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™t{KU}{A LºBR{A ßs ~aO{A ©Z•e B¶aX ° ≠´c ™w¶Zi{A bt I - :ZyY{BI fU • ,™aXl{{ ™Ia {BI ~aO{A nBg•æ (f ZIyC XlI{A X k)Fß}aO{A xZR}{A |Iv AB ~aO{A ™{BR - (f ®•Ba¶ XlI{A X k)Fß}aO{A xZR}{A X k AB ~aO{A ™{BR -`yZ}{A• FxZR}{A ·¶I) Fß}aO{A xZR}{A XlI AB ~aO{A ™{BR - (O™aXl{{ ®ZeI{A . 2f •Ba} XlI{A X k AB ~aO{A ™{BR - :©XlI} ™aXlI ™{yc}{A ©Z•e{{ ßaX ¢{A ~aZ{AAB‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬ B’ LA•iU{A bt I - F A’ B¶aX ° ~aZ ™wIBa{A ™Ia {BI ~aO{ ©Z•e{A .F©XlI}{A ™aXl{{ O A’B ’‫اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻮهﻤﻴﺔ‬ ™aXl{A LBvΩk *£{•i) £KZ•eI ~aO{A fÆBeU iIZK ßK{A LBaXl{A BKvΩk ´ilK - (™aXl{A ·k §XlI•

™iw {BI xsZK O ®ZeI{A B°`yZ} ßK{A ™aXl{A ·G |•w : xsAZK{A ™vΩk *©Z•e{A ™iw {A X¶XRKI S}aK §Y° xsAZK{A ™vΩk•.(©Z•e{) A’™iw { (~aO{) A :ß° ™vΩl{A• .B}•{l} ~aO{A mg•} ·•y¶ B}X k ®ZeI{A Z•R}{A ´{k 1 = 1+ 1OA' OA f' .LZBy¶X ™vΩk ™vΩl{A §Y° ´}aK|•i{ ·¶K¶ZIO{A ·¶K}¶w{A ·¶I ™Ia {BI γZ¶IyK{A uZl¶ :Z¶IyK{A ™vΩk - :™vΩl{BI ´il¶• ,AB~aO{A |•i• A’B’ ©Z•e{Aγ = AB = OA A' B' OA'~aO{A• ©Z•e{A BK¶lg• L By AYG B}¶s XXR¶ |}Bl}{A AY° ©ZBcG ·G -ZU¿A• |XKl} B}°XRC) ·¶Kt{KU} ·¶K¢OI •C (·BI•{w} •C ·ºXKl}) XRA• §BOKBI .(J•{w}

:™jRΩ} `yZ}{A §CXI} ·•y¶ N¶RI ,™aXl{A Z•R} ´{k º•}R} B¢O•} AZ•R} ZBKU -®X•}k Z•R} ´{k ZBKU B}y ,≠•g{A ZBcK A ™¢O ß° ™IO•}{A £K¢O• O®ZeI{AnBg•C XXRKK £ }• .£ws• ºXKl} ·•y¶ ®Y{A ~aO{A £¶O•K{ ™wsA•} ™IO•} ™¢O £¶{k AY¢I £O•}{A ®ZeI{A Z•R}{A ´{k ™¶ZIO{A LB¶MAXR¬BI £KZ•e• ~aO{A ·} |y .|yc{AB O ‫ﺟﻬﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻀﻮء‬A f A’ f’ B’ :1-|BM}B°Z•R} ·•y¶ N¶RI ™k•g•} . f= 0.5 m ®ZªI{A B°XlI ™IZw} ™w¶vZ ™aXk~aO ™aXl{A §Y¢{ ßa¶ÆZ{A Z•R}{A ´{k B¶X•}k mg•¶ . B¶{•vBc ßa¶ÆZ{Aßa¶ÆZ{A Z•R}{A ´{k ™lvA• A ™iw {A ·•yK N¶RI , 4cm £{•i AB≠ßg} . 0.75m ™sBa}I B¢ k XlI¶• . AB ~aO{{ ™{ycK}{A A’B’©Z•e{A ™l¶Ii• mg•} ·¶k -C .B¢¶{k |eRK}{A PÆBK {A ·} XyDK{A ·} z y}¶ B¶aX ° B}aZ `O C -J

:JA•O{A. f = 0.5 m• , ™aXl{A ·} 0.75m XlI ´{k X•O•} ßw¶wR AB ~aO{A -C : LBaXl{A ™vΩk x¶IiKI-J 1 = 1+ 1 OA' OA f' 1 = 1 + 1 OA' − 0.75 0.5™¶w¶wR ©Z•e{A ·C ®C , JO•} ZAXw} •°• , OA' = 1.5m : XO £ }• .ZK} 1.5 ZAXw}I ™aXl{A ·k XlIK• : XO γ = AB = OA : ™vΩl{A x¶IiKI-L A' B' OA' γ = 4 = − 0.75 = −0.5 A' B' 1.5 A' B' = −8cm : XO £ }• .™I•{w}• ™¶w¶wR ©Z•e{A ·C ®C , J{Ba ZAXw} •°•B f’ A’Af O B’ 2-|BM}20cm®ZªI{A B°XlI ©XlI} ™aXl{ ßa¶ÆZ{A Z•R}{A ´{k B¶X•}k ßw¶wR ~aO mg•¶AY¢{ |ycK}{A |B¶U{A ™l¶Ii• mg•} ·¶k .®ZeI{A B°`yZ} ·k 30cm XlI ´{k• .~aO{A

:JA•O{A . OA<0 ®C , ßw¶wR ~aO{A ©XlI} ™aXl{A :B ¶X{ 1 = 1 + 1 : ™vΩl{A ·} OA' OA f' γ = AB = OA A' B' OA'ߢs ~aO{A ™¢O ßs mwK ©Z•e{A ·C ®C . OA =- 12cm : XO £ }• . ™¶}°• :Z¶IyK{A JBaRγ = AB = OA = − 12 = 0.4 A' B' OA' − 30.£ } ZpeC •°• ,~aO{{ ™Ia {BI J•{w} Z¶o |B¶U{Bs , JO•} Z¶IyK{A

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺱ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺃﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﺃﺠﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪132‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻀﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺏ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻨﻤﺫﺠﺘﻪ ﺒﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﻨﻤﺜل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﺍﻓﻘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ؛ ﻓﺎﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﻱ ﻨﻤﺜﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩﺴﺔ ﻤﻘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻨﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ‬‫ﺟﻬﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﺒﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺯﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺨﻭل‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﺅﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﺵﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻑ‪:‬‬‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﺸﻜل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻀﻼﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﻤﺴﺘﺭﺨﻴﺔ )ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺤﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﻘﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﺸﻜل ﻭﺭﺍﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺒﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﻱ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﻟﻴﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬ ‫‪133‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻴﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻪ ﺒﻌﺩﺴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﻗﺎﺒل ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ‪:‬‬‫‪ -‬ﺃﺒﻌﺩ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﻭﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ‪.‬‬‫‪ -‬ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻭﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﻟﻠﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 25‬ﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭ‬‫ﺘﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﻌﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭ‪ ،‬ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻴﺔ‬‫ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻗﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ‪la myopie‬‬ ‫‪134‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺭﻯ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪10‬ﺴﻡ )ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ( ﻭ‪1‬ﻤﺘﺭ )ﺃﺒﻌﺩ‬‫‪Av‬‬ ‫’‪A‬‬‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺒﻠﻮري‪-‬اﻟﻌﺪﺱﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ‬‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ A‬ﻤﻥ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ )ﺒﻌﻴﺩ ﺠﺩﺍ( ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ’‪A‬ﺃﻤﺎﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﻱ)ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺴﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫)\"ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺅﺭﻱ( ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺅﺭﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫‪135‬‬

‫’‪A‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ‪:‬‬‫ﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﻨﻀﻊ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﺩﺴﺔ ﻤﺒﻌﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻭﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﻨﻅﺎﺭﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻌﺩﺓ )ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﺴﺎﻟﺏ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫‪2‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 3‬ﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﺴﺔ ﻻﺼﻘﺔ )ﺘﻠﺼﻕ ﺒﻘﺭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ‪l’hypermétropie :‬‬‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﻯ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟـ‪75‬ﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ‬‫ﻤﻌﺎﻜﺱ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺴﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻘﺭﺏ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ‪،‬‬‫ﻓﺎﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ A‬ﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻌﻴﺩ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ( ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﻭﺭﺘ َﻪ’‪ A‬ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﻱ )ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺴﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺅﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻟﻠﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪136‬‬

‫‪Av‬‬ ‫’‪A‬‬‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺒﻠﻮري‪-‬اﻟﻌﺪﺱﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫’‪A‬‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ‪:‬‬‫‪137‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺏ ﻨﻀﻊ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﺩﺴﺔ ﻤﻘﺭﺒﺔ )ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﻨﻅﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل‪.‬‬ ‫‪138‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭ‬‫ﻴﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺴﻁ ﺸﻔﺎﻑ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺒﺴﻁﺤﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ‬‫ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﻴﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻴﺩﻋﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭ‪ .‬ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ ﺤﺭﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‪ A‬ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭ‪.‬ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺭﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻀﻭﺌﻲ ﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ‬‫ﺍﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻁﻭل ﻤﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜل‬‫ﻟﻠﻀﻭﺀ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﺤﺼل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻑ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬‫ﻴﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻙ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻪ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪:‬‬‫ﻴﺼﻨﻊ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﻗﺎﺌﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺴﻘﻁ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻀﻭﺌﻲ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺎ )ﺃﻱ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺔ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻭﺠﻬﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭ ‪،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﻔﺫ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ ﻟﻴﺴﻘﻁ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬ ‫‪139‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ‪ ،°45‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،°42‬ﻓﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻜﻠﻲ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،°45‬ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬‫ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﻘﻁ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻴﺒﺭﺯ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺴﻘﻁ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻟﻠﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭ‪،‬‬‫ﻓﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻬﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﻌل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ ﻴﺒﺭﺯ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﺎ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﻘﻁ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ أﺣﺪ اﺱﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﻮﺷﻮر ذو اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪140‬‬

‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭ‬‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺎﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭ ﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪.‬‬‫ﻓﻨﺠﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﺍﻑ)‪ ، (Endoscope‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻴﻥ ‪:‬ﺇﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة ﻷﺣﺪ أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﺠﺩﻩ ﻴﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻫﺎﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻤﻨﻅﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻕ )‪ (Périscope‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻭﺍﺼﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪141‬‬

‫ﻡﻮاﺷﻴﺮ‬‫ﻭﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﻜﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺸﻴﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻜﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺽﺒﻂ رﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬‫ﺽﺒﻂ ﻡﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺱﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻡﻮاﺷﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺱﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪142‬‬

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