Nepali Book 2078 (Grade 6)

dn\" kf7 Hffu hfu ( w/0fLw/ sfO] /fnf Hffu hfu ca hfu g hfu . 97 Nffu pGgltljif] ca nfu .. 3f/] gLb ca tf kl/Tofu . Eff] eof] clt ;T' of} ca hfu .. ! b]zaGw'x¿ xf] p7 hfu . @ nfu pGgltljif] ca nfu .. wf]pm wfp] m dgsf] ca dn} f] . kmflnb]pm 8/sf] ca yn} f] .. hfu hfu ca hfu g hfu . # nfu pGgltljif] ca nfu .. x]/ nf} c¿x¿ ;a hfu] . b]z pGgltljif] ca nfu] .. xfdLx]¿ klg nf} ca hfuf}F . bz] pGgltljif] ;a nfufF} .. 3f/] gLb ca tf kl/TofufF} . Eff] eof] clt ;'TofF} ca hfufF} .. $ pGgltljif] – pGgltsf nflu, ljsf;sf lglDt 3f/] – w/] ,} ulx/f] bz] aGw' – b]zaf;L kl/Tofu – k0\" f{ ¿kdf TofUg] sfd g]kfnL, sIff ^

cGo bz] x¿sf ca bfhF f . % nfug] ;do ef] a'em tfhf .. bfh'efOx¿ xf] p7 hfu . hfu pGgltljif] ca nfu .. h] eP klg eof] ca e}uf] . laTg' xf] hlt lyof] laltuu} f] .. vfn] nf} gog vf]n g vf]n . kmfn5f} lsg < g kmfn g sfn .. ^ bfh“ f ] – t'ngf u/]/ xg] ]{ sfd tfhf – af;L gePsf] zAbe08f/ != tnsf zAb / cy{lar hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \\ M gog ;do sfn pufg{' vfn] Hofb} clt s'g} klg lrh /fVg agfOPsf] sk8fsf] emf]nf y}nf ] cfFvf /x/ 98 gk] fnL, sIff ^

@= p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h/] nV] g'xf;] \\ M w/] } Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ljsf; Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ qf; Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lgb|f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;fhL Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfvF f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;do Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ d'n's Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ x[bo Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kmf]xf]/ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= lbOPsf zAbsf] b'O{ b'O{cf]6f cy{ nV] g'xf];\\ M sfn, kj,{ ;f/, tfn, xf/, sn, t/, s/ $= hfu, nfu h:t} cGo nofTds zAb kf7af6 vf]h/] n]Vg'xf];\\ . af]w / cleJolSt != …hfu hfuÚ sljtf no ldnfP/ k9g\\ 'xf];\\ / lbOPsf zAbx¿ pRrf/0f u/L ;fgx{' f;] \\ M pGgltljif,] bz] aGw'x¿, y}nf], kl/Tofu, bfFhf,] gLb, laltuof], gog @= tnsf] Znfs] k/\" f ugx'{ f];\\ M b]zaGw'x¿ xf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hfu . nfu ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ca nfu .. wf]pm wfp] m ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ca ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 8/sf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ y}nf] .. #= kf7sf cfwf/df pQ/ eGgx' f];\\ M -s_ …hfu hfuÚ sljtfsf /rlotf sf] xg' \\ < -v_ …3f]/ gLbÚ egs] f] s] xf] < -u_ b]z ljsf; ug{ s] kl/Tofu ug{'k5{ < g]kfnL, sIff ^ 99

-3_ sljn] …b]zaGw'Ú eg]/ s;nfO{ egs] f x'g\\ < -ª_ sljn] s] s] wg' ] / kmfNg] ;Gbz] lbPsf 5g\\ < $= tnsf x/kmx¿nfO{ uBdf nV] g'xf];\\ M -s_ wfp] m wf]pm dgsf] ca d}nf] -v_ kmflnb]pm 8/sf] ca yn} f] %= JofVof ugx'{ f;] \\ M -s_ b]zaGwx' ¿ xf] p7 hfu . nfu pGgltljif] ca nfu .. -v_ xfdLx¿] klg nf} ca hfuf}F . b]z pGgltljif] ;a nfuf}F .. ^= kf7sf cfwf/df nfdf] pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \\ M -s_ …hfu hfuÚ sljtfn] lbg vf]h]sf] ;Gb]z s] xf], sljtfsf cfwf/df JofVof ugx'{ f];\\ . &= …hfu hfuÚ sljtfsf] rfy} f] Znfs] / tnsf] cgR' 5b] k9/] ldNg] ljifoj:t' l6kf6] ugx{' f];\\ M xfdL ;Dk\"0f{ g]kfnLx¿ hfUg] a]nf ePsf] 5 . b]z ljsf;sf nflu Ps h6' eP/ nfUgk' g]{ an] f ePsf] 5 . clxn;] Dd xfdL 3f]/ lgb|fdf 5f}F . c¿ bz] n] ;dod} hfu/] w/] } pGglt ul/;s] . xfdL eg] hxfFsf] ToxL 5fF} . d:t lgb|fdf 5f}F . lgbfP/ ;kgf bl] v/x]sf 5f}F t/ ca of] ;do t Ao'eF m]/ xfd|f ;'Gb/ ;kgfx¿ k/\" f ug{ nfUgk' g{] ;do xf] . >ddf ljZjf; u/]/ ;kgfx¿ ;fsf/ kfg{'kg]{ a]nf xf] . To;n} ] ca xfdL hfuf}F . bz] f]Ggltdf nfuf}F . cfn:o / crt] gf ¿kL lgbf| nfO{ Tofu/] cl3 a9f}F . *= …hfu hfuÚ sljtfsf] kfrf}“ Znf]ssf] efj Ps cg'R5]bdf n]Vg'xf;] \\ . 100 gk] fnL, sIff ^

(= lbOPsf] Znfs] sf] cfzo Ps cgR' 5]bdf n]Vgx' f;] \\ M h] eP klg eof] ca eu} f] . laTg' xf] hlt lyof] laltuu} f] .. vf]n nf} gog vf]n g vf]n . kmfn5f} lsg < g kmfng sfn .. !)= ;fdfGotof cfk\"meGbf ;fgf -slxn]sfxL“ cfk\"m;dfgnfO{ klg_ nfO{ :g]x ks| 6 ul/G5 . o:tf] :gx] ks| 6 ug{ s] s:tf zAb, kbfjnL jf jfSo ko| f]u ul/G5, cfkm\\gf ljrf/ /fVgx' f;] \\ . eflifs ;+/rgf / j0fl{ jGof; != pbfx/0f x/] L tnsf zAb bfx] f¥] ofP/ gof“ zAb agfpgx' f;] \\ M hfu Ö hfu hfu ;fgf] Ö ;;fgf] k};f Ö k;} f;;} f nfu Ö ÒÒÒÒÒ cfˆgf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒ afgL Ö ÒÒÒÒÒ kfgL Ö ÒÒÒÒÒ 7n' f] Ö ÒÒÒÒ 3/ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒ @= dfly tkfOn{“ ] zAb bfx] f¥] ofP/ agfPsf zAbdWo] sg' } kf“rcf6] f zAbnfO{ jfSodf ko| fu] ug{'xf];\\ . #= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9g\\ x' f;] \\ / /ftf] /ªsf zAbx¿sf] agf6] df Wofg lbgx' f;] \\ M d}n] a'afn] /f]Kg'ePsf ;;fgf la?jfx¿ emf/;f/ t xf]nf eg]/ pv]n]F . pvl] n;s]kl5 kf] dnfO{ g/dfOnf] nfUof] . cfkm}F;Fu l/; l/; klg p7o\\ f] . agf6] M ;;fgf -;fgf ± ;fgf_, emf/;f/ -emf/ ± emf/_ / l/; l/; -l/; ± l/;_ g]kfnL, sIff ^ 101

dflysf tLgcf]6} zAbx¿ zAb bfxf]l/P/ ag]sf zAb x'g\\ . o;/L zAb bf]xf]l/P/ gof“ zAb aGbf slxn] Pp6f c+z dfq bf]xf]l/G5 -;;fgf_ . slxn} k/\" } cz+ bfxfl] /G5 -l/; l/;_ . slxns] fxL“ bfx] fl] /g] jm| ddf kl/jtg{ klg cfp“5 -xft;ft_ . pbfx/0f x/] L tnsf zAbx¿ bfx] f¥] ofP/ gof“ zAb agfpgx' f;] \\ M cfˆgf] M cfcfˆgf] kfgL M kfgLkfgL k;} f M k;} f;};f 7'nf M =============== 3/ M ============= af6f] M ================== s;sf] M ================ ;fyL M =============== dfG5] M ================= emu8f M ================ v]t M ============== sfkL M =================== $= lbOPsf] tflnsfdf ePsf jfSox¿ k9\\gx' f];\\ / /]vfªl\\ st ljm| ofkbdf Wofg lbg'xf];\\ . oL k\"0f{ kIf hgfpg] ljm| ofkb xg' \\ M -s_ -v_ -u_ ke| ft ahf/ uPsf] lyof] . k|eft ahf/ uPsf] 5 . ke| ft ahf/ uPsf] xg' ] 5 . k|eftn] ;fdfg lsg]sf] k|eftn] ;fdfg lsg]sf] k|eftn] ;fdfg lsg]sf] lyof] . 5. ;fyLx¿ lxF8]sf lyP . ;fyLx¿ lx8F s] f 5g\\ . x'g] 5 . d}n] pgLx¿nfO{ e]6]sf] d}n] pgLx¿nfO{ e]6]sf] ;fyLx¿ lx8F s] f xg' ] 5g\\ . lyPF . 5' . d}n] pgLx¿nfO{ e]6]sf] alxgL klg uPsL lyO{ . alxgL klg uPsL 5] . x'g] 5' . alxgL klg uPsL x'g] 5 . dflysf tflnsfdf ePsf /v] fª\\lst ljm| ofx¿n] s'g} lglZrt ;dodf sfd ;DkGg ePsf] a'emfPsf 5g\\ . To;}n] ;a} ljm| ofkbn] k0\" f{ kIfnfO{ a'emfPsf 5g\\ . 102 gk] fnL, sIff ^

%= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf lgb{]zgcg';f/ jfSo k\"/f ugx{' f];\\ M -s_ pgLx¿ 3/ ============================ . -hf M e\"t sfn, k\"0f{ kIf_ -v_ d vN] g ================================= . -hf M jtd{ fg sfn, k0\" f{ kIf_ -u_ ltdLn] syf ==================== . -k9\\ M eljiot\\ sfn, k0\" f{ kIf_ -3_ ;fyLn] dnfO{ ========================= . -e6] \\ M jtd{ fg sfn, k0\" f{ kIf_ -ª_ tkfO{Fn] /fd/| L ===========================. -v]n\\ M e\"t sfn, k\"0f{ kIf_ ^= tnsf zAbnfO{ tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L eg{x' f;] \\ M lzz', piff, r:df, ;nfO{, si[ fs, lzv/, af;F , b]z, jif,{ ;:+ sl[ t, ljif, ljifo, efif0f, cfiff9, ljZj, cfzf, ;x/, kz', cEof;, k':ts, ;lhnf], eLif0f, kf7zfnf, OZ{ j/ z k|ofu] ePsf if ko| f]u ePsf ; ko| f]u ePsf ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= ======================= &= z'4 zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fp“df nV] gx' f;] \\ M -s_ zfyL ÷ iffyL ÷ ;fyL M =================================== -v_ k|sfz ÷ ks| fif ÷ ks| f; M =================================== g]kfnL, sIff ^ 103

-u_ eljZo ÷ eljio ÷ elj:o M ========================== -3_ z'g ÷ ;g' ÷ if'g M ======================================= -ª_ k[i7 ÷ k:[ 7 ÷ kZ[ 7 M =================================== -r_ zx/ ÷ ifx/ ÷ ;x/ M =================================== ;'gfO / afn] fO != ;g' fO kf7 ( ;g' /] l7s eP l7s / al] 7s eP al] 7s eGgx' f;] \\ M -s_ ljBfyL{ hLjgsf cfbtx¿ kl/jt{g xG' 5g\\ . -v_ xfdLnfO{ kmfObf gkU' g] s/' faf6 6f9f /x]sf] v08df hLjgdf ;'vef]u ug{ ;lsG5 . -u_ kl/>d gug]{ afgLsf] ljsf;af6 hLjg ef]ufO ;lhnf] x'G5 . -3_ ljBfyL{ hLjgdf c;fdflhs s'/fn] vf;} cfslift{ ub{}g . -ª_ cfk\"m l7s ePkl5 slxNo} klg cGofodf kl/bF g} . @= ;g' fO kf7 ( sf cfwf/df pkoS' t zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fp“ k/\" f ugx{' f;] \\ M -s_ ljBfyL{ hLjgdf u/]sf x/]s ljm| ofsnfkn] hLjgdf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ /fVb5g\\ . -cy{, zAb, jfSo_ -v_ ljBfyL{ hLjg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lgdf0{ fsf] pd]/ xf] . -;fyL, afgL, ;DklQ_ -u_ ljBfyL{ hLjgdf cfslif{t ug]{ c;fdflhs Jojxf/af6 cfkm\"nfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;Sgk' 5{ . -3'dfpg, a]Rg, arfpg_ -3_ cfkmn\" ] /fdf| ] ubfu{ b},{ cfkm\" l7s x'FbfxbF' } slxns] fxLF ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 104 gk] fnL, sIff ^

df kg{ ;lsG5 . -Gofo, cGofo, kmfObf_ -ª_ hLjg efu] fOdf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kl/0ffd cfP klg cl3 a9g\\ hfGg'k5{ . -ld7f], glhs, csNkgLo_ #= ;'gfO kf7 ( sf cfwf/df pQ/ eGg'xf];\\ M -s_ dflg;sf] hLjgsf] sg' sfnnfO{ hu lgdf0{ fsf] pd/] elgG5 < -v_ ljBfyL{ hLjgdf ljsf; ug'{kg]{ s'g} rf/cf]6f c;n afgLx¿ atfpg'xf;] \\ . -u_ ljBfyL{ hLjgdf s:tf s'/fx¿ klg gSsn ug{ dg k5{ < -3_ s:tf] ;dodf klg ;sf/fTds eP/ cufl8 a9g\\ k' 5{ < l;hg{ f÷kl/ofh] gf != tnsf s'g} zLif{sdf sljtf n]vL sIffdf ;g' fpgx' f];\\ M -s_ d/] f] b]z -v_ xfdL afnaflnsf -u_ cfdf -3_ d]/f] ;kgf @ = sIffdf rf/ rf/ hgfsf] ;d\"x agfpg'xf];\\ . k|Tos] ;d\"xn] ;dfh / /fi6«sf nflu /fd|f] sfd u//] cd/ ePsf JolStsf gfd / sfd n]vL sIffdf k:| tt' ug{x' f;] \\ . g]kfnL, sIff ^ 105

kf7 !) kj\" { k7g tnsf lrqsyf x]g{x' f;] \\ . lrqsyfsf] cGTo s;/L eof] xf]nf, sNkgf u/L eGgx' f;] \\ M 106 gk] fnL, sIff ^

d\"n kf7 cfzfsf] lbof] !) æcfdf, P cfdf Û p7g\\ 'xf;] \\ g cfdf Û dn} ] bjfO{ lsg/] NofPsL 5' . cfdf, P cfdf Û p7g\\ 'xf];\\ g cfdf Û bjfO{ vfg p7g\\ 'xf];\\ g . ca rf8F } lgsf] x'G5 . lk/ gug'{xf];\\ cfdf Û p7g\\ 'xf;] \\ .Æ cfdf OGt' g lrGt' eP/ n8g\\ 'ePsf] 5 . Pp6L bzP3f/ jifs{ L ;fgL rdn] L xftdf kfgLsf] aft] n / cf}ifwL lnP/ cfdfsf] 5p] df al:5g\\ . pgL cfdfnfO{ k6s k6s af]nfpFl5g\\ . lgsa} /] af]nfPkl5 cfdf P]of=== eGb} sf]N6] km]g'{x'G5 . rd]nL km]l/ cfdfnfO{ afn] fplF 5g\\ . æcfdf, P cfdf Û p7g\\ x' f;] \\ g cfdf bjfO{ vfg . xg] x{' f;] \\ t dn} ] bjfO{ lsg/] NofPsL 5' . cfh t rfdn klg NofPsL 5' . cfdf p7g\\ x' f;] \\ g .Æ sf7] fsf] Ps 5]pdf cfdf ;l' t/x]sL l5g\\ . sf]7fsf] csf]{ 5]pdf ;fdfg 5/k:6 5g\\ . 5]jd} f bzP3f/ jif{sL rdn] L xftdf kfgLsf] lunf; af]s/] a;s] L l5g\\ . jftfj/0f ;'g;fg 5 . gk] Yodf ss' /' es' ]sf] cfjfh cfpF5, -ef}eF fF} ef}eF f}F ===_ cfdf M P rdn] L lsg lrRofPsL < Po] f===. v} dl/G5 ls Sof xf] < rd]nL M cfdf p7g\\ x' f];\\ g dn} ] cf}ifwL lsg/] NofPsL 5' . -oL xg] ';{ \\ t < cfi} fwL bv] fpbF _} cfdf M v,} d t aflF RbgF h:tf] 5 . v} s] ug{] < x] bj} tF slt lgi7/' L < of] 5f/] Lsf] /Iff u/ . rd]nL M To;f] geGg'xf];\\ g cfdf, tkfOnF{ fO{ sx] L xb'F g} . d}n] cfi} fwL NofPsL 5' . cfh rfdn klg lsg/] NofPsL 5' . d hfpnf] ksfOlbG5' lg . zAbfy{ lgi7/' L M dfof bof gePsf] OGt' g lrGt' M xf;] xjf; gePsf] cj:yf g]kYo M kbf{k5fl8sf] 56' 6\\ } 7fp“ g]kfnL, sIff ^ 107

cfdf M v} n]pm g t vfpmF . t/ o;n] v} s] kf] unf{ / < rdn] L M klxn] cfi} fwL vfP/ t xg] x{' f;] \\ . nf} p7/] cfF ugx{' f;] ,\\ cfdf Û cfdf M v} np] m, d cfkm}F vfG5' . -cfi} fwL;Fu} kfgL lkpg'x'G5 ._ P]of===of] 6fpsf] km6' n\\ f h:t} r8\\lsPsf] 5 . ltdLn] s] vfof} t < rd]nL M ca d gg' xfn/] hfpnf] ksfp5F ,' clg vfpnF f g cfdf5f/] L . cfdf M k;} f s;n] lbof] t rfdn lsGg] < rdn] L M cfh d}n] bzcf6] f kfgLsf aft] n a]r]F lg cfdf . Ps} hgfn] kfrF af]tn lslglbP, slt hftL dfG5] Û cfdf M ltdLnfO{ k9fP/ 7'nf] dfG5] agfpg] /x/ lyof] . Tof] klg cw/' } /xg] eof] . of] kfkL sfnn] 6kSs} l6Knf h:tf] 5 . v} afa} Û ;f/f ;kgfx¿ sj] n ;kgfd} x/fpnfg\\ h:tf 5g\\ . rdn] L M nf} t cfdf hfpnf] kfSof] . tfQft} vfgx' f;] \\ . of] /fu] t lgsf] eOxfN5 lg . lsg lk/ dfGgx' G' 5 cfdf < d 5bF } 5' lg . -cfdf5f/] L ;Fu} a;/] hfpnf] vfG5g\\ . rd]nLn] cfkm\" yf]/} vfP/ cfdfnfO{ ylklblG5g\\ ._ cfdf M ef] ef] ltdL vfpm . cfh slt lbgdf ltd|f] k]6df klg tftf] hfpnf] k/s] f] 5 . rd]nL M nf} cfdf ;T' gx' f];\\ x} . d kfgL aR] g hfG5' . tkfO{F lgsf] ePkl5 dfq d ljBfno hfG5' . -rdn] Ln] cfdfnfO{ cf9] \\g] cf9] fOlblG5g\\ . vfPsf h'7fefF8f dfem/] sf7] f ;kmf u/L aflx/ lgl:slG5g\\ ._ 108 gk] fnL, sIff ^

rdn] L M P xh'/ Û nf} cfof] . lr;f] kfgL cfof] . lr;f] kfgL, lr;f] kfgL lkpgx' f;] \\ xh'/ Û ltvf{ d]6fpg'xf;] \\ . a6'jf M slt k};f xf] kfgLsf] gfgL < rdn] L M Pp6fsf] klRr;, b'O6fsf] k}Ftfln; xh'/ . lr;f] kfgL lkpg'xf;] \\ xh'/ . xfF;/] lhpg'xf;] \\ . cfof] x} cfof], lr;f] kfgL cfof] . sNkgf M P rd]nL Û ltdL lsg ljBfno gcfPsL xF < ;ljtf u'?dfn] cl:tb]lv ltdLnfO{ ;fl] w/xge' Psf] 5 . rdn] L M -cfFvfaf6 cfF;' emfb}_{ v} ;fyL s] egfF} / Û xfdL h:tf ul/an] sxfF k9g\\ kfpg' / < -cfF;' k5' \\g yflN5g\\ _ v} ;fyL d t ===. sNkgf M n ltdL t ?g kf] yfNof} t < lsg s] eof] < eg g ;fyL, s] eof] < rd]nL M xfd|f] syf ltdL ;G' g ;lSbgf} ;fyL . ef] g;g' d]/f] bM' v d;} uF /xf];\\ . sNkgf M 5o\\ f Û ltdL t cfˆgf] ldNg] ;fyLnfO{ klg s/' f ns' fp5F o\\ f} t < eg g d cfh ltdf| ] s/' f ;G' 5' . cfˆgf] bM' v af8F o\\ f] eg] kf] sd xG' 5 t . ;d:of eP ;dfwfg klg t lgl:sG5 lg . rdn] L M d/] L cfdf l;ls:t} la/fdL xg' 'xG' 5 . 3/df sfx] L 5g} . vfg]s/' f s]xL 5}g . d kfgL a]r]/ sx] L k;} f hDdf u/]/ klxn] cfdfsf] pkrf/ u5,'{ clg=== Û sNkgf M ltd|f aa' f x'g'xG' g / < rdn] L M kf]xf/] ;fn uf8L=== -pm ?g yfnL ._ ;Demg klg ;lSbgF l;ls:t} M Hofb} la/fdL ePsf] 109 g]kfnL, sIff ^

;fyL Û d/] f] cfvF c} ufl8 Tof] /fIf; uf8Ln] daf6 d/] f] aa' fnfO{ vf]:of] . d rflxF aNn aNn ar]F . sNkgf M lar˜˜˜/f Û j}s0' 7df jf; xf;] \\ . ltdf| Kof/f aa' fsf] . rd]nL M aa' fsf] lgwgkl5 xfdL cfdf5f]/L ;xf/fljxLg eofF} . cfdf c¿sf 3/df sfd u/]/ d]/f] k9fOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} xg' 'xG' Yof] . cfh cfdf la/fdL eP/ ynf kg{'ePsf] 5 . sNkgf M cf}ifwL ug{ c:ktfn nlugf} t < rd]nL M c:ktfn nfg t k};f x'g'k¥of] lg Û cfh aNntNn l;6fdfn] lsg/] vj' fPF . bO' { lsnf] rfdn lsg/] nuF] . clnslt hfpnf] agfP/ v'jfPF . ca rflxF afRF g'xf]nf ls < sNkgf M o:tf] cK7\\of/f] kbf{ t xfdLnfO{ eGg'k5{ lg Û ;fyLefO egs] f] bM' v;v' df t xf] lg Û rdn] L M e}uf] d/] f] bM' v d};uF /xg bp] m . d Ps xKtf kfgL a]r/] sdfPsf] k;} fn] klxnf cfdfsf] pkrf/ u5'{ clg cfdfnfO{ lgsf] ePkl5 ljBfno cfpF5' . sNkgf M lxDdt u/ ;fyL Û d klg ;sF] eg] sx] L pkfo cjZo lgsfNg] 5' . ltd|L cfdfsf] zL3| :jf:Yonfesf] sfdgf u5{' . rd]nL M xG' 5, n ca hfpFm x} . kfgL vfP/ hfpm g . -rd]nLn] kfgL lblG5g\\ . k;} f lng dflGbgg\\ ._ s] ;fyL;uF klg k;} f lnG5g\\ t < P xh'/ Û nf} cfof] x} cfof,] of] udL{df cfFt lehfpgx' f;] \\, kfgL lkpg'xf];\\ xh/' Û kfgL, kfgL lkpmF xh'/, cfgGbn] lhpmF . ;xf/fljxLg M ;xf/f gePsf] 110 g]kfnL, sIff ^

-ljBfnosf] sIffsf]7f . ;a} hgf sIffdf ljBfno kf];fsdf 7fFl6P/ a;]sf 5g\\ . rdn] L cfˆgf] k/' fgf] ljBfno kf];fs nufP/ Pp6f k/' fgf] emf]nf af]s/] sIffdf k|j]z ul5g{ \\ . clegj p7]/ 7'nf] :j/n] xNnf u5{ . æn x} ;fyL xf] Û cfof] x} cfof], v} s] cfof] <Æ ;a} unNn xf:F 5g\\ . aw' gn] p7/] eG5, ædg nfu] cfof,] gnfu] gcfof], e]6] vfof], ge6] ] gvfof] . cfof] Pp6f crDdsf] kfs] f] cfof] .Æ ;a} unn xfF:g yfN5g\\ . rdn] L sIffdf uP/ aG] rdf dG' 6f] /fv]/ gafn] L al:5g\\ ._ sNkgf M P ;fyL xf] Û s]xL sfd gkfP h:tf] c¿nfO{ p8fP/ a:5f} . dflg;sf afWotf gae' mL o;/L lvNnL p8fpg nfh nfUbg} < kfNt]g M ToxL t egs] f] oL xg' v] fgs] f ;GtfgnfO{ ul/asf] dd{ s] yfxf < clegj M p8\\of] r/L p8o\\ f], gfRof] r/L gfRof] . wgL/fd M af?n] sDd/ efFRof], gfRof] r/L gfRof] . -rd]nL ;FS' s;S'F s ?g yfN5] . dgdf c;xo\\ kL8f afs] ]/ ;an} ] p;nfO{ x/] ]/ dhfs p8fO/xs] f 5g\\ . kfn] ]sf] 3fpdf gg' rs' 3;] em}F p;nfO{ jrgaf0fn] 3fl] r/x]sf 5g\\ ._ a'wg uf]hLaf6 ?dfn lems]/ lh:SofpF5, ælj/xsf] cfF;' k'5\\g] ?dfn, g/fp] m g/f]pm gfgL, gfgLsf] ?Gr] afgL, xfdLnfO{ vfO] { t kfgL, eg t ?GrL gfgL, cfF;' k'5g\\ ] ?dfn, ef] ca cf;F ' gemf/ .Æ ;a} hgf jfx, jfx Û eGb} 6]an 76fpFb} xf:F 5g\\ . sf]xL kmgkmgL 3d' ]/ gfR5g\\ . oltsd} f sIff lzIfs ;ljtfsf] k|jz] x'G5 . c;x\\o kL8f M ;xg g;lsg] bM' v 111 lj/x M ljofu] hGo kL8f jf b'Mv g]kfnL, sIff ^

;a} hgf M ze' k|eft u'?cfdf Û ;ljtf M d]/f Kof/f ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx¿nfO{ ze' k|eft Û cfhsf] lbg ;as} f] z'e /xf];\\ . n cfh t rdn] L klg cfOl5g\\ . ltdLnfO{ ;Grf] ePg ls s] xf] < rd]nL M ;Gr} 5' u?' cfdf Û clejg M ev{/} la/fdL, kml] / ;Grf] /] lxlxxL . -;a} unNn xfF:5g\\ ._ ;ljtf M ltdLx¿sf] c¿nfO{ p8fpg] afgL rflxF slxNo} x6g] x} Û ;fyLefO;FUf ldn]/ a:g,' Pscsf{sf b'Mvdf ;xofu] L aGg', ljgd| xg' ' t stf xf] stf, ;w}F xfx] Nnf dfq u¥of], o;/L c;n dfG5] algPnf t < sNkgf M x]g;'{ \\ g u?' cfdf Û of] lar/L rd]nLnfO{ xk] ]/ lh:SofP/ a:g} lbb+F }gg\\ . cfh klg cfpg]lalQs} ufOh{ fqf ;'? u/] . lar/f Û ?g' g xfF:g' ePsL 5] . rd]nL M e}uf] sNkgf Û d bM' vLnfO{ arfpg gvfh] . xfF:g bp] m d]/f] ul/aLdfly, cflv/ d ;xg} hlGdPsL /lx5', ;lxlbG5' . logLx¿nfO{ ul/aLsf] kL8f slt s7f]/ x'G5, slt b'MvbfoL xG' 5, s] yfxf < sNkgf M dfG5]sf] cj:yf s] 5 eGg] gae' mL p8fpg] < 3/df cfdf la/fdL xg' x' G' 5, vfgs] /' f sx] L 5g} , lar/L Û pm s;/L cfcf;] \\ ljBfno < ;ljtf M dn} ] ;a}sf] s/' f a'em]F . d rd]nLsL cfdfsf] pkrf/ / pgsf] k9fOsf] ljifodf rfF8} s]xL pkfo lgsfNg] 5' . sNkgf M nf} g u'?cfdf Û s]xL t ug}{ k¥of], lar/Lsf] ;xf/f klg t 112 gk] fnL, sIff ^

sfx] L 5}g . d klg d]/f] aa' f;uF s'/f u5,'{ s]xL pkfo t lgl:sPnf . ;ljtf M o:tf] ;dodf wo} {n] sfd lngk' 5{ . ltd|f ;fyLefO ;a} ldn]/ ltdf| ] a;fO / k9fOsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;S5g\\ . ltd|f] lrqsnf, ;d' w'/ :j/, ljgdt| f, sljtf n]Vg] Ifdtf cflbn] Ps lbg ltdLnfO{ cjZo ;kmn dfG5] aGg k|l] /t ub5{ . of] ;ª3\\ if{k0\" f{ hLjgdf ;d:ofbl] v efUg' xbF' }g . ;d:ofnfO{ 86/] ;dfwfg ub{} hfgk' 5{ . Pp6f /fd|f] uxgf aGg ;g' n] slt rf6] ;xg'k5{ < cfufdf kfl] ng'k5{ . ltdL klg Pp6f c;n ;g' xf} . hLjgsf] cfsf/ lng ;d:of¿kL cfufn] ltdLnfO{ kf]ln/x]sf] 5 . t/=== p7===x/]; gvfpm . Ps lbg ;d:of g} ltdL;Fu xf/]/ 6f9f efUg] 5 . -rd]nL cfvF fel/ cfF;' kf/]/ lstfa Rofk]/ n?' n?' 3/lt/ nfU5] . af6fdf ;fR] b} lxF85\\ ,] æs] ;fRF r} u?' cfdfn] eg] h:t} xf]nf t < d/] L cfdf lgsf] xg' x' f]nf t < xf,] cjZo d/] L cfdf lgsf] xg' 'xG' 5 . d lg/Gt/ ljBfno hfG5' . /fd|/L k95\\ ' / cfˆgf nflu, cfdfsf nflu / bz] sf nflu s]xL u5'{ . cfh dnfO{ u'?cfdfn] cfzfsf] lbof] hufOlbg'eof] . d o;nfO{ lgEg glbO{ lg/Gt/ afNg] k|oTg ug{] 5' .Æ_ wo} { M sl7g ;dodf ljrlnt geO{ /xg,] wL/tf 86/] M cl8u /x/] cjZo M lgZro g]kfnL, sIff ^ 113

zAbe08f/ != lbOPsf cgs' /0ffTds zAbsf] ldNg] lj|mof;u“ hf8] f ldnfpgx' f;] \\ M es' es' k8l\\ sg' ;F'Ss;'FSs cfjfh lgsfNg' KofRr p8g\\ ' 8o\\ fDd xf:g' u'gug' ?g' km'ªu\\ l6Kg' 6Ss eS' g' UjfDnfªª\\ eGg' 6kSs cuF fnf] xfNg' cl8g' @= tnsf 6S' sf / ltgsf cyl{ ar hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\\ M ufnL vfg ' t?' Gt hafkm kmsfp{ g' d'vd'v} nfUg' kIf lng,' kIfkft ug{' a9t\\ f x'g ' b'Mvsf] ulx/f] cge' \"lt xg' ' dfof dfg {' cfjZostfeGbf a9L hfGg] x'g' sfvL RofKg' s;}n] cfkm\" nfO{ g/fdf| ] jrg nufpg' d6' ' lrl/g' TofUg' 114 g]kfnL, sIff ^

#= tnsf pvfg / ltgsf] cfzolar hf8] f ldnfpgx' f;] \\ M cl3sf] lttf] kl5sf] ld7f] s]xL klg gud' fOs{ g sfd kmQ] ug'{ 9'ªu\\ f] vfH] bf bp] tf ldNg' cfˆgf] 9ª\\u geO{sg csfd{ fly bf]if yf]kg]{ ;fkF klg d/f;] \\ n67\\ L klg gefFlrof]; \\ sfd ug]{nfO{ s'g} afwfn] /f]Sg g;Sg' vfg] d'vnfO{ h'3F fn] 5S] bg} klxn] g/fdf| ] jf bM' v eP klg k5fl8 /fdf| ] jf ;v' x'Fbf a;] gfRg ghfGg] cfFug 6]9f] ;fdfGo j:t' vfH] bf axd' N\" o j:t' kf| Kt ug{' $= tnsf 6S' sfx¿nfO{ cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u ug{x' f];\\ M 6fpsfdf 6S] g' -dflQP/ xK] g'_, tfn'df cfn' kmNg' -efUo ;k|g_' , 3F8' f 6S] g' -xf/ vfg_' , afrf afWF g' -k|lt1f ug'{_, nv sf6\\g' -c8\\sn ug_{' , xftd'v hf]g{' -hLljsf rnfpg_' , sDd/ s:g' -cfF6 ug{'_, 36F} fdf 3fd nfUg' -al' 4 vN' g'_, gfs sf6\\g' -a]OHht xg' '_ afw] / cleJolSt != dflysf] syf lgDgfg;' f/n] k7g ugx{' f;] \\ M -s_ df}g k7g ug{'xf];\\ / ga'ems] f zAb jf ;Gbe{ l6kf]6 ug{x' f;] \\ . df}g k7gsf] cjlw ;lsPkl5 ga'em]sf s/' f lzIfsnfO{ ;f]w]/ k:| 6 xg' 'xf;] \\ . -v_ lzIfssf] lgb]{zgcg;' f/sf cg'R5]bx¿ kfn}kfnf] ;:j/ k7g ug'x{ f;] \\ . g]kfnL, sIff ^ 115

@= lbOPsf 36gfx¿nfO{ kf7sf cfwf/df 36gfjm| d ldnfO{ !, @, # === sf] jm| ddf /fVg'xf];\\ M - _ cfdf la/fdL ePsf sf/0f ljBfno hfg g;s]sL - _ sNkgf eGg] ;fyLn] rdn] Lsf] ;d:of ae' m]sL - _ rdn] LsL cfdf la/fdL eP/ OGt' g lrGt' eO{ n8s] L - _ u?' cfdfn] ;a}nfO{ ;Demfpg] k|of; uge{' Psf] - _ rdn] L x/avt cfdfsf] ;j] fdf nfu]sL - _ cGTodf u'?cfdfn] w}o{n] sfd ug'{k5{ egL rd]nLnfO{ ;Demfpg'ePsf] - _ af6fdf kfgL a]r]/ cfdfsf] cf}ifwL / ;fdfGo vfgfsf] hfx] f] u/s] L - _ u'?cfdfn] ;DemfPkl5 rdn] Lsf] dgdf cfzfsf] lbof] an]sf] - _ ljBfnodf cGo ;fyLx¿n] rd]nLsf] lvNnL p8fPsf #= kf7sf cfwf/df lbOPsf kfqx¿sf af/d] f dfl} vs j0fg{ ug'{xf;] \\ M -s_ rd]nL -v_ cfdf -u_ sNkgf -3_ ;ljtf u?' cfdf $= kf7sf cfwf/df pQ/ lbgx' f];\\ M -s_ rd]nLsL cfdfsf] /x/ s] lyof] < -v_ rd]nLsf hLjgdf s:tf ;d:of cfOk/s] f lyP < -u_ rdn] LnfO{ s;n] cfzfsf] lbof] hufOlbof] < 116 g]kfnL, sIff ^

%= efj lj:tf/ ugx{' f];\\ M ;d:of eP ;dfwfg klg t lgl:sG5 lg . ^= dflysf] syf k9L Ps cg'R5]bdf pSt syfsf] ;Gb]z n]Vgx' f;] \\ . &= cg'R5]b k9g\\ 'xf;] \\ / PsltxfOdf ;f/ n]Vgx' f;] \\ M df]tL/fd e6\\6n] g]kfnL ;flxTodf …k|x\\nfbelSt syfÚ, …lksb\"tÚ, …piffrl/qÚ, …uhG] b|df]IfÚ, …dgfå] ]ukj| fxÚ …slj;dx\" j0fg{ d\\Ú, …e|d/ uLtÚ -sljtf sfJo_, …lk|oblzs{ fÚ -gfl6sf_, …zs'GtnfÚ -gf6s_, …efge' Stsf] hLjgrl/qÚ -hLjgL_ h:tf ch/ cd/ sl[ tx¿ lbPsf 5g\\ . pgn] g]kfnL sfJohut\\df sljtfd} ;d:of /fVg] / To;sf] hafkm s'g} cGo sljn] sljtfd} lbg] lsl;dsf sljtf n]Vg] cleofg rnfP . o; rngnfO{ g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;d:ofk\"lt{ sljtf elgG5 . …ef/thLjgÚ gfds k]|; vfn] ]/ To;sf] Joj:yfks;dt] cfk}Fm eP . pgn] To; k;]| af6 efg'eStLo …/fdfo0fÚ sf] afnsf08 5kfP . pgn] …uf/] vf ef/t hLjgÚ gfds g]kfnL efiffsf] klqsf;dt] ks| fzg u/] . pgn] lbPsf] ;flxlTos ofu] bfgsf sf/0f xfdL pgnfO{ dfWolds sfnsf s]Gb|Lo kl| tef dfG5f}F . pgL ky| d gk] fnL uhnsf/ x'g\\ . pgL slj tyf gf6ssf/sf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt 5g\\ . pgnfO{ k|yd hLjgLsf/ tyf ;dfnfr] s klg elgG5 . pgL ;flxTo Ifq] sf Ps cGj]ifs / kqsf/ x'g\\ . To;}n] ;flxTosf/ dft] L/fd e6\\6nfO{ ax'dv' L kl| tefsf wgL dflgG5 . *= tnsf a“'bfsf cfwf/df 5f]6f] syf n]Vg'xf;] \\ M xfQLsf] ;fgf] 5fjf x'g' Tof] ;fx|} rsrs] x'g' dfxt' n] ] To;sf v6' \\6fdf ;fªn\\ fn] afFw]/ vDafdf cNemfpg' 5fjfn] Tof] ;fª\\nf] r8' fpg an ug'{ 117 g]kfnL, sIff ^

v'66\\ fdf 3fp x'g' t/ klg ;fª\\nf] r'8fpg g;Sg' 5fjfn] lbgxF' an ug{' t/ c;kmn x'g' 5fjf a9b\\ } hfg' / 3/L3/L ;fªn\\ f] r8' fpg vfH] g' t/ klg r8' fpg g;Sg' kl5 kl5 t r8' fpg] ko| f; ug}{ 5f]8g\\ ' dfxt' ]n] Pp6f ;fgf] 8f/] Ln] v'6\\6fnfO{ vDafdf afFw] h:tf] ug{' xfQL To;d} f cNem]/ Ps} 7fpF a:g' (= cfjZostfcg';f/ ;dx\" aGgx' f];\\ . x/]s ;dx\" n] …cfzfsf] lbof]Ú syfaf6 PsbO' { zAbdf pQ/ cfpg] bO' { bO' c{ f]6f kZ| g agfpgx' f];\\ / cfkm\\gf] ;dx\" n] agfPsf kZ| g kfn}kfnf] ;g' fpg'xf];\\ . !)= sNkgf ug'{xf];\\ ls tkfO{“sf] glhssf] ;fyL s'g} s'/fdf c;kmn eof] . To; c;kmntfn] p;nfO{ ulx/f] rf6] nfUof] . o:tf] a]nfdf xtf;df ePsf] pSt ;fyLnfO{ tkfO{“ s;/L ;Demfpg'x'G5 < s;/L ;fGTjgf lbgx' 'G5 < xtf; ePsf] pSt ;fyLnfO{ s;/L k|f]T;fxg ugx{' 'G5, sIffdf atfpg'xf;] \\ . eflifs ;+/rgf / j0fl{ jGof; != lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9g\\ 'xf];\\ / /ftf] cIf/sf ljelSt klxrfg u/L n]Vgx' f;] \\ M Psfbz] df Pp6L a'9L cfdf x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] sf]xL lyPg . pxfsF f] b}lgsL eg]s} 3/b]lv hªu\\ n hfg' / kmls{g' lyof] . hª\\undf uP/ bfp/f vfh] L ufpdF f nh} fgx' 'GYof] . tL bfp/f a]r]/ w/] } dl' :snn] pxfF cfkm\\gf] k6] kfNgx' G' Yof] . c¿ lbgdf h:t} u/L Ps lbg hªu\\ ndf bfp/f vf]Hbf pxfFn] emf8Ldf s'v/' fsf] Pp6f km'n e]6\\6fpg'eof] . ;fob Tof] jg s'v'/fsf] km'n lyof] . pxfFn] Tof] km'n 3/ nu/] a8f] 118 gk] fnL, sIff ^

htgn] /fVg'eof] . sx] L lbgkl5 kmn' /fv]sf 7fpFaf6 pxfFn] sv' '/fsf rNnfsf] cfjfh ;'Ggeof] . ToxfF uP/ x]bf{ Pp6f va' /fdf| ] / /x/ nfUbf] s'v/' fsf rNnf] b]Vge' of] . a'9L cfdfn] To; rNnfnfO{ cfkm\" gvfP/ klg Ho'F ToF' u/L x'sfp{ g'eof] . Ps lbg s'v/' f] 7n' f] ePkl5 To;n] a'9LnfO{ eGof,] æd/] L cfdf, tkfOF;{ uF k};f 5 eg] lbg'xf];\\ g . k;naf6 sx] L lsg]/ NofpF5' .Æ s'v/' fn] dflg;n] em}F afn] ]sf] ;'Gbf a9' L cfdf 5Ss kg'{eof] . dflysf] cg'R5b] df sg' ljelSt ;ae} Gbf w]}/} k6s ko| f]u ePsf] 5 < Tof] slt k6s ko| fu] ePsf] 5 < PskN6 dfq k|of]u ePsf ljelSt sg' sg' xg' ,\\ nV] gx' f;] \\ . @= pkoS' t 7fpd“ f l7s ljelSt e/L tnsf jfSox¿sf] kg' nv{] g ugx{' f;] \\ M -s_ d}n] efO e]6s] f] 5}g . -v_ xl/ sf7df8fF} bv] s] f] 5 . -u_ /fd aa' f / d lrGg'xG' 5 . -3_ kf;fª 6a] n lstfa /fVof] . -ª_ kl;{ ljBfno ;?' xG' 5 . -r_ c~hnL ;'lDgdf ;fyL 7flG5g\\ . -5_ s]6f] srF} L ;fyL skfn sf6\\of] . -h_ xfd|f] 3/ 5]p 7'nf] k;n 5 . -h_ sfsf w/fg lx8F ]/ sfFs8le6\\6f cfOkU' ge' of] . -em_ dgfh] lbbL d 3/ af]nfpge' Psf] 5 . g]kfnL, sIff ^ 119

#= dflysf ;j+ fbdf ko| S' t ;ftcf6] f ljelSt l6k/] jfSodf ko| fu] ugx{' f;] \\ . $= cg'R5bdf /]vfªs\\ g ul/Psf zAb l6Kgx' f;] \\ / stf{ / sd{ sf/s klxrfg u/L tflnsf agfO{ nV] gx' f;] \\ M efO vfhf vfG5 . p;n] alxgLnfO{ af]nfpFbf pgLx¿ rp/df vN] 5g\\ . alxgLn] p;sf ;fyLx¿ klg af]nfplF 5g\\ . ;fyLx¿ klg s]xL a/] vN] 5g\\ . ;fFem xG' 5 . cfdf pgLx¿nfO{ af]nfpgx' 'G5 . pgLx¿ 3/ hfG5g\\ . pgLx¿ vfgf vfG5g\\ . jfSodf sfd h;n] u5{ Tof] g} stf{ sf/s xG' 5 . sfdsf] c;/ kg]{ sd{ sf/s x'G5 . stf{ / sd{ sf/sdf ljelSt nfUg klg ;S5 / gnfUg klg ;S5 . %= tnsf jfSodf cfPsf sf/s lrg/] vfnL 7fpd“ f n]Vg'xf;] \\ M sf/s -s_ u'?n] syf k9fpge' of] . =================== -v_ pgLx¿ 3/df a:5g\\ . =================== -u_ sf7df8f}Faf6 kfv] /f hfg] a; 56' \\of] . =================== -3_ efOn] rDrfn] eft vfof] . =================== -ª_ pgsf 3/df kh\" f 5 . =================== ^= cg'R5]b k9\\gx' f];\\ / Uo“ Pjd\\ 1 k|ofu] ePsf zAbsf] 5'6\\6f56' \\6} ;\"rL agfpgx' f];\\ M UofrF /fhn] 1fgu'gsf w/] } s/' f a'em]sf] 5}g t/ pm 1fglj1fgsf s/' fnfO{ cj1f ub{g} . p;n] cfÇgf efOnfO{ rflxF 1fgL agfpg] ljrf/ /fv]sf] 5 . pm efOsf] lj1tfdf dSv 5 . cfkm\" eg] unfdf 120 g]kfnL, sIff ^

UoflF 6; emG' 8\\ofP/ Uof7F jfnf hQ' fdf ;lhP/ ahf/ hfG5 . cfdfsf] cf1fcg;' f/ ahf/af6 Uof;F lnP/ cfpF5 . -s_ …UoÚF nfu]sf zAb M =============================================================================== -v_ …1Ú nfus] f zAb M ============================================================================== ;g' fO / afn] fO != ;'gfO kf7 !) ;G' gx' f];\\ . lunf;sf] tf}n s;n] slt eg] hf8] f ldnfpg'xf];\\ M -s_ alatf cfwf lsnf] -v_ dgLif Ps lsnf] -u_ gogf tLg kfp -3_ gR' 5d] fg bO' { ;o uf| d -ª_ ofn'ªxfª 5 ;o uf| d -r_ lrqn]vf Ps ;o u|fd @= ;'gfO kf7 !) sf cfwf/df lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eGg'xf;] \\ M -s_ cKkn' ] lbJosf] sfgdf dv' nu]/ s] eGof] < -v_ u'?cfdfn] ss;nfO{ afN] g] cg'dlt lbg'eof] < -u_ km'af{sf ljrf/df lunf;sf] tf}n slt /x5] < -3_ lunf; Ps 306f;Dd prfln/fVbf s] xG' 5 < g]kfnL, sIff ^ 121

-ª_ lunf; slt a]nf xftaf6 v:5 xfn] f < -r_ s] s:tf s/' fx¿nfO{ hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] 5f8] \\b} hfgk' 5{ < #= ;g' fO kf7 !) sf] dV' o ;Gbz] atfpgx' f];\\ . l;h{gf÷kl/ofh] gf != slxns] fxL“ s;}sf] egfO jf Jojxf/n] tkfO“n{ fO{ l/; p7s] f] jf dg bv' s] f] cj:yfdf tkfOn“{ ] To:tf] cg'el\" tnfO{ s;/L JoSt ug'{xG' 5, Ps cg'R5]bdf j0f{g ug'x{ f;] \\ . @= cfÇgf cleefjssf ;xfotfaf6 bzcf]6f pvfg / ltgsf cy{ n]Vgx' f;] \\ . cfk\"mn] n]vs] f pvfgx¿ sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f];\\ . 122 gk] fnL, sIff ^

kf7 !! kj\" { k7g tnsf lrqsf af/d] f 5nkmn u/L k|fKt lgisif{ atfpg'xf;] \\ M g]kfnL, sIff ^ 123

dn\" kf7 !! ;xeflutfsf nflu lgjb] g ldlt M @)&&÷)(÷!! >Ldfg\\ k|wfgfWofks, >L gjb'uf{ dfWolds ljBfno nf6fdf8f}F, gjbu' f{ @, 88F n] w/' f ljifo M zl} Ifs ed| 0fdf ;xefuL x'g kfpmF eGg] ;DaGwdf . dxf]bo, pkoS{' t ;DaGwdf xfd|f] ljBfnon] lxpFb] labfdf sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu kfFr lbg] æn'lDagL b]j3f6 z}lIfs e|d0f sfo{j|mdÆ cfof]hgf u/]sf] s'/f ljBfnosf] ;r\" gf af8] a{ f6 yfxf kfPF . pSt sfo{jm| d xfdL h:tf ljBfyLn{ fO{ cToGt} kmnbfoL x'g] tYo ;an} fO{ yfxf g} 5 . To;n} ] d klg pSt sfoj{ |mddf ;xefuL eO{ nfeflGjt xg' ;s\"F eGg] p2Z] on] d/] f cleefjssf] :jLs[ltkq;lxt of] lgj]bg k;] u/]sL 5' . dnfO{ of] df}sf k|bfg ug{'x'g xflbs{ cg'/f]w ub{5' . lgjb] s ;l' ko| f P/] sIff ^ j|md;ªV\\ of @# zAbfy{ kmnbfoL M kmn lbg] nfeflGjt M nfesf] ;l' jwf kfPsf] jf kfpg ] :jLs[ltkq M dGh'/Lkq :jLsl[ t lbPsf] sfuh 124 g]kfnL, sIff ^

zAbe08f/ != lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9\\g'xf];\\ M ljBfnon] sg' } vf; p2]Zo /fv]/ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;dx\" df ul/g] e|d0fnfO{ z}lIfs e|d0f elgG5 . z}lIfs ed| 0f ljzi] f u/]/ sg' } ;f+:s[lts, k|fs[lts, P]ltxfl;s Pjd\\ k'/ftflŒjs 7fpF cflbsf] cjnfs] gfy{ ug]{ ul/G5 . lstfaL 1fg dfq dflg;nfO{ kof{Kt xb'F }g . o;sf ;fy} hLjgdf Jofjxfl/s 1fgsf] klg cem a9L cfjZostf k5{ . Jofjxfl/s 1fg ls t u//] ls t k|ToIf cjnfs] g ed| 0faf6 kf| Kt ul/G5 . kT| oIf cjnfs] g ed| 0faf6 k|fKt u/]sf] 1fg lr/:yfoL k|sl[ tsf] x'G5 . To;n} ] ljBfyL{ ;db' fonfO{ ljBfnon] cfˆgf] cj:yf x/] ]/ ljleGg k|sl[ tsf] z}lIfs ed| 0fdf ;xefuL u/fpg] ub{5 . -s_ dflysf] cgR' 5]b df}g k7g ug'x{ f];\\ / tn lbOPsf zAbsf p:t} cy{ lbg] zAbx¿ l6Kg'xf;] \\ M nIo, dfgj, 3d' lkm/, lhGbuL, :yfg, ljBf, l:ylt -v_ dflysf] cg'R5b] af6 tnsf zAbx¿sf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAbx¿ l6Kg'xf];\\ M cgf}krfl/s, d/0f, cJofjxfl/s, k/fI] f, cNk:yfoL, c1fg @= zAb ;dx\" af6 gldNg] zAbdf uf]nf] 3/] f nufpg'xf];\\ M -s_ v6' 6\\ f kfp r/0f d/0f g]kfnL, sIff ^ 125

-v_ wg dg ;DklQ bf}nt -u_ jg kmn\" hªu\\ n c/0o -3_ lzz ' afns aRrf sRrf -ª_ 1ftf hfGg ] lj1 cf1f -r_ wg ;dL/ kh'F L ;DklQ #= lbOPsf zAb ;dx\" af6 pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb vfh] L ufn] f] 3/] f nufpgx' f;] \\ M -s_ kfk tfk k0' o zG\" o -v_ cfl:ts O{Zj/ gfl:ts ;flŒjs -u_ ljif cdt[ canf cdnf -3_ rf/] dxfTdf ;Gt ;fw' -ª_ gfkmf kmfObf gf]S;fg d'gfkmf af]w / cleJolSt != dflysf] lgj]bg k9g\\ x' f;] \\ / l7s -√_ al] 7s -x_ 56' \\ofpgx' f;] \\ M -s_ of] lgjb] g v]nsb' sf ljifodf n]lvPsf] 5 . - _ -v_ k|ToIf cWoog cjnfs] gaf6 k|fKt 1fg lr/:yfoL x'G5 . - _ -u_ e|d0fn] Jofjxfl/s 1fg cfh{g ug{ Tolt dbt ub}{g . - _ 126 gk] fnL, sIff ^

-3_ l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L / Jofjxfl/s agfpg z}lIfs e|d0fn] ;xofu] u5{ . - _ -ª_ of] lgjb] g n]vs ;'lko| f clwsf/L xg' \\ . - _ @= kf7sf cfwf/df pQ/ eGg'xf];\\ M -s_ of] lgj]bg s'g ldltdf n]lvPsf] xf] < -v_ of] lgj]bg s;n] s;nfO{ nv] s] f] xf] < -u_ z}lIfs ed| 0fdf sxfF hfg] sfoj{ |md 5 < -3_ of] lgj]bgsf] ljifo s] xf] < #= k9\\gx' f;] \\ / pQ/ lbgx' f];\\ M lgj]bg n]Vbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ kIfx¿ != kfgfsf bfofkF 6l\\ 6 l;/fg efudf ;f] lgjb] g nv] s] f lbgsf] ldlt pNnv] ug]{ @= ldlt pNn]v ul/;sk] l5 To;}sf] dl' Gt/ Ps kªl\\ St 5f8] ]/ afofkF 6l\\ 6 lgj]bg ugk{' g]{ sfof{no jf ;:+ yfnfO{ jf To;sf kbflwsf/LnfO{ -vf;u/L kd| v' nfO{_ ;Dafw] g ug{] #= ;Daf]wg ul/;s]kl5 To;}sf] dl' Gt/ pSt sfofn{ o jf ;+:yfsf] gfd nV] g] $= sfofn{ osf] gfdsf] d'lGt/ 7]ufgf nV] g] gk] fnL, sIff ^ 127

%= 7]ufgfkl5 k'gM Ps kª\\lSt 5f]8/] lgj]bg nV] g'kg]{ ljifo n]Vg] ^ lgj]bgsf] ljifo n]lv;s]kl5 k'gM Ps kª\\lSt 5f]8]/ k'gM ;Daf]wg -dxf]bo÷dxfzo_ n]Vg] &= kg' M ;Daf]wg -dxf]bo÷dxfzo_ ul/;sk] l5 To;sf] tnlt/ kg' M Ps kª\\lSt 5f8] ]/ ljifonfO{ vn' :t kfg{] u/L cfjZos s/' fx¿ nV] g] *= To;kl5 Ps kª\\lSt 5f]8]/ kfgfsf] bfofFlt/ …ejbLo÷ lgjb] s÷tkfO{sF f] ===Ú cflb n]Vg] (= …ejbLo÷ lgj]bs÷tkfO{Fsf] ===Ú sf] l7s d'lGt/ lgj]bssf] x:tfIf/, gfd / 7]ufgf nV] g] olt ul/;sk] l5 lgjb] g k0\" f{ xG' 5 / o;nfO{ vfdaGbL ug{' k/] ki]| fs / kf| kssf] gfd÷kb / 7u] fgf 3/fo;L lr7Lcg;' f/ g} nV] gk' 5{ . kZ| gx¿ -s_ lgj]bgsf hDdf sltcf]6f r/0f xF'bf /x]5g\\ < -v_ lgjb] gsf] klxnf] r/0fdf s] n]lvG5 < -u_ lgjb] g n]Vbf ljifosf] hfgsf/L sg' r/0fdf u/fOG5 < -3_ lgjb] gsf] dV' o ljifo sg' r/0fdf nl] vG5 < $= 3/df xh/' cfdf la/fdL eO{ c:ktfn n}hfg'k/s] fn] Ps lbgsf] labf kfpm“ egL kw| fgWofksnfO{ lgjb] g n]Vgx' f];\\ . 128 g]kfnL, sIff ^

%= lbOPsf] ;r\" gf k9g\\ x' f;] \\ / kfr“ cf]6f k|Zgx¿ agfpg'xf;] \\ M df;} dL ?ufvfs] L / Hj/fn] ] ljleGg pd/] ;dx\" sf JolStx¿ la/fdL k5g{ \\ . of] /fu] sf] ks| fk] gk] fnsf ljleGg ee\" fudf ;do ;dodf bv] fk5{ . jiff{ ofdsf] ;?' tyf cGTo, hf8f] ofdsf] ;?' tyf cGTodf ;fwf/0ftof ?ufvfs] L, Hj/f] tyf PGˆnP' Ghfsf la/fdL a9L bv] fk5g{ \\ . o;af6 aRg lgDglnlvt pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;j;{ fwf/0fdf cg/' fw] 5 M nIf0fx¿ Hj/f] cfpg] 6fpsf] b'Vg,] 3fF6L bV' g] ?uf / vfs] L nfUg], ;f; kmg] { ufxf| ] xg' ] aRrfx¿nfO{ emf8fkvfnf klg nfUg ;Sg] aRg] pkfox¿ vfS] bf / xfR5o\\ F' ubf{ ;kmf sk8f jf ?dfn jf kfv/' fn] gfs / dv' 5fK] g] ;fag' kfgLn] ldlrldrL xft wg' ] kfl] ;nf] / emfn] kbfy{ kz| :t dfqfdf lkpg] Hj/f] cfPsf JolStn] kz| :t xfjf cfx] f/] bfx] f/] ug{] sf7] fdf cf/fd ug{] cgfjZos ¿kdf dflg;x¿sf] le8ef8df ghfg] 3/n] ' pkrf/af6 :jf:Yodf ;w' f/ gePdf glhssf] :jf:Yo sG] bd| f hfg] zªs\\ f:kb /fu] Laf6 6f9} a:g] cfvF f, gfs / dv' df cgfjZos ¿kdf xft gnh} fg] gfs, d'v 5fK] g ko| f]u ul/Psf] ?dfn wfP] / dfq k|of]u ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/ :jf:Yo tyf hg;ªV\\ of dGqfno g]kfnL, sIff ^ 129

^= tn lbOPsf] ;djb] gf k9g\\ x' f];\\ / o:t} csf{] gdg' f ;djb] gf nV] gx' f;] \\ M ;dj]bgf hGd kmf]6f] @))! h]7 % ut ] dT[ o' @)&& h7] !% ut] o; bu' f{ df=lj= sf k\"j{ kw| fgfWofks tyf lzIff;]jL ;Gtnfn rfw} /Lsf] @)&&÷)@÷!% ut] && jifs{ f] pd/] df c;fdlos lgwg ePsf] va/n] xfdLnfO{ cToGt bM' vL tN' ofPsf] 5 . o; bv' b 38Ldf :juLo{ ;Gtnfn rf}w/Lsf] cfTdfkl| t efjk\"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ub{} zfs] ;GtKt kl/jf/hgkl| t w}o{ wf/0f ug{] zlSt ldnf];\\ egL xflbs{ ;djb] gf k|s6 ub5{ fF} . ;Ltf/fd dhuo“} f cWoIf tyf bu' f{ df=lj= kl/jf/, 3f/] fxL, bfª &= tkfOs“{ f] s'g} ;fyL lgDglnlvt sf/0fn] lg/fz jf b'MvL 5 . p;nfO{ tkfOn{“ ] s;/L ;xfge' l\" t lbgx' G' 5, s'g} Pp6f ;d:of lnP/ cfkm\" n] ;Demfpg] efj ks| 6 ug'{xf];\\ M -s_ s'g} kl| t:kwf{af6 aflxl/Psf] cj:yfdf -v_ sg' } cfkmGt ud' fP/ bM' vL ePsf] cj:yfdf -u_ cfdfaa' fdWo] sf]xL w/] } ;dosf nflu aflx/ uPkl5 a]r}g ePsf] cj:yfdf 130 gk] fnL, sIff ^

eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0f{ljGof; != lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9\\gx' f];\\ / /ftf] cIf/n] n]lvPsf zAbx¿df Wofg lbgx' f];\\ M alxgL clxn] kfl/ hfFb} 5] . pm la:tf/} lx8F \\b} 5] . pm kfl/ Tolts} uPsL xf] . ef]ln ;fob ;6' 'Ss otf kmsG{ 5] . pm efGhLnfO{ e]6\\g cfp5F ] . Dffly /ftf] cIf/n] nl] vPsf zAbx¿nfO{ …sxfFÚ, …slxn]Ú, …s;/LÚ / …lsgÚ sf] ;6\\6fdf ko| f]u ul/G5 . jfSodf sxfF -:yfg_ slxn] -;do_, s;/L -tl/sf_ / lsg -sf/0f_ ae' mfpg] zAb ljm| ofofu] L xg' \\ . tnsf] tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L rf/ rf/cf6] f ljzi] f0f zAb l6Kg'xf];\\ M :yfgaf]ws ;doafw] s /Lltaf]ws sf/0faf]ws -sxfF <_ -slxn] <_ -s;/L <_ -lsg <_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= tnsf] cg'R5b] k9\\gx' f];\\ / /v] fªl\\ st ZfAbnfO{ l6kf6] ug'x{ f];\\ M d/] f sx] L ;fyLx¿ d/] f] 3/tkm{ cfP . pgLx¿dWo] sx] L ;fyL vN] g egL rf/l} t/ lx8F ] . d klg ;fyLx¿l;t vN] g yfnF] . sx] L ;fyLx¿ t xfdLeGbf cl3 g} ku' s] f lyP . rp/aflx/ w/] } bzs{ x¿ lyP . sfx] L ?vdfly a;/] /ldtf xl] //xs] f lyP . ?vdl' g klg TolQs} dflg;x¿ lyP . dfly /v] fªs\\ g ul/Psf zAb gfdofu] L xg' \\ . gfdofu] L gfd jf ;jg{ fd;u“ hfl] 8P/ cfp5“ g\\ . g]kfnL, sIff ^ 131

#= tnsf /v] fªl\\ st zAbx¿ gfdofu] L jf lj|mofofu] L s] x'g,\\ nV] g'xf];\\ M gfdof]uL ljm| ofof]uL -s_ d ;fyLl;t vN] g egL aflx/ hfG5' . ============ ============ -v_ ltdLx¿eGbf pm w/] } klxnf cfof] . ============= ============ -u_ a'afn] d]/f nflu lstfa lsg]/ NofOlbg'eof] . ========= ============ -3_ pm s'/f dfq u5,{ sfd ubg{} . ============ =============== $= tnsf] cgR' 5]b k9\\g'xf];\\ / /ª\\uLg zAb xnGt jf chGt s] xg' \\ klxrfg u/L tflnsfdf eg'x{ f];\\ M /fdsf] 3/sf] ‰ofn vfn] /] afbF / leq k:of] . To;nfO{ bv] /] aa' fn] P /fd, p7,\\ afbF / cfof] . x/] \\ To;n] s] s] lauf/ u¥of] . To;nfO{ Pp6f n67\\ L lnP/ vb] \\ . olt eg/] bj' } afa5' f/] f afbF / wkfpg hfG5g\\ / afbF / vb] 5\\ g\\ . xnGt zAb chGt zAb ===================== ===================== ===================== ===================== ===================== ===================== ===================== ===================== ===================== ===================== ===================== ===================== ===================== ===================== ===================== ===================== %= kf7af6 kf“rcf]6f chGt / kfr“ cf]6f xnGt ko| f]u ePsf zAb vf]h]/ nV] g'xf;] \\ . ;g' fO / afn] fO != ;g' fO kf7 !! ;G' gx' f;] \\ / hf]8f ldnfpgx' f;] \\ M -s_ lbgxfª ax] 'nfsf] efO -v_ ;'lDgdf ax] 'nfsf afh] -xh/' a'af_ 132 gk] fnL, sIff ^

-u_ o'ufGt/ ax] n' fsL cfdf -3_ ;l/tf a]xn' fsL alxgL -ª_ d'S;fªxfª ax] n' f -r_ nlS;df ax] n' LsL cfdf @= ;g' fO kf7 !! sf cfwf/df pQ/ eGg'xf];\\ M -s_ of] s;s;sf] ljjfxsf] lgdGq0ff kq xf] < -v_ ax] 'nLsf cfdfaa' fsf] gfd n]Vg'xf;] \\ . -u_ of] ljjfxsf] lgdGq0ff lbg] JolSt sf] xf] < -3_ ljjfx ;DkGg x'g] 7fpsF f] gfd s] xf] < -ª_ lgdGq0ffdf ljjfx ;df/fx] slt ah]bl] v x'g] pNn]v 5 < #= ;d\"xdf a:gx' f];\\ . x/]s ;d\"xn] Pp6f ljjfxsf] lgdGq0ff kq tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \\ . cfÇgf] ;d\"xn] tof/ kf/]sf] lgdGq0ff kq Ps hgfn] sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf];\\ . l;hg{ f÷kl/of]hgf != emf8fkvfnf nfus] fn] ljBfnodf pkl:yt xg' g;Sg] Joxf/] f hgfO{ kw| fgfWofksnfO{ Pp6f lgj]bg n]Vg'xf;] \\ . @= cfÇgf] ufp“÷6f]ndf vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of ePsfn] vfgk] fgLsf] Joj:yf ul/lbgx' g' cg/' fw] ub}{ j8fWoIfnfO{ lgjb] g nV] g'xf;] \\ . g]kfnL, sIff ^ 133

kf7 !@ k\"j{ k7g tnsf cfljisf/ / ltgLx¿sf cfljisf/ssf gfdlar hf8] f ldnfpgx' f];\\ M rfN;{ aa] ]h cf]le{n /fO6 / ljNe/ /fO6 ul' UnPNdf] dfsfg{] L u6' g] au { dfl6{g sk' / cnS] hG] 8/ u|fxd an] tkfO“s{ f] ljrf/df ;+;f/sf] ;ae} Gbf dxŒjk0\" f{ cfljisf/ s] xf], cfkmg\\ f] ljrf/ k|:t't ug'{xf;] \\ . 134 gk] fnL, sIff ^

dn\" kf7 yfd] ; PNef Pl8;g !@ oGq pks/0fsf] lgdf{0fdf ljB't\\ zlStsf] e\"ldsf dxŒjk\"0f{ 5 . ljB't\\ zlStsf] k|of] uaf6 snsf/vfgf / pBf]uwGbf ;~rfng u/L ljsl;t dn' 's ;d[å ag]sf] s'/f xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 . o;/L ljB'tLo lrd, kmf]gf]u|fkm, Aof6«Lnufot dxŒjk\"0f{ j:t' cfljisf/ ug{ ;kmn JolStTj xg' \\ cd]l/sL dxfg\\ cfljisf/s yf]d; PNef Pl8;g . dxfg\\ cfljisf/s yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gsf] hGd ;g\\ !*$& km]ac|' /L !! sf lbg cdl] /sfsf] cfx] fof] /fHocGtut{ kg{] ldnfg eGg] ufpFdf ePsf] lyof] . pgL :ofdP' n Pl8;g / GofG;L Pl8;gsf ;ftfF} tyf clGtd ;Gtfgsf ¿kdf hGd]sf lyP . pgsf] kl/jf/ ldl;ug /fHosf] kf]6x{ \\o'/g eGg] 7fpdF f a;fOF ;¥of] . ToxfF a;fOF ;/k] l5 pgnfO{ Pp6f :yfgLo ljBfnodf egf{ ul/of] . pgL Toltv]/ ;ft jif{sf eO;s]sf lyP . pgL To; ljBfnodf s]an tLg dlxgf dfq k9\\g kfP . s'zfu| / lh1f;' :jefjsf yf]d;nfO{ 3/d} pgsL cfdfn] efiff / ul0ftsf w/] } s/' f l;sfOg\\ . pgsf] lh1f;' :jefjnfO{ lrg]/ w/] } lstfax¿ k9g\\ pTk]|l/t ul/g\\ . o;n] yf]d;df hLjg / hutk\\ l| t w]/} pT;s' tf ylklbof] . oxL pT;'stfn] yf]d;nfO{ dxfg\\ j1} flgs aGg kl|] /t u¥of] . zAbfy{ 135 sz' fu| – ;fx}| rgfvf] lh1f;' – hfGg rfxg] pT;'stf – pT;'s x'g'sf] efj kl|] /t – k|]/0ff ul/Psf] g]kfnL, sIff ^

yf]d; PNef Pl8;gn] t]/ jif{sf] pd]/df klqsf aR] g] sfd yfn] . pgL /]Nj] :6];gdf, /n] sf l8Aafx¿df, rf]sdf, uNnLdf uP/ s/fO{ s/fO{ klqsf a]Ry] . klqsf a]RbfaR] b} pgL To;df 5flkPsf ljleGg j}1flgs cfljisf/ tyf gofF k|ljlwx¿sf af/]df k9\\g yfn] . o;/L k9b\\ fk9b\\ } pgdf j}1flgs cfljisf/tkm{ ljz]if ?lr knfof] . pgL cfljisf/ / cfw'lgs k|ljlw;Fu ufFl;Psf ;dfrf/ tyf n]vx¿, k:' tsx¿ vf]hL vfh] L k9g\\ yfn] . o:t}df Ps lbg Pp6f tLg jif{sf] afns sg' } sf/0fn] /n] sf] lnsdf v:g kU' of] . klqsf al] r/xs] f yf]d;n] To; afnsnfO{ k/af6 cfO/xs] f] /]nn] lsRgaf6 arfP . cfˆgf] 5f]/fsf] Hofg arfPsfdf s[t1 ag]sf To; afnssf afan' ] pgnfO{ 6l] nuf| km ck/6] /sf] sfd l;sfP . kGw| jif{sf] pd]/d} pgL 6l] nuf| km ck/]l6ªdf l;4x:t eO;ss] f lyP . kfrF jif{;Dd pgn] 6]lnu|fkm ck/6] /sf ¿kdf sfd u/] / sfd;uF } ljBt' Lo lj1fg;uF uflF ;Psf w/] } s'/fx¿sf] cWoog / ko| f]ux¿ u/] . pGgfO; jifs{ f] pd/] ;Dddf pgL ljB'tLo lj1fgdf kfV] t eO;ss] f lyP . ;g\\ !*^* df pgL af]:6g uP . af:] 6g Toltv]/ lj1fg, snf / ;:+ sl[ tsf] sG] bs| f ¿kdf kl| ;4 lyof] . ToxfF pgn] ljleGg sDkgLx¿df sfd u/] . af]:6gs} j:] 6g ol' gog sDkgLdf sfd ubf{ub{} pgn] Pp6f ljBt' Lo efl] 6ª /s] 8/{ d]l;gsf] cfljisf/ u/] . of] cfljisf/ Jofj;flos ¿kdf ;kmn ePg . To;kl5 pgL ;g\\ !*^( df Goo' f]s{ uP . ToxfF pgn] o'lge;{n :6s lk|G6/ gfds oGqsf] cfljisf/ u/] . Tof] cfljisf/nfO{ Pp6f 6l] nu|fkm sDkgLn] rfln; xhf/ 8n/df lsGof] . cfˆgf] cfljisf/sf] lajm| Laf6 cfPsf] k};fn] pgn] Goh' ;L{sf] gj] fs{ eGg] 7fpdF f ;g\\ !*&) df Pp6f ;fgf] ko| fu] zfnf agfP . cfljisf/ – gof“ l;4fGtsf] kl| tkfbg ug{' k|ljlw – s'g} sfd ubf{ cu“ flng] vf; ljlw jf k|lj|mof 6]lnuf| km – s'g} Ps 7fp“af6 csf{] 7fpd“ f lah'nLsf] ;xfotfn] va/ k¥' ofpg] ;fwg ck/6] / – dl] ;g, oGq cflb rnfpg] JolSt l;4x:t – l;kfn' 136 g]kfnL, sIff ^

yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gn] ;g\\ !*&! df d/] L l:6njn] ;uF ljjfx u/] . ljjfxkZrft\\ pgn] w/] } cfljisf/x¿ u/] . o; j|mddf ;g\\ !*&^ df Go'h;L{s} dG] nf] kfs{df a;fOF ;/]kl5 pgn] ToxfF ljzfn ko| f]uzfnf / cfB} f]lus oGqx¿sf] cg;' Gwfg / lajm| L s]Gb| :yfkgf u/] . ;g\\ !*&& df pgn] klxnf] Wjlg /s] 8{ ug]{ kmfg] fu] f| km agfP . ToxL kmfg] fu] f| kmsf] cfljisf/af6} 6k] /s] 8{/sf] cfljisf/df dxŒjk0\" f{ ;xofu] ldNof] . To;sf] bO' { jifk{ l5 cyft{ \\ ;g\\ !*&( df pgn] cfhsn xfdLn] k|ofu] ug]{ lah'nLsf] aNasf] cfljisf/ u/] . o:tf cfljisf/x¿n] yfd] ;nfO{ kl| ;l4sf] lzv/df k'¥ofof] / cfly{s ¿kdf klg cem ;DkGg agfof] . ;g\\ !**$ sf] s'g} Pp6f lbg pgsf nflu bM' vb\\ lbg /xo\\ f] . pgsL k|f0fKof/L kTgL d/] L l:6njn] n] pgsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf tLg ;Gtfg ;'lDkP/ ;bfsf nflu labf lnOg\\ . To; a]nf;Dddf pgsf] kl/jf/ j]:6 c/G] hdf a;fOF ;l/;s]sf] lyof] . yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gsf hLjgdf cg]s ;kmntf / c;kmntfx¿ cfpFbh} fbF } u/] . o;} jm| ddf ;g !**^ df cfkm\" eGbf pGgfO; jif{ sfG5L ldgf ldn/;uF e]6 eof] . ldgf ldn/ pgsf] hGdynf]lt/s} lyOg\\ . ltg} ;'Gb/L ldn/;uF ToxL jif{ pgsf] bf];f| ] ljjfx eof] / ltgaf6 klg pgnfO{ b'O{ ;Gtfg kf| Kt eof] . ljjfxkZrft\\ klg pgL cfˆgf] 3/glhs} agfPsf] ljzfn ko| fu] zfnfdf sfd ul//xGy] . pgsf] Tof] ko| fu] zfnf olt ljzfn lyof] ls klxnf] ljZjo'4 x'ge' Gbf klxn] ToxfF bz xhf/ hgf dflg;x¿ sfd uby{ ]{ . pgn] ToxL ko| fu] zfnfdf c¿ w/] } s/' fx¿sf] cfljisf/ u/] . To:tf cfljisf/x¿dWo] rnlrq agfpg] Sofd/] f klg Ps xf] . To;f] t pgs} cfljisf/ kmf]gfu] |fkm Tolt a]nfsf] dgf/] ~hgsf] dxŒjk0\" f{ 3/]n' ;fwg alg;s]sf] lyof] . o:tfd] f rnlrq -df];g lkSr;{_ agfpg] Sofd/] fsf] cfljisf/ b'lgofsF } dgf]/~hgsf] dxŒjk0\" f{ ;fwg 7xl/of] . yfd] ;n] cfkmg\\ f] hLjgsfndf xhf/fF} s/' fx¿sf] cfljisf/ u/s] f 5g\\ . pgsf] gk] fnL, sIff ^ 137

gfddf cdl] /sfdf !)(# cf]6f k]6G] 6 /fO6 -kl| tlnlk clwsf/_ ;/' lIft 5 . o:tf cg]s cfljisf/dfkm{t dfgj ;EotfnfO{ cem prfO lbg] yf]d;n] w]/} c;kmtfx¿ klg a]xf]/]sf lyP . elgG5, lahn' Lsf] aNa agfpg] j|mddf pgsf] (((( k6ssf] ko| f]u c;kmn ePsf] lyof] t/ !)))) k6sdf pgL ;kmn eP . ;g\\ !(!$ df pgsf] ko| fu] zfnfsf] cfwf efueGbf w]/} hn]/ Wj:t ePsf] lyof] . o:tf] 7n' f] Ifltdf klg ljrlnt geO{ pgn] eg]sf lyP, ædnfO{ b'Mvdgfp 5g} . of] cfunfuL;uF } d/] f sdhf/] Lx¿ klg hn]/ v/fgL eP . xf] d ^& jif{sf] eO;sF] t/ klg d t?' Gt gofF 9ªu\\ n] k|ofu] zfnf lgdf0{ f u5{' .Æ geGb} pgn] kg' M pSt ko| fu] zfnfnfO{ cem ljzfn / cfwl' gs agfPsf lyP . o:tf ch;| k|/] 0ffsf ;|ft] , dxfg\\ j}1flgssf] lgwg ;g\\ !(#! cS6fa] / !* df eof] . :jflwsf/ -k]6]G6 /fO6_ – cfÇgf] cfljisf/ cflb afl} 4s ;DklQsf] kg' M pTkfbg, lgdf0{ f jf pkofu] ug{ lbg] glbg] sfgg' L clwsf/ ch;| – nuftf/, lg/Gt/ 138 g]kfnL, sIff ^

zAbe08f/ != lbOPsf zAb / cyl{ ar hf]8f ldnfpgx' f;] \\ M Jofjxfl/s 7n' f] dxfg \\ Jojxf/df ko| f]u x'g] :yfgLo lj1fg;Ddt pTk]|l/t cfef/L xg' ' j1} flgs lah'nLaf6 rNg] s[t1 lj1fg ljBt' Lo k|]/0ff ul/Psf] cfkm\" a:g] 7fpF glhssf] @= tnsf zAbx¿sf] zAb;f| t] ;“u hf8] f ldnfpgx' f];\\ M sf6] zk] f{ aO' Fun u?' ª 8Dkm' cªu\\ |h] L 3n ] g]jf/L Rofª\\uf| hfkfgL cfk; tfdfª xf]G8f lxGbL #= kf7df k|ofu] ePsf cªu\\ ]|hL efiffaf6 cfPsf bzcf6] f zAb vfh] ]/ nV] g'xf];\\ . g]kfnL, sIff ^ 139

$= lbOPsf zAb / ltgLx¿sf] cy{ k9L jfSodf ko| f]u ugx{' f];\\ M zAb cy{ dxfef/t M n8fO,F kfl/jfl/s snx sa' ]/ M wgjfg \\ sD' es0f { M ;'tfxf 9'ª\\uf M s7f/] , gklUng] afw] / cleJolSt != dflysf] kf7 sIffsf x/s] ljBfyLn{ ] Ps Ps cg'R5]b kfn}kfnf] ;:j/ k7g ug'x{ f;] \\ . @= lbOPsf zAb z'4 pRrf/0f u/L nV] gx' f];\\ M Jofjxfl/s, cfljisf/, pT;'stf, 6]lnu|fkm, 6]k/]s8{/, lhDd]jf/L, ko| f]uzfnf, kmf]gfu] |fkm #= kf7sf cfwf/df lbOPsf ldlt / 36gfsf] hf8] f ldnfpg'xf];\\ M ;g\\ !*$& kma] '|c/L !! Goh' ;L{sf] dGnf] kfs{df a;fO;F /fO ;g\\ !*^* yfd] ; PNef Pl8;g af]:6g uPsf ;g\\ !*^( yf]d; PNef Pl8;g Goo' fs] { uPsf ;g\\ !*&) d/] L l:6njn] sf] lgwg ;g\\ !*&! yf]d; PNef Pl8;gsf] lgwg ;g\\ !*&^ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gsf] hGd ;g\\ !*&& kmfg] fu] |fkmsf cfljisf/ 140 gk] fnL, sIff ^

;g\\ !*&( Go'h;L{sf] g]jfs{df Pp6f ;fgf] k|ofu] zfnf agfPsf ;g\\ !**$ d]/L l:6nj]n;uF ljjfx ;g\\ !**^ ldgf ldNn/;uF sf] e6] / ljjfx ;g\\ !(!$ Pl8;gsf] k|ofz] fnfdf cfunfuL ;g\\ !(#! cS6f]a/ !* lah'nLsf] aNasf] cfljisf/ $= l7s eP l7s / al] 7s eP al] 7s nV] gx' f];\\ M -s_ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gn] tLg dlxgfhlt dfq ljBfnodf k9g\\ kfP . -v_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gsf lktf ljBfnosf lzIfs lyP . -u_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gn] klqsf a]Rg] sfd klg u/] . -3_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gn] 6]lnlehg ck/]6/sf] sfd u/] . -ª_ Pl8;gsf] ;dodf af:] 6g lj1fg, snf / ;:+ sl[ tsf] sG] bs| f ¿kdf k|l;4 lyof] . -r_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gsf] klxnL kTgLsf] gfd ldgf ldNn/ lyof] . -5_ ldgf ldNn/ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;geGbf pGgfO; jif{ sfG5L lyOg\\ . %= kf7sf cfwf/df pQ/ lbgx' f];\\ M -s_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gsf] afNosfn s:tf] lyof] < -v_ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gn] slt jif{ 6]lnu|fkm ck/6] /sf] sfd u/] < -u_ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gnfO{ rlrt{ agfpg] dV' o cfljisf/ sg' xf] < -3_ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gn] sxfF ljzfn k|ofu] zfnf agfP < -ª_ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gn] cfljisf/s xg' e' Gbf cl3 s] s] sfd u/] < g]kfnL, sIff ^ 141

-r_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gnfO{ ;kmntfsf] lzv/df k¥' ofpg] cfljisf/ s] s] x'g\\ < -5_ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gsf] hLjgLaf6 s:tf] k|/] 0ff lng ;lsG5 < ^= kf7sf cfwf/df nfdf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\\ M -s_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gn] j}1flgs cfljisf/ ug{] ;Gbed{ f u/s] f dxŒjk0\" f{ sfdnfO{ j|md};Fu n]Vg'xf];\\ . -v_ …c;kmntf g} ;kmntfsf] k|]/s xf] .Ú o; egfOnfO{ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gsf] hLjgLsf cfwf/df k:| 6 kfgx{' f];\\ . &= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] /fd|/L k9g\\ x' f];\\ / rf/cf]6f k|Zg lgdf{0f ug'x{ f];\\ M dflg;n] 9ª' u\\ ] ou' b]lv cfh;Dd cfOkU' bf p;n] u/s] f sfd j0fg{ u/]/ ;lsbF g} . cfh dflg; j}1flgs cfljisf/s} sf/0fn] r/f h:t} cfsfzdf p8g\\ ;S5 . df5f h:t} kfgLdf tl} /g ;S5 . hldgdf l56f]eGbf l56f] bug' { ;S5 . lx8F ]/ dlxgfF,} a;f}F nfUg] 7fpdF f j1} flgs cfljisf/sf ;xfotfn] Ps}l5gdf k'Ug ;S5 . ;+;f/df ePsf b}lgs 36gfx¿ Ps} 7fpFdf a;/] ;'Gg / xg] { ;S5 . ;+;f/sf h'g;'s} sg' fsf dflg;;Fu rfx]sf] v08df s/' fsfgL ug{ ;S5 . xhf/fF} dfG5]n] a;fF}{ nufP/ ug{] sfd If0fe/df ug{ ;S5 . cfhsf] dflg; bf];f| ] ljZjsf] vfh] Ldf nfus] f] 5 . cGtl/Ifdf a:tL a;fpg vf]Hb} 5 . ;d'bd| f ;x/ a;fpFb} 5 . dflg;n] syfdf sNk]sf 36gf, k'/f0fdf ;g' ]sf s/' f, ;kgfdf b]v]sf s'/f j1} flgs cfljisf/sf] ;xfotfn] lakgfd} ;fsf/ kf/]sf] 5 . *= tkfO{“ s:tf JolStnfO{ ljZjf; ugx{' 'G5 < s:tf JolStnfO{ cljZjf; ug'{xG' 5, 5f]6f 5f6] f b'Oc{ f]6f cgR' 5b] df n]Vg'xf];\\ . 142 gk] fnL, sIff ^

eflifs ;+/rgf / j0fl{ jGof; != lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9\\gx' f];\\ / /ftf] cIf/sf zAbsf] agf]6df Wofg lbg'xf;] \\ M cfdfsf] dv' x]g{] lbg ca]nf gu/L k|zfGtn] cfdfnfO{ pkxf/ lbof] . cgdfn] /Tg kfP h;/L cfdfn] kz| fGtsf] pkxf/kl| t cfsif{0f b]vfpge' of] . To;kl5 cTolws v;' L x'Fb,} c¿sf] aj] f:tf ub{} kz| fGtnfO{ dfq cfzLjfb{ lbg'eof] . /ftf] cIf/sf zAbsf] agf]6 can] f -c±an] f_, kz| fGt -k±| zfGt_, pkxf/ -pk±xf/_, cgdfn] -cg±df]n_, cfsif0{ f -cf±sif0{ f_, cTolws -clt±clws_, aj] f:tf -a±] jf:tf_ dflysf] pbfx/0fdf bv] fP h:t} zAbsf clulNt/ ufl“ ;g] c, k|, pk, cg, cf, clt, a] h:tf eflifs PsfO pk;u{ x'g\\ . tnsf pk;u{ nufO{ b'O{ b'Oc{ f]6f zAb agfpgx' f;] \\ M k|, pk, cg, cf, a], lj, k|lt, ;' @= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9g\\ x' f;] \\ . pSt cgR' 5b] df /v] fªs\\ g ul/Psf, 58s\\ ] kfl/Psf / /ftf] cIf/;lxt /v] fªs\\ g ul/Psf zAbx¿df Wofg lbgx' f;] \\ M xfdL vt] tkm{ uofF} clg sfd ul//xs] f ls;fg;uF ;fW] ofF} eg] pxfnF ] g} eGgx' g' ] 5, æcfx] f] Û df6f] dxŒjk0\" f{ s/' f xf] t/ kfgL ePg eg] t df6fl;t sx] L afsF L /xbF g} lg . wt\\ Û olt hfaf] s/' f klg ltdLnfO{ eGgk' 5{ < kfgL ePkl5 dfq kf] df6fn] xfdLnfO{ cGg, ;fukft / kmnkm\" n ;a s/' f] lbG5 .Æ -s_ dflysf] cgR' 5b] df 58\\s] kfl/Psf zAb ;o+ fh] s xg' \\ . ;o+ f]hsn] zAbx¿, kbfjnLx¿ / jfSox¿ hf]8\\5g\\ . g]kfnL, sIff ^ 143

-v_ dflysf] cgR' 5]bdf /]vfªs\\ g ul/Psf zAbx¿ lj:doflbaf]ws x'g\\ . lj:doflbafw] sn] jStfsf dgsf xif{, lj:dft, k|z;+ f, 3[0ff JoSt u5{g\\ . -u_ dflysf] cgR' 5]bdf /ftf] cIf/;lxt /v] fª\\sg ul/Psf zAbx¿ lgkft x'g\\ . lgkftsf] cy{ :jtGq geP klg logLx¿n] cleJolStnfO{ ;G' b/ kf5{g\\ . #= cEof; @ sf] cgR' 5b] af6 tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L zAbx¿ l6Kgx' f];\\ / c¿ b'O{ b'O{cf]6f zAb yKg'xf;] \\ M ============= ============= ============= - s_ ; o+ f]h s M ============= ============= ============= ============= ============= ============= - v_ l j:do flbaf]ws M ============= ============= ============= ============= ============= ============= - u_ l gkft M ============= ============= ============= $= tnsf zAbnfO{ jfSodf ko| f]u ugx{' f;] \\ M cfx] f], tfklg, 5o\\ f, g,} ;/f;/, To;}n,] lsgeg], cfTyf, /] %= /v] fª\\lst kbx¿sf] kbju{ 56' o\\ fpgx' f];\\ M lxhf] d, uf]kfn, nltsf, /fwf, xl/z / aa' f hªu\\ n 3'Dg uof}F . hªu\\ n5]p kU' gl] alQs} xl/zn] eGof,] æcfAaO' Û slt 3gf hªu\\ n Û hªu\\ nL hgfj/n] kf] cfjm| d0f unf{ ls <Æ ^= af]w cleJolStsf] g= & sf] cg'R5]b k9g\\ 'xf;] \\ / rGbl| aGb' - _“ nfus] f zAb nv] L jfSodf k|of]u ug{'xf];\\ . &= tnsf zAbdf plrt 7fp“df rGb|laGb' nufpg'xf];\\ M cfvf, af;, cf;,' ;frf], s}rL, rfbL, cf}7L, bfO, ;w,} tkfO,{ sfOof], un}rf, uf;, 3f; 144 g]kfnL, sIff ^

;g' fO / af]nfO != ;'gfO kf7 !@ ;'Gg'xf];\\ / l7s a]l7s 5'6\\ofpg'xf];\\ M -s_ ˆnf/] ]G; gfOl6ªu\\ ]nsf] hGd ;g\\ !*@) d] !@ df O6fnLdf ePsf] xf] . -v_ ˆnf/] ]G; gfOl6ª\\un] sf a'afsf] gfd lxlnod P8jf8{ lyof] . -u_ ˆnf/] G] ; gfOl6ª\\u]nn] ;fg} pd]/df aa' f;uF efiff, ul0ft, Oltxf; / bzg{ sf] cWoog ug{ kfOg\\ . -3_ ˆnf/] G] ; gfOl6ª\\un] sf] ;dodf gl;ª{ nfO{ cToGt dof{lbt k;] f dflgGYof] . -ª_ ˆnf]/]G; gfOl6ª\\u]nnfO{ …n]8L ljy b NofDkÚ sf pkgfdn] klg lrlgG5 . -r_ ˆnf/] G] ; gfOl6ª\\u]nsf] dT[ o' *) jif{sf] pd]/df eof] . @= ;'gfO kf7 !@ sf cfwf/df ;xL pQ/ klxrfg ugx{' f];\\ M -s_ ˆnf/] ]G; gfOl6ªu\\ n] sL cfdfsf] gfd ======= lyof] . -c_ h]gL l:dy -cf_ km]gL l:dy -O_ /g] L l:dy -O{_ Pl8ga/f l:dy -v_ ˆnf/] G] ; gfOl6ªu\\ n] ;g\\ !(%# df ======== sf] Ps xl:k6ndf kd| v' kl/rfl/sf -g;_{ algg\\ . -c_ O6fnL -cf_ cd]l/sf -O_ a]nfot -O_{ rLg g]kfnL, sIff ^ 145

-u_ ˆnf]/G] ; gfOl6ª\\un] n] ============== sf] o'4df 3fOt] l;kfxLx¿sf] cfbz{ ;j] f ul/g\\ . -c_ ljm| ldof -cf_ :s'6f/L -O_ af;f{ -O_{ :k]g -3_ ˆnf/] ]G; gfOl6ª\\un] sf] d[To' ;g\\ ============ df eof] . -c_ !(!) cu:t !) -cf_ !(!! cu:t !) -O_ !(!) cu:6 @) -O_{ !(!@ cu:t !) #= Çnf/] G] ; gfOl6ª\\u]nsf] hLjgLaf6 s] k]/| 0ff kfOG5, atfpg'xf;] \\ . $= tkfO{“sf] ljrf/df ;ae} Gbf dxfg\\ JolSt sf] xfn] f < b]z ljsf;sf nflu pgsf] s:tf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5, atfpgx' f;] \\ . l;h{gf÷kl/ofh] gf != lbOPsf ab“' fsf cfwf/df 5f6] f] hLjgL nV] gx' f;] \\ M gfd M ul' UnPNdf] dfsf{g] L hGdldlt M ;g\\ !*&$ clk|n @% hGd:yfg M afn] fU] gf, O6fnL dftflktf M u'Ol;Kk] dfsfg{] L, PGgL h]d;g lzIffbLIff M cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf ljleGg dfWodaf6 3/d} lzIff lnPsf ofu] bfg / k/' :sf/ M /l] 8of]sf] cfljisf/ ;g\\ !*(% lt/} t/ k]6]G6 /fO6 eg] !*(& lt/ dfq lnPsf ;g\\ !()! df gfa] ]n k'/:sf/ kfPsf dT[ o' M ;g\\ !(#& hn' fO{ @), /f]d, O6fnL #= tkfO“{ eljiodf s] aGg rfxgx' G5 < lsg, 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . 146 g]kfnL, sIff ^