhs – 6f9f, 5]p – 6K' kf,] /f]huf/L – a]/fh] uf/L, /dfOnf] – g/dfOnf], ldq – zq,' hLjg – d/0f, hGd – dT[ o' . dfly lbOPsf zAbsf hf8] f Ps cfk;df 7Ls pN6f] cy{ lbg] lsl;dsf 5g\\ . o:tf zAbnfO{ Ps csfs{ f ljk/LtfyL{ zAb elgG5 . tkfOnF{ ] klg o:tf w]/} pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb eGg ;Sgx' 'G5 . Jofs/0fsf] k:' ts / g]kfnL lstfadf o:tf cGo y'k}| zAb k9\\g ;Sg'x'G5 . cEof; v08 g]kfnL lstfasf] k[i7 $& -kZ| g !!_ df /x]sf] cg'R5b] k9\\g'xf];\\ / tn lbOPsf zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb nV] gx' f];\\ . ;Demgf, wtL,{ lz/, l;ª\\uf,] kmn' , k\"j,{ a]nf, ;]tL, bl] vFb}, yfxf, tfhf lbg M ;Ft} L; kf7 M cgs] fyL{ zAb cWoog v08 Pp6} zAbn] 7fpF jf k;| ªu\\ cg;' f/ km/s km/s cy{ lbG5 eg] To:tf] zAbnfO{ cg]sfyL{ zAb elgG5 . sx] L cg]sfyL{ zAb oxfF lbOPsf] 5 . tL zAbx¿ cWoog u/L ltgsf] cy{ a‰' g'xf]nf . zAb cy{ xf/ M k/fho uxgf nx/ df; M bfn dlxgf ;fn M jif{ --43--

Ps kh| fltsf] ¿v pQ/ M lbzf hjfkm bfp M Ps xltof/ df}sf cy{ M tfTko{ ;DklQ ;frF f] M ;To tfNrf tfn M bx 9ªu\\ Sfn M ;do dT[ o' sn M emu8f wf/f oGq cEof; v08 tnsf] pbfx/0f x]/L lbOPsf zAbnfO{ km/s km/s cy{ cfpg] u/L jfSodf k|of]u ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fn M jif{ jfSo M -g]kfndf @)&@ ;fndf gofF ;l+ jwfg hf/L ul/Psf] xf] ._ jfSo M Ps ks| f/sf] ¿v -;fnsf] rf]k ljleGg cf}ifwL agfpg k|ofu] xG' 5 ._ kq, b/, sn, tfn, xf/, hfnL, /x/, df;, tfn, t/ lbg M c7\\tL; kf7 M >l' t;DleGgfyL{ zAb cWoog v08 != tn lbOPsf zAbx¿ pRrf/0f ug{x' f;] \\ / ltgsf cy{ klg a‰' g'xf];\\ . sl[ t – /rgf, sfd sLlt{ – Voflt, gfd vfln – sa] n, dfq vfnL – l/Qf] cfF6 – ;fx; cftF – leqL efu ue{ – k6] uj{ – uf}/j lbg – rf}aL; 306fsf] ;do bLg – b'MvL dfly lbOPsf hf]8L zAbx¿ pRrf/0f ubf{ p:t} ;'lgG5g\\ t/ ltgn] cy{ eg] leGg leGg lbG5g\\ . o:tf zAbnfO{ >'lt;dleGgfyL{ zAb elgG5 . cEof; v08 tnsf >l' t;dleGgfyL{ zAbsf] km/s km/s cy{ n]Vg'xf];\\ . tf/–6f/, cflb–cfwL, tfk–6fk, bl] v–bv] L, l;tf–;Ltf, lt/–tL/, ;fyL–;f7L, dlxgf–d}gf --44--

lbg M pgfGrfnL; kf7 M zAbe08f/ -cEof;_ cWoog v08 zAbe08f/;DaGwL cl3Nnf lbgx¿df kl9Psf zAbe08f/sf kf7x¿ k'gM:d/0f ugx'{ f;] \\ . cEof; v08 sfi] 7saf6 ldNg] zAb 5fgL vfnL 7fpF egx{' f;] \\ . s_ ‘zzL’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL zAb ====== xf] . -h\"g, 3fd, tf/f_ v_ ‘bfgj’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL zAb =====xf] . -dfgj, /fIf;,Clif_ u_ =========== cg]sfyL{ zAb xfO] g . -sn, en, kmn_ 3_ ‘kT| oIf’ zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb ====== xf] . -ckT| oIf, ;+/If0f, ljkIf_ ª_ ‘ns] ’ zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb ===== xf] . -lzv/, a]+;L, b]p/fnL_ r_ ‘;u/’ zAbn] ======== cy{ lbG5 . -cfsfz, kY[ jL, gIfq_ 5_ ‘df;’ zAbsf] cg]sfy{s zAb ==== xf]Og . -bfn, dlxgf, dft_ h_ ‘tfn’ zAbn] ======cy{ lbbF }g . -kf]v/L, ;'/, leQf]_ em_ >'lt;dleGgfyL{ zAb ======= xg' \\ . -wfs–9fs, af;–;f;, kfn] –df]n_ `_ ‘aQL’sf] kof{ojfrL zAb ======== xf] . -slQ, lbof,] ls/0f_ lbg M rfnL; kf7 M zAbfy{ cWoog v08 ‘d sf] xF’' kf7df lbOPsf zAbfy{ cWoog ug{'xf;] \\ . cEof; v08 cfÇgf] cleefjs jf bfO, lbbLnfO{ zAb ;f]Wg nufpgx' f;] \\ / cfkmn\" ] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \\ . slt ldnfpg'eP5, hfRF gx' f;] \\ . -of] cEof; tkfOFn{ ] k|Tos] kf7df ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . o;f] ugfn{ ] zAbfy{ ;Demg] Ifdtf ljsf; x'G5 / tkfOsF{ f] zAbe08f/ a9\\5 . o;n] kl5 af]Nbf jf nV] bf zAb gcfP/ c8\\lsg' kg{] ;d:of cfpFb}g ._ lbg M PsrfnL; kf7 M lgbf| -syf_ cWoog v08 ‘lgbf| ’ syfsf] klxnf] / bf];f| ] cgR' 5]b k9\\gx' f;] \\ . cEof; v08 rGbz| dz]/ s] s:tf Jojxf/ uby{ ] < nV] gx' f;] \\ . lbg M aofnL; kf7 M lgb|f cWoog v08 ‘lgbf| ’ syfsf clGtd kfFr cg'R5]b Wofg;uF k9\\g'xf];\\ . cEof; v08 dflysf cg'R5]b cWoog ul/;s]kl5 rGbz| dz]/sf] x/fPsf] lgb|f s;/L kms]/{ cfof] < pNnv] ugx'{ f;] \\ . --45--

lbg M lqrfnL; cWoog v08 != ‘lgbf| ’ syfsf] ;ftfF} cg'R5]b /fd|/L cWoog ugx'{ f];\\ . @= ;f]x|f}F lbgdf cWoog u/s] f aFb' f l6kf6] / ;f/f+z nv] gsf ;Lk km]l/ Psk6s :d/0f ugx'{ f];\\ . cEof; v08 != pQm cg'R5]baf6 dV' o d'Vo rf/ ab'F f l6kL Ps tt[ Lofz+ df ;f/f+z nV] gx' f];\\ . lbg M rfj} fnL; kf7 M k|Tofudg cWoog v08 xfdLn] gjfF} lbgdf ;k|;ª\\u JofVof ug]{ ;Lk l;ls;ss] f 5f}F . Psk6s km]l/ tL ;Lkaf/] x]/f}F t . cEof; v08 ;k;| ªu\\ JofVof ugx'{ f;] \\ M s_ æ;'v / ;Gt'li6 eGg] s/' f ;DklQ, kb / k|lti7faf6 xg} , c;n sfdaf6 k|fKt x'bF f] /x5] .Æ lbg M kF}tfnL; kf7 M zAblgdf{0f -pk;u{af6 zAblgdf{0f_ cWoog v08 pk;u{ sg' } klg zAbsf] cufl8 hf]l8g cfpg] eflifs PsfO xf] . o;sf] cfÇgf] 5§' } cy{ xFb' }g t/ s'g} zAb;Fu hf]l8Pkl5 pQm zAbsf] cy{df o;n] kl/jtg{ Nofp5F . pk;u{ h'g zAbdf hfl] 8G5, To;nfO{ d\"nzAb÷cfwf/ kb elgG5 . pk;u{ hf]l8Pkl5 ags] f] gofF zAbnfO{ JoT' kGg zAb elgG5 . tnsf] tflnsfdf pk;u{ d\"n zAb;Fu hf]l8Pkl5 JoT' kGg zAb lgdf{0f ePsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . pk;u{ dn\" zAb Jo'TkGg zAb pk ;dfh ;fdflhs cy{ cfly{s gLlt g}lts Oltxf; P]ltxfl;s k'/f0f kf}/fl0fs dn\" df}lns et\" efl} ts k| sf/ ks| f/ rf/ k|rf/ no kn| o lg;\\ ro lgZro sif{ lgisif{ snª\\s lgZsnª\\s kl/ jt{g kl/jtg{ e|d0f kl/e|d0f rfng kl/rfng ;d\\ of]u --46-- ;o+ f]u

/rgf ;/+ rgf ljwfg ;l+ jwfg ;d j]bgf ;djb] gf cfnfr] gf ;dfnf]rgf OI{ ff -b[li6_ ;dLIff lj 1fg lj1fg dfg ljdfg kIf ljkIf la hf]/ lahf]/ hf]u lahfu] sf/ lasf/ cle dfg cledfg ofg cleofg efjs cleefjs ;' ljrf/ ;l' jrf/ ;dfrf/ ;;' dfrf/ /Iff ;/' Iff cg d]n cgdn] df]n cgdfn] cfk} rfl/s cgf}krfl/s cEof; v08 != dflysf] tflnsf cWoog ul/;sk] l5 ToxfF lbOPsf pk;u{sf yk Ps Ps zAb lgdf{0f ug{'xf];\\ . @= tnsf JoT' kGg zAbaf6 pk;u{ / cfwf/kb 56' \\ofpg'xf];\\ . pkrf/, ckdfg, cjxn] gf, ;';Gb]z, b'isd,{ lgisfd, cgx' f/, cjufn, k/fho, lbg M 5ofnL; kf7 M kT| ooaf6 zAb lgdf0{ f cWoog v08 • k|Too klg pk;u{ h:t} cfkm\"df sg' } cy{ gePsf] t/ zAb÷wft';uF hf]l8Pkl5 To;sf] cyd{ f kl/jtg{ Nofpg] eflifs PsfO xf] . • kT| oonfO{ k/;u{ klg elgG5 . of] wft' jf zAb;uF hf]l8G5 . • pk;u{ zAbsf] cufl8 hf]l8P/ Jo'TkGg zAb aGYof] eg] kT| oo wft' jf zAbsf] k5fl8 hf]l8P/ Jo'TkGg zAb tof/ xG' 5 . -pk;u{ / k|Too;DaGwL lj:tt[ s'/f Jofs/0fsf] k:' tsdf cWoog ug{x' f]nf ._ wft' ÷ d\"n zAb kT| oo JoT' kGg zAb cy{ Os cfly{s gLlt Os g}lts Oltxf; Os P]ltxfl;s k'/f0f Os kf}/fl0fs et\" Os ef}lts --47--

;'/Iff Ot ;/' lIft dR' 5f{ d'lR5t{ ;'uGw ;u' lGwt /; Onf] /l;nf] uj{ ulj{nf] ldhf; ldhfl;nf] a}F; cfn' a}F;fn' Oi{ of{ Oi{ of{n' bw\" b'wfn' sl[ if cs s[ifs lzIff lzIfs wfp wfjs af]n\\ cSs8 af]nSs8 a'em\\ a'emSs8 3d' \\ 3'dSs8 n]s cfnL ns] fnL lxd lxdfnL bfª bªfnL g]kfn O{ g]kfnL /fdf| ] /fd|L 6K' kf] 6'KkL s[ o sfo{ sy\\ sYo bz[ \\ bZ[ o ud\\ tJo uGtJo bz[ \\ b|i6Jo s[ st{Jo >' tf >f]tf s[ stf{ b[z\\ bi| 6f 3'd\\ tL 3'DtL ug\\ uGtL vg\\ vGtL ag\\ cfj6 agfj6 kmn} km}nfj6 jr\\ jrfj6 cEof; v08 tnsf] cg'R5b] af6 pk;u{ nfu]sf kfrF / kT| oo nfus] f kfrF zAbx¿ klxrfg u/L nV] g'xf];\\ . la;Grf] TolQs} x'Fb}g . z/L/df cgluGtL ljiffQm j:ts' f] e08f/0f ePkl5 /fu] n] cfsd| 0f ub5{ . cfxf/ ljxf/sf] ;Gtn' g h;n] ldnfg u5{ pm /f]uL x'bF g} . lrlGtt, ylst, s'kfl] ift JolQmnfO{ /fu] n] rfF8f] ;dfT5 . xfdLn] a]jf:tf u/]sf sltko s'/fn] hLjgdf 7n\" f] b3' {6gf lgDTofpg ;S5 . --48--

kfgLnfO{ kmf]xf/] n] kGofnf] agfp5F fF} . xfjfdf bu' {Gw ld;fj6 u5f{F] . df6f]df csf/0f /f;folgs j:t' ldnfpF5fF} .kof{j/0f hLjg xf] eGg] s'/f xfdLn] gf;dem ug{' xFb' g} . lbg M ;trfnL; cWoog v08 kf7 M cfwf/ kb klxrfg hg' zAb jf wftd' f pk;u{ jf kT| oo hfl] 8P/ JoT' kGg zAb lgdf0{ f x'G5, Tof] c+z -wft' jf zAb_ g} cfwf/ kb xf] . tn sx] L Jo'TkGg zAbnfO{ ltgsf cfwf/ kb 56' \\ofP/ n]lvPsf] 5 . Jo'TkGg zAb pk;u{ cfwf/ kb k|Too h}ljs – hLj Os cgkTof/ cg kTof/ – k|df0f k| dfg – ;f}efUo ;' efUo – clwgfos clw gfos – lkoSs8 – lkp cSs8 ufpFn] – ufpF n] s:sn] L – sf:sL PnL kV' ofn}{ L – k'vf{ ofn} L ;g' fO – ;g' \\ cfO w'Tof{OF – wt\" { ofOF cEof; v08 cWoog v08df lbOPsf] tflnsfdf h:t} u/L tnsf zAbx¿sf] cfwf/ kb 56' \\ofO{ n]Vgx' f;] \\ . u'lgnf,] /f]kfOF, egfO, a9' \\ofn} L, clwsf/, clejfbg, cg'kl:yt, afn] Ss8, b'h{g, bzg{ Lo, dª\\un,] dltof/, h'gn] L, k|bLk, a]bfu, kl/sf/ lbg M c7\\rfnL; kf7 M zAbju{ klxrfg cWoog v08 pGgfO;fF} lbgb]lv 5AaL;fF} lbg;Dd xfdLn] zAbjua{ f/] cWoog u¥of}F . zAbjua{ f/] kg' M Psk6s cWoog ug'{xf;] \\ . cEof; v08 tnsf /]vfªl\\ st zAbsf] zAbju{ klxrfg u/L n]Vgx' f];\\ . s_ ljZjsf] dfglrq kN6fP/ xg] ]{ xf] eg] gk] fn ef}uf]lns lx;fan] cToGt} ;fgf] b]lvG5 t/ oxfsF f] snf, ;flxTo, ;:+ sl[ t / eu\" f]n ljlzi6 5 . v_ æefph\" ¤ tkfOFn{ ] 6]lnkmf]g ;G' ge' Psf] 5 < ;G' g lx8F g\\ x' f];\\ t, xfdLn] slt /fdf| ] 6l] nkmfg] agfPsf 5f,}F afa} ¤Æ u_ :jod\\n] km6fkm6 nv] k] l5 ;fyLsf] dfl} nspQ/ lsg ;fgk{' ¥of] / ¤ 3_ pgLcfÇgf] OR5fadfl] hd rfx]cg';f/sf 7fpFdf 3'Dg kfpFbf ;fx|} dVv l5g\\ . ª_ /f/f d';S' s d':s'/fP/ dnfO{ :jfut ug{ kl' ug\\ eg] d klg pgsf cw/sf] d:' sfg / gogsf] ;+;f/df /dfpg ku' ]F . --49--

lbg M pgfGkrf; kf7 M afw] kZ| gsf] pQ/ cEof; v08 !=‘alxgLnfO{ lr7L’ kf7sf] bf];f| ] cg'R5]b cWoog ugx'{ f;] \\ / tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f6] f]5l/tf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \\ . k|Zgx¿ M s_ clgoldt / clws efh] gn] vf;u/L s'g sg' /fu] lgDTofpF5g\\ < v_ k\"jLo{ bzg{ n] :j:y /xg s:tf cfxf/ ux| 0f ug'{kg]{ eg]sf] 5 < u_ a]Ghfldg Ç|ofª\\slngsf] egfO pb\\wt[ ug{x' f;] \\ . 3_ /fu] nfu]sf] klxnf] r/0fdf ugk{' g]{ s/' f s] xf<] ª_ :jf:YonfO{ lsg klxnf] wg elgPsf] xfn] f < lbg M krf; kf7 M zAbfy{ cWoog v08 kf7 Psb]lv ;ft;Dd lbOPsf zAbfy{ cWoog ug'{xf];\\ . cEof; v08 != tn ;dx\" ‘s’ df lbOPsf zAb;Fu ldNg] cy{ ;d\"x ‘v’ af6 5fg]/ nV] g'xf];\\ . c_ ;dx\" ‘s’ ;dx\" ‘v’ huhuL k|lt/f]wfTds cf}ifwL avf:{ t :jtGq pGd'Qm qf; PlG6afofl] 6s lgsfnf, vf/]h cf_ ;dx\" ‘s’ ;d\"x ‘v’ 9fO] { kfnf] sG| bg c7f]6 /fn] s|d ?jfO k|lt1f kf]yL xfQL ;d\"x ‘v’ O_ ;dx\" ‘s’ kQf] bfloTj 6Dd ldnfpg' ;'OsF f] lxdfnL cGg kfFHg' stJ{ o pjf ;dx\" ‘v’ ljrf/ O{_ ;d\"x ‘s’ ;'Gb/ ;Dos ;/sf/L 9s' 6' L /fHosfi] f ljs6 Vofn cK7]/f] p_ ;d\"x ‘s’ ;d\"x ‘v’ kl/j]z ag} f k:] sL vnf] ljdftf 7fp,F ;do / jftfj/0f vlnofg ;f}tg] L cfdf --50--