Nepali Book 2078 (Grade 6)

kf7 !# k\"j{ k7g lbOPsf lrqsf af/d] f 5nkmn ug{x' f;] \\ / eGg'xf;] \\ M hfgsL dlGb/ sgfn{ L kn' d':tfª km]jftfn tkfOn“{ fO{ ;'Gb/ nfUg] g]kfnsf s'g} cf7cf]6f 7fps“ f] gfd nV] gx' f];\\ . g]kfnL, sIff ^ 147

d\"n kf7 nfUb5 dnfO{ /dfOnf] !# /fi6s« lj dfwjk;| fb l3ld/] nfUb5 dnfO{ /dfOnf] d]/} kfvfkv]/f] lxdfnr'nL dlGt/ kfgL eg{] kFw/] f] . ns] } x¿] F nfnLu/' f;F a]F;L x]¿F KofpnL kL/lt af:g] k/]jf lj/x afN] g] GofpnL . lxdfn 5'G5 an] 'sL ;Ktlif{sf tftF Ln] h'gn] L /ft latfpF5g\\ ufpFbfufpbF } ;fyLn] . ;DemG5' d lxdrn' L cfF;s' f] l9sf v;fnL of] la/fg' d'ns' df a:b}g dfof a;fnL . gf} 8fF8fsf] kf/df k|Lltsf] bz] 5 d/] f] dgdf 3fd gnfu] ;;+ f/} ;f/f cFw]/f] . d]/f] sfnL n]sn} fO{ tfs]/ hfg] afbn g5fP] klg xftn] x]b{}df slt sf]dn . bf8} fO{ nfG5 dnfO{ o} afbn' 5fofn] kfb5{ hxfF OGb|]gL k/n] f leHg] dfofn] . zAbfy{ kv/] f] – le/fnf] k/]sf] kxf8L hldg k“w/] f ] – vfg]kfgL lng hfg] sj' f, wf/f] a]“;L – kxf8kjt{ sf km]bLsf] dlnnf] hldg KofpnL – k“x]nf] km\" n k'mNg] a'6f] jf To;}sf] km\" n GofpnL – lgnf] 6fpsf], xl/of] k'R5/ / /ftf] e8'“ L xg' ] Ps hftsf] r/f] ;Ktlif{ – w'j| tf/fnfO{ kl/j|mdf ug]{ ;ftcf]6f tf/fx¿sf] ;dx\" la/fg' – ckl/lrt kf/ – 8f“8f jf kxf8sf] kNnf] kf6f] 148 gk] fnL, sIff ^

zAbe08f/ != ;d\"xjfrL zAb nV] g'xf];\\ M sldnfsf] Ö tfFtL cªu\\ '/sf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cGgsf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xfF;sf ] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dflg;sf ] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ufOj{ :t'sf ] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ wj' fsF f ] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ km\" nsf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= pbfx/0fdf lbOP h:t} ;“u;“u} cfpg] zAb n]Vgx' f;] \\ M kfvf – kfvfkv/] f ] vt] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ld7f] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ bfn – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ufpF – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;x/ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 6fn] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ af6f] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= jfSodf ko| fu] ug'{xf];\\ M kfvfkv]/f,] kwF ]/f,] n]s, hg' n] L, sfd] n afw] / cleJolSt != …nfUb5 dnfO{ /dfOnfÚ] sljtf no xfn]/ jfrg ug{'xf;] \\ / jfrg u/]/ ldng] ldns] f] 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . @= lbOPsf zAb pRrf/0f ug'x{ f];\\ M KofpnL,] kFw/] f], lk/tL, ;Ktlif{, 8fF8f, OGb|]gL #= 56' s] f zAb e/L sljtf k/\" f ug{x' f];\\ M -s_ ns] } x]¿F ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ a];F L x¿] F KofpnL 149 g]kfnL, sIff ^

lk/tL af:g] k/]jf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ afN] g] GofpnL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 5'G5 a]ns' L ;Ktlifs{ f ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ h'gn] L ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ latfpF5g\\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;fyLn] . $= pbfx/0fdf lbOP h:t} u/L uBdf nV] g'xf;] \\ M pbfx/0f M nfUb5 dnfO{ /dfOnf] d]/} kfvf kv]/f] . dnfO{ d/] } kfvf kv]/f] /dfOnf] nfUb5 . -s_ lxdfn 5'G5 an] s' L ;Ktlif{sf tftF Ln] . -v_ h'g]nL /ft latfp5F g\\ ufpFbfufpFb} ;fyLn] . -u_ ;DemG5' d lxdrn' L cf;F 'sf] l9sf v;fnL . -3_ bf8} fO{ nfG5 dnfO{ o} afbn' 5fofn] . %= kf7sf cfwf/df pQ/ eGgx' f;] \\ M -s_ sljnfO{ s'g 7fpF /dfOnf] nfU5 < -v_ n]sdf s'g km\" n km' ns] f] 5 < -u_ a];F Ldf sg' km\" n km'ns] f] 5 < -3_ s'g r/fn] lj/x afN] 5 < -ª_ kFw]/f] sxfF 5 < ^= kf7sf cfwf/df 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\\ M -s_ ;fyLx¿n] ufpbF fufpFb} s:tf] /ft latfpF5g\\ < -v_ slj cfF;'sf l9sf v;fn/] s] ;DemG5g\\ < -u_ slt an] f ;f/f hut\\ cWF of/f] x'G5 < -3_ k/j] f jf GofpnLn] s] atfpF5g\\ < -ª_ sljsf] dgnfO{ s]n] bf8} fO{ nfG5 < 150 gk] fnL, sIff ^

&= efj lj:tf/ ugx{' f];\\ M -s_ gf} 8fF8fsf] kf/df k|Lltsf] b]z 5 d/] f] dgdf 3fd gnfu] ;;+ f/} ;f/f cFw/] f] . *= …nfUb5 dnfO{ /dfOnf]Ú sljtfdf JoSt ePsf dV' o d'Vo ljifoj:t' cfÇg} z}nLdf n]Vg'xf;] \\ . (= tnsf] sljtfsf] c+z no xfn]/ k9\\g'xf;] \\ / ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \\ M k|sl[ t xf] vn' f k:' ts ks| l[ t g} u?' u'? yfkL k|sl[ tnfO{ k9\\g u5'{ ;'? . kfgL d]/f] 7'nf] u'? kh\" f u5'{ kfgL kfgL h:t} ;kmf /fV5' d/] f] cfgLafgL . kfgL h:t} ;ªl\\ nP/ afFRg l;Sgk' 5{ sf8F fleq km\" n h:t} xfF:g l;Sgk' 5{ . k|Zgx¿ -s_ k|sl[ t s:tf] k:' ts xf] < -v_ xfd|f] cfgLafgLnfO{ s;/L ;kmf /fVgk' 5{ < -u_ s:tf] sl7gfOdf klg k\"mn xfF:g ;S5 < !)= lbOPsf ljifoj:ts' f] s;/L / lsg x/] rfx ugx{' G' 5, Ps cgR' 5b] df j0fg{ ugx'{ f;] \\ M -efO, alxgL, xh/' cfdf, xh/' aa' f, aa' f, cfdf, la/fdL cfkmGt, ufOj{ :t_' gk] fnL, sIff ^ 151

eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0f{ljGof; != lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9g\\ x' f;] \\ / /ftf] cIf/sf zAbsf] agf6] df Wofg lbgx' f;] \\ M 3f]sGt] tl/sfsf] k9fO /fd|f] xbF' g} . ux[ sfo{ gu/L …u/]FÚ eGg] 9F6j' f rfnfn] klg cWoogdf ku| lt x'Fbg} . cWoog /fdf| ] agfpg' 5 eg] c;n ;fyL 5gf]6 ug{ / :j:y /xg ;Sgk' 5{ . :j:y /xgsf nflu ld7fe] Gbf u'lgnf] vfgf vfg] afgL a;fNg'k5{ . /ftf] cIf/sf zAbsf] agf]6 3fs] Gt] -3fs] \\±cGt]_, k9fO -k9\\±cfO_, 9“6j' f -9f6F \\±pjf_, agfpg' -agfp±g' _, 5gf6] -5fg\\±cf6] _, ug{ -u/\\±g_, u'lgnf] -ug' ±Onf_] / vfg] -vf±g]_ dflysf pbfx/0fdf bv] fP h:t} wft' jf zAbsf kl5lNt/ uf“l;g] cGt], cfO, pjf, cf]6, Onf], g, g,] g' h:tf eflifs PsfO …k|TooÚ x'g\\ . pbfx/0fdf h:t} lbOPsf zAbx¿sf] agf]6 bv] fpg'xf;] \\ M duGt ] M dfu\\±cGt ] lx8F fO M ================= 8n' 'jf M ================= agf6] M ================= dlnnf] M ================= a:g M ================= lhTg ] M ================= nV] g ' M ================= u//] M ================= @= tnsf kT| oo nufO{ Ps Pscf6] f zAb agfpgx' f];\\ M g,' cfn,' cGt,] cfO, pjf, cf6] , g, Oof/, cfn} L, O,{ Pn,' Onf,] g,] P, Oof #= stfs{ f] lnªu\\ cg;' f/ l7s ljm| ofkb /fvL tnsf jfSox¿ k/\" f ugx{' f;] \\ M -s_ efO 3/af6 ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -cfO, cfof]_ -v_ alxgL ahf/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -uO,{ uof_] -u_ d/] L 5f]/L ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -k95\\ , k95\\ _] 152 g]kfnL, sIff ^

-3_ d]/f] 5f/] f] km'6an ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -vN] 5, vN] 5]_ 153 -ª_ ljlgtf sljtf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -nV] 5, nV] 5_] $= vfnL 7fp“df pko'St ;j{gfd zAb /fvL jfSo k/\" f ug{x' f];\\ M -s_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dfdf3/ hfG5fF} . -d, xfdL_ -v_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ v]Ng hfG5;\\ . -ltdLx¿, tF_ -u_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ d/] f] 3/ cfP . -pm, pgLx¿_ -3_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ t 3/ k'u]5g\\ . -ltgLx¿, Tof]_ -ª_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ gk] fnL lstfa k9\\5' . -xfdL, d_ %= tnsf ;jg{ fdcg;' f/ l7s ljm| ofkb 5fGgx' f];\\ M -s_ d ;dod} ljBfno ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -kU' 5, kU' 5_' -v_ ltdL /fd|/L ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -gfRof,} gfR5f_}F -u_ pm ;a}n] eg]sf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . dfG5, dfG5'_ -3_ pgLx¿ v]Ng ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -hfG5, hfG5g_\\ ^= tnsf jfSox¿sf] k?' if;ª\\ult ldnfpg'xf;] \\ M -s_ d klg ltdL;Fu} hfG5f} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ ltdL dnfO{ af]nfpF5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ tkfOF{ ahf/ hfG5;\\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ tF egs] f] dfGgx' 'G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ &= tnsf jfSonfO{ kb;ªu\\ lt ldnfP/ n]Vgx' f];\\ M -s_ d~rdf kfFr;ft hgf afnaflnsfx¿ vl] n/xs] f] 5 . -v_ a'af lbgel/ clkm;df sfd u5{ . -u_ d]/f] cfdf ljBfnodf k9fp5F . g]kfnL, sIff ^

-3_ d klg t lbgel/ sfd u5{ lg . -ª_ lbbL ;dfh ;j] f u5{ . *= tnsf zAbdf pko'St 7fp“df lz/laGb' nufpg'xf;] \\ M ;:st[ , ;of]u, ;jfb, ;xf/, l;x, ;Zni] f0f, ;:s[lt, ;/If0f, ;/rgf, ;;f/, xz, cz ;g' fO / afn] fO != ;g' fO kf7 !# ;'Ggx' f;] \\ / 56' s] f zAb e/L Znf]s k/\" f u/L eGgx' f];\\ M x] d]/L ====== Û geg To;f] ========df km' ns] L kmsG{ 5' ======== d rf8F } eGg] lsg xf] ========== < d la;} ========== a;'Fnf Nxf;f =========== la;} lbg ========== km]l/ cfpF5 p8L ============= s'g} lbg e6] sf ============== lbg . @= ;'gfO kf7 !# sf cfwf/df tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eGgx' f;] \\ M -s_ …dg' fdbgÚ gk] fnL ;flxTosf] s:tf] sl[ t xf] < -v_ …dg' fdbgÚ sf /rlotf sf] xg' \\ < -u_ dbgn] lsg Nxf;f hfg rfx]sf xfn] fg\\ < -3_ dg' fn] dbgnfO{ s] elgg\\ < -ª_ d'gf xf;F ] dbg s] ug{ ;S5g\\ < 154 gk] fnL, sIff ^

#= ;g' fO kf7 !# df k|of]u ePsf tnsf zAb / ltgsf cy{lar hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\\ M zAb cy{ csn] L la5f8] sf] l:ylt lj/x cfFvf nf]rg kf];fs ;ª\\s6 PSnL O/fbf ;ªs\\ i6 e]if ;ª\\sNk c7f]6 $= ;'gfO kf7 !# sf] clGtd kª\\lSt ;dfKt ePkl5 d'gf / dbglar s] s:tf ;j+ fb eP xfn] fg,\\ cgd' fg u/L atfpg'xf];\\ . l;h{gf÷kl/of]hgf != sIffdf rf/kfr“ hgfsf] ;dx\" aGgx' f];\\ . x/s] n] cluNnf sIffdf k9]sf jf cGo sg' } Pp6f afnuLt jf afnsljtf ;Demg'xf;] \\ . To;kl5 ;d\"xdf 5nkmn u/L sg' } afnuLtsf sDtLdf bO' { cGt/f jf afnsljtfsf rf/ x/km n]Vgx' f];\\ . cfÇgf] ;dx\" n] n]vs] f] afnuLt jf afnsljtf noa4 jfrg ug{'xf];\\ . @= tkfO{“sf cfdf a'af, xh'/a'af jf xh/' cfdfdWo] s;n} fO{ pxfx“ ¿sf] afNosfnsf af/d] f =;===f=W]==g==x'==f=;] ==\\==.===T==o==;===k==l=5= pxfx“ ¿n] atfPsf s/' f l;nl;nf ldnfP/ …d/] f÷] d/] L sf] afNosfnÚ /fvL nV] gx' f;] \\ . gk] fnL, sIff ^ 155

kf7 !$ kj\" { k7g tnsf lrqsf af/d] f ;fyL;u“ 5nkmn ug'x{ f];\\ M 156 gk] fnL, sIff ^

dn\" kf7 jgef]h !$ czi] f dNn -rp/sf] Ps sg' fdf ^ sIffdf k9\\g] cf7bz hgf afnaflnsfx¿ v]ln/xs] f 5g\\ . pgLx¿ jgef]h cfPsf x'g\\ . To;n} ] gfRb}, uLt ufp“b} /dfOnf] ub5}{ g\\ . lzIfs klg 5]pdf pgLx¿sf] gfrufg x]b{} /dfO/xg'ePsf] 5 . afnaflnsfx¿ gfRbfgfRb} yfsk] l5 5l/P/ e'O“d{ f a:5g\\ / s/' fsfgL ug{ yfN5g\\ ._ xl/ M dHhfn] gfRofF} xlu < /fdljnf; M cfh t d klg /fOemd' f uLtdf gfrF] . n'dGtL M efh] k'/L uLt ufpm g /fdljnf; . /fdljnf; M klxn] gj] f/L uLt t ufpm g ltdL . n'dGtL M ;an} ] cfcfˆgf] efiffsf] uLt ufpg] x} t . g]kfnL, sIff ^ 157

kma' f { M klxn] vfhf vfg] xfO] g < dnfO{ t c;fWo} efs] nfUof] . ;a } M xf] xf] klxn] vfhf vfcf}F . uf}/L M ;/ Û xh/' klg cfpg;' \\ g . lzIfs M n d klg ltdLx¿;uF } vfhf vfG5' . -;a}n] vfhf vfg yfN5g\\ ._ uf/} L M ca s] ug{] < emd' f M o;kfln jgef]hdf gf6s ug{] eg]sf] xg} < n'dGtL M xf] t . xl/ M xf,] oxL gf6s ljBfnodf klg b]vfpgk' 5{ . /fdljnf; M s'g gf6s < emd' f M xfdLn] agfpg] lg . n'dGtL M cfx] f,] s;/L agfpg] < xl/ M cfh Ps lbg cfdfa'af ag/] x/] f}F, s:tf] xbF' f] /x]5 . n'dGtL M dn} ] t a'lemgF, xl/n] s] egs] f] < xl/ M klxn] o;f] u/fF}, s6] f hlt cfcfˆgf] aa' f agfF} clg s]6L hltn] rflxF cfcfˆgL cfdfsf] el\" dsf lgjf{x u/f}F . kma' f { M s;/L aGg] lg < /fdljnf; M o;f] u/f}F g, xfd|f] aa' fn] lbgel/ h] h] ug{'xG' 5 To} To} ug{] . clg ltdLx¿n] cfcfˆgf cfdfn] lbgel/ h] h] ug'x{ 'G5, To:t} ug]{ . 158 g]kfnL, sIff ^

uf}/L M cfxf Û slt /fdf| ] cfOl8of Û nd' GtL M x}g o;f] u/fF} . xfdL aa' f klg agf,}F cfdf klg agfF} . /fd ljnf; M ltdf| ] s'/f l7s} xf] . ;/nfO{ dg k¥of] xfdf| ] cfOl8of < lzIfs M Psbd} /fd|f] . kma' f{ M To;f] eP o;f] u/f}F . ;a}n] cfcfˆgf cfdfa'afnfO{ ;Demf}F . d]/f aa' f lbgel/ sfofn{ odf sfd ug{'x'G5 . cfdf rflxF j8f sfof{nodf :jod\\;]jL x'gx' G' 5 . xl/ M d]/L cfdfsf] t ;fgf] lrofk;n 5 . n'dGtL M d]/L cfdf t lbgel/ vt] df sfd ug'x{ 'G5 . /fdljnf; M d/] f a'af klg . uf/} L M d/] f cfdfaa' f t dhb/' L ug{'xG' 5 . xl/ M n p7fF,} ;a} cfcfˆgf cfdfaa' f agfF} . nd' GtL M klxn] ltdL g} ;'? u/ . kma' f{ M d ;a}eGbf kl5 u5{' . /fdljnf; M cf]xf] Û slt af7f] Û uf}/L M hNn] ;'? u/] klg x'G5 lg Û km'af { M n n d} ;?' u5{' . ;?' u5'{ x} t . -Psl5g ;fr] ] h:tf] u5{ clg dlxnfsf] cfjfhdf afN] g yfN5 ._ km'af{sf] cfKkf Û P km'af{sf] cfKkf Û d ufpF;efdf hfg nfu]sf] . -Psl5g ;fr] /] _ cF, 5f]/f5f]/L kmnkm\"n vfg] s'/f gk] fnL, sIff ^ 159

ub}{ lyP . kmsF{bf t/sf/L / kmnkmn\" klg glal;s{ g Nofpg\" x} . -k'?ifsf] cfjfh_ d;uF k};f 5}g . dlxgf d/s] } 5g} . -dlxnfsf] cfjfh_ o;f] ;/;fk6 u/] eOxfN5 lg, …hxfF OR5f ToxfF pkfoÚ eG5g\\ . cfh d]/f] ufp;F efsf] a7} s cln nfdf] xG' 5 . To;}n] kms{g clns l9nf] xG' 5 xf]nf . an] }df 3/ cfP/ vfgf agfpg'xf];\\ x} . -k?' if_ clkm;df klg 6;' S' s a:g gkfO{ Psf]xf]/f] hf]ltO/xg'k5{ . cfh 3/wGbf klg d]/} yfKnfdf -v'Oo ˜ ˜ ˜ ;':s/] f xfN5 ._ dl/g] g} ef] -dlxnfsf] cfjfh_ dfG5] /f]un,] efs] n] d5{ t/ sfdn] slxNo} dbg}{ . To;df klg cfˆgf] 3/sf] sfd, ldn]/} ug'{k5{ . -k'?if cfjfh_ eu} f] lg t, efif0f gbp] m g . d ul/xfN5' lg, ltdL rflxF ef]sfpF5o\\ f}, rfF8} 3/ cfpg\" lg . n d clkm; lx8F F] . -clkm; hfG5 . af6fdf a; r9] emF}, a;sf] le8df sfr] fsf]r, a;af6 cfn] ]s{ f,] clkm;df sfd u/]sf] / ;fFemdf yfs]/ 3/ kmss{] f] clego u5_{ Po} f Û afa} Û s:tf] ysfO nfu]sf] Û -eGb} ykSs a:5 ._ -;a} hgf km'af{sf] clego x/] /] yk8L df5{g\\ ._ xl/ M cfx] f] Û slt /fd|f] clego u/]sf] . lzIfs M dnfO{ klg /fdf| ] nfUof] . c¿n] klg ugk{' ¥of] lg Û km'af { M xG' 5 ;/ . ca s;sf] kfnf] < nd' GtL ca ltdf| ] kfnf] . nd' GtL M v}, dnfO{ t gcfP klg sf]l;; u5{' x} t Û -v]tdf sf]bfnL lnP/ vGb} u/] em}F clego u5{] . s]xL a]/df yfs] em}F ub}{, kl;gf k:' 5] ._ k}nf h:tf] sfF xf] / Û ca t a'9L ePF, clnslt sfd ubf{ klg Hofg bv' ]/ cfp5F . sfd gu/L sfl] ;; – k|of; 160 g]kfnL, sIff ^

s] vfg] < nd' GtLsf] aa' f lat]sf] klg tLg jif{ eO;Sof,] pm 5pGhn] h;ft] ;f] p;n} ] vt] sf] sfd uYof,]{ ca t vt] sf] sfd klg cfkm,}F 3/sf] klg cfkmF} . -la/fdL eP em_}F Hofg ;a} s6s6L vfG5 . d PSnn} ] kl/jf/ kfNgk' 5{ . -n'dGtL clego ubfu{ b{} ?G5] . n'dGtLsf] Tof] ?jfOnfO{ ;?' df t ;a} n] clego g} xfn] f eGg] 7fG5g\\ t/ ?b“ f?“b} yrSs a;]kl5 dfq pgL ;fl“ Rrs} /f]PsL xg' \\ eGg] yfxf xG' 5, ;a} hgf n'dGtLnfO{ kmsfpg yfN5g\\ ._ /fdljnf; M -?bF _} nd' GtL, ltdLn] t xfdL ;a}nfO{ ?nfOlbof} . n, ca d x;fpF5' x} t Û -ss' '/sf] clego ub{}_ £jfª, £jfª === xfdf| ] 3/df lg 7'nf] s's'/ 5 xlu, /ftL rf/] cfof] eg] rf]/ t 8/fP/ efU5 . oL o;/L eS' 5 £jfª £jfª £jfª . ss' /' xfdf| ] /fd|f] £jfª£jfª u5{ ;wF,} xfdLnfO{ bV] bf eg] k'R5/ xNnfp5F ;wF} . -;a} tfnL lk65\\ g\\ ._ xfdf| ] t hUuf klg w]/} 5g} . aa' f t/sf/L v]tL ug{'x'G5 . df;} dcg';f/sf t/sf/L pTkfbg u5fF{} . d klg aa' fnfO{ sfddf ;3fp5F ' . xfdL ;a} ldnL t/sf/L v]tLs} sfd u5f}F . -;a} xf;F Lv;' L /dfp5F g\\ ._ d aa' f aG5' x} t Û -clego ub}{_ P /fdlanfl;of, k9\\g' 5}g slt v]ln/fÚ, o;kfln klg k9fOdf /fd|f] ul/g;\\ eg] lg ljBfnoaf6 lgsflNbG5' . tF t lalu;| \\ lalu;| ,\\ efOag} LnfO{ klg laufl/;\\ . -cfˆg} :j/df_ x'G5 a'af, cab]lv k95\\ ' -a'afsf] :j/df_ dnfO{ bM' v gb] g afa' . ca slt jif{ g} afRF 5' / Û /fu] nfus] f] yfx} 5 . d d/] kl5 s] xfn] f ltdLx¿sf] < oxL lrGtfn] lg›f klg g]kfnL, sIff ^ 161

nfUb}g . -?G5 . ?Fbf?bF } xfF:g] k|oTg u5{ ._ eof] ca . uf}/L M a; /fdljnf; . lzIfs M dnfO{ klg ltdLn] t ?jfOlbof} . xl/ M /dfOnf] ug{ cfPsf] t ?g kf] yfNofF} t Û kma' f{ M n ca ltd|f] kfnf] xl/ . xl/ M dnfO{ t cfpFb}g . ;lSbgF xf]nf . uf}/L M ;S5f} sfl] ;; u/]/ x/] t Û /fdljnf; M p7 xl/, s]xL t b]vfpg} k5{ . xl/ M -xl/ cfˆgL cfdfsf] gSsn ub}{ clego u5{ ._ xl/ Û P xl/ Û clnslt kfgL ttfP/ n] t . p7]/ efG;fdf hfg] klg tfst 5g} . lrof k;n vfN] g g;s]sf] klg rf/ lbg eO;Sof] . d5{' ls Sof xf] . uf}/L M -uf}/L klg cfˆgL cfdfsf] gSsn u5]{ ._ P gfgL, cfh t/] f] ljBfno labf xg} < cfOh d;Fu} lu66\\ L s'6g\\ hfcf}F . t/] f] afsf] cQf]kQf] 5}g . d/] afrF ]sf] s]xL yfxfkQf] 5g} . xl/ M v} t tftf] kfgL < uf/} L M lx8F \\ g P gfgL, slt v]Ng k/]sf] Û -;a} p7\\ \\5g\\, cfcfˆgf cfdfaa' fsf gSsn ug{ yfN5g\\ ._ nd' GtL M v]tdf sfd ug{ guP s;/L vfG5f} t ltdLx¿ < -;a} tfnL lk6\\5g\\ ._ /dfOnf ] – dgf/] ~hg 162 g]kfnL, sIff ^

/fdljnf; M n ca kU' of] . P em'df Û ltdLn] t sx] L klg b]vfOgf} Û emd' f M ltdLx¿sf cfdfaa' f h:t} t xg' \\ lg d/] f cfdfaa' f klg . a'af n'uf l;pgx' 'G5 . cfdf afn ljsf; sG] bd| f k9fpgx' G' 5 . pxfFx¿ /ftlbg gegL sfd ug'{xG' 5 . ca /dfOnf] u/fF} . ;a} M xf], /dfOnf] u/fF} . -;a} tfnL lk65\\ g_\\ kma' f{ M ca uLt ufP/ gfRg] x} t Û ;a } M n xG' 5 . -;a} hgf uLt ufpb“ } gfR5g\\ ._ uf/} L M ;fFem klg k¥of] . 3/ hfgk' 5{ ca . cfh ;a}n] cfdfaa' fsf] b'Mv b]vfofF} . /fdljnf; M xfd|f cfdfaa' f xfd|} nflu /ftlbg b'Mv gegL sfd ug'{xG' 5 . xfdL eg] === . n'dGtL M xf] t lg, xfdLn] /fd|/L kl9lbpg\\ eGgx' G' 5 pxfFx¿ . xl/ M cfdfaa' fnfO{ t slxNo} la;g{ 'xG' g . km'af{ M cfdfa'af egs] f t eujfg\\ kf] x'g\\ t afa} . xfdLn] cfh cfdfaa' fsf] gSsn t u¥of}F t/ cfdfaa' fn] xfdf| nflu slt w]/} bM' v ugx{' Fb' f] /x5] . Tof] klg a‰' of}F xlu Û uf}/L M cab]lv cfdfa'afnfO{ slxNo} bM' v glbg] x} . em'df M cfhsf] jgef]h la;{g} g;lsg] jgef]h eof] . kma' f { M cfdfa'afsf] b'Mvsf] af/] t xfdLn] ;f]r]s} /xg] 5f}F . g]kfnL, sIff ^ 163

/fdljnf; M cfh Psl5g cfdfaa' fsf] el\" dsfdf clego ubf{ t xfdLnfO{ slt ufx|f] eof] . lar/f cfdfa'afn] s;/L ;lx/x]sf xfn] fg\\ . uf}/L M 5f]/f5f]/L xg' t ;lhnf] /x]5 . cfdfaa' f xg' t slt ufxf| ] kf] x'Fbf] /x5] . cfh yfxf eof] . km'af{ M cfhsf] lbg t xfdL slxNo} la;{g] 5}gfF} . ;a} M xf] t lg . em'df M d Pp6f s/' f eG5' x} . ;a } M s] s'/f egg Û em'df M o:t} gf6s o;kfln ljBfnodf bv] fpg] x} . ;/ t sx] L afN] ge' Psf] 5g} . lzIfs M d t ltdLx¿sf] kl| tef bv] ]/ bª\\u kl//f5' . :ofaf; Û ;a} ;xefuLx¿nfO{ . k'maf { M of] gf6s ljBfnodf klg bv] fpbF f x'Gg / ;/ < lzIfs M lsg gx'g' . klxnf sIffsf]7fdf c¿ ;fyLx¿nfO{ b]vfpg] clg ;as} f nflu b]vfpg] . ;a } M x'G5 ;/ . /fdljnf; M clg xfdf| cfdfaa' fx¿nfO{ klg af]nfpg] To; sfoj{ |mddf . ;a} M xf] xf] Û xfd|f cfdfa'af, u'?ju{ / ;fyLx¿ ;an} fO{ b]vfpg] . -uLt ufp“5g\\ _ kfgL k¥of] em// xfjf rNof] ;// kl| tef – ljz]if lsl;dsf] Ifdtf bª\\u – dSv 164 gk] fnL, sIff ^

zAbe08f/ != lbOPsf ;:+ st[ zAb / ltgaf6 ¿k kl/jtg{ eP/ cfPsf gk] fnL zAbx¿ lbOPsf 5g\\ . tL zAbx¿sf] z'4 pRrf/0f ug{x' f;] \\ M ;+:st[ gk] fnL ;:+ st[ g]kfnL x:t xft :y\"n 7n' f] sd{ sfd kq kft If]q v]t k0\" f { k\"/f sfi7 sf7 gj gofF @= tnsf zAb s'g efiffaf6 cfPsf x'g\\, hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\\ M cfOl8of kmf/;L tna cªu\\ ]h| L sfl] ;; z]kf{ k;n tfdfª 8Dkm' g]kfn Rofªu\\ f| c/aL #= k9/] a'‰g'xf;] \\ M ;|f]t egs] f] sg' } s/' fsf] dx' fg jf cfwf/ xf] . zAb;|f]t eg]sf] s'g} klg efiffdf zAbx¿ cfpg] dx' fg jf cfwf/ xf] . gk] fnL efiffdf tLg lsl;dn] zAbx¿ cfPsf 5g\\ M -s_ ;+:st[ af6 h:tfsf] To:t} M kq, cfiff9, >fj0f, lz/, ljBfno -v_ ;:+ st[ af6 sx] L kl/jtg{ eP/ M xft, sfg, sf7, ;fpg, c;f/, kft, ldt g]kfnL, sIff ^ 165

-u_ cGo efiffaf6 M :sn' , clkm;, cfjfh, ‰ofn, kg} L, k6'sf ;+:s[taf6 h:tfsf] To:t} g]kfnL efiffdf cfPsf / ;+:s[taf6 gk] fnLdf cfpbF f cln cln ¿k kml] /P/ cfPsf zAb df}lns zAb xg' \\ . ;+:s[tafxs] c¿ ;a} efiffaf6 gk] fnLdf cfPsf zAb cfuGt's zAb x'g\\ . $= bzcf6] f df}lns / cfuGt's zAbx¿ n]Vgx' f;] \\ . %= tnsf lrqx¿sf] gfd nV] g'xf;] \\ M ============== ============== ============== ============== ============= ============= ============= ============= ============= ============= ============= ============= 166 g]kfnL, sIff ^

af]w / cleJolSt != lbOPsf zAb ;'g/] pRrf/0f ugx'{ f;] \\ M eujfg,\\ cfOl8of, xf]6]n, ljBfno, dhb'/L, cfjfh, :ofaf;, clego @= lbOPsf zAbaf6 jfSo agfpg'xf];\\ M gf6s, ;dfKt, vt] , 7'nf], cfOl8of, sf]l;; #= kf7sf cfwf/df pQ/ eGg'xf;] \\ M -s_ of] ;+jfb s;n] nv] s] f xg' \\ < -v_ /fdljnf; sg' uLtdf gfRof] < -u_ km'afs{ f] cfˆgf] efiff sg' xf] < -3_ nd' GtLsf] cfˆgf] efiff s'g xf] < $= s;n] eg]sf] xf], kf7sf cfwf/df kfqsf] gfd nV] g'xf];\\ M -s_ ;a}n] cfcfˆgf] efiffsf] uLt ufpg] . ÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ dnfO{ t ef]s nfUof] . ÒÒÒÒÒ -u_ ;/ Û xh'/ klg cfpg';\\ g . ÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ cfh Ps lbg cfdfaa' f ag]/ x/] fF,} s:tf] xFb' f] /x]5 . ÒÒÒÒÒ -ª_ cfxf Û slt /fdf| ] cfOl8of . ÒÒÒÒÒ -r_ xf] t lg, xfdLn] /fd|/L kl9lbpg\\ eGgx' 'G5 pxfFx¿ . ÒÒÒÒÒ -5_ aa' f t/sf/L vt] L ug{'xG' 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒ -h_ d/] L cfdf dhb/' L ugx'{ 'G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒ g]kfnL, sIff ^ 167

%= kf7sf cfwf/df 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\\ M -s_ zfGtfn] cfˆgf >Ldfg\\nfO{ 3/ cfpbF f s] Nofpg' elgg\\ < -v_ nd' GtL cfdfsf] clego ubf{ lsg ;fRr} /f]O{ < -u_ /fdljnf;sf a'afnfO{ lsg /fd|/L lgb|f nfu]g < -3_ uf}/LsL cfdf s] ugx'{ 'G5 < -ª_ lzIfs lsg bªu\\ kg{'ePsf] 5 < ^= jgef]h ;+jfbsf cfwf/df tnsf 36gfj|md ldnfpgx' f];\\ M - _ n'dGtLkl5 /fdljnf;n] cfˆgf] a'afsf] clego ug{' - _ vfhf vfPkl5 gf6s ug{] ;Nnfx xg' ' - _ ;ae} Gbf klxn] xl/n] cfˆgf] aa' fsf] clego ug'{ - _ jgefh] df pgLx¿ gfRb} ufpbF } /dfOnf] ug{' - _ xl/kl5 n'dGtLn] cfˆgL cfdfsf] clego ug'{ - _ ;j+ fbdf ;a}n] cfcfˆgf cfdfa'afsf] clego ug{ ;xdlt x'g' - _ k'maf{ / uf/} Lsf] clegokl5 ;a} hgf uLt ufpbF } gfRg yfNg' - _ jgefh] sf] cGTodf ;a}nfO{ cfcfˆgf cfdfaa' fsf] dxŒj yfxf x'g' - _ ^ sIffsf afnaflnsfx¿ jgefh] hfg' - _ ca ljBfnodf klg oxL jgefh] s} gf6s b]vfpg] ;Nnfx xg' ' / ;+jfb ;lsg' - _ n'dGtL t cfdfsf] /fP] sf] clego ubf{ub}{ ;flF Rrs} ?g yfNg' - _ /fdljnf;kl5 km'af{ / uf}/Ln] cfcfˆgf cfdfx¿sf] clego ug{' 168 g]kfnL, sIff ^

&= kf7sf cfwf/df nfdf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\\ M -s_ …jgef]hÚ ;+jfbsf kfqdWo] s;sf] el\" dsf tkfOnF{ fO{ dg k¥of] / lsg, sf/0f;lxt nV] g'xf;] \\ . *= kf7sf cfwf/df JofVof ug{'xf;] \\ M -s_ cfdfa'af eg]sf t ;fIfft\\ eujfg\\ g} xg' \\ . -v_ 5f/] f5f/] L xg' t ;lhnf] /x5] , cfdfaa' f xg' t slt ufxf| ] xbF' f] /x5] . (= …jgefh] Ú ;+jfb sIffdf clego u/]/ bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . o;sf nflu lzIfs, xl/, nd' GtL, /fdljnf;, k'maf{, uf/} L, emd' f sf] sf] aGg] eg]/ klxnf g} el\" dsf af“8\\g'xf];\\ . sIffdf ePsf ;a}nfO{ e\"ldsf lbg'xf];\\ . !)= ;j+ fb k\"/f ug'{xf;] \\ M lzIffsf] dxŒj -wgaxfb'/ / dgaxfb'/ rf}tf/fdf a;]/ s'/fsfgL ul//x]sf 5g\\ . jz} fvsf] ;do 5 . ljBfnon] ljBfyL{ egf{ cleofg rnfPsf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] ;j+ fb o;} ljifodf sl] Gb|t 5 ._ wgaxfb/' – dgaxfb/' efO Û ltdf| ] 3/lt/sf] ljBfnosf kw| fgfWofks cfpg'ePg < d]/f]df t cfP/ h;/L klg 7'nL5f]/L ;/:jtLnfO{ ljBfno k7fpgk' 5{ eGg'x'G5 af Û d]/L 5f/] LnfO{ ljBfno k7fpmF ls gk7fpmF pxfnF fO{ s] 6fpsf] bv' fO < dgaxfb'/ – wgaxfb'/ bfO klg Û s] o:tf] s/' f u/s] f] < p;nfO{ rflxF lsg ljBfno gk7fpg' clg < wgaxfb'/ – ====================================================================== gk] fnL, sIff ^ 169

dgaxfb'/ – wgaxfb'/ bfO Û s'/f To;f] xf]Og . dflg;nfO{ ljj]sL] agfpg] g} lzIff xf] . lzIffsf nflu pd]/ rflxbF g} . d]/L >LdtLn] !% jif{sf] pd]/df sv k9]sL /] . x]g'{xf];\\ t, d]/L >LdtL k9s] L eP/ hLjg ;xh ePsf] 5 . 3/sf] sfd t tkfOF{ xfdLn] o;f] ;3fP eOuof] lg . ;/:jtLsf efOalxgLnfO{ ljBfno k7fP/ p;nfO{ gk7fpg' rflxF cGofo g} xf] x} bfO Û wgaxfb'/ – ============================================================= dgaxfb/' – ======================================================================= wgaxfb'/ – ======================================================================= dgaxfb/' – ======================================================================= wgaxfb'/ – ====================================================================== dgaxfb'/ – ====================================================================== wgaxfb/' – x'G5, efOn] klg d]/f] cfFvf vf]lnlbof} . ltdLnfO{ w/] } w/] } wGojfb . -b'j} cfcfÇgf 3/lt/ nfU5g\\ ._ !!= tkfO{“ ;fyLx¿;“u jgef]h hfg'eof] . jgef]hdf ljleGg sfo{j|md /flvPsf lyP . ca tkfOn“{ ] ljleGg sfoj{ m| ddWo] Pp6f sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ugk{' g{] 5 . tkfOn“{ ] pSt sfoj{ m| d s;/L ;~rfng ugx{' G' 5, k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . eflifs ;+/rgf / j0f{ljGof; != sfi] 7sdf lbOPsf] ;ªs\\ t] sf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jtg{ ugx{' f;] \\ M -s_ d]/f] ;fgf] efO cfof] . -:qLlnª\\u_ -v_ pgLx¿ ot} cfP . -Psjrg_ 170 gk] fnL, sIff ^

-u_ tF stf hfg nfu]sf] < -pRr cfb/_ -3_ tkfO{F oxLF a:gx' f];\\ . -;fdfGo cfb/_ -ª_ d klg syf k9\\5' . -ax'jrg_ -r_ a'afn] xfdLnfO{ af]nfpg'eof] . -:qLlnª\\u_ -5_ uf]?n] 3f;F vfof] . -:qLlnªu\\ _ -h_ r/f] p8o\\ f] . -ax'jrg_ -em_ tF ;fgb} ]lv ldlxgt] L lyO;\\ . -;fdfGo cfb/_ -`_ p;n] ux[ sfo{ u/L . -ax'jrg_ @= cg'R5]b k9L /ftf] nufOPsf zAbx¿nfO{ ldNg] tflnsfdf l6Kg'xf];\\ . To;kl5 To:t} c¿ tLg tLgcf]6f zAb nV] g'xf];\\ M k~rdfgn] ;ªs\\ 6sf a]nf bl} gs c7f/ 306f;Dd sfd u/L ;DklQ ;~ro u/s] f 5g\\ . pgL tGb'?:t /x'Ghn] pgsf ;Gtfgn] b'Mv kfpFb}gg\\ . pgsf] :jf:Yodf tndfly ePsf] v08df eg] pgLx¿n] w]/} bM' v kfpF5g\\ lsgls pgLx¿sf] g af]Ng] 9ª\\u 5, g t sfd ug]{ g} . ;+ofu] n] cfh;Dd pgLx¿ ;+nUg s'g} sfd laus]| f] 5}g . pgLx¿larsf] ;DaGw klg /fd|} 5 . …ªÚ\\ j0f{ ko| f]u ePsf =============== =============== …`\\Ú j0f{ k|ofu] ePsf =============== =============== …0fÚ\\ j0f{ ko| fu] ePsf =============== =============== …gÚ\\ j0f{ ko| fu] ePsf =============== =============== …d\\Ú j0f{ ko| fu] ePsf =============== =============== lz/laGb' - + _ ko| fu] ePsf =============== =============== g]kfnL, sIff ^ 171

;'gfO / afn] fO != ;g' fO kf7 !$ ;'g]/ l7s al] 7s 5'6o\\ fpgx' f;] \\ M -s_ xfdf| ] ;dfhdf cGwljZjf; cem klg 5 . -v_ xfd|f] ;dfhdf cGwljZjf; klxnf klxnf lyPg . -u_ cGwljZjf;n] j}1flgs ts{ dfGb}g . -3_ cGwljZjf;n] ;dfhdf dn] ldnfk Nofp5F . -ª_ cGwljZjf; xfdf| ] /fdf| ] k/Dk/f xf] . @= ;'gfO kf7 !$ ;G' g'xf];\\ . sg' sg' jfSo kf7df 5}gg,\\ gePsf jfSo 5}gg\\ eGg'xf];\\ . kf7df ePsf jfSonfO{ 5g\\ eGgx' f];\\ M -s_ xfd|f] ;dfh ljsl;t / ;l' jwf ;DkGg 5 . -v_ o:tf s'/fn] ;dfh emg\\ k5fl8 kl//x]sf] 5 . -u_ xfd|f] ;dfhdf la/fdL xF'bf 8fS6/sxfF nh} fg] rng 5 . -3_ xfdL xfdf| ] /Lltl/jfh / k/Dk/fdf wgL 5f}F . #= ;'gfO kf7 !$ sf cfwf/df hf8] f ldnfpg'xf];\\ M -s_ cGwljZjf; v/fa rng -v_ j}1flgs ;To klxnfsf] hdfgfdf ePsf] sfo{sf] kmn -u_ s/' Llt ;fgf]7n' f,] /fd|fg] /fd|f] eGg] e]bsf] l;hg{ f -3_ kj\" {hGdsf] kmn ti[ 0ff gePsf] -ª_ ljeb] l;h{gf ljgfts{ ul/g] ljZjf; -r_ ljt[i0ff tfls{s ;To 172 g]kfnL, sIff ^

$= ;g' fO kf7 !$ ;G' g'xf];\\ / lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eGg'xf];\\ M -s_ cGwljZjf; slxnb] l] v rlncfPsf] 5 < -v_ cGwljZjf; egs] f] s] xf] < -u_ xfd|f] ;dfhdf ePsf s'g} bO' { cGwljZjf; atfpgx' f;] \\ . -3_ cGwljZjf;n] s:tf] ;TonfO{ dfGbg} < -ª_ cGwljZjf;nfO{ s;/L x6fpg ;lsG5 < l;hg{ f÷kl/ofh] gf != tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ cfpg] u/L Ps cgR' 5b] df cfÇgf] kl| t1f nV] gx' f;] \\ M -s_ tkfOF{ s;/L cfdfa'afsf] c;n ;Gtfg aGgx' 'G5 < -v_ tkfOF{ cfÇgf] sg' v/fa afgL TofUg' x'G5 < -u_ tkfOF{ s:tf c;n afgLx¿ ckgfpgx' 'G5 < @= cleefjsx¿sf] cfÇgf] ;Gtfgkl| t ljzi] f ck]Iff xg' ;S5 . tkfOk{“ l| t klg tkfOs“{ f cfdfa'afsf s]xL ck]Iff xfn] fg\\ . 3/df uP/ cfdfaa' fnfO{ tkfOk“{ |ltsf] ckI] ff ;fW] g'xf;] \\ . pSt ck]Iffx¿ ;d]6L Ps cg'R5]bdf nV] g'xf];\\ . g]kfnL, sIff ^ 173

kf7 !% kj\" { k7g lbOPsf kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf;] \\ M kfgLsf cGo ;|f]tx¿ s] s] xf]nfg,\\ sIffdf 5nkmn ug'x{ f];\\ . tkfOs{“ f ljrf/df dflysf kfgLsf ;|f]tdWo] ;ae} Gbf a9L kfgL lbg] ;|ft] sg' xf] < ;ae} Gbf sd kfgL lbg] ;|ft] s'g xf], a9Lbl] v sdsf jm| ddf !, @, #, $, % n]Vg'xf;] \\ . 174 gk] fnL, sIff ^

dn\" kf7 kfgLsf] syf !% zfGtbf; dfgGw/ lhpgsf nflu xfjfhlQs} kfgL klg rflxG5 . of] s/' f xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 . xfdf| ] cfˆg} 3/df Ps k6s x/] f,F} kfgL xfdLnfO{ s] s] s/' fdf rflxG5 t < o;af/] xfdLn] cfdf;uF ;fW] ofF} eg] pxfnF ] s] eGgx' fn] f t < cfdfn] eGgx' G' 5 xfn] f, ænf,} x/] gfgL, laxfg ;a/] } p7g\\ l] alQs} xfdLx¿ dv' wG' 5f,}F xftuf8] f wG' 5f,}F To;kl5 PsbO' { lunf; kfgL lkp5F f}F . km] l/ efG5fs} s/' f u/f,F} rfdn lehfpgk' ¥of] clg ksfpgnfO{ rflxPhlt kfgL xfNgk' ¥of,] t/sf/L ;kmf ug{} k¥of,] ef8F fs8F' f df‰bf wfO] kvfNgk} ¥of] . oL ;a sfd kfgL ePg eg] s;/L ug{] < olt dfq xf] /, rkL{ ;kmf ug{ klg kfgL rflxof] . clg gx' fpg / nu' f wg' klg kfgL g} rflxof] . xfdLnfO{ kfgL t geO{ xbF' g} gfgL .Æ cxf] Û kfgL geO{ vfgf klg aGbg} , of] t ;fx}| cfjZos /x5] . Tolt dfq sxfF xf] / ;as} f] 3/df PsbO' 6f udnfx¿ t xG' 5g,\\ xG' 5g\\ . udnfdf klg kfgL xfNgk' 5{ lg . udnfdf km\" n km' nk] l5 t cfuF gsf] ;dt] zfe] f a95\\ , xg} t < vt] df sfd ul//xs] f ls;fg;uF ;fW] ofF} eg] pxfnF ] klg eGgx' g' 5] , ægfgL, kfgL ePg eg] t vt] afeF m} /xG5, df6fn] dfq sx] L lbg ;Sbg} . kfgL ePkl5 dfq df6fn] xfdLnfO{ cGg, ;fukft, kmnkm\" n ;a s/' f] lbG5 . kfgL t df6fsf] Hofg xf] . clg xfdf| ] klg Hofg} ePg t <Æ xf,] pM xg] f;{] \\ t 6G6nfk/' 3fddf sn' f] vlg/x5] Tof] ls;fg, slt ltvfP{ sf] xfn] f . vt] sf] ltvf{ d6] fpg dl/d6] b\\ } 5 ls;fg Û sf/vfgfdf sfd ug{] bfh' / lbbLx¿;uF ;fW] ofF} eg] klg ækfgL geO{ sx] L xbF' } gk] fnL, sIff ^ 175

g gfgL Û kfgL ePg eg] tfltPsf] dl] ;g g} lrl;bF g} . nf} tkfOxF{ ¿nfO{ rflxg] sfuts} s/' f u/f,F} sfut sf/vfgfdf Ps 6g sfut agfpg emG8} bO' { nfv ln6/ kfgL rflxG5 clg kfgL geO{ xG' 5 t gfgL,Æ eGgx' g' ] 5 . cl:t xfdL jgefh] uPsf lyofF} . hªu\\ n lyof,] 8f8F f lyof] Toxf,F gofF 7fp,F va' /dfOnf] eof,] kU' gl] alQs} va' 8N' of,F} vN] of,F} /dfOnf] u¥ofF} t/ glhs} sj' f, wf/f, vfN] ;f geP/ ;fx}| x/} fgL eof] . jgefh] t /dfOnf] xG' 5 g} t/ ;fRF rs} f] /dfOnf] t kfgLsf] aGbfa] :t ePsf] eP xG' Yof] . Ps} l5gcl3 v;' L eP/ xflF ;/xs] f, vl] n/xs] f xfdLx¿ ltvfP{ / cfsn' Jofsn' eofF} . kfgL xg' ' / kfgL gxg' n' ] slt km/s kfbf{] /x5] . jf:tjdf kfgLn] sxfF s] u/s] f] 5g} < o;n] pkTosfx¿ agfPsf] 5g} ls < gofF tfnx¿nfO{ hGd lbPsf] 5g} ls < nf} xg] x{' f;] ,\\ hªu\\ nsf] Ps sg' fdf ;fgf] dn\" lyof,] cln cln kfgL lgl:s/xs] f] lyof] . o;n] df6f] vGg] / kG5fpg] u¥of] . Tof] en' en' ] h:t} lyof] / ptf hªu\\ n eg] ljzfn lyof] . t/ klg lg/Gt/ ¿kdf dn\" af6 lg:ss] f] Tof] ;fgf] wf/f] To; hªu\\ ndf hDbf hDbf ;fgf] bx h:tf] bl] vof] . kl5 ;do laTb} hfbF f To;n] 7n' f] tfnsf] ¿k lnof] . sfnfGt/df To; tfnaf6 gbL lg:Sof] / c¿ vfn] fgfnfx¿l;t ldl;P/ aUg yfNof] . aUb} hfbF f Ps 7fpdF f o;nfO{ kxf8n] 5S] of] t/ Tof] gbL eg] æ5f8, d/] f] af6f] Û g5s] dnfO{ ÛÆ eGb} l/;n] dd' l{' /bF } kxf8nfO{ xfGg yfNof] cfˆgf 5fnx¿n] . lehs] f r66\\ fgnfO{ rsfp{ g To;an] f 3fdn,] xfjfn] / Ct' kl/jtg{ n] klg Tolts} sfd u/] . cflv/df gbLn] cl3 a9g\\ ] af6f] agfO5f8o\\ f] / To;kl5 klg o;n] cfˆgf] af6fnfO{ km/flsnf] kfg{] sfd ub{} /xo\\ f] . zAbfy{ cfsn' Jofs'n – cflQPsf] e'ne'n ] – e'n en' u/L pd|]sf] kfgL sfnfGt/ – w/] } kl5sf] ;do 5fn – jfos' f] ke| fjn] gbL, tnfp, ;db' | cflbsf] kfgL ju] n] ax“bf p7s] f] nx/, t/ªu\\ 176 gk] fnL, sIff ^

kfv] /f pkTosf / sf7df8fF} pkTosfsf] pTklQdf kfgLn] w/] } 7n' f] sfd u/s] f] xg' k' 5{ . kfv] /f ;t] L u08sLsf] pkTosf xg' k' 5{ / sf7df8fF} pkTosf oxfsF f jfUdtL, lji0fd' tL cflb gbLx¿n] agfPsf] pkTosf xf] . dflg;x¿ eG5g,\\ æsf7df8fF} vfN8f] plxn] Pp6f tfn lyof] / kl5 oxfsF f] kfgL rfe] f/sf] uN5L sf6/] aufOPsf] lyof] . o;/L sf7df8fF} ;x/ a;flnPsf] lyof] .Æ xf,] kfgLn] kY[ jLsf] cgx' f/ kmg] {] sfd u/s] f] lyof] / o;n] of] sfd gyfsLsg lg/Gt/ ul//xs] f] 5 . Ps hgf sljn] gbLsf af/d] f o;f] nv] s] f 5g\\ M ædflg;x¿ cfpg\\ ls hfpg,\\ lx;fa /flVtgF . d eg] cfˆgf] af6fdf lx8F 5\\ ,' kms/{] xl] bg{ F ..Æ of] uLt xf] gbLsf] . of] ;wF} alu/xG5 cfˆg} ultdf tn tn, cfˆg} tfnn] ub{} snsn . t/ dflg;x¿ eg] kfgLsf] lx;fa /fV5g\\ . xfdLx¿ bV] 5f,F} hxfF wf/f,] kg/] f,] sj' f, gbLgfnf / dn\" x¿ xG' 5g,\\ ToxfF a:tL xg' ] u5{ . hxfF kfgLsf] 5n] fv] n] f] xG' 5, ToxfF a;fa] f; klg afSn} xG' 5 . a:tLx¿sf] Oltxf;n] eG5, kfgL ;lhn} dgUu] kfOg] 7fpdF f g} 7N' 7n' f ;x/x¿ ljsl;t ePsf 5g\\ . ef/tdf uªu\\ f gbLsf lsgf/df Onfxfjfb, agf/;, k6gf, snsQf h:tf ;x/x¿ 5g\\ . rLgdf ofªT;] gbLsf lsgf/df gfglsª, ;fª3\\ fO{ h:tf ;x/x¿ /xs] f 5g\\ eg] xj\\ fªxf] gbLsf lsgf/df l;ofg ;x/ 5 . ld>sf] sflx/fn] fO{ gfOn gbLsf] sf;] n] L g} eG5g\\ . ljZjs} k/' fgf] dn' s' dflgg] aubfb ;x/ ok' m| 6] ; / 6fOlu;| gbLsf lardf 5 . o:t} cdl] /sfsf] ldl;l;kL / ?;sf] efN] uf gbLsf lsgf/df 7n' f 7n' f ;x/x¿ 5g\\ . an] fotsf] pTklQ – lg:sg] sfd uN5L – bO' { kxf8sf] lardf vfr]“ jf ;f]tf] k/]sf] 7fp“ 5]nfv] n] f ] – rflxge] Gbf a9L gk] fnL, sIff ^ 177

nG8g ;x/ yD] ; gbLsf lsgf/df 5 . o;f] lsg ePsf] xfn] f < gbLn] kfgL t lbG5 lbG5, kfgLsf ;fy} o;n] cGo ;l' jwfx¿ klg lbG5 . xfdf| ] cfˆg} dn' s' df x/] fF} sltko ;x/ahf/x¿ gbLs} lsgf/df 5g\\ . 7N' 7n' f gbLsf bfe] fgx¿df 3f6 xG' 5g,\\ hxfF gbL tg{] Joj:yf xG' 5 . bfe] fg bO' { jf bO' e{ Gbf a9L gbLx¿ ldNg] 7fpF xf] . bfe] fgdf h;/L bO' { km/s lbzfx¿af6 aUb} cfOku' s] f bO' { gbLx¿ ldN5g,\\ To;/L g} bfe] fgsf jfl/ / kfl/sf eu] sf dflg;x¿ ToxfF cfP/ en] f xG' 5g\\ . ltgLx¿ Psn] csfs{ f] nfe / lxtnfO{ x/] /] cfˆgf cge' jx¿ ;G' g] ;g' fpg] cyft{ \\ ;f6km/] u5g{ \\ . la:tf/} Tof] bfe] fg ltgLx¿larsf] Jofkf/sf] bfe] fgdf kml] /g yfN5 . Tof] bfe] fg 1fg, l;k, ku| lt / ljsf;sf] sG] bs| f ¿kdf ljsl;t xG' 5 . cflv/ of] ;a gbLsf] syf xf,] kfgLsf] syf xf] . bO' { dn' s' lar kfgL afS] b} alu/xs] f] sg' } gbLn] jfl/ / kfl/sf tL bO' { dn' s' nfO{ ei] f / efiffbl] v /Lltl/jfh / ;fdflhs dfGotfdf;dt] aU] n} bl] vg] u/L cnUofOlbG5 . ;Ldf/v] fsf ¿kdf gfd /flvPsf] To:t} csf{] gbLn] eg] gbL jfl/ / kfl/sf bO' { dn' s' nfO{ uf:F g] ldt/] L uf7F fs] f] sfd klg ul//xs] f] xG' 5 . bfe] fg – b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L gbLx¿ ldNg] 7fp“ 3f6 – gbLsf] bfof“afofs“ f] lsgf/ ;f6km]/ – dfn;fdfg ;f6f;f6 ug{] sfd /Lltl/jfh – klxnb] ]lv rlncfPsf] lgod 178 gk] fnL, sIff ^

zAbe08f/ != tnsf kbfjnL / cyl{ ar hf]8f ldnfpgx' f;] \\ M vt] sf] ltvf{ w/] } l/;fP/ leqleq} afN] g' kfgLsf] aGbfa] :t cTof;df kg{' cfs'nJofsn' x'g' tfkjm| d l/;n] d'dl'{ /g ' v]t ;S' vf x'g' kfgLsf] Joj:yf @= tnsf 6'Ssf / ltgsf cy{lar hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\\ M 6S' sf cy{ cgx' f/ km]g'{ lk6\\g' lx;fa /fVg' cfF6 ug'{ xft xfNg ' :j¿k abNg' 3F8' f 6]Sg' r]Tg' sDd/ s:g ' nv] fhf]vf /fVg' gfs sf6g\\ ' dg'{ sfg ;dfTg ' xfg'{ df; 5g{ hfg' OHht kmfNg' #= ljm| ofsnfk @ df lbOPsf 6'Ssfx¿nfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf k|ofu] ugx{' f];\\ . g]kfnL, sIff ^ 179

$= tnsf cg's/0ffTds zAb / ljm| ofsf] hf8] f ldnfpg'xf];\\ / ltgnfO{ jfSodf k|ofu] ug{x' f;] \\ M snsn kl;gf cfpg' e'nS' s 3fd nfUg' vnvnL kfgL kfgL lkpg' 5tf5N' n 8'Ag' b/b/ kf]lvg' lgyS|' s kfgL bls{g' rn' {D' d plDng' emndNn aUg' ;nn leHg' af]w / cleJolSt != …kfgLsf] syfÚ lgaGw kfn}kfnf] ;:j/jfrg ug{x' f;] \\ . @= lbOPsf zAb pRrf/0f u/L jfSodf k|ofu] ugx'{ f;] \\ M 6G6nfk'/, efF8fs8F' f, sfnfGt/, d'dl'{ /Fb,} lg/Gt/, Oltxf;, snsn #= kf7sf cfwf/df 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M -s_ cfdfn] kfgL sg' s'g sfdsf nflu rflxG5 eGge' of] < -v_ jgefh] sf /dfOnf / g/dfOnf kIf s] s] lyP < -u_ sf7df8fF} pkTosf sg' s'g gbLn] agfPsf] ;x/ xf]nf < -3_ gbLsf] dxŒjsf af/]df Ps cg'R5b] n]Vgx' f;] \\ . 180 g]kfnL, sIff ^

$= kf7sf cfwf/df nfdf] pQ/ nV] g'xf];\\ M -s_ kfgLn] s;/L cfˆgf] af6f] km/flsnf] kf5,{ kf7sf cfwf/df j0f{g ugx'[{ f];\\ . -v_ ;;+ f/df gbL lsgf/df a:tL ljsf; x'g'sf] sf/0f s] xf,] rrf{ ug{'xf];\\ . %= JofVof ug{x' f];\\ M -s_ lhpgsf nflu xfjf hlQs} kfgL rflxG5 . -v_ Tof] bf]efg 1fg, l;k, k|ult / ljsf;sf] s]Gb|sf ¿kdf ljsl;t x'G5 . ^= …kfgLsf] syfÚ kf7n] atfpg] dV' o dV' o ljifoj:t' bz jfSodf nV] gx' f;] \\ . &= …kfgLsf] syfÚ kf7sf cfwf/df !, @, #=== nv] L 36gfjm| d ldnfpgx' f;] \\ M - _ jgef]hdf /dfOnf] eP klg kfgLlagf b'Mv ePsf] - _ a:tLx¿sf] Oltxf;sf] s'/f pNnv] ePsf] - _ cfdfn] kfgLsf] dxŒjsf af/]df atfpg' ePsf] - _ gbL lsgf/n] bO' { dn' 'ssf] ldt/] L nufPsf] - _ kfgLn] cfˆgf] af6f] cfkmF} agfPsf] - _ bfe] fg / gbL lsgf/df dfgj a:tL ljsl;t ePsf] - _ ls;fgn] s'nf] vg]/ v]tdf kfgL nufPsf] *= tnsf] cg'R5b] dgdg} k9L kfr“ cf]6f k|Zg agfpgx' f];\\ M kfgLsf] pkof]u k|foM ;a} s/' fdf x'G5 . lkpg, vfgf ksfpg, nu' f wg' , gx' fpg, ;/;kmfO ug{ dfq xf]Og, pBf]uwGbf rnfpg, v]tLkftL ug{ g]kfnL, sIff ^ 181

klg kfgL geO{ x'Fb}g . kfgL pmhf{sf] ;|f]t klg xf] . kfgLaf6} hnljBt' \\ cfofh] gf ;~rfng ul/G5 . o;/L pTkfbg ul/Psf] ljBt' Lo pmhf{n] sf]7f dfq pHofnf] kfb}g{ , ;fgfbl] v 7n' f;Dd snsf/vfgf rnfp5F . /l] 8of,] 6l] nlehg, sDKo6' / cflb ljBt' Lo pks/0fx¿ rnfpg cfjZos kg{] phf{ pTkfbg u5{ . To;n} ] klg xfdf| ] hLjgdf / ;Eotfsf] lgdf0{ fdf kfgLsf] 7'nf] dxŒj /xs] f] 5 . (= tnsf] lrq x]/L j0f{g ug'x{ f];\\ M !)= kfgL xfdf| nflu clt cfjZos j:t' xf] . tkfO“{ kfgLsf] ;bk' of]u s;/L ug'{xG' 5, o; ljifodf tkfO{“ cfÇgf] k|lta4tf k|:tt' ugx{' f];\\ . eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0fl{ jGof; != sfi] 7ssf lgb{]zgcg;' f/ jfSo kl/jtg{ ug{x' f;] \\ M gk] fnL, sIff ^ -s_ d v]Ng hfG5' . -låtLo k?' if_ -v_ pm ^ sIffdf k95\\ . -k|yd k'?if_ 182

-u_ pgLx¿ cfh stf uP5g\\ < -låtLo k'?if_ -3_ ltgLx¿ klg km' 6an v]N5g\\ . -k|yd k'?if_ -ª_ xfdL ca syf k9\\5fF} . -låtLo k'?if_ -r_ ltdLx¿ cfh stf hfG5f} < -t[tLo k?' if_ -5_ tF klg egs] f] dfG5;\\ . -t[tLo k'?if_ @= pbfx/0f x/] L tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ s/0f eP cs/0fdf / cs/0f eP s/0fdf kl/jt{g ug{x' f];\\ M -s_ efO egs] f] dfG5 . efO eg]sf] dfGbg} . -v_ ltdL /fd|/L k9\\b}gf} . ltdL /fd|/L k9\\5f} . -u_ cfh kfgL knf{ . ===================================================== -3_ pgLx¿n] vn] lht5] g\\ . ============================================ -ª_ ;fyLn] wf]sf lbFb}g . ===================================================== -r_ pgLx¿ ahf/ ghfpmg\\ . ============================================ -5_ xfdL kfv] /f uPsf 5f}F . ============================================ -h_ pgLx¿ ef]ln kmsn{ fg\\ . ============================================ #= lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9\\g'xf];\\ / kbljof]u x'g'kg]{ zAbdf /]vfª\\sg ug'{xf;] \\ . tkfO{n“ ] /]vfª\\sg u/s] f zAbnfO{ kbljof]u ugx{' f];\\ M xfdf| ] ;dfhdf o:tf sltko k/Dk/f 5g\\, hg' k/Dk/fdf s'gj} }1flgs ;Totf 5}g . To:tf lg/fwf/ s'/fnfO{ ;dfhsf sltko dfG5]n] ckgfO/x]sf 5g\\ . o;n] ;dfhemg\\ ?l9u:| t ags] f] 5 . ;dfhdf ul/a, pTkLl8t, cfly{s Pjd\\ ;fdflhs ¿kdf sdhf/] ju,{ Psn gk] fnL, sIff ^ 183

dlxnfnufot sdhf]/ b]lvPsfJolStnfO{ af]S;Lsf] cf/f]knufP/ d/0ff;Gg xg' ] u/Ls6' lk6 u/s] f,] cdfgjLo Jojxf/ u/s] f/] Hofg;dt] lnPsf] kfp5F fF} . oL;a} 36gf cGwljZjf;sf] sf/0fn3] 6s] f x'g\\ . o:tfs'/f hfGbfhfGb} klg o;nfO{ xfdLn] ;dfhaf6 lgd{n\" kfg{ ;ss] f 5g} fF} . $= cg'R5b] k9/] kbof]u tyf kbljofu] ldnfP/ n]Vg'xf;] \\ M d}n] klg tkfO{F x¿n] h:t} o; kZ| g sf] k6sk6s ;fdgf u/]sf] 5' . slxn] kfx'gf af6, slxn] lzIfsaf6, slxn] cleefjsaf6 / slxn] t ;fyLaf6 klg . d slxn] slj;flxTosf/ aG5' eG5' . slx n] vn] f8Lt slxn] 8fS6/ aG5' eG5' . slxn] OlGhlgo/, slxn] l;kfxLF F jf kx| /L aGg dgk5{ / ToxL elglbG5' . slxn] lrqsf/ jf jlsn aGg] /x/ u5{' . slxn] ls;fg, lzIfs jf Jofkf/L aGg] aGg] /x/ nfU5 / ToxL hafkm lbG5' . slxn] kqsf/ cyjf sd{rf/L ag\"F h:tfn] fU5 . slxn] snfsf/ jf /fhgLlt1ag/] bz] sf] ;j] f ug]{ OR5f hfU5 / ToxLelglbG5' . o;/L lunf] df6f] jf cfsfz sf] afbn h:tf] 5 abln /xg] d/] f] hafkm . ;'gfO / afn] fO != ;g' fO kf7 !% ;'Ggx' f;] \\ / pQd ljsNk sg' xf] eGgx' f;] \\ M -s_ kY[ jLsf] rf/ v08sf] slt v08 kfgLn] cfu] 6]sf] 5 < -c_ Ps -cf_ bO' { -O_ tLg -O_{ rf/ -v_ kmnkm\" n s] sf/0fn] /l;nf x'G5g\\ < -c_ kmnsf sf/0fn] -cf_ rfgf ePsf sf/0fn] -O_ df6fdf kmns] f sf/0fn] -O{_ kfgL ePsf sf/0fn] -u_ s'g kmnk\"mndf a9L kfgL xG' 5 < 184 gk] fnL, sIff ^

-c_ cfkF -cf_ v/ah' f -O_ :ofp -O{_ gf:kftL -3_ o; ;+;f/df sd] f a:g] kf| 0fL w]/} 5g\\ < -c_ kfgL -cf_ hldg -O_ kmnk\"mn -O{_ cGg -ª_ s] k'u]g eg] la?jf l56} d5{ < -c_ dn -cf_ kfgL -O_ cfi} fwL -O_{ uf8] d]n @= ;g' fO kf7 !% sf cfwf/df l7s eP l7s / al] 7s eP al] 7s eGgx' f;] \\ M -s_ o; ;+;f/df kfgLeGbf hldg w/] } 5 . -v_ lxdfn kfgLsf] ;f| ]t xf] . -u_ t/sf/Lsf] :jfb egs] f] t/sf/Lleqsf] kfgLsf] :jfb xf] . -3_ xfdLn] kmg] ]{ ;f;df kfgLsf] dfqf x'Fbg} . -ª_ af6] la?jfn] kfgL lnbF g} g\\ . #= ;'gfO kf7 !% sf cfwf/df pQ/ eGgx' f];\\ M -s_ hldgdfly ePsf s'g} rf/cf6] f kfgLsf ;|ft] x¿ atfpgx' f];\\ . -v_ kfgLsf] dfqf a9L xg' ] sg' } rf/cf6] f kmnkm\" nsf gfd atfpgx' f;] \\ . -u_ kfgLlagf afRF g] kf| 0fL xG' 5g\\ ls xb'F }gg\\ < -3_ xfdLn] kfgL glkO{ klg s] s;/L kfgL vfO/xs] f x'G5fF} < gk] fnL, sIff ^ 185

$= lbOPsf ljifosf cfwf/df kfnk} fnf] cfkm\\gf] wf/0ff /fVgx' f];\\ M -s_ kfgLlagf af]6la?jf afRF g ;Sbg} g\\ . -v_ hgfj/x¿nfO{ klg kfgL rflxG5 . -u_ lxdfn kfgLsf] ;|f]t xf,] s;/L < -3_ xfdL kfgL s] s] sfdsf nflu ko| fu] u5f{}F < -ª_ kfgL sd vfPdf s] x'G5 < l;h{gf÷kl/ofh] gf != …kfgLsf] pkofl] utfÚ zLifs{ df Pp6f ;j+ fb tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . @= s'g} klg cGg -wfg, ds,} sf]bf,] tf]/L cflb_ pAhfpg] j|mddf s] s] ug'{k5{ . sg' } ls;fg jf vt] LkftL ug{ hfGg] dfG5]nfO{ ;fw] L jm| da4 ljj/0f agfpg'xf;] \\ . 186 gk] fnL, sIff ^

kf7 !^ kj\" { k7g sg' kf| 0fL sxf“ a:5g,\\ gfd atfpgx' f];\\ M dflysf dWo] tkfOn“{ ] s'g s'g k|f0fL cfÇgf] af;:yfgdf a;]sf] bV] ge' Psf] 5, gfd atfpgx' f;] \\ . g]kfnL, sIff ^ 187

d\"n kf7 Dffofsf] 3/ !^ dfof 7s'/L æAffa' Û P afa' Û bw' :jf6\\6} kf/ t .Æ æxQ/] L xh/' cfdf Û dnfO{ l8:6a gug\"{ g . ljBfno a; cfpg} nfUof] xf]nf . cfh d clns xtf/df 5' Sof, xh'/cfdf .Æ gs'n p;sL xh/' cfdfnfO{ x/s] laxfg o:t} tsl{ jts{n] cndNofpFYof] . æd]/f] Kof/f] gfltn] /fdf| ];uF vfof] eg] kf] alnof] xG' 5 clg /fd|f;] uF k9g\\ ;S5 .Æ xh'/cfdfn] eGg'eof] . æP gs'n Û ltdLn] xh/' cfdfnfO{ slt bM' v lbPsf] xF < Ps lunf; t xf] lg :jf6\\6 kf/ afa' Û d/] f] 5f]/f] 1fgL 5 . x]/ t, cfˆgL Kof/L xh/' cfdfn] slQ dfof u/]/ lbg'ePsf] . n n n em6\\6 lkOxfn .Æ gs'nsL cfdfn] eGg'eof] . æcf]xf] Û xfd|L xh'/cfdfn] klg slt lh2L ug'{ePsf] xf]nf .Æ gs'nn] xh'/cfdfsf] xftaf6 bw' sf] lunf; lnof] / 3636L lkof] . xh'/cfdfn] gfltnfO{ x]b{} d:' s/' fpg'eof] / …:ofaf; d/] f] gfltÚ eGb} l/Qf] lunf; lnP/ leq k:g'eof] . gs'n ljBfno hfg] tof/Ldf h'Qf nufpFb} lyof] . xh/' cfdf xftdf l:j6/ a'Gb} cfP/ gsn' nfO{ eGg'eof], æd d]/f] Kof/f] gfltnfO{ hf8f] xG' 5 eg]/ l:j6/ aG' b} 5' . v} t, of] l:j6/ gfkfF} . o;kflnsf] hf8fd] f d]/f] gfltnfO{ gofF l:j6/, xf===xf==.Æ æxh'/cfdf klg Û uf8L cfO;Sof] xf]nf, dnfO{ ca/] eO;Sof] . rflxFb}g zAbfy{ – dgdf s/' f v]nfO{ dg}df ljrf/ ug]{ sfd ts{ljts { 188 g]kfnL, sIff ^

of] l:j6/ l:j6/ . d t lx8F] x} .Æ gs'n emfn] f afs] /] 3/aflx/ lgl:sof] . ljBfno k'Ugf;fy p;n] cfkmg\\ f] ldNg] ;fyL ldng;uF s'/f ug{ yfNof] . æcfh xfdL sxfF hfG5fF} xf]nf < s'g gofF 7fpF hfg] xf]nf x} < lgs} /dfOnf] kf] xg' ] eof,] xg} t gsn' ÛÆ ldngn] eGof] . l7s To;} ;dodf sIff lzIfs 6'Kn'Ss sIffdf cfpg'eof] . æx]g'{xf];\\ gfgLafa'x¿ Û x/s] dlxgf h:t} cfh klg xfdL zl} Ifs cjnfs] g e|d0fdf hfFb} 5fF} . e|d0fdf bv] ]sf, ;'g]sf cge' j u/s] f s'/f l6kf]6 u//] ef]ln ;a}n] sIffdf ;g' fpg'k5{ . To;n} ] sfkLsnd afS] g rflxF gla;{g;' \\ x} .Æ æxG' 5 u'?cfdf, t/ cfh xfdL sxfF hfg] lg u?' cfdf <Æ gs'nn] pT;'s x'Fb} ;fW] of] . æcfh xfdL …dfofsf] 3/Ú eGg] j4[ f>ddf hfFb} 5f}F . ToxfF j[4 xh/' a'af xh/' cfdfx¿ a:gx' G' 5 .Æ u?' cfdfn] eGge' of] . æs] xh'/a'af xh/' cfdfx¿ a:g] klg 5'6\\6} 3/ xG' 5 / u?' cfdf <Æ gs'nn] pT;s' eP/ ;f]Wof] . ldng s]xL af]n]g . lg?tf, sNkgf, zfGtf, ;'zLnf, ¿ks, rd]nL, clvn]z, /ltof, ef]hdfgx¿ ld7f ld7f ukm ub{} uf8Ldf r9] . ldng ofqfel/ sx] L gafn] L rk' rfk a:of] . æP ldng Û lsg r'k nfus] f] < ;fyLx¿ s:tf] /dfPsf 5\\g\\ . ltdL eg] lsg PSn} wd' w'dtL a;s] f] <Æ gsn' n] ;f]Wof] . ædnfO{ cln ;Grf] ePg, To;} To;} l/uF 6f nfu] h:tf] eof] .Æ ldngn] eGof] . sx] L a/] d} ul' 8/xs] f] a; Pp6f u6] sf cufl8 £ofRr /fl] sof] . ;a} hgf a;af6 x?' ? tn cfl] n{P . u]6df 7'nf cIf/n] …dfofsf] 3/Ú nl] vPsf] lyof] . ;a} hgf u]6leq uP . u'?cfdfn] clejfbg u//] ;a} hgf;uF kl/ro cfbfgkb| fg cjnfs] g – lg/LIf0f ed| 0f – 3d' lkm/ j4[ f>d – a9' fa9' Lx¿ a:g agfPsf] cf>d g]kfnL, sIff ^ 189

u/fpg'eof] . ToxfF w]/} hgf kfsf cfdfa'af x'g'x'GYof] . b'O{ b'O{ hgf ljBfyLx{ ¿sf ;dx\" agfP/ kT| os] xh/' a'af xh/' cfdf;Fu cg'ej ;f6f;f6 ug]{ sfo{j|md agfOof] . gsn' / ldngsf] ;dx\" Ps hgf j[4;uF k¥of] . tLg} hgf rp/df /x]sf 7n' f] ?vsf] km]bsf a;/] s'/f ug{ yfn] . ægd:t] xh'/a'af Û d/] f] gfd gs'n clg d]/f] ;fyLsf] gfd ldng . xfdL xh'/aa' fnfO{ s]xL kZ| g ;f]Wg ;S5f}F <Æ gsn' n] rp/df a:b} eGof] . ægd:t] afax' ¿ Û d/] f] gfd xs{lht xf] . oxfF tkfOxF{ ¿ h:t} gfgLafa'x¿ cfpg'xG' 5 . ljleGg lh1f;f /fVg'x'G5 . /dfOnf] u//] hfgx' 'G5 . s;n} ] t cfˆgf] hGdlbg klg oxLF dgfpgx' G' 5 .Æ r:df ldnfpbF } xh/' aa' fn] eGge' of] . ætkfOs{F f] 3/ sxfF xf] xh'/a'af < lsg oxfF a:g cfpg'ePsf] <Æ gsn' n] ;f]Wof] . æd/] f] 3/ t sf7df8f}F g} xf] .Æ j4[ a'afn] eGg'eof] . ætkfO{Fsf] 3/df sf] sf] x'g'x'G5 t < lsg oxfF PSn} a:g cfpge' Psf] < s] tkfO{nF fO{ 3/sf] ofb cfpFbg} xh'/a'af <Æ gsn' n] lh1f;f /fVof] . æd 5f]/f ax' f/L / gflt gfltgL;Fu a:yF] . d/] L gfltgLn] dnfO{ w]/} dfof uly{g\\ . ;w}F rsn]6 af8F ]/ dfq vflGyg\\ . 5f]/f ax' f/L b'j} hflu/] lyP . gfltgL klg ljBfno hfg] pd/] sL eO{g\\ . d cfkm}F gfltgLnfO{ ljBfno nfg] Nofpg] uy]F{ . gfltgL cToGt r~rn :jefjsL lyOg\\ . af6fdf dnfO{ ljleGg kZ| g ;f]lw/xlGyg\\ . pgsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg kfpbF f dnfO{ klg cfw} L /dfOnf] nfUYof] . pgL d;' 'Ss xfFl:yg\\ . d/] f] ;f/f ysfO dl] 6GYof] . ;do o;}u/L laTb} lyof] . Ps lbg d]/L ax' f/Ln] of] …dfofsf] 3/Ú sf af/]df atfOg\\ . ca t gfltgL klg PSn} ljBfno cfpg hfg ;Sg] eOg\\ . 5f/] f a'xf/L lbgel/ hflu/df hfg,] d PSn} wd' wd' tL 3/df a;/] k6o\\ f/ nfUbf] lhGbuL aflF r/xs] f] lyPF . ax' f/Ln] j4[ f>dsf] s/' f u/k] l5 d/] f] dg Tot} tflgof] . 5f]/f / gfltgLn] 3/d} a:g c8\\8L s;s] f lyP . dnfO{ a'xf/Lsf] s/' f l7s} h:tf] nfUof] . d lh1f;f – hfGg] OR5f 190 g]kfnL, sIff ^

oxfF cfPF . cfPsf] klg Ps jif{ eO;Sof] . ;do ;dodf gfltgL cfpFl5g\\, 3G6f}F;Dd d;Fu vl] N5g,\\ /dfplF 5g\\ . clg 3/ hfg] a]nfdf cfFvfel/ cfF;' kfb}{ dnfO{ 3/ kmls{g cg/' fw] ul5g{ \\ . d cfˆgf] d'6' bxf| ] kf5'{ . ;s];Dd cfF;' n'sfpg] ko| f; u5{' . cgfof;} a// cfF;' em5{g\\ . gfltgL cfplF 5g\\ / cfF;' kl' 5lblG5g\\ . d gfltgL uPsf] af6f] xb] f{x]b}{ slxn]sfxLF oxL rf}tf/Ldf 6f]nfP/ e';'Ss} lgbfpF5' . oxfF d h:tf w/] } kfsfx¿ a:5f}F . ;'vb'Mvsf s'/f u5f}F .Æ j[4 aa' fn] eGge' of] . xh/' aa' fsf s'/f ;g' /] ldng ;'FSs;'FSs ?g nfUof] . gsn' n] ldngnfO{ ;fW] of,] æs] eof] ltdLnfO{ ldng < lsg /fP] sf] o;/L < n n, w/] } efjs' gag . a? ltd|f] dgdf sx] L nfus] f] eP xfdLnfO{ eg . cfˆgf] dgsf] s/' f egk] l5 xn'sf x'G5 .Æ ædnfO{ cfh d/] f] xh'/a'afsf] emnemnL ofb cfof] . xh'/aa' fn] dnfO{ c;fWo} dfof ug'{x'GYof] . dnfO{ eg] xh'/a'afsf] ugyg k6Ss} dg kbg{} Yof] . xh/' aa' f sfg sd ;G' gx' G' Yof] . afN] bf klg 7n' f] :j/ lgsfNgx' G' Yof] . dnfO{ syf t ;g' fpgx' G' Yof] t/ dnfO{ k6Ss} dg kbg{} Yof] . d d/] f] xh/' aa' fnfO{ w/] } bM' v lbGYoF] t/ pxfF d;' S' s xfF:g' dfq x'GYof] . 3/df cfdfaa' fn] klg xh/' aa' fsf] afgL dg k/fpgx' G' gYof] . aa' fn] ns' fP/ lbPsf] vfgs] /' f nu' fkmf6f] cfdfn] yfxf kfpFbf 3/} prfn/] s/fpgx' 'GYof] . d cfdfsf] kIf lnP/ s/' f nufpyF F] . a'af rk' nflu/xg'xG' Yof] . xh/' aa' f dg cldnf] kf/]/ cfFvfel/ cfF;' afs] ]/ gaf]nL a:gx' 'GYof] . ;do o;/L g} laTb} uof] . Ps lbg a'afn] xh/' aa' fnfO{ v} sxfFsf] j4[ f>ddf 5f8]/ cfpge' P5 . tLg jif{ eof] d}n] xh'/a'afnfO{ ge6] ]sf], xh'/a'afsf] sfvdf ;'t/] syf g;g' ]sf], xh/' a'afsf] cfnF} f ;dft]/ g3d' s] f], d d/] f] xh'/aa' fnfO{ e6] /] dfkmL dfUg rfxG5' . ;uF } lnP/ 3/ hfg rfxG5' . cfh dnfO{ k5'tf] nfu]sf] 5 . dn} ] d]/f] xh/' a'afnfO{ lrGg} ;lsgF .Æ ldng ?g yfNof] . cgfof; – crfgs g]kfnL, sIff ^ 191

æn gfgL g/fp] m, o;df ltd|f] sx] L uNtL 5}g . xfdL a9' fa9' Lx¿sf] cln srsr] afgL xG' 5, clg s]6fs6] Lx¿sf] rsrs] . ltdLn] cfˆgf dgsf s'/f cfˆgf cfdfaa' fnfO{ eg . pxfxF ¿n] cjZo ltdf| ] s/' f ;'Ggx' 'g] 5 . ltdf| ] xh'/a'af;uF cjZo e6] u/fpgx' 'g] 5 .Æ xsl{ htn] eGg'eof] . æpxfxF ¿n] dfGgx' fn] f t <Æ ldngn] lh1f;f /fVof] . æcjZo dfGgx' g' ] 5 . ltdL lrGtf gu/ . 9'Ss k/ .Æ xsl{ htn] wfk dfb}{ eGge' of] . ldngn] cf;F ' k5' /] k'n'Ss xb] {} eGof], æ;fFRr} xf] xh/' a'af <Æ ældng Û xh/' a'afn] egs] f] ;fRF r} xf] . d]/f] t xh/' cfdf 3/d} x'g'xG' 5 . dnfO{ t xh'/cfdfsf] clQ g} dfof nfU5 . xh/' cfdfsf] sfvdf ;t' /] syf g;g' L lgb|} nfUbg} ÛÆ gsn' n] eGof] . u?' cfdf / c¿ ;fyLx¿ rft} f/Lsf] jl/kl/ e]nf eP . cfcfˆgf] vfhf vfP . /dfOnf uLt ufP, gfr], /dfP . xh'/a'af xh/' cfdfsf cg'ejsf syf ;g' ,] ;g' fP . cfvF fsf gfgL h:tf afnaflnsfx¿ cge' jsf vfgL kfsfx¿sf] ;Ddfgdf /dfP, tfnL ahfP . tLg ah]kl5 …dfofsf] 3/Ú af6 labf lnP/ ljBfno kmsL{ cfcfˆgf 3/ uP . 3/df k'Ugf;fy u6] af6} …xh'/cfdfÚ eGb} gs'n bf}l8of] . ;w}F em}F xh'/cfdf d;' 'd;' ' xf;F ]/ pleO/xg'ePsf] lyof] . ænf} d]/f] gflt cfP5 . em66\\ n'uf km/] . d}n] gfltnfO{ dg kg]{ vfhf lv/ agfPsL 5' . skfsk vfpm clg 3'Dg klg hfcf}Fnf .Æ xh'/cfdfn] eGge' of] . gs'nn] v';L x'Fb} eGof], æklxnf xh/' cfdfn] dnfO{ al' glbg'ePsf] l:j6/ x]/fF} g . sn/ rflxF dnfO{ dg kg{] xg' k' 5{ x} .Æ ;Ddfg – cfb/, ;Tsf/ k5'tf] – kZrfQfk 192 gk] fnL, sIff ^

zAbe08f/ != lbOPsf cg's/0ffTds zAb;“u ldNg] ljm| ofsf] hf]8f ldnfpg'xf;] \\ M 3636L ?g' 6Ss x]g{' ;FS' s;S'F s lkpg' d';'d;' ' /fl] sg' kn' S' s ofb cfpg' emnemnL xfF:g' sb' g\\ ' @= dflysf] kf7af6 tnsf cg's/0ffTds zAb;“u ldNg] lj|mof vf]hL n]Vg'xf];\\ M :jf6\\6 } kfg{' e;' S' s} ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ wd' w'dtL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ x?' ? ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ a// ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ= skfsk ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= lbOPsf] cg'R5]baf6 cg's/0ffTds zAb klxrfg u/L /]vfª\\sg ug'x{ f;] \\ / sfkLdf ;fg'{xf];\\ M ;fgf] efO ;/f;/ kfv] /L5]p kU' of] . kf]v/Ldf /ª\\uLrª\\uL df5fx¿ lyP . df5fx¿ kmQ' km' Q plkm| Gy] . ;'nn' ' kf8} Gy] . kfgLdfly kn' 'skn' s xy] ]{ . 7'nf df5fn] ;fgf df5f SjfKk vfGy] . kfv] /Lsf] kfgL 5]paf6 snsn u/L aUb} lyof] . ?vdf r/fx¿ lr/la/ lr/la/ lr/la/fpFb} lyP . csf{] 5]pdf dflg;x¿sf] sNofªs'nª' xNnf cfO/x]sf] lyof] . ;fgf] efO oL ;a} s/' f 6n' '6'n' xl] //x]sf] lyof] . g]kfnL, sIff ^ 193

$= lbOPsf ldNg] zAb nv] L vfnL 7fp“ egx'{ f;] \\ M -emndn, enenL, uNofD{ d, b//, w'Dd, d';S' s, l;l/ªu\\ _ -s_ ?v ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 9Nof] . -v_ kfgL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k¥of] . -u_ alxgL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xfF;L . -3_ cfh ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 3fd nfUof] . -ª_ v6' 6\\ faf6 ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ /ut aUof] . -r_ ;k{ bv] /] d]/f] lhp ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eof] . -5_ cfsfz ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ePsf] 5 . %= tnsf cg's/0ffTds zAb ko| fu] u/L jfSo agfpgx' f];\\ M Kof66\\ , k'mQ, ;n' 'n,' en' S' s, :jfQ, SjfKk af]w / cleJolSt != …dfofsf] 3/Ú syf kfnk} fnf] ;:j/jfrg ugx'{ f];\\ . @= lbOPsf zAb pRrf/0f ug{x' f];\\ M tsl{ jts,{ ed| 0f, lh1f;f, j4[ f>d, cjZo, xQ/] L, cndNofpYF of,] l:j6/, ofqfel/, w'dwd' tL, £ofRr, ;'FSs;FS' s, emnemnL, k6Ss,} k6\\of/ #= lbOPsf pQ/ cfpg] jfSosf cfwf/df k|Zg agfpg'xf;] \\ M -s_ d/] f] 5f/] f] 1fgL 5 . -v_ gsn' n] xh'/cfdfsf] xftaf6 bw' sf] lunf; lnof] . -u_ gsn' ljBfno hfg] tof/Ldf hQ' f nufpFb} lyof] . -3_ gs'n emfn] f af]s/] 3/aflx/ lgl:sof] . -ª_ ;a} hgf a;af6 x?' ? tn cf]ln{P . 194 g]kfnL, sIff ^

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*= tn Pp6f syfsf ljleGg 36gfx¿sf a'“bf 5g\\ . pSt a'“bfx¿nfO{ j|mdzM !, @, #=== n]vL syfsf] 36gfj|md ldnfpg'xf];\\ M - _ ;a} df5fx¿ Pp6f 7'nf] ;db' d| f k'Ug' - _ kf]v/Lsf df5f ;db' |sf] jftfj/0f;Fu ldNg g;Sg' / dg{ yfNg' - _ ;d'bs| f df5f;Fu ldqtf a9fpFb} cfˆgf aGwa' fGwjx¿nfO{ xK] g', OVofpg' - _ w]/} df5fx¿ dg'{ / afFr]sf df5fx¿ klg kfv] /Laf6 ;d'b|df cfPsfdf k5'tf] dfGg' - _ Ps lbgsf] 7'nf] jiff{sf sf/0f cfPsf] e]nn] pgLx¿sf] OR5f k/\" f ug{' - _ Pp6f kf]v/Ldf df5fx¿ a:g' - _ l9nf] eP klg ;a} df5fx¿n] cfˆgf] 7fpF / cfkmGt g} sfd nfUg] s/' f a'‰g' - _ pgLx¿lar d]nldnfk gxg' ' / 5'6\\l6P/ a:g vf]Hg' - _ ;d'b|sf df5f;uF ldNg g;Sg] df5fx¿ h]gtg] ;db' |af6 aflx/ lgl:sg ;kmn xg' ' / kfv] /Ldf /dfOnf];uF a:g' - _ ;d'bs| f df5fn] kfv] /Lsf df5fx¿nfO{ x]Kg,' bM' v lbg,' 3fOt] agfpg' (= tnsf] syf dfg} jfrg ug{'xf];\\ M 9'ª\\uf] / df6f] w/] } klxnfsf] s'/f xf] . Tolt a]nf hLjhGt,' 9'ªu\\ f] / df6f] h:tf kbfy{x¿ klg dfG5] h:t} afN] g ;Sy] /] . To;} ;dodf Ps 7fpdF f 196 gk] fnL, sIff ^