Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire

["tugal (History of the Inquisition), Moli\u00e8re\u2019s Le Tartuffe Zistovi, Treaty of 611 (Riyan\u0131n Encam\u0131, or End of Hypocrisy, in 1880) and Rousseau\u2019s Emile. Further reading: Niyazi Berkes, The Development of Secularism in Turkey (Montreal: McGill University Although Ziya Pasha wrote only poetry in the last Press, 1964); \u015eerif Mardin, The Genesis of Young Otto- years of his life, he is best remembered for his early polit- man Thought (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, ical and philosophical writings, especially his articles in 1962). H\u00fcrriyet. Zistovi, Treaty of See Svishtov, Treaty of. Y\u00fccel Bulut","CHRONOLOGY 1071 Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantines at the 1389 First Battle of Kosovo; Ottomans defeat a Battle of Manzikert; Seljuks established in Balkan coalition led by the Serbian Prince 1204\u201361 Asia Minor. 1389\u20131402 Lazar; Lazar and Murad I both killed in 1390 battle; Serbia becomes Ottoman tributary. 1243 Latin Empire of Constantinople founded by 1390s crusaders after the sack of the Byzantine 1393 Reign of Bayezid I. 1258 capital, Constantinople. Ottomans capture Philadelphia, last ?\u20131324 1394\u20131402 Mongols rout the Seljuks at the Battle of 1396 Byzantine city in Asia Minor. 1301 K\u00f6seda\u011f; Seljuk power in Asia Minor Ottomans annex west Anatolian emirates. c. 1324\u201362 wanes. 1397\u201399 Ottomans capture Trnovo, capital of 1402 1326 Mongols sack the Abbasid capital, Baghdad; Bulgarian ruler \u0160i\u0161man. 1326\u201327 end of the Abbasid Caliphate. 1402\u20131413 Unsuccessful siege and blockade of 1331 Reign of Osman I (Gazi), eponymous 1413\u201321 Constantinople. 1337 founder of the Ottoman dynasty. 1415 Battle of Nikopol; Bayezid I defeats a cru- 1345\u201346 1416 Osman defeats the Byzantines at the Battle of sader army led by Sigismund, King of c.1345 Baphaeon. 1419\u201320 Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor. 1352 1421\u201344 Conquest of large part of Asia Minor. Reign of Orhan I (Gazi). 1421\u201322 Battle of Ankara; Bayezid I defeated and 1354 Ottomans capture Bursa (Prusa), which taken prisoner by Timur (Tamerlane); 1422 Anatolian Turkish emirates regain inde- 1361?\u20131369? becomes Ottoman capital. 1423\u201330 pendence; Byzantine Empire ceases Earliest known Ottoman coin. being tributary and recovers substantial 1362\u201389 Ottomans capture Nicaea (Iznik). 1424 territory. 1371 Ottomans capture Nicomedia (Izmit). 1430 Bayezid\u2019s sons struggle for throne; Mehmed Ottomans are allies of Byzantine emperor 1439 I triumphs, supported by Byzantine 1373 Emperor Manuel II (r. 1391\u20131421) and by 1385 John VI Kantakouzenos; Kantakouzenos Serb princes; Mehmed I unifies Ottoman 1386 gives his daughter Theodora in marriage territories. to Orhan. Reign of Mehmed I. Ottomans annex Karasi Emirate. Ottoman expansion in western Anatolia; Ottomans cross over into Europe (Thrace), conflict with Venice. establish their first bridgehead in Tzympe Sheikh Bedreddin uprising in the Balkans; on the Gallipoli peninsula. Ottoman fleet destroyed by Venetians at Gallipoli destroyed by an earthquake, cap- Gallipoli. tured by Orhan\u2019s eldest son, S\u00fcleyman; Campaign on lower Danube; Wallachia beginning of Ottoman advance into becomes tributary. Thrace. First reign of Murad II. Ottomans capture Edirne (Adrianople) at the Revolt of \u201cFalse Mustafa.\u201d confluence of the Maritsa and Tund\u017ea riv- Unsuccessful siege of Constantinople. ers; Edirne becomes Ottoman capital. Salonika (Thessaloniki) under Venetian con- Reign of Murad I. trol; Ottoman-Venetian War. Ottoman victory over Serbs at Chermanon Ottoman-Byzantine treaty; Byzantines again (\u00c7irmen, on the Maritsa River); conquest become Ottoman tributary. of Macedonia and neighboring areas. Final Ottoman capture of Salonika. Byzantine Empire and the Balkan rules Ottomans annex Serbia. become tributaries of the Ottomans. Ottomans capture Sofia from the Bulgarians. Ottomans capture Ni\u0161 from the Serbians. 612","1440 Unsuccessful Ottoman attempt to take 1492 Chronology 613 1443 Belgrade from Hungarians. 1495 1499\u20131503 Jews are expelled from Spain, offered new 1444 Hungarian campaign into the Balkans leads home in the Ottoman Empire. 1444\u201346 to Ottoman retreat from Serbia; rebel- 1501 lion of Skanderbeg (George Kastriota) in 1510\u201312 Ottoman pretender Cem dies. 1444 northern Albania. Ottoman-Venetian War; Ottomans capture 1446\u201351 1511 New Hungarian campaign into the Balkans 1512 several Venetian strongholds in Greece 1448 defeated at Varna. 1512\u201320 and Albania including Lepanto. 1451\u201381 1514 Shia Safavid state in Iran established by Shah First reign of Mehmed II. Ismail I. 1453 Debasement of Ottoman silver coinage. 1516 Succession struggle among sons of Sultan 1455 Second reign of Murad II. Bayezid II. 1456 Second Battle of Kosovo; Ottomans defeat 1517 Shia partisans of Shah Ismail rebel in south- 1457\u201358 eastern Anatolia. Hungarian army led by J\u00e1nos Hunyadi. 1520\u201366 Selim forces his father, Bayezid II, to abdicate. 1459 Second reign of Mehmed II. 1520s Reign of Selim I. 1460 Conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) ends 1521 Battle of \u00c7ald\u0131ran; Ottoman victory over 1460\u201351 1522 Shah Ismail; eastern Anatolia incorpo- 1461 Byzantine Empire. 1526 rated into empire. 1463 Moldavia becomes Ottoman tributary. 1529 Ottoman victory over the Mamluks at 1463\u201379 Ottoman attempt to capture Belgrade defeat- 1530s the Battle of Mardj Dabik; conquest of 1468 1533 Syria. 1469\u201374 ed by J\u00e1nos Hunyadi. 1534 Ottoman victory over the Mamluks at the 1470 Construction of the Seven Towers (Yedikule) 1538 Battle of Raydaniyya; conquest of Egypt; 1473 fall of the Mamluk Sultanate; the Sharif of fortress and Old Palace in Ottoman 1541 Mecca submits to Selim I. 1475 Constantinople. Reign of S\u00fcleyman I. Final annexation of Serbia; construction of 1548 Ottoman-Portuguese rivalry in the Indian 1480 Topkap\u0131 Palace begins. 1553\u201355 Ocean. Conquest of Duchy of Athens; conquest of Ottoman conquest of Belgrade. 1481\u20131512 Byzantine Despotate of Mistra. 1554 Ottoman conquest of Rhodes; end of the rule 1481 Construction of covered bazaar begins. of Knights of St. John in Dodecanese. 1482 Ottoman capture of Trebizond (Trabzon) 1555 Battle of Moh\u00e1cs; victory over Hungary; 1483 ends last Byzantine state. Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry in Hungary. 1484 Ottoman conquest of most of Bosnia and 1565 First failed Ottoman siege of Vienna. Herzegovina. Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry in North Africa. 1485\u201391 Ottoman-Venetian War. Hayreddin Barbarossa, governor of Algiers, 1489 Ottomans annex Karaman Emirate. appointed to command Ottoman navy. Pacification of Karamanids. Ottoman conquest of Tabriz and Baghdad. Ottomans capture Negroponte in Euboea Ottoman campaign in Moldavia; Ottomans from Venetians. annex northwestern Black Sea coast; Ottoman victory over Uzun Hasan of Ottoman naval victory at Preveza over the Akkoyunlu Turkoman confedera- the allied fleet of the papacy, Venice, and tion; consolidation of Ottoman rule in the Habsburgs. Anatolia. Ottomans annex central Hungary (Buda Ottomans capture Genoese colonies in the province); Transylvania becomes a tribu- Crimea; the Crimean Tatars become tary principality. Ottoman vassals. S\u00fcleyman\u2019s campaign against the Safavids of Control of most of Albania regained; Iran. Ottomans capture Otranto, Italy; failed War with Safavid Iran. Ottoman siege of Rhodes. S\u00fcleyman\u2019s campaign in Iran; Ottoman Reign of Bayezid II. conquest of Nakhichevan and Erivan; Ottoman surrender of Otranto; the Ottoman Muscovy conquers Astrakhan. pretender Cem flees to Mamluk Egypt. Ottoman-Safavid peace at Amasya stabilizes Cem takes refuge first in Rhodes, then in the eastern frontier and Ottoman-Safavid France. border. Ottoman conquest of Herzegovina. Ottoman siege of Malta defeated by Knights Ottoman conquests of Kilia and Akkerman of St. John. deprive Moldavia of access to Black Sea. Ottoman-Mamluk War. Cem is taken to Rome.","614 Chronology 1566\u201374 Reign of Selim II. 1677\u201381 War with Muscovy. 1569 Failed Ottoman attempt to dig a canal 1683 Second Ottoman siege of Vienna; Ottomans 1570\u201371 between the Don and Volga rivers in an 1684 defeated by Austrian-Polish army. attempt to ship Black Sea fleet into the Holy League (Austria, Poland-Lithuania, 1571 Caspian Sea, contain Muscovy\u2019s advance, 1686 outflank the Safavids. Venice, papacy) against Ottomans. 1573 Ottoman conquest of Cyprus from 1687 Fall of Buda; Muscovy joins the Holy Venetians. 1574\u201395 Ottoman defeat by Holy League (papacy, 1687\u201391 League. 1578\u201390 Spain, Venice) at Battle of Lepanto. 1688 Ottomans defeated at Battle of Nagyhars\u00e1ny Peace with Venice; Cyprus remains in 1580 Ottoman hands. 1690 (\u201cSecond Moh\u00e1cs\u201d) by Holy League; Reign of Murad III. Mehmed IV forced to abdicate. 1590s War with Iran; Ottoman conquest of 1691\u201395 Reign of S\u00fcleyman II. 1593\u20131606 Azerbaijan; financial crisis and inflation. 1691 Austrian Habsburgs capture Belgrade, occu- Ottoman-Habsburg truce in the py parts of Serbia; Serbs revolt in support 1595\u20131603 Mediterranean. 1695 of Habsburgs. 1595 Start of Celali revolts in Anatolia. Ottoman reconquest of Serbia and Belgrade; Long War against the Habsburgs in 1695\u20131703 first great Serbian migration from Kosovo 1603\u201317 Hungary. 1697 and southern Serbia to Slavonia and 1603\u201312 Reign of Mehmed III. Hungary. Rebellion of Romanian principalities. 1699 Reign of Ahmed II. 1606 Reign of Ahmed I. Ottomans defeated by Habsburgs at Battle of Renewed war with Safavid Iran ends in first 1700 Slankamen. 1609 major loss, that of conquests made in war 1703 Introduction of lifelong tax farms; Azak cap- 1613\u201335 of 1578\u201390. tured by Czar Peter I. 1614\u201318 Treaty of Zsitvatorok with Austrian 1703\u201330 Reign of Mustafa II. 1617\u201318 Habsburgs; Ottomans keep most of Hun- 1710\u201311 Ottomans defeated by the Holy League at the 1618\u201322 gary. Battle of Zenta. 1621\u201322 End of first phase of Celali revolts. 1711 Treaty of Karlowitz; Hungary, Slavonia, 1622\u201323 Rebellion of Fahreddin Ma\u2019no\u011flu. Croatia, and Transylvania ceded to 1622\u201328 War with Safavid Iran. 1713 Habsburgs; Morea, Lika, and lesser 1623\u201340 First reign of Mustafa I. 1715\u201318 Dalmatian territories ceded to Venice; 1623\u201339 Reign of Osman II. 1716\u201318 Podolia ceded to Poland; Ottomans War with Poland-Lithuania. retained Serbia, Moldavia. 1639 Second reign of Mustafa I. 1718 Treaty of Istanbul; Azak ceded to Muscovy. Revolt of Abaza Mehmed Pasha. Revolt of the army (Edirne Incident); 1640\u201348 Reign of Murad IV. 1720s Mustafa II deposed. 1645\u201369 War with Iran. 1722 Reign of Ahmed III. 1648\u201387 Treaty of Zuhab with Iran restores frontiers War with Russia. 1656\u201361 of 1555 and 1612. 1724 Ottoman victory over Peter I (the Great) of Reign of Ibrahim I. 1724\u201346 Russia. 1657\u201358 War with Venice over Crete. Peace with Russia; Azak recovered. Reign of Mehmed IV. 1730 War with Venice; Morea recovered. 1660 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed Pasha grand vizier with 1730\u201354 War with Austria. full powers. 1736\u201339 Treaty of Passarowitz with Austria and 1661\u201376 Ottoman campaign against Transylvania to Venice; Morea recovered; Banat, northern 1663\u201364 subdue Prince Gy\u00f6rgy R\u00e1k\u00f3czi II. 1739 Serbia, and western Wallachia ceded. Ottomans capture V\u00e1rad (eastern Hungary); \u201cTulip Age.\u201d 1669 province of Varad created. 1743\u201346 Fall of Safavids; Russian and Ottomans in 1672\u201376 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fczade Fazil Ahmed Pasha grand vizier. 1754\u201357 northwestern Iran. War with Austrian Habsburgs. Partition agreement of Iran with Russia. 1676\u201383 Ottomans conquer Crete. War with Iran. War with Poland-Lithuania ends in annexa- Patrona Halil rebellion; Ahmed III deposed. tion of Podolia; maximum Ottoman Reign of Mahmud I. expansion in Europe. War with Russia and Austria. Kara Mustafa Pasha grand vizier. Treaty of Belgrade; Ottomans recover Belgrade, northern Serbia, Wallachia. War with Iran under Nadir Shah. Reign of Osman III.","1757\u201374 Reign of Mustafa III. 1840 Chronology 615 1768\u201374 Russo-Ottoman War; Russians occupy 1851 Mehmed Ali Pasha recognized as hereditary 1774\u201389 Crimea, Moldavia, and Wallachia; ruler of Egypt. 1774 Russian fleet defeats the Ottomans in 1853\u201356 the Aegean; Russians foster rebellions in 1856 Ottoman Academy of Sciences (Enc\u00fcmen-i 1783 Greece and in the Levant. Dan\u0131\u015f) opens. 1787\u201392 Reign of Abd\u00fclhamid I. 1861\u201376 Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca; Crimea becomes 1863 Crimean War. 1789\u20131807 independent of Ottomans; Russia 1865 Imperial Reform Edict; Treaty of Paris. 1791 acquires fortresses on the northern 1869 Reign of Abd\u00fclaziz. 1792 shores of the Black Sea, territories north 1875 Ottoman Imperial Bank established. 1793 of Caucasus Mountains; Russia becomes 1876 Patriotic Alliance (Young Ottomans) founded protector of the Orthodox subjects of the Suez Canal opens. 1793\u201394 Ottoman Empire. 1876\u20131909 Ottoman bankruptcy. 1798\u201399 Russia annexes the Crimea. 1877\u201378 First Ottoman Constitution; suppression of War with Russia and Austria; severe 1878 1804 Ottoman defeats; northwestern Moldavia April uprising in Bulgaria (\u201cBulgarian 1805\u201348 ceded to Austria; the French Revolution 1881 atrocities\u201d). 1806\u201312 and the Polish problem save the Ottoman Reign of Abd\u00fclhamid II. Empire from further territorial losses. 1882 Russo-Ottoman War. 1807 Reign of Selim III. 1894 Congress of Berlin; Treaty of Berlin; consti- 1807\u201308 Treaty of Svishtov with Austria. tution suspended. Treaty of Jassy with Russia. 1885 Public Debt Administration; French occupy 1808 First Ottoman resident ambassadors in 1896\u201397 Tunis, declare protectorate of Tunisia. 1808\u201339 Europe. British occupy Egypt. Selim III\u2019s Nizam-\u0131 Cedid (New order) army 1897 Committee of Union and Progress (Young 1810s and treasury. 1908 Turks) is created. 1814 French campaign in Egypt and Syria. Bulgaria occupies eastern Rumelia. Serbian revolt under Petrovi\u0107 Karadjorde. 1909 Insurrection in Crete; war with Greece. 1821\u201331 Muhammad Ali ruler of Egypt. 1909\u201318 Crete becomes autonomous. 1826 War with Russia. Young Turk Revolution; restoration of 1827 Janissaries revolt against Selim III\u2019s military 1911 Constitution of 1876; reopening of reforms; Selim III deposed. 1912\u201313 Ottoman Parliament. 1828\u201329 Reign of Mustafa IV. Countercoup; Abd\u00fclhamid exiled to Salonika. 1829 Selim III murdered. 1913 Reign of Mehmed V Re\u015fad. Reign of Mahmud II. 1914\u201318 War with Italy. 1832\u201333 Wahabbis subdued by Mehmed Ali and his First Balkan War. 1833 son Ibrahim Pasha. 1915 Second Balkan War. 1838 Serbian revolt under Milo\u0161 Obrenovi\u0107; World War I. secret society Philiki Hetairia (Friendly 1915\u201316 Deportation of Armenians of eastern 1839\u201361 society) founded to liberate Greeks from Anatolia; Armenian massacres. 1839 Ottomans. 1916 Ottoman victory over Allied forces at Greek War of Independence. 1918\u201322 Gallipoli. Abolition of the Janissaries. Arab Revolt in Hejaz. Ottomans defeated by British, French, and 1918 Reign of Mehmed VI. Russian fleets at Navarino. 1919 Mudros Armistice; Allies occupy Istanbul. Russo-Ottoman War. National liberation movement begins, led by Treaty of Edirne; Russia takes control of 1920 Mustafa Kemal. Danube delta. Treaty of S\u00e8vres; French mandates established Treaty of London; Greece becomes indepen- 1921\u201322 over Syria and Lebanon; British mandates dent. established over Iraq and Palestine. Treaty of H\u00fcnkar \u0130skelesi with Russia. 1922 Turkish nationalists defeat Greek occupying Anglo-Ottoman (Balta Liman\u0131) trade con- forces in Anatolia; France and Italy with- vention. 1922\u201324 draw from Anatolia. Reign of Abd\u00fclmecid I. 1923 Mudanya Armistice; Grand National G\u00fclhane (Rose garden) Edict inaugurates 1923 Assembly abolishes Ottoman sultanate. Tanzimat reform era. 1924 Abd\u00fclmecid II (as caliph only). Treaty of Lausanne; Allies evacuate Istanbul. Republic of Turkey proclaimed. Caliphate abolished; members of the Ottoman dynasty exiled.","GLOSSARY In compiling this glossary, we relied mainly on our encyclo- ashraf The plural of sharif; descendants of the Prophet. pedia, which we supplemented with material found in various textbooks on Ottoman and Middle Eastern history used in the askeri Literally, \u201csoldier,\u201d \u201cmilitary,\u201d referring to the Ottoman United States and material found in specialized historical dic- ruling, tax-exempt, elite of the military, administrative and reli- tionaries of the Ottoman Empire and Islam. gious establishment. acemi o\u011flan A novice in the Janissaries. avar\u0131z A \u201ccostumary\u201d tax, introduced as an extraordinary emergency tax and service especially during wartime, hence agha (a\u011fa) A title for a civil or military leader, such as the also translated as \u201cextraordinary wartime tax.\u201d chief black eunuch (the head of the sultan\u2019s private household) or the commander in chief of the Janissaries. ayan Provincial notables. ahd An Arabic word meaning contract, agreement, oath. azab (azap) Literally, \u201cunmarried\u201d; a kind of peasant militia, originally made up of unmarried youths who served as foot ahdname A letter of contract or treaty, often translated as soldiers in the early Ottoman army; infantryman serving in \u201ccapitulations\u201d; from the Arabic ahd (contract, agreement, forts; seaman serving on galleys and shipyards. oath) and the Persian name (letter, document). Bab-\u0131 \u00c2li (Bab-i h\u00fcmayun, Dergah-i ali) Literally, \u201cSublime ahi (akhi) A member or leader of an urban men\u2019s fraternity Porte\u201d; the seat of government; in the 15th\u201317th centuries the who lived their lives according to a set of Islamic religious and Topkap\u0131 Palace where the sultan and the Imperial Divan or social ideals and values (futuwwa), such as courage, honesty, Council resided; later it referred to the grand vizier\u2019s office; loyalty, and nobility. the Ottoman government. ahl An Arabic word meaning people, household, family. Bab-i asafi Literally, \u201cthe Gate of Asaph\u201d; the grand vizier\u2019s gate, named after Solomon\u2019s famous vizier Asaph. ahl al-dhimma Literally, \u201cpeople of the contract\u201d; non-Muslims. bailo The representative of the Republic of Venice and head of a Venetian community abroad; the Venetian resident ambas- ahl al-kitab Literally, \u201cthe people of the book\u201d; people who sador at the sultan\u2019s court. believe in one of the monotheistic faiths. Balkans The mountainous region and peninsula in south- ak\u00e7e A small Ottoman silver coin that also served as a unit of eastern Europe that includes present-day Romania, Bulgaria, account. Greece, European Turkey, Albania, and the countries of the former Yugoslavia. Akkoyunlu Literally, \u201cWhite Sheep\u201d; originally a Turkoman tribal confederation based in eastern Turkey, it developed into bashtina Small hereditary possessions in the pre-Ottoman a Sunni empire that controlled eastern Anatolia, Azerbaijan, Balkans. Iraq, and western Iran and were the fiercest rivals of the Ottomans. bedestan (bedesten) A covered bazaar or market building with a domed or vaulted hall and external shops. ak\u0131nc\u0131 From the Turkish word ak\u0131n, \u201craid\u201d; the descendants of early raiders who fought in return for a share of the war booty Bedouin Arabic-speaking, tribally organized nomads. and constituted the main body of the early Ottoman army as freelance light cavalry. berat A patent of office or letter of appointment. aliya From the Hebrew word for \u201cascent\u201d; the immigration of bey (be\u011f) A military commander; prince, ruler of an emir- Jews to Palestine. ate or principality; Ottoman governor of a province or subprovince. Anatolia Asia Minor, roughly the territory of modern Turkey; an Ottoman province (Anadolu) in western Asia Minor. beylerbeyi (be\u011flerbe\u011fi) Literally, \u201cbey of the beys,\u201d com- 616","mander of the sancakbey, that is, provincial governor and Glossary 617 commander of the provincial army. eyalet A province; from the late 16th century, the term used beylerbeylik (be\u011flerbe\u011filik) A province; large provincial for the beylerbeyilik, the largest provincial administrative unit administrative unit consisting of several sancaks or subprov- in the empire. inces or districts. faqih A specialist in Islamic law, jurist. caliph The successor to Muhammad as head of the Muslim community; titular ruler of Muslims. fatwa A written legal opinion issued by a qualified authority, usually the mufti or the chief mufti of the empire, also known cami (jami) A congregational mosque. as the \u015feyh\u00fclislam, in response to an impersonalized legal question. capitulations Commercial agreements by which Muslim states granted extraterritorial immunity from local laws and ferman (firman) A sultanic edict. taxes to subjects of Western countries. filori A coin named after the European coin the fiorino, also cizye See jizya, hara\u00e7. used in the Ottoman Empire with a value of 50\u201366 ak\u00e7es in the 16th century. dar al-harb Literally, \u201chouse of war\u201d; those parts of the world not under Muslim rule. firman See ferman. dar al-Islam Literally, \u201chouse of Islam\u201d; territories governed fiqh Islamic law, jurisprudence. by Muslim rulers where Islamic law is in force. ghaza Warfare in the name of Islam; raid. dar al-sulh Literally, \u201chouse of truce\u201d; territories of non- Muslim rulers who entered into a truce with the Ottoman ghazi A fighting man, one who fights the ghaza. sultan. grand vizier The highest-ranking administrative officer defter A register or record book or a single list of records. in the Ottoman Empire, the head of the government and the There were several types of defters, such as tax or revenue sur- absolute deputy of the sultan. veys (tahrir), registers of poll tax (sing. cizye defteri), soldiers\u2019 pay lists (sing. mevacib defteri). Habsburgs (Hapsburgs; House of Habsburg) An important European dynasty that ruled for centuries in Austria, Spain, defterdar Literally, \u201cthe keeper of the defter\u201d; a treasurer or and as Holy Roman Emperors. Ottoman official similar to a finance minister in Europe; the head of provincial treasuries and finances. hadith Reports about the sayings and actions of the Prophet and his companions. Collected and sifted for their authentic- dergah-i ali See Bab-i \u00c2li. ity some hadith collections attained religious authority second only to the Quran. dervish A member of an ascetic Sufi religious brotherhood. hajj The annual pilgrimage of Muslims to Mecca, one of the despot A Byzantine court title meaning \u201clord\u201d; also used \u201cfive pillars\u201d of Islam, to be performed at least once in a lifetime. in the successor states of the Byzantine Empire established after the Latin conquest of Constantinople in 1204 during the han (khan) A caravansary; a structure either in a city or placed Fourth Crusade (Empire of Trebizond, Despotate of Morea), in along caravan routes where traveling merchants could stay. the Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204\u201361), in Bulgaria, and in Serbia. h\u00fck\u00fcm An order or decree issued by the Imperial Divan or Council. dev\u015firme (devshirme) Literally, \u201ccollection\u201d; the system by which Christian Ottoman boys were forcefully recruited into hammam (hamam) A bathhouse. the Ottoman military and administration. hara\u00e7 Also known as cizye in the Ottoman Empire, the hara\u00e7 dhimmi (zimmi) A non-Muslim subject of a state governed was the capitation or poll tax to be paid by non-Muslims. by Islamic law. harem Literally, \u201cforbidden,\u201d \u201csacred\u201d; private quarter of the Divan (divan-i h\u00fcmayun, divan-i ali) The Imperial Council; house and its female inhabitants; the sultan\u2019s household. the grand vizier\u2019s council, the central organ of Ottoman administration. has (hass) Sultanic or crown lands or revenues; lands or rev- enues of beylerbeys and sancakbeys, usually (but not always) doge The elected leader of the Venetian state. yielding an annual revenue of more than 100,000 ak\u00e7es in the 16th century. emirate A polity ruled by an emir; a principality such as the many Turkish emirates that were established in Anatolia after hatt-i h\u00fcmayun An imperial decree; the Reform Edict the collapse of the Rum Seljuk Empire there. of 1856, the second most important sultanic decree of the Ottoman reform or Tanzimat era (1839\u201376). hatt-i \u015ferif Literally, \u201cnoble sultanic decree\u201d; the G\u00fclhane Decree of 1839 that introduced the Ottoman Tanzimat or Reform era (1839\u201376).","618 Glossary was the teaching of Islamic religious sciences, although ratio- nal sciences, such as medicine, could also be taught. hutbe (hutba) Friday sermon in Islam in which the ruler\u2019s name is mentioned. Maghrib North Africa, especially present-day Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. Ilkhanids A Mongol dynasty established after the dissolution of the Great Mongol Empire of Ghengis Khan that ruled in Iran mahkeme (mahkama) A sharia court and its building. from the mid-13th through the mid-14th century. malikane A life-long tax farm. iltizam A tax farm, tax farming; Ottoman method of revenue collection by which sources of state revenues were farmed out mamluk A military slave; a member of the Turkish cavalry to proper applicants by means of a public auction. forces who established their own sultanate, the Mamluk Empire of Egypt and Syria. imam In Sunni Islam, the leader of prayer in mosques; in Shia Islam, the divinely ordained leader of the Shia medrese See madrasa. community. mihrab A niche or blind arch in the wall of a mosque indi- imaret A public building complex supported by a religious cating the direction of Mecca which Muslims should face when endowment or waqf; public kitchen; soup kitchen. praying. Janissaries From the Turkish yeni \u00e7eri, \u201cnew army\u201d; the sul- millet A non-Muslim community in the Ottoman Empire tan\u2019s elite infantry, originally made up of prisoners of war, later represented by a clergyman appointed by the sultan. recruited through the dev\u015firme system. miri Lands and revenues belonging to the state. jihad The struggle to defend and extend Islam; war to achieve these goals. Morea The large peninsula in southern Greece, also known as the Peloponnese. jizya (cizye) An Islamic poll tax imposed on non-Muslim adult males. Muscovy The Russian principality centered around Moscow that by the 18th century expanded to become the Russian kad\u0131 (qadi) A Muslim judge. Empire. kad\u0131asker The chief judge; the top judicial official in the mukataa The revenues from fiscal units administered as tax Ottoman Empire after the \u015feyh\u00fclislam until the Tanzimat farms. reform period of the 19th century. ni\u015fanc\u0131 The chancellor; head of the sultan\u2019s scribe service; kanun (qanun) Secular or sultanic law, a body of law promul- member of the Imperial Council who was responsible for gated in the name of the reigning sultan, which supplemented attaching the tu\u011fra to official orders. the sacred Islamic law, or sharia. pasha (pa\u015fa) The highest title given to military or civil offi- kanunname A collection of sultanic laws; a shorter law code, cials in the empire. for instance those at the beginning of land surveys (tahrir deft- eris) that regulated taxation in a given district. Phanariots Greek elite from Istanbul\u2019s Phanar district who held important political positions in the Ottoman Empire from kapukulu (kap\u0131kulu) Literally, \u201cslave of the Porte,\u201d who the 17th century until the Greek War of Independence in 1821. served in the military, administration, and palace and were in the early centuries of dev\u015firme origin. Pontic An adjective referring to the territories around the Black Sea. kapudan pasha (kapudan-i derya) An admiral; commander in chief of the Ottoman navy. presidio Spanish frontier forts along the Mediterranean coastline and the frontier areas in the Americas and the khedive A ruler of Egypt in the line of Mehmed Ali. Philippines. k\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f Literally, \u201cRedheads,\u201d followers of Shah Ismail, the pronoia A military fief in the Byzantine Empire, similar to Ottomans\u2019 main rival in the early 16th century, named after the Ottoman timar system. their twelve-tasseled red hat, a symbol of their belief that Ismail was the promised 12th imam of Shia Islam. reaya \u201cFlock\u201d; originally all taxpaying subjects of the sultan regardless of their religion as opposed to the askeri ruling elite; Levant The eastern Mediterranean. later the Christian subjects of the empire. madhab (mezheb) A schools of law in Sunni Islam. The reis\u00fclk\u00fcttab (reis efendi) A title; literally, \u201chead of the preferred madhab in the Ottoman Empire was the Hanafi, scribes,\u201d head of the chancery and record offices of the Imperial although the three other major schools (Hanbali, Maliki, and Council; in the 18th-century the title was change to \u201cforeign the Shafii) were also tolerated. minister.\u201d madrasa (medrese) A college or school whose primary aim","Rum A geographical term in Islamic literature that refers to Glossary 619 Anatolia (Asia Minor), the land of Rome, the Eastern Roman Empire, as in the name of the Rum Seljuks, the dynastic heirs of Tersane-i Amire The Ottoman imperial naval arsenal. the Great Seljuks; also the Greek Orthodox Christian community. timar An Ottoman military or administrative fief or prebend Rumelia (Rumeli) The Balkans, the European provinces of given to soldiers and officials in return for their service, usually the Ottoman Empire. (but not always) with an annual value of less than 20,000 ak\u00e7e in the 16th century. sadrazam (sadr-i azam) The grand vizier. Transoxania (ma wara\u2019 Al-nahr) A historic term referring to salname An official governmental yearbook or annual the region \u201cbeyond the river,\u201d that is, beyond the Oxus River report in the 19th century Ottoman Empire; official provincial (present-day Amu Darya) and Jaxartes River (present-day Syr yearbook. Darya). It was the region ruled by the Timurid Empire (1370\u2013 1506) and became a major center of Islamic civilization during sancak (sanjak) A subdivision of a province (eyalet, that time. It roughly corresponds to present-day Uzbekistan vilayet, beylerbeyilik), translated as subprovince or district. and parts of Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. sancakbeyi The governor of a sancak. tu\u011fra The sultan\u2019s official monogram. \u015feyh\u00fclislam (shaykh al-islam) The head of the Ottoman Turkomans (Turcomans, T\u00fcrkmens) Turkish pastoralists religious establishment (ulema); the chief mufti of Istanbul living in Anatolia. and of the empire. ulema (sing. alim) Persons trained in the Islamic religious sharia (\u015feriat) Islamic law, derived from the Quran, hadith, sciences; the Ottoman religious establishment. analogy, and consensus. vak\u0131f See waqf. sharif (plural: ashraf) A descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. vakfiye The deed of endowment for a waqf, or charitable foundation. sheikh (shaykh, \u015feyh) A title of respect for a learned man, the leader of a religious brotherhood or dervish order, or a valide sultan The queen mother, the mother of the ruling tribal chief. sultan. sicil (sijil) An Ottoman judicial court register in which the vezir See vizier. kad\u0131 kept track of proceedings. vilayet A province, the largest administrative division of sipahi (spahi) A cavalryman, remunerated through military the empire in the 16th century, headed by a governor or fiefs or timars, who was stationed in the provinces and formed beylerbeyi. part of the provincial cavalry of a given sancak; sipahi of the Porte: member of one of the six cavalry divisions of the Porte\u2019s vizier (vezir) The sultan\u2019s minister; a member of the Imperial standing army. Council. Straits The straits of the Bosporus and Dardanelles. voynuk The Slavic term for \u201d soldier\u201d; auxiliaries in the Balkans. Sufi A Muslim mystic; a member of an Islamic religious order or tariqa. waqf A religious endowment that provided funds for mosques, schools, hospitals, and other religious, charitable, and Sufism Mystical traditions in Islam, known in Arabic as educational institutions. tasawwuf. yaya A foot soldier; infantry forces in the early Ottoman sultan A ruler with supreme authority; ruler of the Ottoman Empire who later served as auxiliaries. Empire; a title used by princes and senior female members of the Ottoman dynasty. yeni\u00e7eri See Janissaries. s\u00fcrg\u00fcn Deportation or state-initiated and state-organized y\u00fcr\u00fck Turkoman nomads who also served as military auxil- resettlement. iaries in the early Ottoman army. Tanzimat The Ottoman reform era of 1838\u201376. zeamet (ziamet) An Ottoman military or administrative fief or prebend given to officers and officials in return for their tariqa (tarikat) Literally, the \u201cpath\u201d or \u201croute\u201d of spiritual service, usually (but not always) with an annual revenue of growth, hence Islamic mystic or Sufi order. between 20,000 and 100,000 ak\u00e7e in the 16th century. tekke A dervish lodge or Sufi convent, known in Arabic as zaviye (zawiya) A dervish lodge or Sufi convent. zaviye. zimmi See dhimmi.","BIBLIOGRAPHY GENERAL WORKS McCarthy, Justin. The Ottoman Turks: An Introductory History to 1923. London: Longman, 1997. Ahmad, Feroz. The Making of Modern Turkey. London: Routledge, 1993. \u2014\u2014\u2014. The Ottoman Peoples and the End of Empire. London: Arnold, 2001. Alderson, Anthony Dolphin. The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956. Pamuk, \u015eevket. A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire. 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Locater followed by Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 Abd\u00fclaziz 5 provincial council 16 g indicate glossary entries. 493 Caucasus 126 Tanzimat 16\u201317 Selim III 514 Crimean War 161, 163 Adriatic Sea 17\u201318 A Spain 536 dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun 175 Austria 62 Zahir al-Umar 607 debt and the Public Debt Bayezid II 83 Abaza Hasan Pasha 315 navy 428 Abaza Mehmed Pasha Abd\u00fclhamid II (Ottoman sultan) 6\u20138, Administration 180 The Adventures of Telemachus (F\u00e9nelon) 7, 8 Dolmabah\u00e7e Palace 186 439 Celali revolts 128 Abbas Hilmi 2 Hagia Sophia 244, 245 Aegean Islands Mustafa I 409 administration, central 13 intelligence 278 navy 426 Abbas I (Safavid shah) 1\u20132, 280 Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 19 Mehmed V 371 Phanariots 458 Abbas III (Safavid shah) 281 Armenia 52 Mehmed VI 371 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 521 Abbas Hilmi (khedive of Egypt) 2\u20133 Armenian Apostolic Church 54 Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 414 Aegean Sea Lord Cromer 165 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 57 photography 460 Anatolian emirates 41 Egypt 206 Bosnia and Herzegovina 93 railroads 479 cartography 121 Abbasid Caliphate xxv, 3 caliphate 114 Abdurrahman Abdi Pasha 154 Izmir 290 Armenia 51 censorship 130\u2013132 Abdurrahman \u015eeref 156 Orhan Gazi 443 Baghdad 70 charity 137 Abenaes, Solomon 277 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 bathhouse 79 constitution\/Constitutional Periods Abode of Felicity. See harem calligraphy 115 144 Abraham (Prophet) 354 492 grand vizier 235 CUP 139 Abraham of K\u00fctahya style 133 Russo-Ottoman Wars 498 Hagia Sophia 243 dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun 176 absolutism 424 Salonika 504 ihtisab and muhtesib 264 Dolmabah\u00e7e Palace 187 Abu al-Dhahab 607 Afghani, Jamal al-Din al- 18\u201319 Iran 279 education 203 Abu Bakr Muhammad Abduh 4 Iraq 282 England 207 caliphate 114 Pan-Islamism 455\u2013456 military slavery 382, 383 firearms 220 Naqshbandiyya Order 419 Abu al-Huda al-Sayyadi 505 sciences 506 Germany 229, 230 Sunni Islam 548 Afghanistan 281, 282 Seljuks 515 Ziya G\u00f6kalp 233 Abu Said 564 Afrasiyab 79 \u015feyh\u00fclislam 524 hajj 248 accession. See enthronement and Africa Sunni Islam 548 Hejaz Railroad 253 accession ceremony Muhammad al-Sanusi 505 ABCFM. See American Board of intelligence 278 acemi o\u011flan 616g slavery 531\u2013533 Commissioners for Foreign Missions literature, late Ottoman 341 Achaemenid Empire 279 Afsharid dynasty 281 Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud (king of Saudi medicine 360, 361 Acre 9\u201310 agha 616g Arabia) Mehmed V 371 bailo 72 Agha Muhammad Khan (shah of Iran) Husayn ibn Ali al-Hashimi 252 Midhat Pasha 379 Cezzar Ahmed Pasha 134\u2013135 Caucasus 125 ibn Saud family 261, 262 missionaries 385 Egypt 205 Iran 282 Kuwait 321 Mustafa Kamil 412 Gaza 228 Agricultural Bank 77 Wahhabis 587\u2013588 Nam\u0131k Kemal 418 Ibrahim Pasha 264 agriculture 19\u201321 Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi 4, 172 nationalism 423\u2013424 Palestine 453 Armenia 51 Abduh, Muhammad 4\u20135 newspapers 433 Sykes-Picot Agreement 550 banks and banking 77 Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 18 novel 441 activism Buda 96 Farah Antun 44 Pan-Islamism 454\u2013455 Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 18\u201319 \u00e7ift-hane system 19\u201320 al-Azhar 68 parliament 456 Afghani, Jamal al-Din al- 18 crop diversity 20\u201321 caliphate 115 patrimonial system 12 Young Ottomans 603\u2013604 Damascus 170 Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab photography 460, 461 Aden 543 Danube Province 173 political satire 465\u2013466 administration, central 10\u201313, 11, 12 Danube River 174 261 Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun 10\u201312 economy and economic policy Muhammad Rashid Rida 484 471 early rulers 10 Rifaiyya Order 489 railroads 478 palaces 451\u2013452 192, 193 Salafiyya 500, 501 reform 486 Palace School 452 Egypt 204, 206 Abd\u00fclaziz (Ottoman sultan) 5 revolutionary press 487\u2013488 patrimonial system 12\u201313 Euphrates River 209 Mehmed Emin \u00c2l\u00ee Pasha 36 Rifaiyya Order 489 Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives fallah 211\u2013212 constitution\/Constitutional Periods Russo-Ottoman Wars 497 farms 20 Abu al-Huda al-Sayyadi 505 470 Haifa 246 144 Shadhliyya Order 526 railroads 13 Iraq 282 Danube Province 172 Sharif of Mecca 528 Tanzimat 13 land, availability of 21 Egypt 205 Shia Islam 529 telegraph 13 Mehmed Ali 372 Fuad Pasha 225 Sunni Islam 549 administration, provincial 13\u201317, 15m Palestine 453 Midhat Pasha 379 telegraph 13, 557 constitution\/Constitutional Periods prebendal system 20 Murad V 404 Young Turks 604\u2013606 ahd 616g Nam\u0131k Kemal 418 Zionism 609 144 ahdname 21\u201322, 118\u2013119, 616g photography 461 evolution of 13\u201316 merchant communities 376 railroads 478 palaces 451 merchants 376 Russo-Ottoman Wars 497 624","Moldavia 390 Ismail I 284, 285 France 224 Index 625 navy 426 k\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f 312 money and monetary system 392 Transylvania 571 Kurds 319 North Africa 439 condominium 141, 142 Wallachia 590 Alaeddin Bey 81, 82 plague 463 Constantinople, conquest of 142 ahi 616g Alawi 27\u201328 population 468 conversion 145 Ahizade H\u00fcseyin Efendi 403 Druzes 189 Selim I 513 education 200 ahl 85, 616g North Africa 439 slavery 531 Egypt 205 ahl al-bayt 85, 86 Shia Islam 528 Spain 537 family 213 ahl al-dhimma 616g Albania 28\u201329 Ali (fourth caliph of Islam) finances and fiscal structure 218 ahl al-kitab 616g Balkan wars 73, 74 Abbasid Caliphate 3 firearms 220 ahl al-sunna 548 Bekta\u015fi Order 88, 89 Alawi 27 France 224 Ahmed I (Ottoman sultan) 22\u201324 Bosnia and Herzegovina 93 Bayezid II 84 Germany 230 architecture 49 Bulgaria 101 Najaf 416, 417 ghaza 232 Celali revolts 128 Bulgarian Orthodox Church 104 sharia 527 intelligence 277 court and favorites 153 conversion 146 Shia Islam 528, 529 Iran 280 Edirne 196 debt and the Public Debt Sufism 539 Ismail I 285 enthronement and accession cer- Sunni Islam 548 Istanbul 286 Administration 183 Ali Emiri Efendi 34\u201335 Izmir 290\u2013292 emony 208 Mecelle 356 Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u 35\u201336, 200 k\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f 312 Hagia Sophia 244 Mehmed II 365 Ali Macar Reis 121 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc family 314 illustrated manuscripts in the Mehmed V 371 alimony 213 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed Pasha 315 Mehmed Ali 372 Ali Pasha (Ottoman vizierate) 446 Mehmed II 365, 367 Topkap\u0131 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum Murad II 400, 401 \u00c2l\u00ee Pasha, Mehmed Emin 36\u201337 Mehmed V 371 272 plague 463 Abd\u00fclaziz 5 Mehmed VI 371\u2013372 Janbulad Ali Pasha 295 Salonika 504 family 215 Mehmed Ali 373 Janbulad family 296 Serbia 517 Fuad Pasha 225 menzil\/menzilhane 374 Mehmed III 368 Albanians 455 Nam\u0131k Kemal 418 money and monetary system 392 Mustafa I 409 alcohol 549 Ottomanism 449 Murad I 397\u2013398 tobacco 564 Alema 101 Ali Pasha, M\u00fcezzinzade 332 Murad II 399 Ahmed II (Ottoman sultan) 24 Alemdar Mustafa Pasha 29\u201330 Ali Pasha, Samiz 552, 553 Murad III 401\u2013402 Edirne 196 ayan 66 Ali Pasha of Janina 37\u201338 nomads 436\u2013438 enthronement and accession Bulgaria 101 Albania 29 Pan-Islamism 456 ceremony 208 Mustafa IV 412 Greek War of Independence 241 parliament 457 S\u00fcleyman II 548 Russo-Ottoman Wars 495 Ali Suavi 433 photography 459 Ahmed III (Ottoman sultan) 24\u201326, 25 Aleppo 30\u201332, 31 Ali Ufki 407, 408 plague 463 Austria 62 Alexandrette 32 aliya 38, 609, 616g population 467, 468 al-Azm family 68 ashraf 56 Allenby, Edmund railroads 480 Baghdad 71 ayan 66 Jerusalem 300 Russo-Ottoman Wars 496, 498 court chronicles 155 al-Azm family 68 World War I 600 Selim I 512 Damascus 170 bailo 72 Alliance Isra\u00e9lite Universelle 38\u201339, 303 Seljuks 515, 516 enthronement and accession Beirut 86 Allied Powers Treaty of S\u00e8vres 522 ceremony 208 court chronicles 155 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 57\u201359 S\u00fcleyman I 544 illustrated manuscripts in the England 206\u2013207 Baghdad 72 World War I 599\u2013600 Topkap\u0131 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum Euphrates River 209 Treaty of Lausanne 323, 324 Anatolian emirates 40\u201342 273 finances and fiscal structure 218 Mehmed V 371 administration, central 10 Ahmed Bey (ruler of Tunis) 311 Hama 248 Mehmed VI 371, 372 Bayezid I 80, 81 Ahmed Bey, Karamanl\u0131 572 Janbulad Ali Pasha 295 parliament 457 Black Sea 40 North Africa 439 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed Pasha 315 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 520\u2013522 Central Anatolia 41 Tripoli 572 Mawali Bedouin Confederation 353 Sykes-Picot Agreement 550 Eastern Anatolia 41 Ahmed Cevdet Pasha 26\u201327 Melkite Catholics 374 Amasya 47 Karamanids 40 court chronicles 156 plague 463 Amasya, Treaty of 545 maritime principalities 41\u201342 historiography 254 printing 472 American Board of Commissioners for Mehmed I 363 Mecelle 355 Abu al-Huda al-Sayyadi 505 Foreign Missions (ABCFM) 39\u201340 Murad I 397 nationalism 424 Selim I 512 Beirut 87 navy 427 Ahmed Emin Yalman 434 Seljuks 516 missionaries 385 Seljuks 516 Ahmed Midhat Efendi Syria 550 missionary schools 387 Western Anatolia 41\u201342 newspapers 433 Alexander I (czar of Russia) American University 39 Anatolia Railroads 479 novel 440 Philiki Hetairia 459 Amin, Qasim 501 Anaza Confederation 42 reform 486 Russo-Ottoman Wars 495, 496 amir al-hajj 40, 248 Damascus 170 Ahmed Rasim 441 Alexander II (czar of Russia) 162 Anadolu Hisar\u0131 143 Mawali Bedouin Confederation Ahmed Refik 254 Alexander III the Great (king of Anan ben David 308 Ahmed R\u0131za Marcedonia) 266 Anatolia xxv\u2013xxvi, 616g 353 CUP 139, 140 Alexandrette 32\u201333 administration, central 11 Shammar Bedouin 526 Young Turks 605 Alexandria 33 agriculture 21 Andr\u00e1ssy, Gyula 64 Ahmed \u015eiblizade 267 Cairo 114 Alawi 27 Andronikos II (Byzantine emperor) Ahmed Vefik Pasha 424 Egypt 206 Anatolian emirates 41 Byzantine Empire 108 Ahsa, al- riots 33 Battle of Ankara 43, 44 Osman I 445 ibn Saud family 261 Shadhliyya Order 525 Armenia 52\u201353 Andronikos III (Byzantine emperor) Kuwait 321 Suez Canal 538 Armenian Massacres 55 109 airplanes 74 Tawfiq, Khedive 555 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 58 Andrusovo, Treaty of 576 Akabi History (Vartan Pasha) 440 Ahmad Pasha Urabi 579 ayan 65\u201366 Anglo-Ottoman Convention 42\u201343 ak\u00e7e 391, 393, 616g Algeria Balkan wars 74 capitulations 119 Ak\u00e7ura, Yusuf 425 Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi 4 Bayezid I 81, 82 England 207 ak\u0131nc\u0131 616g Algiers 33\u201334 Bayezid II 82 Anglo-Ottoman Treaty of 1675 118 Akkoyunlu 367, 616g Barbary states 78 Bekta\u015fi Order 88 Ankara Akkoyunlu Empire 271 corsairs and pirates 149 Bulgaria 101 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 58, 59 Battle of Ankara 43 Spain 537 Byzantine Empire 108\u2013109 railroads 481 illustrated manuscripts and Algiers, Algeria 33\u201334 caravan 119 Ankara, Battle of xxvi, 43\u201344 miniature paintings 265 agriculture 21 Caucasus 127 administration, central 10 illustrated manuscripts in the Barbarossa brothers 78 Celali revolts 127\u2013128 Albania 28 Topkap\u0131 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum Barbary states 78 charity 135, 136 Bayezid I 80 271 corsairs and pirates 149 Brankovi\u0107 family 94 Iran 280 Bulgaria 99 Byzantine Empire 111","626 Index Aristotle 35 Audit Department 5 Azerbaijan Armenia 51\u201353 Aulic War Council 62 Iran 282 Danube River 174 Auspicious Incident 60\u201361 Seljuks 516 enthronement and accession Abbas I 1, 2 Timur 564 Abd\u00fclhamid II 8 Bosnia and Herzegovina 92 ceremony 208 bailo 72 Janissaries 297 Azhar, al- 67, 67\u201368 Iran 280 Iran 282 Mahmud II 346 Muhammad Abduh 4 Izmir 291 Kurdistan 320 medicine 360 Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 18 Mehmed I 363 Mehmed V 371 Palace School 452 Egypt 204 Serbia 517 merchants 376 reform 485 Timur 563 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 520 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 Azm, Ismail al- Ankara, Treaty of 224 S\u00fcleyman I 545 al-Azm family 68 Antim I (exarch of Bulgaria) 104 Sykes-Picot Agreement 550 493 Hama 248 Antioch 44 World War I 600 Australia-New Zealand Army Corps K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed Pasha 315 Greek Orthodox Church 239, 240 Armenian Apostolic Church 53\u201354 Seljuks 516 Armenia 51\u201352 (ANZACS) 599, 600 Azm family, al- 68\u201369 anti-Semitism Jacobites 294 Austria 61\u201364 amir al-hajj 40 aliya 38 missionaries 385 ayan 66 Jews 303 newspapers 432 Albania 29 Cezzar Ahmed Pasha 135 Zionism 608 Armenian Christians 230 Austrian Habsburg monarchy Damascus 170 Antun, Farah 44\u201345 Armenian language 387 hajj 248 Aqaba 46 Armenian Massacres 54\u201355 61\u201362 Hama 248 Aqsa Mosque 299 Armenia 53 Belgrade 89 aqueducts 50 Germany 231 Bosnia and Herzegovina 92 Azov Cossack Host 151 Aqwam al-masalik fi marifat al-ahwal al- Nestorians 431 Cretan War 157 mamalik (Khayr al-Din) 312 population 468 Dalmatia 168 B Arab Army \u201cArmenian Question\u201d 52 debt and the Public Debt Arab Revolt 46 Armenians Baban family 70, 526 Faysal ibn Husayn al-Hashimi 251 banks and banking 75 Administration 182 Bab-\u0131 \u00c2li 12, , 236, 377, 452, 470, 616g Arabia Bulgaria 101 defense system 62 Bab-\u0131 \u00c2li Library 335 dhimmi 185 Eastern Question 191, 192 Drava River 188 Bab-\u0131 asafi 12, 616g Mehmed Ali 372 merchant communities 375\u2013376 firearms 220 Baghdad xxv, 70\u201372 Midhat Pasha 378\u2013379 millet 383, 384 foreign policy 63\u201364 Arabian Peninsula Pan-Islamism 456 France 222\u2013224 Abbas I 1 Arabistan 45 Russo-Ottoman Wars 498 Germany 230\u2013231 Abbasid Caliphate 3 Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Sufism 540 Greek War of Independence 241 Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi 4 army Khedive Ismail 284 B\u00fcy\u00fck S\u00fcleyman Pasha 106\u2013107 260 Ismail I 286 Treaty of Karlowitz 309 ceramics 132 Arabic Nizam-\u0131 Cedid 435 medicine 360 Dawud Pasha 177 warfare 592\u2013595 millet 384 hahamba\u015f\u0131 246 language 322\u2013323 art 540 missionary schools 387 Iraq 282, 283 Melkite Catholics 374 Art Nouveau 51 Mustafa II 410 Jews 300 missionary schools 387 Asad Pasha 68, 69 Ottoman raids 61\u201362 Karbala 308, 309 newspapers 432 Ashkenazi Jews 300 Ragusa 477\u2013478 Midhat Pasha 378\u2013379 sciences 506\u2013507 ashraf 55\u201356, 616g railroads 478 military slavery 382 Seljuks 517 A\u015f\u0131kpa\u015fazade 136 revolutionary press 488 Mosul 394 Shia Islam 529 As\u0131m, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7elebizade 155 Russia 491 Nadir Shah 416 Arabism 171 As\u0131m, M\u00fctercim Ahmed 155 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 Pan-Islamism 455 Arabistan 45, 550 askeri xxvi, 616g population 468 Arab literature 416 dev\u015firme 184 493 Salafiyya 501 Arab Muslims 311 Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun 11 Russo-Ottoman Wars 498, 499 Seljuks 515 Arab provinces 66 kanun 306\u2013307 Sobieski, Jan 534 Shammar Bedouin 526 Arab Revolt 45\u201346 martolos 353 Tanzimat 554 Shia Islam 529 Bedouins 86 Assyrians Turkish wars 62\u201363 S\u00fcleyman I 544, 545 Faysal ibn Husayn al-Hashimi 251 Mosul 394 Austria-Hungary 229 Sunni Islam 548 Hejaz Railroad 253 Nestorians 431 Austrian Habsburg monarchy 61\u201362 Sykes-Picot Agreement 550 Husayn-McMahon correspondence Astrakhan Austro-Hungarian Empire 224 Bahai 246 Crimean Tatars 159 Austro-Ottoman War of 1787\u20131791 Bahrain 259 Russia 491 223 Kuwait 320 T. E. Lawrence 328 astronomy author Seljuks 516 Medina 362 Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u 35\u201336 Ahmed Cevdet Pasha 26 Bahram Mirza 271 Arabs 455 sciences 507 Farah Antun 44 bailo 72\u201373, 581, 616g Araks River 282 Takiy\u00fcddin 552\u2013553 Nam\u0131k Kemal 417\u2013418 baklava 165 arastas 47 Atat\u00fcrk, Kemal 56, 56\u201360 avar\u0131z 96\u201398, 146, 616g Bakri family 34 archaeological excavation 483 Bekta\u015fi Order 89 ayan 64\u201367, 616g Balassa, Imre 570 Archimedes 553 Dolmabah\u00e7e Palace 187 Ahmed II 24 Balfour Declaration architecture 46\u201351, 48\u201350 Hagia Sophia 243, 244 Albania 28\u201329 Arab Revolt 46 after conquest of Constantinople historiography 254 Alemdar Mustafa Pasha 29\u201330 Chaim Weizmann 598 Treaty of Lausanne 323 Aleppo 32 Zionism 609 48\u201349 Mehmed VI 371\u2013372 Anatolia 65\u201366 Balkans xxvi, xxviii, 616g caravansary 50\u201351, 120 military officer 56\u201358 Arab provinces 66 Albania 28, 29 classical period 49\u201350 newspapers 434 al-Azm family 68\u201369 Ali Pasha of Janina 37 Dolmabah\u00e7e Palace 186\u2013187 reforms 59\u201360 Balkans 65\u201366 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 57 early period 47\u201348 Salonika 504 Bulgaria 101 Austria 63, 64 Edirne 196 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 520, 522 condominium 142 ayan 65\u201366 18th and 19th centuries 51 Sufism 541 Jerusalem 299 Bayezid I 81 Fatih mosque complex 216\u2013217 Turkish Republic 58\u201359 Mahmud II 346 Bekta\u015fi Order 88 Hagia Sophia 245 Athens 237 warfare 594 Bulgaria 99\u2013102 railroads 482 Atik Valide Sultan Mosque 50 Ayd\u0131n 479 caravan 119 Sinan 50 Atlas (Ali Macar Reis) 121 Ayd\u0131no\u011fullar\u0131 principality 42 conversion 146 S\u00fcleyman I 546 Atlas Generale (d\u2019Anville) 123 Ayd\u0131n province 291 Crimean War 161, 162 Ardalan dynasty 319 Atlas Minor (Mercator and Hondius) ay\u0131n 404\u2013406 Croatia 163\u2013164 Arianiti, Georg 28 120, 122 Ayyubid dynasty 67 Danube River 173\u2013174 Arifi azab 616g dev\u015firme 183 illustrated manuscripts and Azak 67 Eastern Question 191 Ahmed III 25 education 200 miniature paintings 268 Crimean Tatars 160 Germany 231 illustrated manuscripts in the Russia 491 Topkap\u0131 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum 272","ghaza 232 Barudi, Sami Bey al- 579 bedestan 616g Index 627 grand vizier 236 Bashir II (emir of Lebanon) 352 architecture 47, 48 Greece 236\u2013238 bashtina 616g Edirne 197 Russia 491 Greek Orthodox Church 239, 240 Basil II (Byzantine emperor) 103 Grand Bazaar 233\u2013235 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 martolos 353 Basiret\u00e7i Ali 433 markets 350 Mehmed I 363 Basra 78\u201379 493 money and monetary system 392 Bedirhan 320 Treaty of Svishtov 549 Murad I 396, 398 Baghdad 71, 72 Bedouins 84\u201386, 85, 616g Bellini, Gentile 266 Murad II 399, 400 B\u00fcy\u00fck S\u00fcleyman Pasha 106 bendir 406 nationalism 420\u2013423 Euphrates River 209 amir al-hajj 40 Benedict XIV (pope) 575 Osman Pazvanto\u011flu 447 firearms 219 Anaza Confederation 42 Ben-Gurion, David 609 Pan-Islamism 454 hahamba\u015f\u0131 246 Arabistan 45 berat 616g plague 463 Iraq 283 Arab Revolt 46 capitulations 118\u2013119 population 468, 469 Pan-Islamism 455 al-Azm family 68 merchants 376, 377 railroads 480 Shia Islam 529 Baghdad 71, 72 Berbers 438, 439 Russia 492 S\u00fcleyman I 543 Basra 79 Berlin, Congress of Russo-Ottoman Wars 495\u2013499 Sykes-Picot Agreement 550 Beirut 86 Austria 64 Salonika 502\u2013504 bastard (ship) 426 B\u00fcy\u00fck S\u00fcleyman Pasha 107 Bosnia and Herzegovina 93 Selim III 515 bathhouse 79\u201380 caravan 119 Bulgaria 102 Serbia 517\u2013519 architecture 46, 47 Damascus 170 England 206, 207 slavery 531 Fatih mosque complex 216 Euphrates River 209 Germany 229 S\u00fcleyman I 542 Battista, Giovanni 582 Gaza 228 Russo-Ottoman Wars 498 Vlachs 585 Batumi 126 hajj 247\u2013248 Serbia 519 Balkan Wars 73\u201374 Bavaria 240 Hama 248 Berlin, Treaty of Albania 29 Bayezid (Ottoman prince) Faysal ibn Husayn al-Hashimi 251 Armenia 52 Armenia 53 military acculturation 382 Husayn ibn Ali al-Hashimi 251 Armenian Apostolic Church 54 banks and banking 77 Murad I 398 Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Caucasus 126 charity 137 Sokollu family 534, 535 Moldavia 391 constitution\/Constitutional Periods S\u00fcleyman I 546 261 Pan-Islamism 454 Bayezid I (Ottoman sultan) xxvi, Iraq 282 Russia 492 145 80\u201382 Jerusalem 299 Russo-Ottoman Wars 499 debt and the Public Debt administration, central 10 Kuwait 320 Wallachia 590 Albania 28 Mawali Bedouin Confederation Bessarabia Administration 182 Battle of Ankara 43\u201344 Austria 64 Eastern Question 192 Brankovi\u0107 family 93 353 Treaty of Bucharest 94 Edirne 196 Byzantine Empire 110 Mecca 354 Bulgaria 101 Germany 231 Danube River 174 Palestine 453 Crimean Tatars 160 medicine 362 Edirne 196 population 467 Crimean War 163 Mehmed V 371 enthronement and accession cer- Muhammad al-Sanusi 505 Moldavia 391 Ottomanism 449 Shammar Bedouin 526 Russia 492 Pan-Islamism 456 emony 208 Sharif of Mecca 527 Russo-Ottoman Wars 496, 499 population 468 finances and fiscal structure 217 Shia Islam 529 betrothal 213 Salonika 504 Iran 280 Beethoven, Ludwig van 407 bey 616g Serbia 519 Istanbul 286 Beirut 86\u201388, 87 administration, provincial 14 balneotherapy 357 Izmir 291 ABCFM 39 Egypt 204\u2013205 Baltac\u0131 Mehmed Pasha 25 Mehmed I 362, 363 Damascus 171 North Africa 439 Balta Liman\u0131 Treaty, 616 c Murad I 397, 398 Maronites 352 Seljuks 516 Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 413 navy 427 medicine 361 Beyan-i menazil (Matrak\u00e7\u0131 Nasuh) 267 trade 569 Serbia 517 missionaries 385 beylerbeyi 616g bandits 252 Timur 562\u2013563 missionary schools 386, 387 administration, central 11 Bank of Constantinople Bayezid II (Ottoman sultan) 82\u201384 Palestine 453 administration, provincial 14, 16 banks and banking 75\u201376 administration, central 10 photography 459 beylerbeylik 617g debt and the Public Debt architecture 47 printing 473 administration, provincial 14 Barbarossa brothers 77 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 Hungary 256, 257 Administration 180 cartography 122 \u00d6zi 449\u2013450 banks and banking 74\u201377 Cem 129 493 beyliks xxv, 40 court chronicles 154 Bekaa Valley 529 Bey\u015fehir-Seydi\u015fehir region 41 Farhi family 215\u2013216 Edirne 196 Bekta\u015fi Order 88\u201389 Bible finances and fiscal structure 218 enthronement and accession ABCFM 39 foreign banks 76\u201377 Albania 28 missionary schools 387 Germany 230 ceremony 207, 208 Auspicious Incident 61 bimetallic standard 393 modern 75\u201376 Fatih mosque complex 216 Mehmed I 364 Bismarck, Otto von national banking movements 77 France 221\u2013222 Seljuks 517 Austria 63 pre-modern 75 ghaza 232 Sufism 540 France 224 Ragusa 477 grand vizier 236 B\u00e9la IV (king of Hungary) 94 Germany 229, 230 state banks 76 illustrated manuscripts and Belgium Russo-Ottoman Wars 499 Baraddai, Jacob 294\u2013295 railroads 478 Bithynia Barbarossa, Hayreddin miniature paintings 267 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 521 Byzantine Empire 108, 109 administration, central 11 illustrated manuscripts in the Belgrade 89 Osman I 444 Barbarossa brothers 77, 78 Ahmed II 24 Bitinia 42 corsairs and pirates 148 Topkap\u0131 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum Austria 62, 63 Black Sea xxvi, 89\u201391 Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun 11 272 Treaty of Bucharest 94 Anatolian emirates 40 France 222 kanun 307 Danube River 174 Azak 67 navy 428 libraries 334 enthronement and accession Caffa 112 Selim I 513 Mamluk Empire 349 Cossacks 149, 151 Spain 537 medicine 358 ceremony 208, 209 Crimean War 161, 163 S\u00fcleyman I 542, 543 Mehmed II 368 Faz\u0131l Mustafa Pasha 24 Danube River 173, 174 Tersane-i Amire 561 Moldavia 390 firearms 219 Treaty of Edirne 197 Barbarossa, Uruc 77, 78 Moldavia campaigns 83\u201384 Mehmed II 367 Germany 229 Barbarossa brothers 77\u201378 Palace School 452 Sokollu family 535 Treaty of Jassy 298 Barbary states 78, 381 Poland 464 S\u00fcleyman I 542, 545 Mehmed II 367 Barkan, \u00d6mer L\u00fctfi printing 471 S\u00fcleyman II 547 Mehmed VI 371 historiography 255 Salonika 502 Treaty of Svishtov 549 navy 425\u2013427, 429 nomads 437 Selim I 511\u2013512 Belgrade, Treaty of nomads 436 baroque period 51 \u015feyh\u00fclislam 524 Austria 63 Bayezid complex 47 Azak 67 Bosnia and Herzegovina 92 France 223","628 Index Hungary 256 Bulgaria 99 development of Turkish 116\u2013117 martolos 353 Bursa 105 Mevlevi Order 377 Philiki Hetairia 458 Mehmed II 365 Byzantine-Ottoman antagonism Palace School 452 Poland 464 S\u00fcleyman I 542, 543 styles of 115\u2013116 Russia 490\u2013492 budgets 96\u201399 108\u2013109 teaching 117\u2013118 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 economy and economic policy 192 Byzantines and Ottomans as allies camels mukataa 396 Bedouins 84, 85 493 Bukovina 391 110 caravan 119 Russo-Ottoman Wars 494 Bulgaria 99\u2013102, 100 charity 135 cami 617g slavery 531 Abd\u00fclaziz 5 Constantinople, conquest of Campo-Formio, Treaty of 223 Black Sea Cossacks 151 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 57 canals Blacque, Alexandre 431 Austria 64 142\u2013144 Crimean Tatars 159 blood-letting 357 ayan 65, 66 Danube River 173 Selim II 514 Blue Horde 562 Balkan wars 73, 74 Galata 226 Suez Canal 538\u2013539 Blue Mosque 50 Bayezid I 81, 82 ghaza 232 \u00c7andarl\u0131 family 10 Blunt, William 311 Byzantine Empire 110 Greece 237\u2013239 \u00c7andarl\u0131 Halil Pasha 10 Bocskai, Istv\u00e1n (Stephan Bocskai) 256, Danube Province 173 Hagia Sophia 245 Candaro\u011fullar\u0131 principality 40 571 Danube River 174 Istanbul 286 Candia Bodin, Jean xxviii debt and the Public Debt Izmir 290\u2013293 Cretan War 157 Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University 39 Jacobites 295 Crete 158 Bogdan I (governor of Moldavia) 389 Administration 183 martolos 353 Canning, Stratford Bohemia demographics 101 Mehmed I 363 England 207 Austria 61\u201363 Eastern Question 191 Mehmed II 366 intelligence 278 money and monetary system 392 18th and 19th centuries 101\u2013102 Melkite Catholics 373 Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 413 Bombay, India 300, 301 Greek Orthodox Church 240 Orhan Gazi 442\u2013443 cannon 143, 219\u2013220, 286 Boris I (czar of Bulgaria) 103 liberation and post-liberation Osman I 444\u2013445 Danube River 174 Bosnia Salonika 502 military acculturation 380\u2013382 Austria 64 periods 102 as vassal of Turks 110\u2013111 cannon foundry 48, 97, 185, 270, 288, Bekta\u015fi Order 89 Midhat Pasha 378 381, 552, 596 Bulgaria 102 missionary schools 388 C capitalism conversion 146 Murad I 397, 398 England 207 Croatia 164 Murad II 399 caesaropapism 103 nationalism 420 dev\u015firme 184 Osman Pazvanto\u011flu 447 Cafer Pasha 536 capitulations 118\u2013119, 617g Germany 231 Ottoman conquest 99\u2013101 Caffa 112 ahdname 22 martolos 353 plague 463 contraband 145 Mecelle 356 population 468 Azak 67 dar al-harb 175 Mehmed II 367 Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives Bayezid II 84 economy and economic policy 192 Murad II 400 Black Sea 90 Treaty of Edirne 198 plague 463 470 Crimean Tatars 159 Egypt 206 Ragusa 477 Russia 492 Russia 492 England 206 Sokollu family 534 Russo-Ottoman Wars 497\u2013499 Selim I 512 France 222, 223 Bosnia and Herzegovina 91\u201393 Salonika 504 Cairo 112\u2013114, 113 Galata 227 Abd\u00fclaziz 5 Serbia 517 Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi 4 Izmir 291 Albania 29 Serbian Orthodox Church 520 Muhammad Abduh 4 merchants 376 Austria 64 Bulgarian language 387 al-Azhar 67\u201368 military acculturation 379 Croatia 163 Bulgarian National Awakening 102\u2013103 coffee\/coffeehouses 138 missionaries 385 Danube River 174 Bulgarian Orthodox Church 103\u2013105, Lord Cromer 164 Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 413 Germany 231 240 Egypt 204, 205 sharia 527 revolutionary press 488 bulgur 165 Evliya \u00c7elebi 210 captives 537\u2013538 Russo-Ottoman Wars 497\u2013499 bureaucracy firearms 219 caravan 119\u2013120 Serbia 517, 519 administration, central 11, 13 hajj 247 amir al-hajj 40 Bosnian Church 91 court and favorites 152 Mehmed Ali 372 Anaza Confederation 42 Bosporus reform 485 Napoleon Bonaparte 419 Antioch 44 architecture 48 reis\u00fclk\u00fcttab 486\u2013487 newspapers 431 Bedouins 85 Constantinople, conquest of 143 \u015feyh\u00fclislam 524\u2013525 plague 463 caravansary 120 Istanbul 287 Shia Islam 529 population 468 Damascus 170 Treaty of Lausanne 323, 325 Burhaneddin 41 printing 473 Euphrates River 209 railroads 480 Bursa 105, 105\u2013106 al-Qazdaghli household 475 Gaza 228 Russo-Ottoman Wars 494, 495 Bayezid II 83 Salafiyya 500, 501 hajj 247\u2013248 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 521 Byzantine Empire 108, 109 Selim I 511 markets 350 warfare 594 ceramics 132\u2013133 Shadhliyya Order 526 Mawali Bedouin Confederation Bosporus fire 447 court and favorites 152 slavery 531 Bourbon monarchy 537 death and funerary culture 178 Cairo University 68 353 boy (tribal group) 437 medicine 357 \u00c7ald\u0131ran, Battle of merchant communities 375 Bragadin, Marcantonio 331 Murad I 397 Iran 280 caravansary 120 Brahe, Tycho 553 Murad II 399 Ismail I 286 Acre 9 Brankovi\u0107 family 93\u201394 Orhan Gazi 442 k\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f 313 architecture 50\u201351 Murad II 400 Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives Kurds 319 al-Azm family 69 Serbia 518 Selim I 511 Bursa 105 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of 127 470 Shia Islam 528 charity 136 bridges 50 Selim I 512 calendars economy and economic policy 194 British Military Intelligence 328 slavery 531 sciences 507 Fatih mosque complex 216 Bucharest 495 Bursa Palace 451 Seljuks 517 markets 351 Bucharest, Treaty of 94 Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de xxviii, xxix caliph 549, 617g cartography 120\u2013124, 121\u2013123 Balkan wars 73, 74 Bushnaq family 34 caliphate 114\u2013115 illustrated manuscripts and Caucasus 125 Buyid dynasty 279 dar al-Islam 175 Russo-Ottoman Wars 496 B\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7ekmece bridge 50 Hagia Sophia 243 miniature paintings 267\u2013268 Salonika 504 B\u00fcy\u00fck S\u00fcleyman Pasha 106\u2013107, 261 imperial ideology 274, 276 military maps 121\u2013122 Serbia 519 Byron, Robert 2 Pan-Islamism 453 printing 472 Buczacz Treaty 306 Byzantine Empire xxv\u2013xxvi, 107\u2013111 Sharif of Mecca 527 translations and printing 122\u2013124 Buda 94\u201396, 95 Antioch 44 Shia Islam 528 world and nautical maps 120\u2013121 Austria 62 Armenia 51 Sunni Islam 548 cartoons 466, 467 Danube River 174 bailo 72 calligraphy 115\u2013118, 117 castles 48 firearms 219 Bayezid I 81\u201382 Abd\u00fclaziz 5 Black Sea 90 architecture 49 craft of 117","casuistic method 355 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 Bosnia and Herzegovina 92, 93 Index 629 Catalan Company 108 492 Buda 95 Cateau-Cambr\u00e9sis, Treaty of 222 Bursa 106, 107 Bulgaria 101 cathedral 166 Tersane-i Amire 561 Byzantine Empire 109, 111 Pan-Islamism 455 Catherine II the Great (empress of \u00c7e\u015fmizade Mustafa Re\u015fid Efendi 155 charity 135, 136 population 469 Ceuta conversion 146\u2013147 civil service system 516 Russia) Copts 147 Civinis Efendi 278 Austria 63 presidio 469 Crete 158 cizye See jizya caliphate 114 Spain 537 Damascus Incident 171 classical music 404\u2013406 Caucasus 125 Cezzar Ahmed Pasha 134\u2013135 Damascus Riots 172 Classical Ottoman literature. See Cossacks 151 Acre 9\u201310 dev\u015firme 183\u2013185 literature, classical Ottoman (1200s\u2013 Greek War of Independence 241 Egypt 205 dhimmi 185, 186 1800s) Philiki Hetairia 458 Napoleon Bonaparte 419 dragoman 188 classical period Russia 492 Palestine 453 Eastern Question 191 architecture 49\u201350 Russo-Ottoman Wars 494 Shihab family 530 Edirne 197 finances and fiscal structure Treaty of Svishtov 549 Chalcedon, Council of 351\u2013352 Egypt 205 Chaldeans Farhi family 216 217\u2013218 catholicos 431 Mosul 394 Fondaco dei turchi 220\u2013221 Clement VIII (pope) 313 Catholics. See Roman Catholicism Nestorians 431 France 224 Coalition Wars Caucasus 124\u2013127 Chamberlain, Mellen 557 ghaza 232 Chamber of Commerce 570 Greek Orthodox Church 238\u20132\u00fc0 Nizam-\u0131 Cedid 435 Abd\u00fclhamid I 6 Chamber of Petitions 567 hayduk 252 Selim III 514, 515 Abd\u00fclhamid II 7 charity 135\u2013138 intelligence 277 \u00c7obano\u011fullar\u0131 emirate 40 Crimean War 161, 162 banks and banking 75 Jacobites 294\u2013295 Code of Commerce 570 plague 463 waqf 591 Jerusalem 299\u2013300 coffee\/coffeehouses 138\u2013139 Russia 491 Charles I (king of Spain) Jews 303 bathhouse 79\u201380 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 Mahmud II 347 jizya 303 Cairo 113 Spain 537 Knights of St. John 313 cuisine 165 493 Charles III (king of Spain) 536 Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca 318 hajj 247 World War I 599, 600 Charles V (duke of Lorraine) 584 Kurdistan 320 intelligence 276 cauterization 357 Charles V (Holy Roman emperor) xxix Kurds 320 Katib \u00c7elebi Mustafa b. Abdullah cavalry France 222 Lebanon 330 Hamidiye 249 S\u00fcleyman I 541\u2013543, 545, 546 Battle of Lepanto 331\u2013332 310 Ismail I 286 Charles VI (Holy Roman emperor) 63 Maronites 351\u2013353 Mamluk Empire 348 warfare 592\u2013594 Charles VIII (king of France) Melkite Catholics 373\u2013374 music 407 Cedid Atlas Terc\u00fcmesi (Resmi Mustafa Cem 129 military acculturation 381 photography 461 Agha) 123 France 222 military slavery 383 Poland 465 Celali revolts 127\u2013128 Charles X Gustave (king of Sweden) 533 millet 384 Sunni Islam 549 Abbas I 1 Charles XII (king of Spain) 25 missionaries 384\u2013385 tobacco 565 agriculture 20 chemistry 509\u2013510 missionary schools 385\u2013388 college. See university Ahmed I 23 chief architect 46 Mosul 394\u2013395 Columbus, Christopher 121 firearms 220 Chief of the Treasury 568 Nahda 416 Comneni dynasty 107 Janbulad Ali Pasha 295 child levy system. See dev\u015firme nationalism 420, 422, 423 commentaries 35 Mehmed III 369 children neomartyrs 429\u2013430 Commerce, Ministry of 570 \u00c7elebi Mehmed (Ottoman prince) 48 conversion 146 Nestorians 430\u2013431 Commission for the Investigation of celi 115 dev\u015firme 183\u2013185 Orhan Gazi 443\u2013444 Written Works 130 celi s\u00fcl\u00fcs 116 family 212 Osman Pazvanto\u011flu 448 Committee of Ottoman History 335 Cem (Ottoman prince and pretender to Janissaries 296 Palestine 452\u2013453 Committee of Progress and Union Ottoman throne) 128\u2013130, 129 law and gender 326\u2013327 population 467 (CPU) 140, 605\u2013606 Bayezid II 82\u201383 medicine 362 printing 472 Committee of Union and Progress enthronement and accession Palace School 452 reform 485 (CUP) 139\u2013141 slavery 532 Russo-Ottoman Wars 494 Abd\u00fclhamid II 8 ceremony 207\u2013208 tobacco 565 Salonika 504 Armenia 53 France 221\u2013222 China 218 Selim I 512\u2013513 Armenian Apostolic Church 54 Mehmed II 368 Chios 457, 458 Shihab family 530 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 57 Cemal Pasha 600 cholera slavery 531, 532 banks and banking 77 \u00e7enk 406 Mecca 354 Sokollu family 534 constitution\/Constitutional Periods censorship 130\u2013132 medicine 361, 362 Spain 538 Albania 29 plague 463 S\u00fcleyman I 542 144, 145 books 130\u2013131 Christianity Tanzimat 554 Damascus 171 newspapers 131\u2013132, 431, 433\u2013434 ABCFM 39 Hindiyya al-Ujaymi 575\u2013576 Ziya G\u00f6kalp 233 novel 441 Armenia 51 Vienna, sieges of 584 Husayn ibn Ali al-Hashimi 251 political satire 465\u2013466 Armenian Apostolic Church 53\u201354 Christian vassal states 22 intelligence 278 revolutionary press 488 Bekta\u015fi Order 88\u201389 Churchill, William N. 432 libraries 335\u2013336 central administration 10\u201313, 11, 12 Bulgarian Orthodox Church 103 Churchill, Winston Mehmed V 371 Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun 10\u201312 Constantinople, conquest of 142 Husayn-McMahon correspondence Mehmed VI 371, 372 early rulers 10 corsairs and pirates 148, 149 newspapers 434 patrimonial system 12\u201313 Fatih mosque complex 216 259 Ottomanism 449 Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives Greek Orthodox Church 239 T. E. Lawrence 329 Pan-Islamism 456 Hagia Sophia 243 Church of the Holy Sepulcher 299 parliament 456\u2013457 470 Jerusalem 299 Cibali fire 447 revolutionary press 488 railroads 13 Lebanon 330 \u00e7ift-hane system 19\u201320 Salonika 504 Tanzimat 13 Melkite Catholics 373 Cihann\u00fcma (Katib \u00c7elebi) 122, 310 World War I 599, 600 telegraph 13 nationalism 422 Cihann\u00fcma (M\u00fcteferrika) 122\u2013123 Young Turks 605, 606 Central Anatolia 41 Sufism 540 Cilicia communication Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Christians xxix France 224 menzil\/menzilhane 374 76 Albania 28 Mehmed V 371 Pan-Islamism 454 ceramics 132\u2013134 Aleppo 32 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 521 Comte, Auguste 139 Ahmed III 26 Ali Pasha of Janina 37 Cinci Hoca 263 Concert of Europe 161 Damascus 134 Baghdad 71 Cintra Capitulation 537 concubinage system economy and economic policy 193 Bayezid I 81 Circassians harem 249\u2013250 Iznik 133\u2013134 Bedouins 86 Bedouins 86 law and gender 328 wall tiles 132\u2013133 Beirut 87, 88 condominium 141\u2013142, 258 Ceride-i Havadis 432 Congregationalists 39 \u00c7esme 6 Congress of Berlin 29 \u00c7e\u015fme catastrophe Congress of Ottoman Liberals 139 navy 429","630 Index Adriatic Sea 17 Crimean Tatars 158\u2013161 Croatia 164 Algiers 33, 34 Bayezid II 83 Serbian Orthodox Church 520 conscription Algiers, Algeria 33 Black Sea 90, 91 damad 546 Armenian Massacres 55 Barbarossa brothers 77 Crimean War 162 Damascus 168\u2013171, 169, 170 fallah 212 Barbary states 78 Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca 318 Aleppo 31 Mehmed Ali 372 corsairs and pirates 148, 149 Poland 464 amir al-hajj 40 Midhat Pasha 379 Cretan War 157 population 468\u2013469 Arab Revolt 46 S\u00fcleyman II 547 Crete 158 Russia 490\u2013491 ayan 66 warfare 595 Cyprus 167 Russo-Ottoman Wars 494 al-Azm family 68\u201369 Libya 336 slavery 531 Beirut 86, 87 Constantine I the Great (Byzantine military acculturation 381 Sobieski, Jan 533 ceramics 133, 134 emperor) navy 426\u2013428 Cezzar Ahmed Pasha 134 Armenia 51 presidio 469 Crimean War 161\u2013163 Damascus Riots 172 Greek Orthodox Church 239 Spain 536, 537 Abd\u00fclmecid 9 education 202 Hagia Sophia 243 Tunis 573 Mehmed Emin \u00c2l\u00ee Pasha 36 Egypt 205 Istanbul 286 Cossacks 149\u2013151 Austria 63 Euphrates River 209 Izmir 290 Azak 67 banks and banking 76 Farhi family 215\u2013216 Black Sea 91 Caucasus 126 finances and fiscal structure 218 Constantine XI (Byzantine emperor) Bulgaria 99 charity 137 firearms 220 Constantinople, conquest of 143 Crimean Tatars 160 Crimean Tatars 160 Gaza 228 Istanbul 287 \u00d6zi 449\u2013450 Danube River 174 hajj 247\u2013248 Poland 464, 465 debt and the Public Debt Hejaz Railroad 253 Constantinople xxv, xxvi. See also Russia 491, 492 Administration 178 Jerusalem 299 Istanbul Russo-Ottoman War of 1768\u20131774 Eastern Question 191 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Faz\u0131l Ahmed Pasha 315 bailo 72\u201373 France 224 libraries 335 Bayezid I 81 493 Fuad Pasha 225 Mawali Bedouin Confederation Galata 226 Sobieski, Jan 533\u2013534 Germany 230 Grand Bazaar 233\u2013235 Ukraine 576\u2013577 Jerusalem 299 353 Greece 237 cotton Kars, Balaclava, and Sevastopol medicine 361 Greek Orthodox Church 239 economy and economic policy 194 162 Medina 362 Mehmed I 363 Egypt 206 medicine 360\u2013361 Melkite Catholics 373 Murad I 398 Council Hall 567 Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 413 Midhat Pasha 379 Russo-Ottoman Wars 494 Council of Chalcedon Paris, Treaty of 163 Palestine 453 Copts 147 photography 460, 461 population 468 Constantinople, conquest of 142\u2013144, Jacobites 294 post-war period 162\u2013163 al-Qazdaghli household 475 287\u2013288 Council of Inspection 130 Russia 492 railroads 480 architecture 48 Council of State 13 Russo-Ottoman Wars 497 Salafiyya 501 Armenian Apostolic Church 54 courier system 374\u2013375 Silistra, siege of 161\u2013162 Selim I 511, 512 Bayezid I 80, 81 court and favorites 151\u2013154 Tanzimat 17 Seljuks 516 Black Sea 90 Mehmed III 369 Syria 550 court and favorites 152 Murad III 402 criminal codes. See kanun Damascus Incident 171\u2013172 firearms 218, 219 Osman II 447 Croatia 163\u2013164 Alliance Isra\u00e9lite Universelle 38 grand vizier 236 palaces 451\u2013452 Damascus 171 Greece 238 Phanariots 457 Bosnia and Herzegovina 91\u201393 Farhi family 216 Hagia Sophia 243 Selim II 513 dev\u015firme 184 Jews 303 Mehmed II 366 sex and sexuality 522 Treaty of Karlowitz 309 Damascus Riots 172 military acculturation 380, 381 court chronicles 154\u2013156 martolos 353 Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi 4 navy 427 court of law 156\u2013157 Ragusa 477 Damascus 171 Sunni Islam 548 family 213\u2013214 Serbian Orthodox Church 520 Lebanese Civil War 329, 330 law and gender 325 Treaty of Svishtov 549 dancing Constantinople, Council of 352 Cretan War 157\u2013158 Uskoks 579\u2013580 Mevlevi Order 377 constitution\/Constitutional Periods Crete 158 Cromer, Lord 2, 164\u2013165 Shadhliyya Order 526 Dalmatia 168 crop diversity 20\u201321 Danube Province 172\u2013173 144\u2013145 France 222 Crusade of Varna 400\u2013401 Baghdad 72 Abd\u00fclhamid II 7, 8 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Faz\u0131l Ahmed Pasha 315 Crusades 9 banks and banking 77 court chronicles 156 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed Pasha 314 Crypto-Christians 28 Bulgaria 101 kanun 307 navy 429 \u00c7ubukovas\u0131, Battle of 43\u201344 Midhat Pasha 378 Mecelle 356 Crete 158 cuisine 165 Phanariots 458 Midhat Pasha 379 Abd\u00fclhamid II 7 Cumans 389 Philiki Hetairia 458\u2013459 newspapers 433 Balkan wars 74 currency, debasements of Russo-Ottoman Wars 495 Ottomanism 449 budgets 98 debt and the Public Debt Danube River xxvi, 173\u2013174 Palace School 452 Cretan War 157\u2013158 Bayezid I 80, 81 parliament 456 Egypt 205 Administration 180 Belgrade 89 political satire 466 Greece 237 money and monetary system Black Sea 90 reform 485 Greek Orthodox Church 239 Treaty of Bucharest 94 revolutionary press 487\u2013488 Crimea 393\u2013384 Buda 94 Russo-Ottoman Wars 497\u2013498 Abd\u00fclhamid I 6 Murad II 401 Crimean War 161\u2013163 Young Turks 605, 606 Austria 63 Cyprus 165\u2013167, 166 Croatia 164 Bulgaria 101 bailo 72 Drava River 189 contraband 145 France 223 England 207 Treaty of Edirne 197 economy and economic policy 194 Mehmed II 367 Fondaco dei turchi 220\u2013221 martolos 353 military acculturation 379 Philiki Hetairia 458 Greek Orthodox Church 239 Moh\u00e1cs, Battle of 389 Russia 490, 491 Mecelle 356 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768\u20131774 conversion 145\u2013147 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768\u20131774 Selim II 513 Albania 28 Spain 537, 538 492\u2013493 Bosnia and Herzegovina 91 493 S\u00fcleyman I 541 Russo-Ottoman Wars 494 Bulgaria 101 Selim III 514 Cyprus War 28 Serbia 517 Cretan War 157\u2013158 Treaty of Svishtov 549 Cyril IV (Coptic pope) 147\u2013148 S\u00fcleyman I 542 Crete 158 Crimean Khanate Treaty of Svishtov 549 dev\u015firme 185 Caucasus 125 D Wallachia 588 Salonika 503 Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca 318 d\u2019Anville, Bourguignon J. B. 123 Shabbatai Zvi 525 Russia 492 Daan, Treaty of 603 dar al-ahd 590 slavery 531 Russo-Ottoman Wars 494 da Ferrara, Constanzo 266 dar al-harb 174\u2013175, 617g Spain 537\u2013538 Ukraine 576 Daguerre, Louis 459 Dalmatia 168 Copernicus, Nicolaus 553 copper 391, 392 Adriatic Sea 17 Coptic language 147 Bosnia and Herzegovina 91, 92 Copts 147\u2013148, 186 cordon sanitaire 174 Corfu 222 corsairs and pirates 148\u2013149","dar al-Islam 22, 175, 617g Dhahab, Abu al- Dodecanese Islands 550 Index 631 dar al-sulh 617g Egypt 205 doge 617g Dar al-Ulum College 68 Gaza 228 Dolmabah\u00e7e Palace 186\u2013188, 187 Edirne 195\u2013197, 197 Dardanelles xxvi Dome of the Rock architecture 47, 48 dhikr Balkan wars 73, 74 Cretan War 157 coffee\/coffeehouses 138 ceramics 134 Bayezid II 84 Faz\u0131l Mustafa Pasha 316 Naqshbandiyya Order 419 Jerusalem 299 Constantinople, conquest of 143 Treaty of H\u00fcnkar Iskelesi 258 domes 49 court and favorites 152 Treaty of Lausanne 323, 325 dhimmi 185\u2013186, 617g Don Cossacks 151 court chronicles 155 navy 427 Abd\u00fclmecid I 9 Donizetti, Giuseppe 407 enthronement and accession Russo-Ottoman Wars 494, 495 administration, provincial 14 Don River 124 ceremony 208 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 520, 521 ahdname 22 d\u00f6n\u00fcm 20 firearms 219 warfare 594 Anglo-Ottoman Convention 43 Doroshenko, Hetman Petro 576 Mehmed I 363 World War I 599 Baghdad 71 dower Mehmed II 364\u2013367 dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun 175\u2013177, 203\u2013204, 335 banks and banking 75 family 213 Mehmed IV 370 Davud Pasha (mutasarrif of Lebanon) Bulgaria 100 law and gender 326 missionary schools 387 177, 414 Bursa 106 dragoman 188 Murad I 398 davul 407 capitulations 118 capitulations 118, 119 Murad II 399 Dawud Pasha (governor of Baghdad) Damascus Incident 171 Levant Company 333 palaces 451 177 Danube Province 172\u2013173 Phanariots 457, 458 Palace School 452 Dayr Zafaran 295 dev\u015firme 183 Drava River 188\u2013189 Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives death and funerary culture 177\u2013180, dragoman 188 \u201cdream of Osman\u201d 445 470 178 family 212 Dreyfus Affair 608 Russo-Ottoman Wars 496 debasements of currency Galata 227 Druzes 189 Selim I 512 debt and the Public Debt imperial ideology 276 Alawi 27 Selim II 514 Izmir 292 Cezzar Ahmed Pasha 134 Selim III 515 Administration 180 Janissaries 296 Damascus Riots 172 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 521 money and monetary system Jews 300\u2013301 Egypt 205 Sokollu family 534 jizya 303 Ibrahim Pasha 264 S\u00fcleyman I 546 393\u2013384 kanun 306 Jabal al-Druz 294 Murad II 401 Mecelle 355 Janbulad family 296 Edirne, Treaty of 197\u2013198 debt and the Public Debt Administration medicine 360 Lebanese Civil War 329 Caucasus 126 180\u2013183 merchants 377 Lebanon 329\u2013330 Greek War of Independence 242 banks and banking 75\u201377 military slavery 383 Fakhr al-Din, al-Maani 344 Mahmud II 346 economy and economic policy millet 383\u2013384 Maronites 352 Russo-Ottoman Wars 496\u2013497 Pan-Islamism 454\u2013455 Midhat Pasha 379 195 parliament 456 missionaries 385 education 198, 198\u2013204, 202, 202. See Germany 230 population 468 mutasarrifiyya 414 also madrasa Khedive Ismail 284 Serbian Orthodox Church 519 Shia Islam 529 Abd\u00fclhamid II 8 railroads 478 sharia 527 Shihab family 530 Alliance Isra\u00e9lite Universelle 38\u201339 Decree of Family Law of 1917 215 slavery 531 dry-farming agriculture 19 Armenia 52 Deed of Agreement 346 Wallachia 590 Dual Alliance 64 Armenian Apostolic Church 54 defter 16, 617g Dual Control 284 al-Azhar 67\u201368 defterdar 617g dhows 321 Dubica War 92 banks and banking 75 administration, central 11 diaspora ducat 392 censorship 131 administration, provincial 16 dulcimer 406 charity 136 Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun 11 Jews 300, 302 Dulkad\u0131ro\u011fullar\u0131 41 civil engineering 201 defterhane Zionism 608 D\u00fcstur al-amal (Katib \u00c7elebi) 310 Damascus 171 administration, central 12 Dinshaway Incident 186 Dutch East Indies 549 Danube Province 173 Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun 12 Copts 148 Dutch Republic 379 dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun 175\u2013177, 203\u2013204 defter keth\u00fcdas\u0131 16 Lord Cromer 165 Duwayhi, Istifanus 190 dev\u015firme 184 De materia medica (Dioscorides) 270 Mustafa Kamil 413 education 199\u2013200 Deniz, Walters 121 Dioscorides 270 E enthronement and accession Der Judenstaat (Herzl) 608\u2013609 diphtheria 361 ceremony 207 dervish 617g diplomacy earthquake 292 family 214 Abd\u00fclmecid I 9 Austria 63 Eastern Question xxviii, 191\u2013192 France 224 Albania 28 dragoman 188 Galatasaray Mekteb-i Sultani 203 Mevlevi Order 377\u2013378 England 207 Ali Pasha of Janina 37 Idadi and Sultani 203 Murad III 402 intelligence 277, 278 Austria 63 Imperial Military Academy 201 music 404 Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 413\u2013414 Bulgaria 99 medical 201\u2013202, 358\u2013359 Sufism 539 Nizam-\u0131 Cedid 435 Caucasus 126 military engineering 200\u2013201 Dervi\u015f Pasha 23 Russia 490 Germany 229 millet 384 description de l\u2019Egypte 419 Selim III 514\u2013515 Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca 318 missionaries 385 despot 617g diplomatic relations 581\u2013582 Eastern Roman Empire. See Byzantine missionary schools 386\u2013388 Deutsche Bank 77 The Disclosure of the Hidden Secrets (al- Empire modern civilian institutions 202 Deval, Pierre 34 Ujaymi) 575 East India Company modern period 200 \u201cThe Development of Modern Turkey as disease Basra 79 M\u00fchendishane 395\u2013396 Measured by its Press\u201d (Ahmed Emin Mecca 354 Jews 300 musical education and Yalman) 434 medicine 361, 362 Levant Company 333 transmission 407\u2013408 devlet salnamesi 501 plague 462\u2013463 Ebubekir Efendi 122 Palace School 452 dev\u015firme 183\u2013185, 617g Disraeli, Benjamin 423 Ebubekir Rat\u0131b Efendi 434 political satire 466 administration, central 11 Divan 305, 617g Ebussuud Efendi 307, 525, 542 reform 485 administration, provincial 14 administration, central 10, 11 fatwa 217 r\u00fc\u015ftiye mektepleri 202\u2013203 Bosnia 91 administration, provincial 16 law and gender 327 sibyan mektebi 202 Bulgaria 101 reis\u00fclk\u00fcttab 486 ecclesiastical hierarchy 103, 104 Rifaat al-Tahtawi 551 conversion 146 divani 116 economy and economic policy Tahtawi, Rifaat al- 551 grand vizier 236 Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun 10\u201312 192\u2013195 teacher training colleges 203 Janissaries 296 Divan-\u0131 L\u00fcgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrk (Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Abd\u00fclmecid I 9 ulema 577 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed Pasha 314 Mahmud) 34 in comparison to other European military slavery 383 divorce Education Ministry Murad I 397 family 213 countries 238 Abd\u00fclmecid I 9 Palace School 452 law and gender 326 Izmir 291 censorship 130, 131 slavery 531 Dnieper River 449\u2013450 Ecumenical Patriarchate 103, 104 Sokollu family 534 Document of Agreement Edhem Pasha, Ibrahim 597 Edward II (prince of Wales) 5 dey 33 Alemdar Mustafa Pasha 30 Edict of Reforms 423 Efendis, Agah and \u015einasi 433 ayan 66 Egypt 204\u2013206 Abbas Hilmi 2 Muhammad Abduh 4\u20135","632 Index Enc\u00fcmen-i Dan\u0131\u015f 413 Europe Felatun Bey ve Rak\u0131m Efendi (Ahmed Enderun 567\u2013568 Afghani, Jamal al-Din al- 18\u201319 Midhat) 440 Abd\u00fclaziz 5 endowments Aleppo 32 Abd\u00fclhamid I 6 Austria 61\u201364 F\u00e9nelon, Fran\u00e7ois 439 Abd\u00fclmecid 9 charity 136\u2013137 Crimean War 161\u2013163 Feodosiya. See Caffa Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 18 waqf 590\u2013591 Egypt 205, 206 Ferah Ali Pasha 125 Afghani, Jamal al-Din al- 18 engineering firearms 219, 220 Ferdinand I (Holy Roman emperor) agriculture 21 dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun 176 France 222 Alexandria 33 education 200\u2013201 Galata 227 Austria 62 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 57 M\u00fchendishane 395\u2013396 Germany 228\u2013229 Buda 94 ayan 66 England 206\u2013207 grand vizier 236 Hungary 256 al-Azhar 67\u201368 Albania 29 illustrated manuscripts and Moh\u00e1cs, Battle of 389 Cairo 112\u2013114 Aleppo 31 miniature paintings 266 S\u00fcleyman I 542, 543 Copts 147 banks and banking 75, 76 intelligence 277, 278 Transylvania 570\u2013571 Crete 158 Barbary states 78 Mecelle 355 Ferdinand II (king of Aragon) 536, 538 Lord Cromer 164\u2013165 corsairs and pirates 149 medicine 361 Feridun Bey 536 Cyprus 167 France 221\u2013224 merchants 376\u2013377 ferman 554, 555, 617g Damascus Incident 171 Germany 230 military acculturation 379, 382 fertile crescent 107 debt and the Public Debt Iraq 283 Murad I 398 Feyzullah Efendi 411 Levant Company 333 sciences 506\u2013511 fez 61 Administration 180, 182 Mahmud II 346 Selim III 514 Fezleke (Katib \u00c7elebi) 310 Dinshaway Incident 186 military acculturation 379, 381 sex and sexuality 522 filori 617g Eastern Question 191 missionaries 385 S\u00fcleyman I 542\u2013543 Finaeus, Orontius 121 England 207 reform 485 trade 569 finances and fiscal structure 217\u2013218 fallah 211\u2013212 revolutionary press 488 warfare 593 Fiqariyya 113 fatwa 217 Suez Canal 538 weights and measures 597 fiqh 304, 355\u2013357, 617g France 221, 223 Treaty of Svishtov 550 Firdawsi Germany 229 Tanzimat 554 Europeans illustrated manuscripts and Greek Orthodox Church 239 World War I 599, 600 capitulations 118 Greek War of Independence 241, English language caravansary 120 miniature paintings 268 missionaries 385 Jeddah 298 illustrated manuscripts in the 242 newspapers 432 military acculturation 380 Treaty of H\u00fcnkar Iskelesi 258 enthronement and accession ceremony sharia 527 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum 270 Ibrahim Pasha 264 207\u2013209 Sunni Islam 549 firearms 218\u2013220 Khedive Ismail 283\u2013284 constitution\/Constitutional Periods Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman al- 294 European Union (EU) 191 Bedouins 86 khedive 312 144 Evliya \u00c7elebi 209\u2013210 Constantinople, conquest of 143 Mahmud II 346 Privy Chamber 566 economy and economic policy 194 Mamluk Empire 348\u2013349 Sokollu family 535 Arabistan 45 Ismail I 286 Maronites 352 Enveri Sadullah 155 architecture 47 Janissaries 296\u2013297 Mecca 354 Enver Pasha cartography 120 military acculturation 382 Mecelle 356 Balkan wars 74 ceramics 134 sciences 510 Medina 362 Caucasus 126, 127 coffee\/coffeehouses 138 warfare 593, 594 Mehmed Ali 372\u2013373 CUP 140, 145, 371 Croatia 164 firman 617g merchant communities 376 World War I 231, 599 music 408 First Crusade military slavery 383 Ephesus, Council of 430 exarchate 104 Bursa 105 missionary schools 387 epics 340 execution 430 Turkey 574 money and monetary system 392 Ersek\u00fajv\u00e1r eyalet 617g fiscalism 195 Mustafa Kamil 412\u2013413 Hungary 256 economy and economic policy Napoleon Bonaparte 418\u2013419 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Faz\u0131l Ahmed Pasha 315 F newspapers 431 Erzurum 126 192, 194 Pan-Islamism 455 Esad Efendi Faden, William 123 imperial ideology 275 photography 459, 462 court chronicles 155 Fadhlakat aqwal al-akhyar (Katib fiscal structure. See finances and fiscal plague 463 music 408 structure Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives esham system \u00c7elebi) 310 flax 193 budgets 98 faiz 556 flute 406 470 tax farming 556\u2013557 fallah 211\u2013212 folk literature 339\u2013340 al-Qazdaghli household 475\u2013476 E\u015frefo\u011fullar\u0131 41 False Mustafa 399 folk music 407 revolutionary press 488 ethnicity 422, 424, 425 family 146, 212\u2013215 Fondaco dei turchi 220\u2013221, 221, 582 Rifaiyya Order 489 Euboicus, Nicolaos fana 540 forced settlement program 438 Selim I 511, 512 Aleppo 32 faqih 527, 617g Foreign Affairs, Ministry of 13 Selim III 514 Osman I 445 Farhi family 215\u2013216 foreign policy 454 sharia 527 Eugene of Savoy farms foreign trade 569\u2013570 slavery 531 Austria 62 Forty Viziers 340 Sokollu family 534 Bosnia and Herzegovina 92 agriculture 20 fountains 47 Suez Canal 538\u2013539 Mustafa II 410 economy and economic policy 193 four humors 310 S\u00fcleyman I 543 eunuchs 153 fas\u0131l 405\u2013407 Fourth Crusade of 1204 Sunni Islam 548 Euphrates River 209 Fatih mosque complex 216\u2013217 Galata 226 Khedive Tawfiq 555 Armenian Massacres 55 architecture 49 Hagia Sophia 243 Tawfiq, Khedive 555 Baghdad 70\u201371 education 199 France 221\u2013225 Ahmad Pasha Urabi 578\u2013579 Bayezid I 80 Fatimid dynasty Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi 4 Egypt Crisis of the 1830s 223 Bedouins 86 al-Azhar 67 Alliance Isra\u00e9lite Universelle 38 Egyptian army 264 Damascus 170 Druzes 189 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 58 Egyptian Question Karbala 308 Seljuks 515 banks and banking 76 Abd\u00fclmecid I 9 Mawali Bedouin Confederation Fatma Sultan 26 Barbary states 78 Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 413 fatwa 217, 617g Beirut 86\u201388 Elizabeth I (empress of Russia) 490 353 Muhammad Abduh 4 Treaty of Bucharest 94 Elizabeth I (queen of England) Mosul 394 censorship 130 Caucasus 126 Cossacks 150 Najaf 416 law and gender 325 Copts 147 England 206 population 467 \u015feyh\u00fclislam 524 corsairs and pirates 149 Levant Company 333 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 521 sharia 527 Crimean War 161, 162 emanet 556 Shammar Bedouin 526 Faz\u0131l Ahmed Pasha 370 Damascus Incident 172 emin 560\u2013561 S\u00fcleyman I 544 Faz\u0131l Mustafa Pasha Damascus Riots 172 eminent domain 19 Euphrates Valley Railway project 479 Ahmed II 24 debt and the Public Debt emirate 329\u2013330, 617g K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc family 316\u2013317 Emniyet Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 77 S\u00fcleyman II 547, 548 Administration 180\u2013182 Fecr-\u0131 Ati literature 342, 343 Eastern Question 191 education 203","Egypt 205, 206 dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun 175 Treaty of Svishtov 549 Index 633 Fuad Pasha 225 Nam\u0131k Kemal 418 World War I 599 Galata 227 Ottomanism 449 Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131 41 Baghdad 72 Germany 229, 230 funerary buildings 47 Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches (von Basra 79 Greek War of Independence 240 furs 490 Hammer) 254 caliphate 115 Khedive Ismail 284 The Future of Islam (Blunt) 311 Ghali, Butrus capitulations 119 Maronites 352 Copts 148 Crimean War 161, 162 Mecelle 355 G Dinshaway Incident 186 Lord Cromer 164\u2013165 Mehmed Ali 372 ghaza 231\u2013232, 617g CUP 139 military acculturation 379, 381 Galata 226, 226\u2013228, 227 Anatolian emirates 41 debt and the Public Debt millet 384 bailo 73 Croatia 164 missionary schools 386, 387 banks and banking 75 dar al-harb 174\u2013175 Administration 180\u2013182 Mosul 394 Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca 318 Murad I 397 Dinshaway Incident 186 M\u00fchendishane 395 Phanariots 457 navy 427 Egypt 205, 206 Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 413 ghazi xxix, 617g France 223, 224 mutual cultural influences 224\u2013225 Galatasaray Mekteb-i Sultani 203 Ghaznavids 516 Gaza 228 Napoleon Bonaparte 418\u2013419 Galenos 357 ghulams Germany 229, 230 navy 426 galleon military slavery 382 Greek War of Independence 240 political relations 1482-1979 Seljuks 516 Hagia Sophia 245 navy 426, 429 Giray dynasty 159\u2013160 Haifa 246 221\u2013223 Tersane-i Amire 561 Giustiniani, Giovanni 143 Husayn ibn Ali al-Hashimi political relations 1798-1922 galley (ship) Gladstone, William 423 navy 426, 429 G\u00f6kalp, Ziya 232\u2013233 251\u2013252 223\u2013224 Tersane-i Amire 561 family 215 Husayn-McMahon correspondence political satire 466 galliot (ship) 426 literature, late Ottoman 342 al-Qazdaghli household 475 Gallipoli nationalism 425 259 railroads 478, 479 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 57 gold 391\u2013393 Iraq 283 reform 485 Germany 231 Golden Horn Khedive Ismail 284 Russia 492 Murad I 397, 398 Constantinople, conquest of 143 Treaty of Jassy 298 Russo-Ottoman Wars 495\u2013498 navy 427 Galata 226 Kuwait 321 Muhammad al-Sanusi 505 World War I 599 Istanbul 287 T. E. Lawrence 328 Selim III 514, 515 Garshafsnama 270 navy 427 Mehmed VI 371 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 521, 522 Gaza 228 Osman III 447 Mehmed Ali 373 Shia Islam 529 Arab Revolt 46 Tersane-i Amire 559\u2013561 Midhat Pasha 379 Sobieski, Jan 533, 534 Palestine 453 Goltz, Colmar von der 229, 231 Mosul 394 Suez Canal 538\u2013539 gazel 338 Goths 196 Mustafa Kamil 412 S\u00fcleyman I 541 gazi 427 government. See Sublime Porte Palestine 453 S\u00fcleyman II 547\u2013548 Gazi, Isak al- 409 governor Pan-Islamism 454 Sykes-Picot Agreement 550 Gazi Hasan Pasha 6 administration, provincial 17 political satire 466 Tanzimat 554 gazino 407 Alemdar Mustafa Pasha 30 railroads 478, 479 Khedive Tawfiq 555 gedik 193 Algiers 33 Russia 492 Francis I (Holy Roman emperor) 63 gender. See law and gender Ali Pasha of Janina 37 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768\u20131774 Francis I (king of France) 542 genealogy 273 grain France 222 General Atlas (Faden) 123 agriculture 20 492 S\u00fcleyman I 541 Genghis Khan Algiers 34 Russo-Ottoman Wars 495\u2013499 Franciscans 164 Bayezid I 82 trade 568\u2013569 Selim III 515 Franco-British War of 1803 515 imperial ideology 273 Granada 78 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 521 Franco-Prussian War of 1870 Iran 279 Grand Bazaar 233\u2013235, 234 Shabbatai Zvi 525 France 224 Genoa Istanbul 287 Shia Islam 529 Germany 229 Black Sea 90 markets 350 Shihab family 530 Franz Ferdinand (archduke of Austria) Galata 226 grand vizier 235\u2013236, 617g Suez Canal 538, 539 Austria 64 Mehmed II 367 administration, central 11, 12 Sykes-Picot Agreement 550 World War I 599 merchant communities 375 Albania 28 Khedive Tawfiq 555 Franz Joseph II (king of Austria and navy 425, 427 Alemdar Mustafa Pasha 29\u201330 telegraph 557 Hungary) 63 Phanariots 457 Mehmed Emin \u00c2l\u00ee Pasha 36\u201337 trade 569 Frash\u00ebri, Sami 29 geography 508\u2013509 Baltac\u0131 Mehmed Pasha 25 World War I 599, 600 fratricide George R\u00e1k\u00f3czi II (prince of Dervi\u015f Pasha 23 Great Bulgaria 102 Ahmed I 22 Transylvania) Faz\u0131l Mustafa Pasha 24, 316\u2013317 Great Dock 429 enthronement and accession K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed Pasha 314 Fuad Pasha 225 Greater Bulgaria Sobieski, Jan 533 Ibrahim I 262\u2013263 Austria 64 ceremony 207 Georgia Ibrahim Pasha 26 Russo-Ottoman Wars 498, 499 Ibrahim I 262, 263 Treaty of Bucharest 94 Kara Davud Pasha 409 Great Mosque See Ulu Cami imperial ideology 274 Caucasus 125, 126 Karamani Mehmed Pasha 129 Great Powers Mehmed II 366 condominium 141 Khayr al-Din Pasha 311\u2013312 Balkan wars 73 Frederick II the great (king of Prussia) Treaty of Edirne 197 Koca Rag\u0131p Pasha 411 Eastern Question 191 Austria 63 printing 473 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Faz\u0131l Ahmed Pasha 315 Germany 228, 231 Germany 228 Russia 492 Lala Mehmed Pasha 23 Greek War of Independence Freedom and Friendship Party 456 Russo-Ottoman Wars 495 Mahmud \u015eevket Pasha 140 French Civil Code 215 German Empire 63\u201364 Midhat Pasha 379 241\u2013242 French language Germany 228\u2013231 Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 413\u2013414 Pan-Islamism 453, 454 education 201 Austria 64 palaces 451\u2013452 Great Schism newspapers 432 banks and banking 77 Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives Bulgarian Orthodox Church 103 sciences 507 Caucasus 126 Byzantine Empire 107, 108 French Revolution dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun 176 469\u2013471 Greek Orthodox Church 239 France 223 debt and the Public Debt Sokollu Mehmed Pasha 402 Istanbul 286 Greek War of Independence 241 Taban\u0131yass\u0131 Mehmed Pasha 403 Greece 236\u2013238 Selim III 514 Administration 182 Great Britain. See also England Adriatic Sea 17 Treaty of Svishtov 549 England 207 Abbas Hilmi 2 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 58, 59 frigate firearms 220 Alexandria 33 ayan 65 navy 426 France 224 Anglo-Ottoman Convention 42\u201343 Balkan wars 73, 74 Tersane-i Amire 561 Libya 337 Arab Revolt 45, 46 Bulgarian Orthodox Church 104 Fuad Pasha 225 medicine 362 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 57 Cretan War 157 Abd\u00fclaziz 5 railroads 478, 480\u2013482 Crete 158 Mehmed Emin \u00c2l\u00ee Pasha 36 Russo-Ottoman Wars 499 cuisine 165 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 520 Cyprus 167 debt and the Public Debt Administration 183 Treaty of Edirne 198","634 Index Bosnia and Herzegovina 92, 93 Hamidiye Library 6 Hebrew language Buda 95 Hamido\u011fullar\u0131 principality 41 Jews 300 Mehmed VI 371 Bulgaria 99 hammam 47, 617g Salonika 503 Mehmed Ali 372 France 222 han 50, 617g Zionism 609 nationalism 421 Germany 229 Hanafi school Rhodes 489 Hungary 256, 257 Hejaz 253 Salonika 502\u2013504 intelligence 277 Abbasid Caliphate 3 debt and the Public Debt Treaty of S\u00e8vres 520\u2013522 Janissaries 297 al-Azhar 68 Administration 183 Shabbatai Zvi 525 Treaty of Karlowitz 309 Baghdad 71 education 200 S\u00fcleyman I 541 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Faz\u0131l Ahmed Pasha 315 banks and banking 75 hajj 247 Greek language Mahmud I 345 law and gender 325, 326 Husayn ibn Ali al-Hashimi 252 Greek War of Independence 240 Mehmed III 369 Mecca 354 Pan-Islamism 455 missionary schools 387 Mehmed IV 371 Mecelle 356 plague 462 newspapers 432 military acculturation 382 Seljuks 517 Selim I 511 Phanariots 458 Battle of Moh\u00e1cs 388 sharia 527 Seljuks 516 Salonika 503 Mustafa II 410 Shia Islam 528 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 521 Greek Orthodox Church 238, 238\u2013240 Poland 464 S\u00fcleyman I 544 Sharif of Mecca 527 Cossacks 150 Sobieski, Jan 534 Sunni Islam 548\u2013549 Cyprus 167 Spain 537 Handan Sultan 23 Hejaz Railroad 253 Hagia Sophia 245 S\u00fcleyman I 542\u2013545 Hapsburgs. See Habsburgs Germany 230 Istanbul 287 S\u00fcleyman II 547\u2013548 Harabat (Ziya Pasha) 610 Haifa 246 millet 383, 384 Treaty of Svishtov 549 hara\u00e7 617g hajj 248 Salonika 504 Transylvania 571 Byzantine Empire 109 Mecca 354 Greeks Vienna, sieges of 583\u2013584 Ragusa 477 Medina 362 banks and banking 75 Habsburg-Venetian War of 1615-1617 harem 249\u2013250, 250, 617g Pan-Islamism 455 merchants 376 17 Abbas I 2 railroads 480\u2013481 military acculturation 381 Hac\u0131 Ahmed of Tunis 121 architecture 47 Phanariots 457\u2013458 Hac\u0131 Ebul-Hasan 120 al-Azm family 68 Hellenic kingdom 240 Philiki Hetairia 458\u2013459 Had\u0131m S\u00fcleyman Pasha Dolmabah\u00e7e Palace 187 Henry II (king of France) 222 printing 473 Moldavia 390 Ibrahim I 263 Henry III (king of France) 222 Russia 492 navy 428 music 406 Herat Serbian Orthodox Church 520 hadith 617g Mustafa I 409 Sufism 540 sciences 506 slavery 533 Iran 282 Greek War of Independence 240\u2013242 sharia 527 Topkap\u0131 Palace 568 Timur 564 Auspicious Incident 60 Hadrianus (Roman emperor) 196 harp 406 herbal drugs 357 Crete 158 Hagia Sophia 243\u2013245, 244 hars 425 Herder, Johann Gottfried 421 Eastern Question 191 architecture 49 has 617g heresy Egypt 205 dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun 175 Hasan, Nakka\u015f 269 Alawi 27 France 223 Fatih mosque complex 216 Hasan Efendi, Te\u015frifati 155 Copts 147 Greece 236, 238 Grand Bazaar 235 Hasan H\u00fckmi 154 Jacobites 294 Greek Orthodox Church 240 Istanbul 287 Hasan Pasha hermit monks 351 Jews 303 Mehmed II 366 Baghdad 71\u201372 Herzegovina Mahmud II 346 hahamba\u015f\u0131 246 Basra 79 Austria 64 Melkite Catholics 373\u2013374 Jews 302 Mehmed III 369 Croatia 163, 164 millet 384 millet 383 Sokullu family 536 Germany 231 nationalism 421 Haifa 246 Hashimi, Abdullah Herzl, Theodor 608\u2013609 Phanariots 458 Hejaz Railroad 253 Faysal ibn Husayn al-Hashimi Hezarpare Ahmed Pasha 263 Philiki Hetairia 459 Sykes-Picot Agreement 550 High Council for Reforms 27 Russo-Ottoman Wars 496 hajj 246\u2013248, 247, 617g 251 higher education. See university Salonika 504 aliya 38 Husayn ibn Ali al-Hashimi 251 hilye 117 Gregoras, Nikephoros 442 amir al-hajj 40 Hashimi, Faysal ibn Husayn al- (king of Hindiyya Canal 417 Gritti, Alvise 582 al-Azm family 68 Iraq) 251 Hippocrates 357 g\u00fcfte mecmuas\u0131 408 caravan 119 Arab Revolt 45\u201346 historians guild Damascus 169, 170 Bedouins 86 Ahmed Cevdet Pasha 26\u201327 economy and economic policy 193 Evliya \u00c7elebi 210 Damascus 171 Duwayhi, Istifanus 190 markets 351 Gaza 228 Husayn ibn Ali al-Hashimi 252 Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman al- 294 money and monetary system 393 Hama 248 Husayn-McMahon correspondence Katib \u00c7elebi Mustafa b. Abdullah G\u00fclhane Edict 75, 144, 180, 347, Jerusalem 299 553\u2013554, 695 Mecca 354 259 310\u2013311 Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 413 Medina 362 T. E. Lawrence 328 historiography 253\u2013255 reform 484\u2013485 Osman II 446\u2013447 Medina 362 Gulistan, Treaty of 282 Selim I 511 Chaim Weizmann 598 Ahmed Cevdet Pasha 26 G\u00fcmr\u00fc, Treaty of 58 Shia Islam 528 Hashimi, Husayn ibn Ali al- 251\u2013252, court chronicles 154\u2013156 gunpowder See also firearms Hakim bi-Amr-Allah, al- 189 600 Greece 238 economy and economic policy 194 Hakimiyet-i Milliye 434 Arab Revolt 45\u201346 Hagia Sophia 243\u2013245 military acculturation 382 hal 540 Sykes-Picot Agreement 550 illustrated manuscripts and gurush 393 Halab al-Shahba (newspaper) 311 Hashimi family 251 Gy\u00f6rgy R\u00e1koczi II (prince of Halide Edib Ad\u0131var Hashimites miniature paintings 268 Transylvania) literature, late Ottoman 343 Mecca 354 Hivi-ya Kurd 320 Hungary 256 novel 441 Sharif of Mecca 527 Holy Alliance 241 Transylvania 571 Halid Ziya U\u015fakl\u0131gil Shia Islam 529 Holy Cities Gypsies literature, late Ottoman 342 Hasidim 301 Buda 95 novel 440 Hat Law of 1925 59 Hejaz Railroad 253 population 467 Halil Hamid Pasha 6 hatt-i h\u00fcmayun 186, 617g Wahhabis 588 Gyula 24 Halle, Germany 133 hatt-i \u015ferif 617g Holy Land Halvati Order 402 Haydar Reis Knights of St. John 313 H Hama 68, 248\u2013249 illustrated manuscripts and Palestine 453 Hamdullah, \u015eeyh 116 Holy Law 114 Habsburg-Jagiello Treaty 61\u201362 Hamidiye 249 miniature paintings 268 Holy League Habsburg-Ottoman wars 518 Armenia 52, 53 illustrated manuscripts in the Bosnia and Herzegovina 92 Habsburgs xxviii, 617g Kurds 320 Bulgaria 99 medicine 360 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum 272 Danube River 174 Ahmed II 24 hayduk 252\u2013253 Mehmed IV 371 Ahmed III 25 Russia 491 Austria 61\u201363 Dalmatia 168 Selim II 513 Ragusa 477 Serbia 519 hayriye 376, 377 Serbian Orthodox Church 520 Sobieski, Jan 534 Spain 537 S\u00fcleyman II 547","Holy League War H\u00fcrriyet ihracat, el- 97 Index 635 Treaty of Karlowitz 309 Nam\u0131k Kemal 418 ihtisab and muhtesib 264\u2013265 Mustafa II 410 newspapers 433 ijtihad Innocent VIII (pope) Serbia 518 Ziya Pasha 610 Cem 129 Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab France 222 Holy Roman Empire 62 Hurufism 260, 261 Holy Synod 104 Bekta\u015fi Order 88 in\u015fa 339 homosexuality Mehmed II 365 Mecelle 356 intelligence 276\u2013278 Salafiyya 500\u2013501 interest 194 sex and sexuality 523 Husayn Bayqara 564 Muhammad al-Sanusi 504 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary slavery 533 Husaynids Ilkhanids xxv, 279, 282, 618g Hondius, Jodocus 120, 122 illustrated manuscripts and miniature Organization (IMRO) 606 hospices 48 North Africa 439 paintings 265\u2013270 Intibah (Nam\u0131k Kemal) 440 hospitals Tunis 573 late 15th and early 16th centuries iqta 516, 517 architecture 47 Husayn Kamil (sultan of Egypt) 2\u20133 Iran xxviii, 278\u2013282 charity 136 Husayn-McMahon correspondence 267\u2013268 education 199, 200 259, 550 under Mehmed II 266\u2013267 Baghdad 71 hostages 390 H\u00fcseyin, Hezarfen 274 Mevlevi Order 378 Basra 79 hostels. See caravansary H\u00fcseyin Rahmi G\u00fcrp\u0131nar 441 nakka\u015fhane 265\u2013267 Bayezid II 83\u201384 Hotin War 576 hutbe 618g 17th and 18th centuries 269\u2013270 Bursa 106 hot springs 357 zenith of 268\u2013269 Caucasus 124\u2013125 Hovevei Tzion 38 I illustrated manuscripts in the Topkap\u0131 hajj 248 H\u00fcdavendigar Palace Museum 270\u2013273 illustrated manuscripts and architecture 48 ibn Abd al-Saud, Muhammad 86 ilmiye 524 Bursa 106 ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad iltizam 555\u2013556, 618g. See also tax miniature paintings 267 h\u00fck\u00fcm 617g farming Ismail I 284\u2013286 h\u00fck\u00fcmet sanca\u011f\u0131 14 260\u2013261 Imad family 296 Kurds 319 H\u00fcleg\u00fc (ruler of Mongols) 282 al-Azhar 68 imam 618g merchant communities 375\u2013376 humors 357 Egypt 205 caliphate 114 military slavery 383 H\u00fcnername 272 ibn Saud family 261 Yemen 603 Mosul 394 Hungarian-Serbian Treaty (1426) 400 Mecca 354 Imam Ali. See Ali (fourth caliph of Murad III 402 Hungarian War (1593\u20131606) Najd 417 Islam) Murad IV 403 Abbas I 1 Salafiyya 501 Imam Husayn music 405 Janissaries 297 Wahhabis 587 Karbala 308 Nadir Shah 415\u2013416 Murad III 402 Shia Islam 529 Pan-Islamism 455\u2013456 Hungary xxvi, 255\u2013258, 257 ibn Battuta Imami 528 plague 463 Austria 61\u201364 charity 135 imaret 105, 106, 618g Safavid dynasty 280\u2013281 Bayezid I 81 Osman I 445 immigration Seljuks 516 Bosnia and Herzegovina 92 aliya 38 S\u00fcleyman I 542, 545 Brankovi\u0107 family 94 ibn Khaldun 154 Jerusalem 300 Sunni Islam 548 Buda 94\u201396 ibn Rashid 261\u2013262 Imperial Gate 566, 566 Karim Khan Zand 608 Byzantine Empire 111 ibn Rushd 44, 45 imperial ideology 273\u2013276 Iraq xxvi, 281, 282\u2013283 condominium 141\u2013142 ibn Saud, Muhammad Imperial Military Academy 201 ayan 66 Cretan War 157 Imperial Naval Engineering School 6 Baban family 70 Croatia 163, 164 Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Imperial Ottoman Bank Baghdad 70\u201372 Danube River 174 261 banks and banking 76, 77 debt and the Public Debt dev\u015firme 184 debt and the Public Debt Drava River 189 ibn Saud family 261 Administration 183 Eastern Question 191 Wahhabis 587 Administration 182 Euphrates River 209 enthronement and accession ibn Saud, Turki 261 Imperial Rescript of G\u00fclhane Faysal ibn Husayn al-Hashimi 251 ibn Saud family 261\u2013262 Karaites 308 ceremony 209 hajj 248 constitution\/Constitutional Periods Karbala 308 finances and fiscal structure 218 Kuwait 321 144 Kurds 319 firearms 219 Najd 417 Mecelle 356 France 222 ibn Taymiyya, Ahmad Tanzimat 553, 554 merchant communities 376 intelligence 277 Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Imperial Rescript of Reform Midhat Pasha 378\u2013379 Treaty of Karlowitz 309 money and monetary system 392 Mehmed II 365, 366, 368 260 Abd\u00fclmecid I 9 Mosul 394\u2013395 Mehmed IV 371 Muhammad Rashid Rida 484 banks and banking 75, 76 Najaf 416\u2013417 Moh\u00e1cs, Battle of 388\u2013389 Salafiyya 500\u2013501 constitution\/Constitutional Periods Pan-Islamism 455, 456 Moldavia 389 takfir 552 plague 463 money and monetary system 392 ibn Yaish 277 144 Seljuks 516 Murad II 399, 400 Ibrahim I (Ottoman sultan) 262\u2013264 grand vizier 236 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 521 Poland 464 court and favorites 153, 154 Tanzimat 553 Shammar Bedouin 526 Serbia 518, 519 Cretan War 157 Young Ottomans 603 Shia Islam 528 Serbian Orthodox Church 520 Mehmed IV 370 Imperial University 176 S\u00fcleyman I 543, 545 Sobieski, Jan 534 Ibrahim Bey 365, 366 imports 192 Yazidis 602 Sokollu family 535 Ibrahim of Tunis 120 Inalc\u0131k, Halil 437 Isabella (queen of Castile) 536, 538 S\u00fcleyman I 541\u2013545 Ibrahim Pasha 264 India Ishak Efendi 597 S\u00fcleyman II 547 Ahmed III 26 Basra 78, 79 Iskendername 266 Transylvania 570\u2013571 Aleppo 32 Jews 300, 301 Islahat Fermani 449 Vienna, sieges of 583 Anglo-Ottoman Convention 42 Pan-Islamism 456 Islam xxv, xxviii. See also Muslims wagon fortress 587 ayan 66 plague 463 Abduh, Muhammad 4\u20135 H\u00fcnkar Iskelesi, Treaty of 258\u2013259 Baghdad 72 Shia Islam 529 Caucasus 125 Caucasus 126 Damascus Incident 171 Sunni Islam 549 conversion 145\u2013147 Crimean War 161 Egypt 205 telegraph 557 corsairs and pirates 148, 149 Huns 94 Gaza 228 Timur 562 Jerusalem 299 Hunyadi, J\u00e1nos\u00e1 (governor of Greek War of Independence 241 Indian Ocean Mecca 354 Transylvania) 400, 401 Treaty of H\u00fcnkar Iskelesi 258 navy 428 nationalism 422 Byzantine Empire 111 ibn Saud family 261 S\u00fcleyman I 543 Nestorians 430 Hungary 256 Lebanon 330 industrialization Pan-Islamism 455 H\u00fcrrem Sultan Maronites 352 Austria 63 sex and sexuality 523 Mecca 354 Mehmed Ali 372, 373 Danube Province 173 Islam Giray III (khan of Crimea) 150 S\u00fcleyman I 544\u2013546 palaces 452 infidel Islamic law. See sharia Shihab family 530 takfir 551 Ismail, Khedive 283, 283\u2013284 Ibret 433 Tanzimat 554 Copts 148 icons 374 influenza 362 Egypt 206 Idadi education 203 inheritance 327 Suez Canal 538\u2013539 Idris-i Bidlisi court chronicles 154 Kurds 319","636 Index photography 459, 460, 460 Jabbar, Abd al- 270 Japan 521 plague 463 Jabotinsky, Vladimir 609 Jassy, Treaty of 298 Ismail I (Safavid shah) 284\u2013286 political satire 465 Jacobites 294\u2013295 Baghdad 71 population 468 Caucasus 125 Bayezid II 83\u201384 Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives Abbas I 1 Russo-Ottoman Wars 495 illustrated manuscripts in the Armenian Apostolic Church 54 Selim III 514 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum 271 469, 470 Jaffa 228 jazira 394 Iran 280 printing 472 Jalili family Jaziri, al- 270 k\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f 312, 313 railroads 479, 480 ayan 66 Jeddah 298\u2013299 Mamluk Empire 349 Selim I 513 Mosul 394 Arab Revolt 45 merchant communities 375\u2013376 17th and 18th centuries 288 Jami al-tawarikh 270 Egypt 205 Mosul 394 sharia 527 Janbulad Ali Pasha 128, 295\u2013296 hajj 247, 248 Selim I 512 slavery 531 Janbulad family 296 Mecca 354 Shia Islam 528 Spain 538 Celali revolts 128 Sharif of Mecca 527 S\u00fcleyman I 542 S\u00fcleyman I 546 Janbulad Ali Pasha 295\u2013296 Jerusalem 299\u2013300 Sunni Islam 549 Sunni Islam 549 Shihab family 530 ABCFM 39 Istanbul, Treaty of Jan III Sobieski (king of Poland). See aliya 38 Ismet Pasha 323, 324 Caucasus 124 Sobieski, Jan (king of Poland) Arab Revolt 46 Israel Crimean Tatars 160 Janina ashraf 56 Istanbul Observatory 552, 553 Ali Pasha of Janina 37 ayan 66 Acre 9 Istanbul Society 29 Balkan wars 73, 74 Crimean War 161 aliya 38 Istanbul Technical University 201 Janissaries 296\u2013297, 618g Fuad Pasha 225 Gaza 228 Istanbul University Alemdar Mustafa Pasha 30 Gaza 228 Mecelle 356 dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun 176 Algiers 33 Germany 230 Palestine 453 education 202 Algiers, Algeria 33 hahamba\u015f\u0131 246 Syria 550 istimalet 167 Battle of Ankara 44 Jews 300 Chaim Weizmann 598 istiman 175 Auspicious Incident 60\u201361 missionary schools 387 Zahir al-Umar 607 Italian language 188 banks and banking 75 Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 413 Zionism 608, 609 Italy Bayezid II 82, 84 Palestine 453 Istanbul 286\u2013290, 288, 288m Adriatic Sea 17 Bekta\u015fi Order 88, 89 printing 473 Abd\u00fclhamid I 6 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 57 Bosnia and Herzegovina 92 Seljuks 516 Adriatic Sea 18 Austria 63, 64 Bulgaria 101 Jesuits Ahmed I 22 debt and the Public Debt Byzantine Empire 110 Beirut 87 Ahmed II 24 Cairo 113 missionaries 385 Ahmed III 25 Administration 182, 183 Celali revolts 127\u2013128 missionary schools 386 Anglo-Ottoman Convention 42 Eastern Question 192 Constantinople, conquest of 143 Jesus Christ architecture 48 France 224 Dawud Pasha 177 Alawi 27 Armenian Apostolic Church 54 Khedive Ismail 284 dev\u015firme 183\u2013185 Copts 147 ashraf 56 Libya 337 Egypt 205 Jacobites 294 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 57, 58 Mehmed V 371 finances and fiscal structure 218 Jerusalem 299 Auspicious Incident 60, 61 military acculturation 381 firearms 219, 220 Nestorians 430 bailo 72\u201373 missionary schools 387 Greek Orthodox Church 240 Hindiyya al-Ujaymi 575 Bayezid I 81 navy 425, 426 Greek War of Independence 241 Yazidis 602 Black Sea 91 Phanariots 457 ibn Saud family 261 Jeune Turquie 418 Byzantine Empire 107, 111 railroads 478 Ibrahim I 262, 263 Jewish immigration Caffa 112 Muhammad al-Sanusi 505 intelligence 276 Jerusalem 300 calligraphy 116 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 521, 522 Janbulad Ali Pasha 295 Jews 301, 302 Constantinople, conquest of Sykes-Picot Agreement 550 Mahmud II 345, 346 Jewish National Fund 38 Ittihat and Terakki. See Committee of medicine 358, 360 Jews 300\u2013303, 301 287\u2013288 Union and Progress Mehmed I 364 ABCFM 39 Crimean Tatars 159 Ivan IV the Terrible (czar of Russia) Mehmed II 365 aliya 38 cuisine 165 Cossacks 150 Mehmed III 369 Alliance Isra\u00e9lite Universelle 38 CUP 139 Crimean Tatars 159 Mehmed IV 370 Baghdad 71 dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun 176 military acculturation 382 military slavery 383 banks and banking 75 dev\u015firme 184 Izmir 290\u2013293, 291 Moh\u00e1cs, Battle of 389 Bayezid II 82 Edirne 196 \u00c2l\u00ee Pasha, Mehmed Emin 36 money and monetary system 393, Buda 95 education 200, 203 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 58 Bulgaria 101 enthronement and accession banks and banking 75 394 Bursa 106, 107 hahamba\u015f\u0131246 Mosul 394 charity 135, 136 ceremony 208, 209 Mehmed VI 371 Murad I 397 conversion 146 family 212, 214 Midhat Pasha 379 Murad II 399 Damascus Incident 171\u2013172 Fatih mosque complex 216\u2013217 missionary schools 387 Mustafa I 409 Damascus Riots 172 firearms 219 population 468 Osman Pazvanto\u011flu 447\u2013448 dhimmi 185, 186 France 223 railroads 479 Palace School 452 Edirne 197 Galata 226 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 521 Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives Farhi family 215\u2013216 Germany 231 Izmit Germany 230 Grand Bazaar 233\u2013235 navy 427 470 Greece 237 hajj 247 Osman I 444 printing 472 hahamba\u015f\u0131 246 Treaty of H\u00fcnkar Iskelesi 258 Iznik xxv reform 485 Haifa 246 intelligence 277 Byzantine Empire 108, 109 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 hayduk 252 Iran 281 ceramics 132\u2013134 intelligence 277 Istanbul 286, 287 charity 136 493 Jerusalem 299\u2013300 markets 351 education 199 Russo-Ottoman Wars 495, 496 Jewish communities 300\u2013301 Mecca 354 Mehmed I 364 Salonika 503 jizya 303 medicine 358, 360 Orhan Gazi 442 Selim I 512 Karaites 308 Mehmed II 366, 367 Osman I 445 Selim II 513 markets 351 Mehmed III 368 \u0130zzi S\u00fcleyman Efendi 155 Selim III 515 medicine 358 Mehmed IV 370 Seljuks 517 merchant communities 376 Melkite Catholics 374 J Serbia 519 merchants 376 military acculturation 379, 381\u2013382 slavery 532 millet 383, 384 missionaries 385 Jaafari school 527 Sokollu family 536 missionaries 384 missionary schools 386, 387 Jabal al-Druz 189, 294 Spain 537 missionary schools 386 newspapers 432\u2013433 Jabal Kurd 296 Sufism 540 19th century 288, 290 Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman al- 294 S\u00fcleyman II 547 palaces 451 warfare 593, 594 Pan-Islamism 456 Phanariots 457","Mosul 394 law and gender 325 Shia Islam 529 Index 637 music 406 markets 351 Sunni Islam 548 nationalism 420, 422 Mecca 354 Karim Khan, Muhammad 281 Bekta\u015fi Order 88 navy 428 menzil\/menzilhane 375 Karlowitz, Congress of 206 dhimmi 186 Palestine 301, 453 \u015feyh\u00fclislam 524 Karlowitz, Treaty of 309\u2013310 Iran 282 printing 471 ulema 577 Adriatic Sea 18 Ismail I 285, 286 Salonika 502\u2013504 kad\u0131asker 305\u2013306, 618g Ahmed III 25 military slavery 383 Shabbatai Zvi 525 administration, central 10, 11 Austria 62 Selim I 512 slavery 531 court of law 156 Bosnia and Herzegovina 92 Shia Islam 528 Spain 538 Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun 11 budgets 98 Sunni Islam 549 Tunis 573 kad\u0131 305 Crimean Tatars 160 Knights of St. John 313 Chaim Weizmann 598 Murad I 397 Croatia 164 Barbary states 78 Zionism 608\u2013609 \u015feyh\u00fclislam 524 Danube River 174 Bayezid II 83 jihad 618g ulema 577\u2013578 Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun 12 Byzantine Empire 111 Mehmed V 371 kad\u0131s 218 Hungary 257 corsairs and pirates 149 Orhan Gazi 444 Kad\u0131zade Mehmed Efendi 403 Mustafa II 410, 411 Crete 158 Sunni Islam 549 Kalender Pasha 272 Phanariots 457 Cyprus 165 Jihan Shah (ruler of Turks) 562 Kalmyks 160 Poland 465 France 222 jizya 303, 618g Kamani\u00e7e 306, 465 reis\u00fclk\u00fcttab 486 Malta 347 budgets 96, 97 Kamner, Kostantin 123 Venice 582 Mehmed II 368 capitulations 118 Kantakouzenos, John 109, 110 Kars navy 428 Cyprus 167 Kantemiro\u011flu 407, 408 Caucasus 126 Rhodes 489 dhimmi 185 kanun (dulcimer) 405, 406 Crimean War 162 Spain 537 dragoman 188 kanun (secular law) 306\u2013307, 618g Kasaba 479 S\u00fcleyman I 542, 543 Druzes 189 condominium 141 Kashf al-zunun (Katib \u00c7elebi) 310 Koca Rag\u0131p Pasha 411 Jerusalem 299 constitution\/Constitutional Periods Kashi, Jamshid al- 553 Koca Yusuf Pasha 6 Moldavia 390 kaside 338 Konya John I of Szapolyai See Szapolyai, John 144 Kas\u0131m (d. 1417) 363 Cem 129 John III (Sobieski, king of Poland) 465 imperial ideology 275 Kas\u0131m (d. 1483) 83 railroads 481, 482 John V Palaiologos (Byzantine emperor) law and gender 325 Kastamonu 40 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc, Fuad 254 Byzantine Empire 110 S\u00fcleyman I 542 Kastriota, Georg 28 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc family 313\u2013317, 314, 316 Murad I 398 Kanun-i Esasi 144 katib 156 Ahmed II 24 John VI Kantakouzenos (Byzantine Kanun-i Osmani 307 Katib \u00c7elebi Mustafa b. Abdullah Faz\u0131l Mustafa Pasha 316\u2013317 emperor) kanunname 304, 305, 618g 310\u2013311 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Faz\u0131l Ahmed Pasha Orhan Gazi 442 administration, central 10, 11 cartography 120, 122 Serbia 517 condominium 141 Evliya \u00c7elebi 210 315\u2013316 John VIII Palaiologos (Byzantine Hungary 257 historiography 254 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed Pasha 313\u2013315 emperor) intelligence 277 sciences 509 libraries 335 Byzantine Empire 111 kanun 307 Katibi 272 Mehmed IV 370 Istanbul 286 kap\u0131 10 Kawakibi, Abd al-Rahman al- 311 patrimonial system 12 Murad II 400 kapudans kaza 192 Poland 464\u2013465 John Casimir (king of Poland) 533 Bosnia and Herzegovina 92, 93 Kazan 159 reform 485 Jordan Drava River 189 Kazimiyya 529 S\u00fcleyman II 547 Bedouins 86 kapukdan pasha 618g Kemah 43 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Faz\u0131l Ahmed Pasha Mecelle 356 administration, central 11 Kemalpa\u015fazade 154 Cretan War 157 Syria 550 navy 426 kemen\u00e7e 405, 406 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc family 315\u2013316 Joseph II (Holy Roman emperor) kapukulu 618g keth\u00fcda 437 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Library 51 Austria 63 Kara Davud Pasha 409 Khalid, Sheikh al-Din 419\u2013420 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed Pasha Treaty of Svishtov 549 Karadjordje 307\u2013308 Khamsa (Nizami) 270, 271 Cretan War 157 journalism 341 nationalism 421 khanate 158\u2013160 Izmir 292 Journal of the Society for Ottoman Serbia 519 Kharijiyya 552 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc family 313\u2013315 History 254 Karadjordjevi\u0107 dynasty 307\u2013308 khassa 516 Moldavia 391 Judaism. See Jews Karad\u017ai\u0107, Vuk Stefanovi\u0107 421 Khayr al-Din Pasha 311\u2013312 Transylvania 571 Judezmo language 503 Karag\u00f6z plays 339 khedive 312, 618g K\u00f6seda\u011f, Battle of (1243) xxv, 40 judges. See kad\u0131 Karaites 308 Abbas Hilmi 2\u20133 K\u00f6sem Sultan judicial system 8 Karakoyunlu manuscripts 271 al-Azhar 68 charity 136, 137 juhhal 189 Karakoyunlu Turkomans Lord Cromer 164\u2013165 Ibrahim I 263 jurists Anatolian emirates 41 Egypt 206 Kosovo xxviii Abduh, Muhammad 4 Battle of Ankara 43, 44 photography 462 Mehmed V 371 law and gender 326 illustrated manuscripts and Khilafat Movement 456 Serbian Orthodox Church 519 Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulusi 415 Khmelnytsky, Hetman Bohdan 576 Kosovo, Battle of (1389) 317 Justice, Minister of 26 miniature paintings 265 Khorasan 516 Albania 28 Justice Ministry 5 Ismail I 284 Khwareqm 516 Bayezid I 81 Justinian (Byzantine emperor) 243 Karaman kibbutz 609 Brankovi\u0107 family 93 Justinianopolis 226 Bayezid II 83 kibbutzim 38 Janissaries 296 Mehmed II 367 kileci 596 Murad I 398 K Murad II 399 K\u0131r\u0131m ve Kafkas Tarih\u00e7esi (Ahmed Serbia 517 Karamanids Cevdet Pasha) 27 Kosovo Polje, Battle of (second battle of Kabak\u00e7\u0131 Incident Anatolian emirates 40 K\u0131rka 168 Kosovo, 1448) 256 Mustafa IV 412 Mehmed I 363, 364 Kirkuk 70 Kritovoulos Mehmed 143 Nizam-\u0131 Cedid 435\u2013436 Mehmed II 365 Kirman 516 Kuban\u2019 Cossack Host 151 Selim III 412, 435\u2013436 Murad I 397\u2013398 Kitab-\u0131 Bahriye (Piri Reis) Kuban\u2019 River Murad II 400\u2013401 cartography 120 Caucasus 125 Kabbalah 453 Karamani Mehmed Pasha 129 illustrated manuscripts and Treaty of Jassy 298 kad\u0131 304\u2013305, 618g Karamanl\u0131 Ahmed Bey 336 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca, Treaty of 317\u2013318 Karamans 80 miniature paintings 267 Abd\u00fclhamid I 6 administration, provincial 16 Kara Memi 133 navy 428 caliphate 114 Ahmed Cevdet Pasha 26 Kara Mustafa Pasha 583\u2013584 Tersane-i Amire 559 Caucasus 125 Anatolian emirates 41 Karasi Bey 41 Kitchner, Lord 2 Crimean Tatars 160 condominium 142 Karasio\u011fullar\u0131 principality 41\u201342 K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f 312\u2013313, 618g Crimean War 161 court of law 156 Karayaz\u0131c\u0131 Abd\u00fclhalim 127\u2013128 Abbas I 1\u20132 Eastern Question 191 Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun 11 Karbala 308\u2013309 Alawi 27 Treaty of Edirne 198 family 213 ibn Saud family 261 Bayezid II 82\u201384 Greek War of Independence 241 finances and fiscal structure 218 Treaty of Jassy 298","638 Index missionary schools 387 libraries 333\u2013336 madrasa 618g nationalism 422, 424 Ahmed III 25 Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u 35 Mustafa III 411 Latin Kingdom 502 Damascus 171 architecture 47 Philiki Hetairia 458 Lausanne, Treaty of 323\u2013325, 324 education 199 al-Azm family 69 Poland 465 banks and banking 76 Midhat Pasha 379 calligraphy 117\u2013118 Russia 492 Edirne 196 education 199\u2013200 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 Greek War of Independence 242 Library of the Nation 34 Fatih mosque complex 217 Izmir 292 Libya 336\u2013337 kad\u0131 304 493 Mehmed VI 372 libraries 334 Russo-Ottoman Wars 494 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 520 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 57 Mecca 354 Salonika 503 Lausanne Near East Relations Barbary states 78 medicine 358 kud\u00fcm 405, 406 Conference 323 Mehmed V 371 M\u00fchendishane 395 kul 592 law, Islamic. See sharia Muhammad al-Sanusi 505 Pan-Islamism 455 Kulliyat-\u0131 Katibi (Katibi) 272 law, secular. See kanun Tripoli 572 sciences 507\u2013509 k\u00fclliye. See mosque complex law and gender 325\u2013328 lira 393 sharia 527 k\u00fclliyes 105 law code. See kanunname literature, classical Ottoman (1200s\u2013 ulema 577 kuls Law Code of the Conqueror 217\u2013218 1800s) 337\u2013339 administration, central 10, 12 Law of Family Rights 328 Evliya \u00c7elebi 210 Madrasat\u00fcl-Hattatin 118 harem 249 Lawrence, T. E. 46, 328\u2013329, 600 relazione 487 Madrid, Treaty of 222 Iran 279 Lawrence of Arabia (film) 328\u2013329 Ziya Pasha 610 Maghrib 618g Janissaries 296 The Laws of the Janissaries 297 literature, folk 339\u2013340 Magnesia 42 slavery 531 Lazar Hrebeljanovi\u0107 (prince of Serbia) literature, late Ottoman (1860\u20131923) Magyars 94 Kurdish language 319 317 340\u2013343 mahkeme 618g Kurdistan League of Nations Nahda 416 Mahmud I (Ottoman sultan) 344\u2013345, B\u00fcy\u00fck S\u00fcleyman Pasha 107 Baghdad 72 National Literature movement Jews 300 Beirut 88 345 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 521 Mosul 395 342\u2013343 Hagia Sophia 244 Shahrizor 526 Palestine 453 New Language movement 342\u2013343 libraries 335 sharia 527 League of Prizren 29 Servet-i F\u00fcun period 341\u2013342 S\u00fcleyman I 545 Lebanese Civil War 329 Tanzimat period 340\u2013341 Mahmud II (Ottoman sultan) 345\u2013347 Sykes-Picot Agreement 550 Damascus Riots 172 Lithuania 61 Abd\u00fclhamid I 6 Karim Khan Zand 608 Maronites 352 livestock 20 administration, central 13 Kurds 318\u2013320 mutasarrifiyya 414 Lokman, Seyyid Ali Pasha of Janina 37 administration, provincial 14 Lebanon 329\u2013331 court chronicles 154 Auspicious Incident 60\u201361 Armenia 52\u201353 ABCFM 39 illustrated manuscripts and ayan 65, 66 Baban family 70 Beirut 86\u201388 Bosnia and Herzegovina 92 Hamidiye 249 Damascus Riots 172 miniature paintings 268, 269 Treaty of Bucharest 94 Iran 280 Davud Pasha 177 illustrated manuscripts in the Bulgaria 101 Iraq 282 debt and the Public Debt constitution\/Constitutional Periods Janbulad Ali Pasha 295\u2013296 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum 272 144 Janbulad family 296 Administration 183 London, Conference of 241 court chronicles 155 k\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f 312, 313 Druzes 189 London, Treaty of Dawud Pasha 177 Mosul 394 Duwayhi, Istifanus 190 debt and the Public Debt Pan-Islamism 455 France 224 Treaty of Edirne 198 Administration 180 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 521 Jabal al-Druz 294 Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 413 Dolmabah\u00e7e Palace 186 Yazidis 602 Lebanese Civil War 329 Russo-Ottoman Wars 496 Edirne 196 Kut, al- Fakhr al-Din, al-Maani 344 London Straits Convention 258 education 201, 202 Germany 231 Maronites 352 Long (Hungarian) War of 1593-1606 1, Egypt 205 Iraq 283 Mecelle 356 256, 297, 402, 593 Euphrates River 209 World War I 599 missionary schools 386 Bulgaria 99 finances and fiscal structure K\u00fctahya 133 photography 459 Croatia 164 217\u2013218 Kuwait 320\u2013321, 356 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 521 Mehmed III 369 firearms 220 Shia Islam 528, 529 Serbia 518 Germany 229 L Shihab family 530 Transylvania 571 grand vizier 236 Sykes-Picot Agreement 550 Long (Hungarian) War of 1684\u20131699 Greek War of Independence 241 labor Syria 550 Treaty of Karlowitz 309 hajj 248 dev\u015firme 184\u2013185 Tripoli 571\u2013572 Vienna, sieges of 584\u2013585 Treaty of H\u00fcnkar Iskelesi 258 economy and economic policy 193 Zahir al-Umar 607 Louis I the Great (king of Hungary) ibn Saud family 261 slavery 531, 532 Le Bon, Gustave 606 Byzantine Empire 110 Janissaries 297 Spain 538 Leopold I (king of Hungary) 583, 584 Ragusa 477 medicine 360 Suez Canal 539 Leopold II (Holy Roman emperor) 550 Louis II (king of Hungary and Bohemia) Mehmed Ali 372 Leopold II (king of the Belgians) 5 Austria 62 merchants 377 Labor Zionists 609 Lepanto, Battle of 331\u2013333 Buda 94 military acculturation 380 Ladik emirate 41 military acculturation 381 Moh\u00e1cs, Battle of 388\u2013389 Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 414 Ladino language navy 428\u2013429 Poland 464 Ottomanism 448 Selim II 513 Louis XIV (king of France) 534 Palace School 452 newspapers 432 Spain 537 Louis XVI (king of France) patrimonial system 12 Salonika 503 Lepanto, Gulf of 18 France 223 photography 459 Lala Mehmed Pasha 23 Lesseps, Ferdinand de 538 Selim III 514 reform 485 Land Code 21 Letaif-\u0131 Rivayat (Ahmed Midhat) 440 love 523 reis\u00fclk\u00fcttab 486 Land Law of 1858 72 letters of contract 21, 22 lute 406 Russo-Ottoman Wars 495, 496 land ownership Levant 618g L\u00fctfi Efendi, Ahmed 156 sciences 507 agriculture 19 Levant Company 333 \u015feyh\u00fclislam 524 Baghdad 72 Aleppo 31 M Tanzimat 13 economy and economic policy 193 England 206\u2013207 warfare 594\u2013595 fallah 212 levends Maan 183 Mehmed I 364 Adriatic Sea 17, 18 Maani, Fakhr al-Din, al- 344, 530 Mahmud Ghazan (ruler of Mongols) land reform 379 Celali revolts 127\u2013128 Macedonia 279 language and script 322\u2013323 Levni Armenia 51 illustrated manuscripts and Balkan wars 73, 74 Mahmud Nedim Pasha 5 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 59\u201360 Treaty of Bucharest 94 Mahmud Pasha 518 dragoman 188 miniature paintings 269\u2013270 dev\u015firme 185 Mahmud Raif Efendi 123 education 201\u2013202 illustrated manuscripts in the Eastern Question 192 Mahmud \u015eevket Pasha 140 Kurdish 319 Murad I 398 Majl\u00e1d, Istv\u00e1n 570 medicine 360 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum 273 population 468 makam 406\u2013408 millet 384 Serbian Orthodox Church 520 malaria 362 missionaries 385 Young Turks 606 Machiavelli, Niccol\u00f2 xxviii, xxx madhab 356, 618g","Malaysia 356 Marmara, Sea of Fatih mosque complex 217 Index 639 malikane 556, 618g Byzantine Empire 109 medical education 201\u2013202, Malta 347 Eastern Question 191 illustrated manuscripts and Istanbul 286 358\u2013359 miniature paintings 266\u2013267 Barbary states 78 military medicine 360\u2013361 corsairs and pirates 149 Maronites 351\u2013353 modern medicine, beginnings of Istanbul 287 Cyprus 165 ABCFM 39 Janissaries 296 navy 428 Beirut 88 359\u2013360 Jews 300 Spain 537 Druzes 189 Phanariots 457 kad\u0131asker 305 S\u00fcleyman I 541 Duwayhi, Istifanus 190 public health 361 k\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f 312 Maltese falcon 313 France 221, 224 reforms 360\u2013361 medicine 358 maminim Ibrahim Pasha 264 sciences 510 military acculturation 380\u2013382 Salonika 503 Lebanese Civil War 329 sex and sexuality 522\u2013523 Moldavia 390 Shabbatai Zvi 525 Lebanon 329\u2013331 twentieth-century medicine money and monetary system 391, mamluk 347\u2013348, 618g Melkite Catholics 373 Baghdad 71\u201372 mutasarrifiyya 414 361\u2013362 393 B\u00fcy\u00fck S\u00fcleyman Pasha 106 printing 471 Medina 362 Murad II 399 Cezzar Ahmed Pasha 135 Shihab family 530 palaces 451 Dawud Pasha 177 Arab Revolt 46 reis\u00fclk\u00fcttab 486 Egypt 204\u2013205 marriage charity 137 sciences 508 Gaza 228 Bedouins 85 Egypt 205 Serbia 518 Iran 279 conversion 146 hajj 246, 248 S\u00fcleyman I 542 Jerusalem 299 family 213, 215 Mehmed Ali 372 warfare 593 Mamluk Empire 348\u2013349 Karaites 308 Najd 417 Mehmed III (Ottoman sultan) Mehmed Ali 372 law and gender 326, 328 railroads 480 368\u2013370 al-Qazdaghli household 475\u2013476 Maronites 352 Selim I 511 Ahmed I 22, 23 Mamluk Empire xxvi, 348\u2013349, 349, Melkite Catholics 374 Wahhabis 588 Celali revolts 128 350 Murad I 397 Mediterranean Sea court and favorites 153 Acre 9 slavery 532\u2013533 Algiers 33\u201334 enthronement and accession Antioch 44 corsairs and pirates 148, 149 al-Azhar 68 martolos 141, 353 Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca 318 ceremony 208 Bayezid II 83 Mascara 4 navy 426, 428 illustrated manuscripts in the Cairo 113 maslahat 312 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 Copts 147 Masnavi 377 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum 272 Damascus 169 mathematics 493 Mehmed IV (Ottoman sultan) 370\u2013371 dar al-Islam 175 Russo-Ottoman Wars 494 Egypt 204\u2013205 Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u 35\u201336 Spain 536, 537 capitulations 118 Gaza 228 M\u00fchendishane 395 S\u00fcleyman I 543 court and favorites 153 Hama 248 sciences 507\u2013508 Tripoli 571\u2013572 court chronicles 154 Maronites 352 Takiy\u00fcddin 552, 553 Tunis 573\u2013574 Edirne 196 Mawali Bedouin Confederation Matrak\u00e7\u0131 Nasuh 267\u2013268 Mehmed I (Ottoman sultan) 362\u2013364 Faz\u0131l Mustafa Pasha 316 Matthias I Corvinus (king of Hungary) administration, central 10 Poland 465 353 Cem 129 Albania 28 printing 472 Mehmed II 368 Croatia 163 Byzantine Empire 111 Salonika 503 military acculturation 382 Hungary 256 calligraphy 116 Shabbatai Zvi 525 military slavery 383 Moldavia 390 ceramics 132 S\u00fcleyman II 547 Napoleon Bonaparte 419 Maude, Stanley 599 Edirne 196 Vienna, sieges of 583\u2013584 navy 428 Mawali Bedouin Confederation 353\u2013 grand vizier 236 Mehmed V (Ottoman sultan) 371 Rifaiyya Order 489 354, 526 millet 383 Arab Revolt 45 Selim I 511, 512 Maximilian I (Holy Roman emperor) Murad II 399 Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives Shaykh al-Balad 528 61\u201362 Mehmed II (Ottoman sultan) xxvi, 238, Mamluks McMahon, Henry 364\u2013368, 365\u2013367 471 Mehmed Ali 372 Arab Revolt 45 administration, central 10, 11 Sunni Islam 549 Selim I 511, 512 Husayn ibn Ali al-Hashimi 251 Albania 28, 29 Mehmed VI (Ottoman sultan) 371\u2013372 Shihab family 530 Husayn-McMahon correspondence Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u 35\u201336 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 58\u201359 mana 27 Armenia 52 parliament 457 mandates 259 Armenian Apostolic Church 54 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 522 Baghdad 72 Mecca 354\u2013355 bailo 73 Mehmed Agha 136 Beirut 88 Bayezid I 80 Mehmed Ali (ruler of Egypt) 372\u2013373 Palestine 453 amir al-hajj 40 Bayezid II 82, 83 Cairo 113\u2013114 Manuel II Palaiologos (Byzantine Arab Revolt 45 Black Sea 90 Copts 147, 148 emperor) charity 137 Bursa 106 Eastern Question 191 Bayezid I 82 Damascus 169, 170 Byzantine Empire 111 Egypt 205 Byzantine Empire 110 death and funerary culture 179 calligraphy 116 fallah 211\u2013212 Mehmed I 363, 364 Egypt 205 cartography 120 France 221, 223 Murad I 398 Evliya \u00c7elebi 210 Cem 128\u2013129 Greek War of Independence 241, Murad II 399 hajj 246\u2013248 Constantinople, conquest of manufacturing 504 Husayn ibn Ali al-Hashimi 251 242 manuscripts ibn Saud family 261 142\u2013143 hajj 248 illustrated manuscripts and Jeddah 298 contraband 145 ibn Saud family 261 Medina 362 court and favorites 152 Napoleon Bonaparte 419 miniature paintings 265, 266 Mehmed Ali 372 court chronicles 154 newspapers 431 illustrated manuscripts in the Najd 417 Edirne 196 population 468 Osman II 446\u2013447 education 199 printing 473 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum plague 463 enthronement and accession warfare 594 270\u2013273 railroads 481 Mehmed Bey 42 Maria Theresa 63 Muhammad al-Sanusi 505 ceremony 207, 208 Mehmed Murad 139 maritime principalities 41\u201342 Selim I 511 Fatih mosque complex 216 Mehmed Pasha Marj Dabiq, Battle of 30, 349 Sharif of Mecca 527\u2013528 finances and fiscal structure Bayezid II 82 marketplace 47 slavery 531 military slavery 383 markets 349\u2013351 Wahhabis 588 217\u2013218 Murad III 402 economy and economic policy Mecelle 26, 355\u2013357 firearms 219 Mehmed Reis 121 193 medicine 357\u2013362, 359 France 221 Mehmed \u015eevki Efendi 117 Hama 248 Crimean War 162 Galata 226 Mehmet Rauf 440 merchants 377 dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun 176 Grand Bazaar 233\u2013235 mehter 406\u2013407 early Ottoman medicine 357\u2013358 grand vizier 236 Melkite Catholics 373\u2013374 education 200 Greece 237 Greek Orthodox Church 239 Greek Orthodox Church 239 printing 472 Hagia Sophia 243, 245 Memleketyn 391 Mem-u Zin 319","640 Index Murad I 397 missionary schools 188, 385\u2013388, Buda 94 nomads 436 386, 388 Cossacks 149 men population 468 Crimean Tatars 158\u2013159 bathhouse 80 Russo-Ottoman Wars 499 Mitwallis 528 k\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f 312 family 212 Mihnea Turcitul (prince of Wallachia) Mizan al-haqq (Katib \u00c7elebi) 310 menzil\/menzilhane 374 law and gender 325\u2013328 589 Mocha Moldavia 389 neomartyrs 430 mihrab 618g Nestorians 430\u2013431 sex and sexuality 523 military acculturation 379\u2013382 coffee\/coffeehouses 138\u2013139 Russia 490 slavery 532, 533 and European powers 379 Yemen 603 Seljuks 516 tobacco 565 impact on Europe 382 moderization 478 monometallism 391 military experts 380\u2013382 modernization and change Monophysite heresy Mendes, Don Alvaro 277 military treatises 379\u2013380 Abduh, Muhammad 4 Copts 147 Mente\u015feo\u011fullar\u0131 41 Ottomans\u2019 role in technology Abd\u00fclhamid II 8 Jacobites 294 menzil\/menzilhane 278, 374\u2013375 administration, central 13 monophysites 352 Meragi, al- 408 diffusion 382 Ahmed Cevdet Pasha 27 monotheism 352 mercantilism 569 Military Border xxviii Alemdar Mustafa Pasha 30 Montenegro Mercator, Gerard 120, 122 military commanders Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 59 Albania 29 mercenaries banks and banking 75\u201376 Balkan wars 73, 74 administration, provincial 17 Danube Province 173 Bosnia and Herzegovina 93 Byzantine Empire 108 Alemdar Mustafa Pasha 30 family 214\u2013215 Bulgaria 102 hayduk 252 military maps 121\u2013122 Germany 230 Russo-Ottoman Wars 497\u2013499 merchant communities 375\u2013376 military music 406\u2013407 Ziya G\u00f6kalp 233 Salonika 504 merchants 376\u2013377 military slavery 382\u2013383 imperial ideology 276 Serbia 517 Aleppo 30\u201332 Abbas I 1 intelligence 278 monumental architecture 23 Anglo-Ottoman Convention 43 Iran 279 Khedive Ismail 284 Morea 618g capitulations 118 slavery 530\u2013531 Istanbul 288, 290 Egypt 205 caravan 119 militia railroads 482\u2013484 martolos 353 contraband 145 condominium 142 \u015feyh\u00fclislam 524 Moriscos 536\u2013538 Damascus Incident 171 martolos 353 Moh\u00e1cs, Battle of 388\u2013389 Morocco 356 Izmir 292 millet (religious community) 383\u2013384, Austria 61, 62 Morse, Samuel F. B. 557 Janissaries 297 618g Buda 94 Morse code 557 Jeddah 298 Abd\u00fclaziz 5 firearms 219 Moses (prophet) 27 Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca 318 Armenia 52 Hungary 255, 256 moshavim 38 Libya 336 Armenian Apostolic Church 54 Janissaries 297 mosque complex Mamluk Empire 348 Copts 147, 148 Poland 464 architecture 46\u201347 markets 350\u2013351 Greek Orthodox Church 239, 240 S\u00fcleyman I 542 charity 136 merchant communities 375 Greek War of Independence 240 Vienna, sieges of 583 Istanbul 287 money and monetary system 393 hahamba\u015f\u0131 246 Moldavia 389\u2013391 Jerusalem 299 Philiki Hetairia 458 Melkite Catholics 374 Abd\u00fclaziz 5 mosques Russia 490 nationalism 420, 424 Bayezid I 81 Ahmed I 23 Salonika 503 Ottomanism 448 Bayezid II 83\u201384 architecture 47\u201351 Muhammad al-Sanusi 505 Milo\u0161 Obrenovi\u0107 421 Black Sea 90 al-Azhar 67 trade 569 minarets 48, 50 Treaty of Bucharest 94 ceramics 134 Venice 582 mines Bulgarian Orthodox Church 104 Cyprus 166 weights and measures 598 economy and economic policy Cossacks 150 Damascus 169\u2013170 merchant ships 18 Crimean War 161 Edirne 196 Merv, Battle of 285 193 Treaty of Edirne 197 education 199 me\u015fk 407 money and monetary system 391 Treaty of Jassy 298 Fatih mosque complex 216\u2013217 Mesopotamia 599 miniature painting Treaty of Karlowitz 309 Hagia Sophia 243\u2013245 Messiah illustrated manuscripts and K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed Pasha 314 Mecca 354 Salonika 503 Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca 318 Selim II 514 Shabbatai Zvi 525 miniature paintings 265\u2013269 Mehmed II 367 S\u00fcleyman I 546 Me\u015fveret 433 illustrated manuscripts in the Phanariots 457\u2013458 Mostar bridge 50 metalworking 381 Philiki Hetairia 459 Mosul 394\u2013395 Metn-i Metin Commission 27 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum plague 463 ayan 66 metric system 596\u2013598 270\u2013273 Poland 464 Iraq 283 Metternich, Klemens von 63 mining 381 printing 473 Jacobites 295 mevasibat, el- 97 Mircea (prince of Wallachia) 589 Russia 491, 492 Seljuks 516 Mevlevi Order 377\u2013378, 378 miri 618g Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 Moudros Armistice 127 Abd\u00fclmecid 9 mirs Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 407 music 404\u2013406 Kurdistan 320 493 Muallim Naci 342 Seljuks 517 Kurds 319 Russo-Ottoman Wars 494\u2013496 Mudanya Agreement 323 Sufism 540 Shahrizor 526 Sobieski, Jan 534 m\u00fcd\u00fcr 16, 17 mezraas 21 Misilidis, Evangelinos 440 Treaty of Svishtov 549 mufti mezze 165 miskal 406 Wallachia 589 law and gender 325, 326 Michael VII Palaiologos (Byzantine missionaries 384\u2013385 Moli\u00e8re 34 sharia 527 emperor) 108 ABCFM 39 monasteries Mughal Empire xxxm Michael the Brave (prince of Wallachia) Armenia 52 Haifa 246 Mu\u011fla 41 589 Baghdad 71 printing 473 muhaddere 327 Midhat Pasha 378\u2013379 Beirut 87 Mondros, Armistice of 520 muhafiz pasha 14 Abd\u00fclaziz 5 Bekta\u015fi Order 88 money and monetary system 391\u2013394, muhakkak 115 Abd\u00fclhamid II 7 caravansary 120 590 Muhammad (prophet of Islam) Baghdad 72 Catholic 384\u2013385 moneychangers 194 Abbasid Caliphate 3 banks and banking 77 Copts 148 Mongol Empire Alawi 27 Bedouins 86 Duwayhi, Istifanus 190 Battle of Ankara 43 ashraf 55 constitution\/Constitutional Periods Germany 230 illustrated manuscripts in the caliphate 114 Greek Orthodox Church 239 dhimmi 185 144 Haifa 246 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum Hagia Sophia 243 Damascus 171 Jacobites 295 270\u2013271 hajj 246, 248 Danube Province 172, 173 Jerusalem 300 Iran 279 ihtisab and muhtesib 264 parliament 456 Kurds 320 Mongol manuscripts 270\u2013271 imperial ideology 274 Midye-Enez line 73, 74 Melkite Catholics 373 Mongols xxv migration Nahda 416 Anatolian emirates 40 Anaza Confederation 42 printing 472, 473 Baghdad 70 Bursa 106 Protestant 385 Black Sea 90 military acculturation 381 Muhammad al-Sanusi 505","Jerusalem 299 coffee\/coffeehouses 138 Mustafa III (Ottoman sultan) 411\u2013412 Index 641 Mecca 354 court and favorites 153 Egypt 205 Medina 362 Edirne 196 Fatih mosque complex 216 Nakka\u015f Sinan Bey 266\u2013267 Najaf 416 Evliya \u00c7elebi 209 Selim III 514 nak\u015f 265, 266 Naqshbandiyya Order 419 Ibrahim I 262 Nak\u015fi, Ahmed plague 462 Iran 280 Mustafa IV (Ottoman sultan) 412, 495 Abu al-Huda al-Sayyadi 505 Mecca 354 Mustafa Agha 23 illustrated manuscripts and sharia 527 military acculturation 380 Mustafa Agha, El-Hac 153 miniature paintings 269 Shia Islam 528 reform 485 Mustafa Beh\u00e7et Efendi 201 Sunni Islam 548, 549 Sunni Islam 549 Mustafa Efendi 23 illustrated manuscripts in the ulema 577 tobacco 564 Mustafa F\u00e2z\u0131l (prince of Egypt) Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum 272 Yazidis 602 Murad V (Ottoman sultan) 404 Yemen 603 constitution\/Constitutional Periods Young Ottomans 604 name-i h\u00fcmayun 22 Muhammad Shaybani (ruler of Uzbeks) Young Turks 604 Nam\u0131k Kemal 417\u2013418 Ismail I 285 144\u2013145 Mustafa Faz\u0131l Pasha Timur 564 Russo-Ottoman Wars 497 Nam\u0131k Kemal 418 censorship 131 Muharrem Decree 181, 182 murakkaa 117 Ziya Pasha 610 literature, late Ottoman 341 muhass\u0131l 16 Musa (prince) 363, 364 Mustafa \u0130zzet Efendi 117 novel 440 Muhbir 433 Muscat 543 Mustafa Kamil 412\u2013413 Pan-Islamism 454 M\u00fchendishane 395\u2013396 Muscovy 618g Abbas Hilmi 2 reform 486 cartography 123 Cossacks 150, 151 Copts 148 Young Ottomans 604 photography 460 Crimean Tatars 159 Lord Cromer 165 Ziya Pasha 610 weights and measures 597 Russia 489\u2013492 Dinshaway Incident 186 Napoleon III (emperor of France) 224 Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha 493 Ukraine 576 Mustafa Pasha Napoleon Bonaparte (emperor of Muhtar Pasha 37 music 404, 404\u2013409, 405, 408 Selim III 515 France) 418\u2013419 muhtesib 264\u2013265 Abd\u00fclaziz 5 Sokollu family 535 Abd\u00fclaziz 5 mukataa 96, 97, 396, 618g Ahmed III 26 Mustafa Pasha, Kemanke\u015f Kara 262, 263 Acre 10 m\u00fcltezim 556 Mevlevi Order 377, 378 Mustafa Rak\u0131m 116\u2013117 Ali Pasha of Janina 37 Mumin, Abd al- 270 multireligious genres 406 Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 413\u2013414 Cairo 113 muqtajis 189 musical education and Abd\u00fclmecid 9 Cezzar Ahmed Pasha 134, 135 Murad I (Ottoman sultan) xxvi, 396\u2013399 Mehmed Emin \u00c2l\u00ee Pasha 36 Copts 147 Albania 28 transmission 407\u2013408 debt and the Public Debt Egypt 205 Bayezid I 81 musical theory 408 France 221, 223 Byzantine Empire 110 other genres 406\u2013407 Administration 180 Gaza 228 Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun 11 Ottoman classical 404\u2013406 intelligence 278 Mehmed Ali 372 Edirne 196 Shadhliyya Order 526 Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives missionary schools 386 Janissaries 296 sources for Ottoman music history Ragusa 477 kad\u0131asker 305 470 Russo-Ottoman Wars 495 Kosovo, Battle of 317 408\u2013409 mustemen 376, 377 Selim III 515 Moldavia 390 Sufism 540 mutasarr\u0131f Napoleonic Wars palaces 451 mu\u015fir 17 Greek War of Independence 241 Salonika 502 Muslims xxix. See also Islam Ali Pasha of Janina 37 North Africa 439 Serbia 517 Albania 28 Lebanon 330 Naqshbandiyya Order 419\u2013420 warfare 592 Bosnia and Herzegovina 92, 93 mutasarrifiyya 414 Auspicious Incident 61 Murad II (Ottoman sultan) 399\u2013401 Buda 95 Davud Pasha 177 Kurds 320 administration, central 10 Cairo 113 Lebanese Civil War 330 Mecca 354 Albania 28 caliphate 114\u2013115 M\u00fcteferrika, Ibrahim nationalism 424 Brankovi\u0107 family 94 charity 135 Abd\u00fclhamid I 6 Sufism 541 Byzantine Empire 111 Crete 158 cartography 122\u2013123 Nas\u00ed, Joseph ceramics 133 Dalmatia 168 censorship 130 intelligence 277 court chronicles 154 dev\u015firme 184 Mahmud I 345 Jews 302 Edirne 196 hayduk 252 m\u00fctesellims 93 Nasir al-Din 455\u2013456 firearms 219 imperial ideology 276 Muwahhidun. See Wahhabis Nasser, Gamel Abdul 539 Istanbul 286 Jerusalem 299, 300 mysticism Nasuh, Matrak\u00e7i 267\u2013269, 272 Izmir 291 kanun 306 Murad III 402 Nasuh Pasha Janissaries 296 mamluk 348 Naqshbandiyya Order 419 Ahmed I 23 libraries 334 nationalism 423\u2013424 mythology 445 Janbulad Ali Pasha 295 Mehmed I 364 population 467, 468 National Credit Bank 77 Mehmed II 364\u2013365 Selim I 512 N nationalism palaces 451 Shia Islam 528\u2013530 in Balkans 422\u2013423 Palace School 452 slavery 531, 532 Nabulusi, Abd al-Ghani al- 415, 565 Balkans, independent nations in Salonika 502 Sunni Islam 548\u2013549 Nadiri 269 Serbia 518 takfir 551\u2013552 Nadir Khan 281 the 421\u2013422 \u015feyh\u00fclislam 524 tobacco 564\u2013565 Nadir Shah 415\u2013416 Balkan wars 73, 74 Murad III (Ottoman sultan) 401\u2013403 Wahhabis 587\u2013588 Lord Cromer 165 Ahmed I 22 Wallachia 590 Baghdad 71 Danube Province 173 Bosnia and Herzegovina 91 Mustafa (prince) Basra 79 Dinshaway Incident 186 ceramics 133 Mehmed I 363\u2013364 dar al-Islam 175 Greek War of Independence 421 court and favorites 153 Mehmed IV 370\u2013371 Mosul 394 Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 311 illustrated manuscripts and Murad II 399 Shia Islam 529 millet 384 S\u00fcleyman I 544\u2013546 Nahda 87, 416 millet, role of 420\u2013421 miniature paintings 268 Mustafa I (Ottoman sultan) 409\u2013410 Naima, Mustafa 154 missionaries 385 illustrated manuscripts in the Ahmed I 22 Najaf 416\u2013417 Nahda 416 Celali revolts 128 Baghdad 71 Ottoman Muslims 423\u2013424 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum 272 court and favorites 153 Shia Islam 529 printing 473\u2013474 Janissaries 296 enthronement and accession Najd 417 state political structure 420\u2013425 libraries 334 debt and the Public Debt Mehmed III 368 ceremony 208 Albania 29 printing 471\u2013472 Ibrahim I 262 Administration 183 Turkish 425 Sokollu family 536 Mehmed III 368 ibn Saud family 261, 262 Young Turks 424 Murad IV (Ottoman sultan) 403\u2013404 Osman II 446 Kuwait 320 Nationalist Architecture 51 Baghdad 71 Mustafa II (Ottoman sultan) 410\u2013411 Shammar Bedouin 526 National Literature movement 342\u2013343 Celali revolts 128 Baban family 70 Wahhabis 587\u2013588 National Party 412 court chronicles 155 Nakhichevan 545 National University 68 Edirne 196 nakka\u015f 266 natural history 510 nakka\u015fhane nautical maps 120\u2013121 ceramics 132, 133 naval arsenal illustrated manuscripts and Danube River 174 Tersane-i Amire 559\u2013561 miniature paintings 265\u2013267","642 Index Treaty of H\u00fcnkar Iskelesi 258 Byzantine Empire 110 Ottoman Freedom-lovers Society 139, Russo-Ottoman Wars 496 calligraphy 116 140 Naval Engineering School 429 Nicomedia. See Izmit charity 136 Navarino, Battle of Nicosia 331 education 199 Ottoman Freedom Society 605, 606 Nigari. See Haydar Reis ghaza 232 Ottoman government. See Sublime Porte Egypt 205 Nightingale, Florence 162 grand vizier 235 Ottoman-Habsburg War of 1716-1717 Greek War of Independence 241 Night Journey 299 Serbia 517 Russo-Ottoman Wars 496 Nikodemos the Hagiorite 430 tu\u011fra 573 257 Navarino raid 429 Niko\u011fos Agha 406 Orient Express 480 Ottomanism 448\u2013449 navy 425\u2013429 Nikopol, Battle of 255 Orlov, A. F. 258 Abd\u00fclhamid I 6 Nineveh Orphans Fund 77 Abd\u00fclaziz 5 Adriatic Sea 17 Mosul 394 Orthodox Christianity. See also specific Danube Province 173 Barbarossa brothers 77\u201378 Nestorians 431 churches, e.g. Russian Orthodox Nam\u0131k Kemal 417 Bayezid II 83 ni\u015fanc\u0131 618g Church nationalism 423, 424 Black Sea 90, 427 administration, central 11\u201312 Armenian Apostolic Church 53, Pan-Islamism 454\u2013455 \u00c7e\u015fme catastrophe 429 Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun 11\u201312 Ottoman language 338 corsairs 427 Nizami 270, 271 54 Ottoman manuscripts 271\u2013272 Cretan War 429 Nizam-\u0131 Cedid 434\u2013436 Bosnia and Herzegovina 91\u201393 Ottoman Postal Ministry 9 history 427 Alemdar Mustafa Pasha 30 Bulgaria 99 Ottoman Public Library 335 Katib \u00c7elebi Mustafa b. Abdullah education 200 Bulgarian Orthodox Church 103 Ottoman Telegraph Department 557 finances and fiscal structure 218 Crete 158 Ottoman-Turkish language xxvi 310 intelligence 278 Crimean War 161, 163 Ottoman Union Committee. See Khayr al-Din Pasha 311 medicine 360 Dalmatia 168 Committee of Union and Progress Knights of St. John 428 Osman Pazvanto\u011flu 447\u2013448 Treaty of Edirne 198 Ottoman University 176 Lepanto 428\u2013429 Selim III 514\u2013515 France 224 Ottoman-Venetian wars 427 Battle of Lepanto 331\u2013333 warfare 594 Greece 237 The Outline of World History (Wells) 254 management 426 Nizamiye courts 355 Greek Orthodox Church 238\u2013240 \u00d6zi 449\u2013450 military acculturation 381 nizamiye mahkemesi 156 Greek War of Independence Black Sea 90 M\u00fchendishane 395, 396 Nizamiyya school 540 Treaty of Jassy 298 Navarino raid 429 n\u00f6ker 592 240\u2013242 Russo-Ottoman Wars 494 Orhan Gazi 443 nomads 436\u2013438 Hagia Sophia 243 photography 461 population 467 Jerusalem 299 P Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 Vlachs 585\u2013586 Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca 318 nominal Christians 387 Maronites 352 Pachymeres, George 445 492 nonconformity 26 Melkite Catholics 373\u2013374 palaces 451\u2013452 Russo-Ottoman Wars 494\u2013496 non-Muslims. See dhimmi millet 384 Selim I 511, 513 North Africa 438\u2013439 missionaries 384\u2013385 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 56, 60 Selim II 513\u2013514 Barbarossa, brothers 77\u201378 missionary schools 386 Edirne 196 shipbuilding 429 Barbary states 78 Murad II 400 Palace School 452 ships 426 Bedouins 85 Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 413 administration, central 11 S\u00fcleyman I 543 corsairs and pirates 149 nationalism 420\u2013422 dev\u015firme 184 Tersane-i Amire 561 France 224 neomartyrs 429, 430 education 198\u2013199 Navy, Ministry of the 311 Germany 229 Philiki Hetairia 458\u2013459 grand vizier 236 al-nazar ila al-amrad 523 Mehmed V 371 Russia 491 Topkap\u0131 Palace 567\u2013568 Negroponte 367 navy 428 Russo-Ottoman Wars 494, Palamas, Gregory 443 Nekrasov, Ignat 151 Palestine 453 Palestine 452\u2013453 Nelson, Horatio 419 Pan-Islamism 454 496\u2013498 aliya 38 neomartyrs 429\u2013430 plague 463 Salonika 502 Arab Revolt 46 nesih 115, 116 presidio 469 Serbian Orthodox Church Beirut 87 Nestorians 430\u2013431 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 520 debt and the Public Debt Armenian Apostolic Church 54 Shadhliyya Order 526 519\u2013520 Jacobites 295 Spain 536 Uniates 578 Administration 183 Mosul 394 Sunni Islam 548 Osman, Haf\u0131z 116, 117 fatwa 217 Netherlands 550 Tunis 573\u2013574 Osman, Nakka\u015f Germany 230 Netherlands, the notaries 16 illustrated manuscripts and Jews 301 debt and the Public Debt novel 439\u2013441 law and gender 326 nuns 575 miniature paintings 268\u2013269 Mecelle 356 Administration 182 Nur Banu 369 illustrated manuscripts in the medicine 361 France 223 Nuruosmaniye Mosque 51 missionary schools 386, 387 New Jerusalem (Antun) 45 Nusayris 27 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum 272 photography 459 New Language movement 342\u2013343 Osman I (founder of Ottoman dynasty) Seljuks 516 New Martyrologion (Nikodemos the O Treaty of S\u00e8vres 521 Hagiorite) 430 444\u2013446 Sykes-Picot Agreement 550 New Ottomans. See Young Ottomans oared vessels 561 administration, central 10 Syria 550 Newruz 96 ocakl\u0131k 14 Byzantine Empire 108, 109 World War I 600 newspapers 431\u2013434 Odessa ghaza 232 Zahir al-Umar 607 Abduh, Muhammad 4 imperial ideology 273 Zionism 609 Afghani, Jamal al-Din al- 18 Crimean War 162 Palestinian Territories 228 censorship 131\u2013132 Greek War of Independence 241 Osman II (Ottoman sultan) 446\u2013447 Pan-Islamism 453\u2013456 Lord Cromer 165 Philiki Hetairia 458\u2013459 court and favorites 154 external political 454 Danube Province 173 Oghuz Khan 273 Edirne 196 imperial ideology 276 Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 311 Ohrid Archbishopric 103, 104 Ibrahim I 262 internal political 454\u2013455 Mustafa Kamil 412 oil 283 illustrated manuscripts and Nam\u0131k Kemal 417 Nam\u0131k Kemal 417\u2013418 Old Anatolian Turkish (OAT) 322 miniature paintings 269 Abu al-Huda al-Sayyadi 505 Pan-Islamism 454 Old City 299\u2013300 Poland 464 Shia-Sunni unity 455\u2013456 photography 459 olive oil 571 reform 485 panpipes 406 political satire 465 Omar Khayyam 517 Pan-Slavism 64 printing 473 Oran 537 Osman III (Ottoman sultan) 447 papacy revolutionary press 487\u2013489 Orhan 396 Osmanl\u0131 (Ottoman) dynasty xxvi Greek Orthodox Church 239 Young Ottomans 604 Orhan Bey Mosque 48 Osman Pazvanto\u011flu 447\u2013448 Knights of St. John 313 Ziya Pasha 609\u2013610 Orhan Gazi (second ruler of Ottoman missionary schools 386 ney 406 empire) 442\u2013444, 443 Alemdar Mustafa Pasha 30 Mosul 394 Nezip, Battle of 264 administration, provincial 13 ayan 65 Murad II 400 Nicaea. See Iznik Bursa 105 Bulgaria 101 Papal States 222 Nicene Creed 352 \u00f6\u015f\u00fcr 20, 21 Paris Nicholas I (czar of Russia) Otto (prince of Bavaria) 240 CUP 139\u2013140 Crimean War 162 Ottoman Association of Scientists Rifaat al-Tahtawi 551 Treaty of Edirne 197 Library 335 Ottoman Bank 76 Ottoman Empire (maps) xxviim, xxxm, xxxim, 15m","telegraph 557 Philip II (king of Spain) 537 Poltava, Battle of 577 Index 643 Ziya Pasha 610 philosophers polygamy Paris, Congress of 174 Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives Paris, Treaty of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 18\u201319 family 212, 213 470 Mehmed Emin \u00c2l\u00ee Pasha 36 Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u 35\u201336 Salafiyya 501 Caucasus 126 photography 459\u2013462, 460, 461 polygyny 328 provincial council 16 Crimean War 163 Abdullah brothers 461\u2013462 Pontic 618g Tanzimat 16\u201317 nationalism 423 military 460\u2013461 population 467\u2013469 Provincial General Council 17 Russo-Ottoman Wars 497\u2013499 studio 461\u2013462 Alexandria 33 Provincial Law Code 5 Wallachia 590 physics Algiers 33 provisionalism Paris Peace Conference (1919) Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u 35 Bursa 105, 106 economy and economic policy Husayn-McMahon correspondence sciences 508 Cairo 112 Takiy\u00fcddin 552, 553 Hama 248 192\u2013195 259 phytotherapy 357 Hungary 258 imperial ideology 275 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 520 piaster 393 Istanbul 286, 287 Izmir 291 parliament 456\u2013457 Picot, Fran\u00e7ois Georges 550 Izmir 290, 292 Prusias I (king of Bithynia) 105 Abd\u00fclhamid II 7 pilgrimage. See hajj Jerusalem 299, 300 Prussia Mehmed VI 371 pilgrims Russo-Ottoman Wars 499 Austria 63 Tanzimat 13 Damascus 169 Tunis 573 France 224 Parsa, province of 279 hajj 246\u2013248 Populations Exchange of 1922 242 Germany 228\u2013230 pasha 618g Jerusalem 299 port cities Greek War of Independence 241 Passarowitz, Treaty of (1718) 309, 310 Mecca 354 Acre 9 missionary schools 387 Adriatic Sea 18 Medina 362 Alexandrette 32 Russo-Ottoman Wars 495, 498 Ahmed III 25 Najaf 417 Alexandria 33 Selim III 514 Algiers 34 plague 463 Algiers, Algeria 33\u201334 Sobieski, Jan 533 Austria 62 railroads 481 Caffa 112 Treaty of Svishtov 550 Bosnia and Herzegovina 92 pirates. See corsairs and pirates Jeddah 298 Prut, Treaty of 67 Croatia 164 Piri Reis Tripoli 571\u2013572 Pruth, Battle of 25 Pasteur, Louis 361 cartography 120\u2013121 Vlor\u00eb 17 Public Debt Administration 181\u2013183, patriarchate 103 illustrated manuscripts and portraiture 267, 268 565 patrimonial system 12\u201313 Portugal public health 361 Patrona Halil Rebellion miniature paintings 267 Bayezid II 83 purchase regime 194 Ahmed III 25, 26 navy 428 missionary schools 386 Pyramids, Battle of the 419 Auspicious Incident 60 Tersane-i Amire 559 navy 428 peasants Piyale Pasha 428 Selim I 511 Q agriculture 19\u201321 plague 462\u2013463 Spain 537 Celali revolts 127\u2013128 Cezzar Ahmed Pasha 135 S\u00fcleyman I 543 Qajars 282 cuisine 165 Napoleon Bonaparte 419 Yemen 602\u2013603 Qasimiyya 113 economy and economic policy 193 population 468 positivism 606 Qatar 320 fallah 211\u2013212 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 Postel, Guillaume 10\u201311 Qazdaghli household, al- 475\u2013476 Greek War of Independence 241 potur 91 Iraq 282\u2013283 493 prebends Cairo 113 Kurds 319 Russo-Ottoman Wars 495 administration, provincial 14 Egypt 205 Maronites 352 Podolia 306 agriculture 20 Sharif of Mecca 528 Mehmed Ali 372 Treaty of Karlowitz 309 presidio 469, 536, 618g quarantine 463 Midhat Pasha 379 Mustafa II 410 Press Directorate 131 queen mother Pelekanon, Battle of 109 poetry Press Law 488 court and favorites 153 Peloponesia 241 Ali Emiri Efendi 34 Preveza, Battle of 428 harem 249 pepper trade classical Ottoman literature Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives Quran Aleppo 31 469\u2013471, 558\u2013559 Alawi 27 Cairo 112, 113 338\u2013339 The Principles of Turkism (G\u00f6kalp) 425 Druzes 189 Pereiaslav, Treaty of 576 folk literature 339\u2013340 printing 471\u2013474 education 199 persecution 38 illustrated manuscripts in the cartography 122\u2013124 Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Persia. See Iran censorship 130\u2013132 Persian language Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum 272 economy and economic policy 194 260, 261 language 322\u2013323 literature, folk 340 Melkite Catholics 374 law and gender 327 Mevlevi Order 377\u2013378 Nam\u0131k Kemal 417 military acculturation 380 Naqshbandiyya Order 419 newspapers 432 Ziya Pasha 610 Salonika 503 Salafiyya 500, 501 sciences 506 Poland 464\u2013465 sciences 506 Muhammad al-Sanusi 504, 505 Seljuks 517 Austria 61 Serbian Orthodox Church 520 sciences 506 Persian Safavid dynasty. See Safavid Cossacks 150 Printing Regulation 130 sharia 526\u2013527 dynasty Crimean Tatars 159 privateers Sufism 539, 540 Persian style 268\u2013269 Croatia 163 Adriatic Sea 17\u201318 Quraysh 114 Pervaneo\u011fullar\u0131 emirate 40 Eastern Question 191 corsairs and pirates 148 Peter I the Great (czar of Russia) France 222 Spain 537 R Ahmed III 25 Hungary 256 Privy Chamber 568 Azak 67 Kamani\u00e7e 306 profit 193\u2013194 rabbi. See hahamba\u015f\u0131 Caucasus 124 Treaty of Karlowitz 309 pronoia 618g rabies vaccine 361 Iran 281 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Faz\u0131l Ahmed Pasha 315 prose 339 Ragusa 277, 477\u2013478 Moldavia 391 Mehmed IV 370 Protestants railroads 478\u2013484, 481m, 482, 483 Poland 465 Moldavia 389, 390 Hungary 256 Russia 491 Mustafa II 410, 411 Jerusalem 300 administration, central 13 Peter VII (Coptic pope) 147 Osman II 446 missionaries 385 Austria 63 Peyam\u0131 Sabah 434 Russia 491 missionary schools 386, 387 Baghdad 72 Peyami Safa 441 Sobieski, Jan 533\u2013534 provinces Balkans 480 Phanariots 457\u2013458, 618g Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth intelligence 276\u2013277 Berlin to Baghdad railway 481\u2013482 Greek War of Independence 241 Crimean Tatars 160 Tanzimat 555 Bosporus 480 Philiki Hetairia 458 Poland 464, 465 Yemen 602\u2013603 Danube Province 173 Wallachia 589 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 provincial administration 13\u201317, 15m education 201 Philiki Hetairia 458\u2013459 constitution\/Constitutional Periods Euphrates Valley project 479 Greek War of Independence 241 492 Germany 230 Karadjordje 308 Ukraine 576 144 hajj 248 Polish refugees 191 evolution of 13\u201316 Hejaz Railroad 480\u2013481 political activism. See activism Mecca 354 political satire 465\u2013467, 466 Medina 362 newspapers 433 modernization and change revolutionary press 488 482\u2013484 Orient Express 480 Salonika 504 Turkey 479\u2013480","644 Index Renovation Party 141 Rome Philiki Hetairia 458 Re\u015fat Nuri G\u00fcntekin 441 Greek Orthodox Church 239 plague 463 Rakka 438 Resmi Mustafa Agha 123 Maronites 352 Poland 464, 465 Ramallah 387 Ressam Mustafa 122 railroads 478, 479, 482 Ramazan Decree 181 Revelation, Book of 290 Romiote Jews 300 revolutionary press 488 Ramazano\u011fullar\u0131 principality 41 The Review of Turkish Economic and Rondo alla Turca (Mozart) 407 Russian-Ottoman relations, early Rami Mehmed Pasha 12 Roustan, Theodore 311 Rashid Rida, Muhammad 44, 484 Legal History (K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc) 254 Royal Medical Academy 490 Ra\u015fid, Mehmed 155 revolts Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 reaya xxvi, 306, 307, 618g CUP 139 rebellion Caucasus 124 Young Turks 605 492\u2013493 Ibrahim Pasha 264 Rudolph II (Holy Roman emperor) 571 Russo-Ottoman wars 491\u2013499 Celali revolts 127\u2013128 nationalism 421 Ruins of Athens (Beethoven) 407 Sobieski, Jan 533, 534 Jabal al-Druz 294 World War I 600 Rum 619g Treaty of Svishtov 549 Janissaries 297 revolutionary press 487\u2013489 Greek Orthodox Church 239, 240 Sykes-Picot Agreement 550 Red Crescent Society 137 reyhani 115 Greek War of Independence 240 Tanzimat 554 redemption 538 Rhodes 489 Murad II 399 Ukraine 491 Red Sea Crimean Tatars 160 Seljuks xxv World War I 599, 600 Hejaz 253 France 222 Rumelia 619g Russian Orthodox Church 318 Jeddah 298 Knights of St. John 313 administration, central 11 Russian-Ottoman relations 490 navy 428 Mehmed II 368 administration, provincial 14 Russian Revolution 550 Suez Canal 538 Spain 537 ayan 65 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 S\u00fcleyman I 543 S\u00fcleyman I 541, 542 Constantinople, conquest of 142 492\u2013494 Yemen 603 rice 165 education 200 Abd\u00fclhamid I 6 reform 484\u2013486 Rifaiyya Order 489, 505 finances and fiscal structure 218 Austria 63 Abd\u00fclmecid I 9 r\u0131ka 115, 116 Greece 237 ayan 65 administration, provincial 16 rinderpest 361 martolos 353 Caucasus 125 agriculture 20 Riyadh menzil\/menzilhane 374 Crimean Tatars 160 Albania 29 ibn Saud family 261 Murad I 396, 397 France 223 Alemdar Mustafa Pasha 30 Najd 417 Russo-Ottoman Wars 499 Greek War of Independence 241 Auspicious Incident 60\u201361 Wahhabis 587, 588 Sokollu family 534 Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca banks and banking 75 Robert College 39 Rumeli Hisar\u0131 Bulgaria 101 Roman Catholicism xxviii Byzantine Empire 111 317\u2013318 Crimean Tatars 160 Abbas I 1 Constantinople, conquest of 143 navy 429 Crimean War 163 Baghdad 71 Istanbul 287 Russia 492 economy and economic policy 195 Beirut 87 Rum Seljuks xxv Russo-Ottoman Wars 494\u2013499 education 200, 202 Bosnia and Herzegovina 91\u201393 Anatolian emirates 40 Abd\u00fclhamid II 7 family 214\u2013215 caravansary 120 Battle of Ankara 43 Bosnia and Herzegovina 93 historiography 254 Cossacks 150 Seljuks 516 Treaty of Bucharest 94 Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Crimean War 161 Russell, Alexander 333 Bulgaria 102 Dalmatia 168 Russia 489\u2013492 Caucasus 126 260\u2013261 France 222, 224 Ahmed III 25 constitution\/Constitutional Periods imperial ideology 275\u2013276 Greece 237 Armenia 52, 53 Iran 282 Greek Orthodox Church 239 Armenian Massacres 54, 55 144 Khedive Ismail 283\u2013284 Haifa 246 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 58 Crimean War 497 Izmir 292 Jacobites 295 Auspicious Incident 61 Eastern Question 192 Treaty of Jassy 298 Jerusalem 299 Austria 63, 64 Edirne 196, 197 Khayr al-Din Pasha 311\u2013312 Lebanese Civil War 329 Azak 67 Treaty of Edirne 197 Mahmud II 347 Lebanon 329 Black Sea 90 1877-1878 497\u2013499 Mecelle 355 Maronites 352 Bosnia and Herzegovina 93 1806-1812 495\u2013496 medicine 360\u2013361 Melkite 373\u2013374 Treaty of Bucharest 94 1828-1829 496\u2013497 Mehmed Ali 373 Melkite Catholics 373 Bulgaria 99, 101, 102 France 223 Midhat Pasha 378\u2013379 merchant communities 376 Caucasus 124\u2013127 Germany 229 millet 384 millet 384 Crimean Tatars 160 Greek War of Independence 242 Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 413\u2013414 missionaries 384\u2013385 Crimean War 161\u2013163 Treaty of Jassy 298 Nizam-\u0131 Cedid 434\u2013436 missionary schools 386 Eastern Question 191, 192 Mustafa III 411 printing 473\u2013474 Murad II 400 Edirne 196 Poland 465 Muhammad Rashid Rida 484 Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 413 Treaty of Edirne 197\u2013198 Russia 491\u2013492 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 mutasarrifiyya 414 firearms 220 Selim III 515 printing 472 France 221, 223, 224 Serbia 519 493 Serbian Orthodox Church 520 Fuad Pasha 225 1787-1792 494\u2013495 Salafiyya 500\u2013501 Hindiyya al-Ujaymi 575\u2013576 Germany 229 warfare 594 Muhammad al-Sanusi 504\u2013505 Uniates 578 Greek Orthodox Church 240 R\u00fcstem Pasha 545, 546 Selim III 514\u2013515 Roman Empire Greek War of Independence 240, r\u00fc\u015ftiye mektepleri 202\u2013203 \u015feyh\u00fclislam 524\u2013525 Edirne 196 Ruz-i Hizir 375 Tanzimat 553\u2013555 Greek Orthodox Church 239 241 Ruz-i Kasim 375 Reform Law of 1864 17 Romania Treaty of H\u00fcnkar Iskelesi 258\u2013259 refugees Albania 29 Iran 282 S Fuad Pasha 225 Balkan wars 73, 74 Treaty of Jassy 298 Poland 465 Bayezid II 83 Jerusalem 300 Sabah 131 Russo-Ottoman Wars 498, 499 Eastern Question 191 Treaty of Karlowitz 309 Sabahaddin Bey 605, 606 regicide Moh\u00e1cs, Battle of 389 Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca 318 Sabah family 320\u2013321 court and favorites 153\u2013154 Moldavia 389, 391 Mahmud I 345 sadrazam 619g Mahmud II 346 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 Mahmud II 346 Safavid dynasty xxxm R\u00e9gie 565\u2013566 military acculturation 382 regulation 596 493 missionary schools 387 Abbas I 1\u20132 reincarnation 189 Russo-Ottoman Wars 498, 499 Moldavia 391 Baghdad 71 reis 33 Selim III 515 Muscovy 490\u2013491 Bayezid II 82, 84 reis\u00fclk\u00fcttab 486\u2013487, 618g Treaty of Svishtov 549 Mustafa II 410 Cretan War 157 administration, central 12 Transylvania 570 Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 413 dar al-harb 175 Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun 12 Wallachia 588 navy 429 Iran 279\u2013281 Fuad Pasha 225 Romanus IV Diogenes (Byzantine Nizam-\u0131 Cedid 435\u2013436 Ismail I 284\u2013286 relazione 73, 487 emperor) 516 Pan-Islamism 454 military slavery 383 renegades Peter I the Great 491 Murad III 401 military acculturation 381 Murad IV 403 Spain 537 Selim I 511, 512 Shia Islam 529 S\u00fcleyman I 543\u2013545","Safaviyya religious order 284 Saudi Arabia enthronement and accession Index 645 Safed 453 ibn Saud family 261 ceremony 208, 209 Safiye Sultan Jeddah 298 Murad II 400 Kuwait 320 Hagia Sophia 244 Osman Pazvanto\u011flu 447 Ahmed I 23 illustrated manuscripts in the Ottoman conquest of 518 Mehmed III 369 Sayfa family 32 Ottoman rule of 518\u2013519 Sakarya valley xxv Sayyadi, Abu al-Huda al- 489, 505 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum 272 population 468 \u015eakir, Bahaeddin 140 Sayyid Ubaydallah 320 Mehmed III 369 Russo-Ottoman Wars 493, Salafiyya 500\u2013501 saz style 133 Murad III 401 Muhammad Abduh 4 School of Fortification 6 Russia 491 497\u2013499 Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 18 schools. See education Sephardic Jews 302 Salonika 504 Damascus 171 sciences 506\u2013511, 509 Sokollu family 534\u2013536 Serbian Orthodox Church Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Spain 537 astronomy 507 Selim III (Ottoman sultan) 514\u2013515 519\u2013520 261 chemistry 509\u2013510 Alemdar Mustafa Pasha 30 Treaty of Svishtov 549 Muhammad Rashid Rida 484 education 199 ayan 65 World War I 599 Abu al-Huda al-Sayyadi 505 geography 508\u2013509 Bosnia and Herzegovina 92 Serbian Orthodox Church 519\u2013520 Sufism 541 mathematics 507\u2013508 Edirne 196 Greek Orthodox Church 240 salname 501\u2013502, 619g medicine 510 education 201 Serbia 518, 519 Salonika 502\u2013504 natural history 510 finances and fiscal structure 217, Serbian revolt 421 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 57 physics 508 Serbian-Slavonic language 519 Balkan wars 73, 74 technology 510\u2013511 218 Serbs xxviii economy and economic policy Scotland 387 Germany 228 Seroussi, Edwin 408 script Treaty of Jassy 298 Servet-i F\u00fcnun period 195 calligraphy 115 Kabak\u00e7\u0131 Incident 412, 435\u2013436 literature, late Ottoman 341\u2013342 Ziya G\u00f6kalp 233 language 322 medicine 360 novel 440\u2013441 Greece 237 scriptorium. See nakka\u015fhane Mehmed Ali 372 settlement, forced 438 Hahamba\u015f\u0131 246 sebils 47 merchants 376 Sevastopol 161, 162 Jews 300, 302 Sebki-i Hindi 338 military acculturation 380 Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph Mehmed I 364 Second Constitutional Monarchy M\u00fchendishane 395 (Lawrence) 328 Mehmed V 371 literature, late Ottoman 342 Napoleon Bonaparte 419 Seven Years War 411 Murad I 398 novel 441 Nizam-\u0131 Cedid 434\u2013436 S\u00e8vres, Treaty of 520\u2013522, 521m Murad II 400 Second Constitutional Period 215 Osman Pazvanto\u011flu 447, 448 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 58 plague 463 Second Great Awakening reform 485 debt and the Public Debt population 468 missionaries 385 reis\u00fclk\u00fcttab 486 Shabbatai Zvi 525 missionary schools 387 Russo-Ottoman Wars 495 Administration 182\u2013183 Spain 538 secret society 458\u2013459 sciences 507 Mehmed VI 372 salyaneli 14 sects 27 \u015feyh\u00fclislam 524 sex and sexuality 522\u2013524 Samanid dynasty 279 secularism warfare 594 harem 249 Samarkand 363 Ahmed III 26 weights and measures 596 law and gender 327\u2013328 Samarkand school 507\u2013508 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 59, 60 Selimiye mosque 48 slavery 533 Sanaa 603 missionaries 385 Seljuks 515\u2013517 Seydi Ali Reis sancak 619g nationalism 425 Battle of Ankara 43 cartography 120 administration, provincial 14 Ottomanism 448 Bayezid I 80 navy 428 Albania 28 secular law. See kanun Byzantine Empire 107 Seyfettin, \u00d6mer 342 Hungary 257 Secular Trade Courts 413 manuscripts 270 \u015feyh\u00fclislam 524\u2013525, 619g Izmir 291 Sedefkar Mehmed Aga 50 Russia 490 censorship 130 navy 426 \u015eefik Mehmed Efendi 155 sciences 506 enthronement and accession nomads 437 \u015eehin\u015fehname 272 Selman Reis 428 weights and measures 596 sehname 269 semidomes 49 ceremony 208 sancakbeyi 619g \u015fehnameci \u015eemseddin Sami 440 fatwa 217 administration, provincial 14, 16 court chronicles 154 \u015femsi Pasha kad\u0131asker 305, 307 Jews 302 illustrated manuscripts and court and favorites 153 sharia 527 Sangarios River 108 Murad III 402 Sunni Islam 548\u2013549 \u015eanizade Mehmed Ataullah Efendi miniature paintings 268, 269 seniority 208 ulema 578 court chronicles 155 Sekban-\u0131 Cedid 412 Sephardic Jews 300, 302\u2013303 Seyyid Nuh 121 education 201 selaml\u0131k 47 dragoman 188 Shabbatai Zvi 525 San Remo, Treaty of 550 Selim I (Ottoman sultan) xxvi, Farhi family 215\u2013216 Salonika 503 Sansovino, Francesco 582 hahamba\u015f\u0131 246 Sephardic Jews 302 San Stefano, Treaty of 511\u2013513 Jews 300, 301 Shadhliyya Order 525\u2013526 Abd\u00fclhamid II 7 Abbasid Caliphate 3 nationalism 420 shadow theater Albania 29 administration, provincial 14 Shabbatai Zvi 525 political satire 465, 466 Armenia 52 Aleppo 30 Spain 538 sex and sexuality 523 Bosnia and Herzegovina 93 Bayezid II 82\u201384 Serbia 517\u2013519 Shafii school of law Bulgaria 102 caliphate 114 Abd\u00fclaziz 5 al-Azhar 68 Russia 492 court chronicles 154 Albania 28, 29 sharia 527 Russo-Ottoman Wars 498\u2013499 Damascus 169 Austria 64 shahada 430 Wallachia 590 dhimmi 186 Balkan wars 73, 74 Shah-nama (Firdawsi) santur (dulcimer) 406 Egypt 204 Belgrade 89 illustrated manuscripts and Sanusi, Muhammad al- 336, 504\u2013505 Hagia Sophia 243 Bosnia and Herzegovina 92, 93 Sarajevo illustrated manuscripts and Brankovi\u0107 family 93, 94 miniature paintings 268 Bosnia and Herzegovina 92 miniature paintings 267, 268 Treaty of Bucharest 94 illustrated manuscripts in the hahamba\u015f\u0131 246 Iran 280 Bulgaria 102 population 468 Ismail I 285\u2013286 Bulgarian Orthodox Church 104 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum 270 Saray-\u0131 Enderun (Ali Ufk\u00ee) 408 k\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f 313 Byzantine Empire 110 Shahrizor 526 Sarikam\u0131\u015f operation 127 libraries 334 cuisine 165 sarrafs 75 Mamluk Empire 349 Danube River 174 B\u00fcy\u00fck S\u00fcleyman Pasha 107 Saruhan Bey 42 Mehmed II 368 Eastern Question 191 dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun 177 Saruhano\u011fullar\u0131 principality 42 Mosul 394 Treaty of Edirne 198 shamanism 88 Sassanid Empire 279 S\u00fcleyman I 541, 545 Karadjordje 307\u2013308 Shamil, Sheikh 126 Sassoon, David 300\u2013301 warfare 593 Battle of Kosovo 317 Shammar Bedouin 526 satire. See political satire Mehmed I 363 Baghdad 71 Saud, Muhammad ibn 362 Selim II (Ottoman sultan) 513\u2013514 Mehmed II 366, 367 B\u00fcy\u00fck S\u00fcleyman Pasha 107 court and favorites 152 Murad I 398 Sharafnamah (Sherefhan Bitlisi) 319 Cyprus 167 sharia 526\u2013527, 619g Edirne 196 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 59 banks and banking 75 charity 136 constitution\/Constitutional Periods 144","646 Index Shihab family 530 Spain 537\u2013538 imperial ideology 274 Cezzar Ahmed Pasha 135 Topkap\u0131 Palace 568 merchants 377 conversion 146 Egypt 205 Slavonia 91 military acculturation 379 court of law 156 Lebanon 330 Slavs Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 413 dev\u015firme 183 Maronites 352 Croatia 163 nationalism 421 dhimmi 185 Poland 464 newspapers 431, 432 economy and economic policy shipbuilding Russia 490, 492 Pan-Islamism 454 Danube River 174 smallpox vaccine 361 Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives 193, 194 education 200, 201 Smith, John Lawrence 557 Egypt 204 navy 426, 429 Smyrna. See Izmir 470 family 213 sciences 510 Sobieski, Jan (king of Poland) 533\u2013534 Transylvania 570 fatwa 217 Selim I 513 Poland 464, 465 Ukraine 576 ghaza 231 Tersane-i Amire 559\u2013561 Vienna, sieges of 584 succession 22\u201323 ihtisab and muhtesib 264 Social Darwinism 606 Sudan imperial ideology 274 shipping social idealism 233 Lord Cromer 164\u2013165 kad\u0131asker 305, 306 Treaty of Edirne 197\u2013198 Society of Mutual Aid for Progress 320 Mehmed Ali 372 kanun 306, 307 Rhodes 489 sociology 233 Pan-Islamism 455 law and gender 325\u2013328 Sofia Suez Canal 538, 538\u2013539 Mecca 354 Shkodra 73, 74 population 468 Cairo 114 Mecelle 355\u2013357 Shqip\u00ebria (Frash\u00ebri) 29 Russo-Ottoman Wars 498 Egypt 206 military slavery 383 Shuf Mountains 296 Serbian Orthodox Church 520 England 207 Moldavia 390 sibyan mektebi 202 S\u00f6keli Ali Bey hajj 248 Naqshbandiyya Order 419 sicil 156, 619g Algiers 33\u201334 Khedive Ismail 283, 284 neomartyrs 430 Sidon 329 North Africa 439 Mustafa III 411 plague 463 Sigismund (king of Hungary) Sokollu family 383, 534\u2013536, 535 railroads 479 Salafiyya 500\u2013501 Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Sufi 619g \u015feyh\u00fclislam 524 Bayezid I 81 court and favorites 153 Sufism 539, 539\u2013541, 619g slavery 531\u2013532 Byzantine Empire 110\u2013111 Greek Orthodox Church 239 Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi 4 Sufism 540\u2013541 Hungary 255 Murad III 402 Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 18 S\u00fcleyman I 542 Murad II 400 Selim II 513, 514 Ahmed III 26 Tanzimat 554 Transylvania 570, 571 Serbian Orthodox Church 520 al-Azhar 68 waqf 590\u2013591 Sigismund I (king of Poland) 464 Sokollu family 534\u2013536 Bekta\u015fi Order 88 Sharia courts 355 Silesia 63 S\u00fcleyman I 542, 545 Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab sharif 354, 619g Silistra 496 soup kitchen 199 Sharif of Mecca 527\u2013528 Silistra, siege of 161\u2013162 Soviet Union 160 260 Arab Revolt 45 Silk Road 106 soy 425 Kurds 320 Husayn ibn Ali al-Hashimi silk trade Spa Conference 522 Mecca 354\u2013355 Aleppo 32 Spain 536\u2013538 Mehmed II 365 251\u2013252 Beirut 87 Barbarossa brothers 77\u201378 Mevlevi Order 377\u2013378 Husayn-McMahon correspondence Bursa 106 Barbary states 78 Naqshbandiyya Order 419 economy and economic policy 194 conquests, early imperial 537 Rifaiyya Order 489 259 Lebanon 330 corsairs 537 Salafiyya 500, 501 Selim I 511 Levant Company 333 firearms 219 Muhammad al-Sanusi 504\u2013505 Shaybani Uzbeks Maronites 352 Knights of St. John 313 Abu al-Huda al-Sayyadi 505 Iran 280, 281 merchant communities 376 medicine 358 sex and sexuality 523 Ismail I 285 Russia 490 military acculturation 380, 381 \u015feyh\u00fclislam 524 Shaykh al-Balad 528 slavery 531 missionary schools 386 Shadhliyya Order 525\u2013526 Egypt 205 silsilename 269 Moriscos 538 Shia Islam 528 al-Qazdaghli household 475 silver navy 426\u2013428 Sunni Islam 549 sheikh 619g debt and the Public Debt North Africa 438\u2013439 S\u00fcleyman I (Ottoman sultan) xxvi, 541, Bedouins 85 presidio 469 541\u2013547, 544, 546 Druzes 189 Administration 180 privateers 537 administration, central 11 markets 351 money and monetary system religious persecution 538 administration, provincial 14 Mawali Bedouin Confederation Salonika 502 agriculture 20 391\u2013394 S\u00fcleyman I 543 Ahmed I 23\u201324 353 Murad II 401 Special Organization. See Te\u015fkilat-i Algiers, Algeria 33 Shemdinan family 320 silver mines 518 Mahsusa architecture 49 Sherefhan Bitlisi 319 Sinan Le Spectateur Oriental 431 Austria 62 Shia Islam 528\u2013530 architecture 50 Sphrantzes, George 445 Baghdad 71, 72 waqf 590 spice trade Basra 78 Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 18 Sinan Pasha 369 Aleppo 31 Bayezid II 84 Alawi 28 sinapism 357 Bursa 106 Black Sea 90 al-Azhar 67 \u015einasi, Ibrahim 341 Izmir 291, 292 Buda 94\u201395 Baghdad 71 Sini 600 Stalin, Joseph 318 capitulations 118 Bayezid II 84 sipahi 619g State Council 5 ceramics 134 Bekta\u015fi Order 88 administration, provincial 16 steamship lines 173 charity 136 dar al-harb 175 agriculture 19\u201320 Stephen the Great (ruler of Moldavia) court and favorites 152 dar al-Islam 175 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed Pasha 314 83 court chronicles 154 Druzes 189 Mehmed III 369 storytelling 254 Damascus 169 hajj 248 Mustafa I 409 Straits 619g Drava River 189 Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 575 Subhi Mehmed Efendi 155 education 200 Slankamen, Battle of 317 Sublime Porte enthronement and accession 260 slavery 530\u2013533 administration, central 10, 12\u201313 imperial ideology 274 agriculture 19 agriculture 20 ceremony 207, 208 Iran 279, 281 Azak 67 Ahmed Cevdet Pasha 26 European conquests 542\u2013543 Iraq 282 banks and banking 75 Balkan wars 74 France 222 Ismail I 284\u2013285 Black Sea 90 Bulgarian Orthodox Church 104 grand vizier 236 Jews 300 Caffa 112 England 207 Greek Orthodox Church 239 Karbala 308\u2013309 Crimean Tatars 159 France 223 Hungary 255, 256, 545 k\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f 312 dev\u015firme 183\u2013185 Fuad Pasha 225 illustrated manuscripts and Lebanon 329 Jeddah 298 grand vizier 236 Nadir Shah 416 Libya 336 miniature paintings 267, 268 Najaf 416, 417 mamluk 347\u2013348 illustrated manuscripts in the Pan-Islamism 455\u2013456 Mamluk Empire 348\u2013349 Shammar Bedouin 526 Mehmed Ali 372 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum 272 sharia 527 military slavery 382\u2013383 Indian Ocean 543 Sunni Islam 548, 549 Russia 490\u2013491 Yemen 603","intelligence 277 North Africa 439 al-Qazdaghli household 475 Index 647 Iran 280 Ottomans and 549 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 Iraq 282 Pan-Islamism 455\u2013456 finances and fiscal structure 217, Istanbul 287 Salafiyya 500 493 218 Jerusalem 299 Seljuks 517 Selim I 511 kad\u0131 304 Shadhliyya Order 526 Seljuks 516 firearms 220 Knights of St. John 313 sharia 526, 527 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 521 Fuad Pasha 225 law and gender 327, 328 Sharif of Mecca 527 Shammar Bedouin 526 grand vizier 236 Mecca 354 Shia Islam 528, 529 sharia 527 Greek Orthodox Church 240 medicine 358 Shihab family 530 Shia Islam 528 Greek War of Independence 242 Mediterranean battles 543 sultan as caliph 549 Shihab family 530 hahamba\u015f 246 Mehmed I 363 Yazidis 602 Sykes-Picot Agreement 550 kad\u0131asker 305 menzil\/menzilhane 374 Supreme Council for Judicial Syriac language 352 language and script 322\u2013323 military acculturation 380, 382 Ordinances Syrian Desert 42 literature, late Ottoman 340\u2013341 Battle of Moh\u00e1cs 388\u2013389 administration, central 13 Syrian Protestant College 39 medicine 360 Moldavia 390 Mahmud II 347 Szapolyai, John (J\u00e1nos Szapolyai, king of menzil\/menzilhane 375 Mosul 394 suq 349 Hungary) 94\u201395 Midhat Pasha 378 Najaf 417 \u015eura-y\u0131 Devlet 418 Austria 62 millet 384 navy 428 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn 619g Hungary 256 missionary schools 386, 387 Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry 542, Surname-i Vehbi (Vehbi) Moh\u00e1cs, Battle of 389 Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha 413\u2013414 illustrated manuscripts and Poland 464 newspapers 431 543 S\u00fcleyman I 542 Nizam-\u0131 Cedid 434 Ottoman-Safavid rivalry 543\u2013545 miniature paintings 270 Transylvania 570 Pan-Islamism 454\u2013455 Palestine 453 illustrated manuscripts in the Szentgotth\u00e1rd, Battle of 315 parliament 456 Poland 464 Szigetv\u00e1r campaign 272 plague 463 Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum 273 Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives Svishtov, Treaty of 63, 549\u2013550 T 570 Sweden 470\u2013471 Rhodes 489 Taa\u015f\u015fuk-\u0131 ve Fitnat (\u015eemseddin Sami) reform 484\u2013486 Selim I 512 Poland 464 440 Shahrizor 526 Selim II 513 Selim III 514 ulema 578 Shia Islam 529 Sobieski, Jan 533 Taban\u0131yass\u0131 Mehmed Pasha 403 warfare 595 Sokollu family 534\u2013535 Switzerland 323 Tabriz Young Ottomans 603 Spain 537 Sykes-Picot Agreement 550 tariffs 43 Transylvania 570 Arab Revolt 46 Iran 280 Tarih-i Cevdet (Ahmed Cevdet Pasha) S\u00fcleyman II (Ottoman sultan) 196, Husayn-McMahon correspondence Ismail I 285 27 547\u2013548 S\u00fcleyman I 543\u2013545 court chronicles 156 S\u00fcleymaniye Mosque 259 Tabriz style historiography 254 architecture 49, 50 Iraq 283 ceramics 132\u2013133 tariqa 454, 619g charity 136 syntax 322 illustrated manuscripts and tasawwuf 539 S\u00fcleymanname 268 Syria xxvi, 550 tasdikname 22 Sullam al-wusul (Katib \u00c7elebi) 310 Abd\u00fclhamid I 6 miniature paintings 267, 268 Tasvir-i Efkar 433 sultan 207\u2013209, 619g agriculture 21 illustrated manuscripts in the Tatars Sultan Ahmed Mosque 50 Aleppo 30\u201332 Bulgaria 101 sultani (coin) 391, 392 Arabistan 45 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum 271, Moldavia 389 sultanic authority Armenia 53 272 Tawfiq, Khedive administration, central 12 Armenian Massacres 54, 55 Taceddino\u011fullar\u0131 principality 40 Lord Cromer 164, 165 imperial ideology 275 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 57 Tahmasp I (ruler\/shah of Persia) Egypt 206 Sultani education 203 ayan 66 illustrated manuscripts in the Khedive Ismail 284 Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha 263 al-Azm family 68 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum 271 Rifaiyya Order 489 s\u00fcl\u00fcs 115, 116 Beirut 88 Iran 280 Ahmad Pasha Urabi 579 sunna cuisine 165 Tahmasp II (ruler\/shah of Persia) taxes and taxation Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Damascus 168\u2013171 Iran 281 agriculture 20 Damascus Incident 171\u2013172 Nadir Shah 415\u2013416 Anglo-Ottoman Convention 43 260, 261 debt and the Public Debt tahrirs 277 ayan 65 Salafiyya 500 Tahtawi, Rifaat al- 551 Bosnia and Herzegovina 92, 93 Sunni Islam 548\u2013549 Administration 183 tahvil 556 budgets 96 Abbasid Caliphate 3 Druzes 189 taj 285 Bulgaria 100 Abd\u00fclhamid II 7 education 200 takfir 260, 551\u2013552 condominium 141\u2013142 Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 18 Egypt 205 Takiy\u00fcddin 507, 508, 552\u2013553 debt and the Public Debt Alawi 27 Euphrates River 209 Takvim-i Vekayi 488 Battle of Ankara 43 Farhi family 215\u2013216 Talat Pasha 558 Administration 181\u2013182 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 59 fatwa 217 talik 115\u2013116 economy and economic policy al-Azhar 67 France 224 Talikizade Mehmed Baghdad 71 Greek Orthodox Church 239 court chronicles 154 193, 194 Bayezid II 84 Hama 248 illustrated manuscripts and fallah 211 dar al-harb 175 Faysal ibn Husayn al-Hashimi 251 miniature paintings 269 Faz\u0131l Mustafa Pasha 317 dar al-Islam 175 Ibrahim Pasha 264 tanbur 405, 406 Greece 237 family 213 Jabal al-Druz 294 Tanburi Cemil Bey 409 Hungary 258 Hanafi school 548\u2013549 Jacobites 294 Tanburi Isak 406 jizya 303 Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Kurds 319 Tanzimat kanun 306\u2013307 law and gender 326 Ahmed Cevdet Pasha 27 markets 350, 351 260\u2013261 Mahmud II 346 Armenia 52 martolos 353 imperial ideology 274 Maronites 352 Armenian Apostolic Church 54 menzil\/menzilhane 375 Iran 281 Mecelle 356 ashraf 56 merchants 376 Iraq 282 Mehmed Ali 372\u2013373 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 57 money and monetary system 393 Ismail I 284\u2013285 Melkite Catholics 373\u2013374 Baghdad 72 Russo-Ottoman Wars 497 Jerusalem 299 merchant communities 376 banks and banking 75 Seljuks 516 Jews 300 Midhat Pasha 379 Bosnia and Herzegovina 93 Serbia 519 Karbala 308 military slavery 383 Bulgaria 101 S\u00fcleyman I 544 Lebanon 329 missionary schools 386 court of law 156 S\u00fcleyman II 547 Mamluk Empire 348 Mosul 394 Crimean War 163 temettuat 558, 559 Mosul 394 Napoleon Bonaparte 419 Damascus 171 tobacco 565 Nadir Shah 416 Pan-Islamism 455 economy and economic policy Vlachs 585\u2013586 Naqshbandiyya Order 419 photography 459 195 Wallachia 590 plague 463 education 202 tax farming 555\u2013557 family 214\u2013215 agriculture 20 Ahmed II 24","648 Index budgets 96\u201398 Toqtamish (khan of Blue Horde) 562 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed Pasha 314 Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun 12 tourism 299 Moldavia 390 budgets 97, 98 Iran 279 towns 41 Murad II 400 economy and economic policy 194 kanun 307 Townshend, Charles 599 Mustafa II 410 Egypt 204 martolos 353 trachoma 362 Serbia 518 esham system 556\u2013557 Murad I 397 trade 568\u2013570 Sobieski, Jan 533 finances and fiscal structure 218 nomads 437 Sokollu family 534 iltizam system 555\u2013556 warfare 592 Aleppo 30\u201332 S\u00fcleyman I 543 malikane system 556 timar defterdar\u0131 16 Anglo-Ottoman Convention 43 travel 209\u2013210 Mehmed II 368 timariots 20 Armenia 51 Treasury Chamber 568 mukataa 396 Timur xxvi, 562\u2013563 Azak 67 treaties 118 Mustafa II 411 Albania 28 Baghdad 72 trench warfare 74 al-Qazdaghli household 475 Battle of Ankara 43\u201344 Basra 78, 79 Trianon, Treaty of 570 S\u00fcleyman I 545 Bayezid I 80, 82 Bedouins 85 tribalization 282 teacher training colleges Bursa 105 Beirut 86, 87 Triple Alliance 224 al-Azhar 68 Iran 279\u2013280 Belgrade 89 Triple Entente 224 education 203 Izmir 291 Black Sea 90 Tripoli, Lebanon 571\u2013572 technology 510\u2013511 Mehmed I 363 Bosnia and Herzegovina 92 Alexandrette 32 Tehcir 600 Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives Buda 96 bailo 72 Tekeo\u011fullar\u0131 41 Bulgaria 100\u2013102 Beirut 86 tekke 404, 619g 470 Caffa 112 Hama 248 Tel Aviv Serbia 517 Cairo 112\u2013113 Tripoli, Libya 572 aliya 38 Timurids 563 capitulations 118, 119 Barbary states 78 Palestine 453 Timurids 563\u2013564 caravan 119 corsairs and pirates 149 telegraph 557\u2013558 Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u 35\u201336 caravansary 120 Libya 336, 337 Abd\u00fclhamid II 8 ceramics 132 coffee\/coffeehouses 138 North Africa 439 administration, central 13 Ismail I 285 commodities 568\u2013569 Muhammad al-Sanusi 505 Damascus 171 manuscripts 271 Crimean Tatars 159 Spain 537 education 201 Timur 562 Dalmatia 168 S\u00fcleyman I 543 menzil\/menzilhane 375 Tirseniklio\u011flu, Ismail A\u011fa Danube River 174 Tripolitanian War 456 Tema\u015fa\u0131 D\u00fcnya ve Cefakar \u00fc Cefake\u015f Alemdar Mustafa Pasha 30 dragoman 188 The Truth and the Marvel of a Journey in (Misilidis) 440 Bulgaria 101 economy and economic policy Syria Egypt (Nabulusi) 415 Temesv\u00e1r 256 tobacco 564\u2013566 Tsitianof 125 temettuat 558\u2013559 coffee\/coffeehouses 138 192, 193, 195 tuberculosis 362 Templars Murad IV 403 Edirne 197 tugra 245 Germany 230 Sunni Islam 549 England 206\u2013207 tu\u011fra 572, 572\u2013573, 619g Haifa 246 tombs Fondaco dei turchi 220\u2013221 calligraphy 116\u2013117 Tercuman-i Ahval 433 architecture 47, 48 Galata 227 ceramics 133 tercumen 376 ceramics 134 Germany 230 photography 462 Terkib-i Bend (Ziya Pasha) 610 death and funerary culture 178, Grand Bazaar 233\u2013235 reis\u00fclk\u00fcttab 486 territorial expansion 593\u2013594 Greece 237 Tulip Era Tersane-i Amire 559\u2013561, 560, 619g 179 growth of foreign 569\u2013570 Ahmed III 25\u201326 economy and economic policy 194 harem 250 Izmir 291\u2013292 architecture 51 education 200 Topkap\u0131 Palace 566, 566\u2013568, 567 Levant Company 333 France 224 merchants 377 Abbas I 2 Maronites 352 Tunis 573\u2013574 M\u00fchendishane 395 Ahmed I 22 Mecelle 355 agriculture 21 naval arsenal 559\u2013561 Ahmed III 25 merchant communities 375\u2013376 Barbarossa brothers 78 shipbuilding 561 architecture 48, 49 merchants 376\u2013377 Barbary states 78 Te\u015fkilat-i Mahsusa 278 calligraphy 116 money and monetary system 392, corsairs and pirates 149 teslimat, el- 97 cartography 120, 121 France 224 tevki 115 ceramics 132\u2013134 393 Khayr al-Din Pasha 311 textbooks 131 court and favorites 152 Mosul 394 money and monetary system 392 Tezkire (Ali Emiri) 34 Dolmabah\u00e7e Palace 186 Murad I 398 plague 463 Thessaly Enderun 567\u2013568 navy 426 population 468 Greece 237 enthronement and accession Philiki Hetairia 458\u2013459 Selim I 513 Murad II 400 Poland 464, 465 Selim II 514 Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly, Imre 257 ceremony 208 policies 569 slavery 531 Thomas, Lowell Evliya \u00c7elebi 209 Ragusa 477 Spain 537 Arab Revolt 46 grand vizier 236 railroads 478, 483 Tunisia T. E. Lawrence 328 harem 249, 568 Russia 490 Abd\u00fclhamid II 7 The Thousand and One Nights 340 Ibrahim I 262 Salonika 503, 504 Barbary states 78 Thrace illustrated manuscripts and S\u00fcleyman I 544 constitution\/Constitutional Periods Balkan wars 73, 74 Venice 582 Treaty of Bucharest 94 miniature paintings 265 trade routes 144 Bulgaria 102 illustrated manuscripts in the Bursa 106, 107 Mecelle 356 Byzantine Empire 110 caravan 119 Tur Abdin 295 conversion 146 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum Constantinople, conquest of 142 Turhan Sultan 136 dev\u015firme 185 270\u2013273 traditionalism Turkey 574 Murad I 398 Mehmed II 367 economy and economic policy Alexandrette 32\u201333 Orhan Gazi 443 Mehmed III 368, 369 Anatolian emirates xxv Treaty of S\u00e8vres 521 Mehmed IV 370 192\u2013193, 195 Antioch 44 Thugut, Franz 318 military acculturation 380 imperial ideology 275 Arabistan 45 Tiberias 453 Murad III 402 Transjordan 183 Armenia 51 Tigris River Mustafa I 409 Translation Office 278 Armenian Massacres 55 Baghdad 70\u201371 Osman II 446 translations Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 56\u201360 Mosul 394 palaces 451 cartography 122\u2013124 Bekta\u015fi Order 88 S\u00fcleyman I 544 Palace School 452 dragoman 186 Bursa 105\u2013106 Tikiyya 170 Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives Transoxania 619g dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun 176\u2013177 tiles 132\u2013134 470 Iran 279, 280 France 224 Tilsit, Treaty of 495 Privy Chamber 568 Seljuks 515, 516 Ziya G\u00f6kalp 233 timar 619g Sokollu family 534 Transylvania 570\u2013571 Greek War of Independence 242 administration, central 11, 12 S\u00fcleyman II 547 Austria 62 Izmir 290\u2013293 agriculture 20 Tanzimat 554 Cretan War 157 Jacobites 295 Albania 28 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum Hungary 256 cartography 120, 121 Treaty of Karlowitz 309 illustrated manuscripts in the K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Faz\u0131l Ahmed Pasha 315 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum 270\u2013273","Kurds 319 coffee\/coffeehouses 138 V Index 649 Treaty of Lausanne 323\u2013325 Crimean Tatars 160 Mecelle 356 CUP 139 vaccines 361, 362 Vienna, Congress of railroads 479\u2013480 Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun 11 vakan\u00fcvis 154\u2013156 Crimean War 161 Salonika 504 Treaty of Edirne 199 vakfiye 619g France 223, 224 Sykes-Picot Agreement 550 enthronement and accession vak\u0131f 333\u2013335 Greek War of Independence 241 Turki-i basit 338 vali 30, 312 Turkish Historical Association 254 ceremony 207 valide sultan 619g Vienna, sieges of 583\u2013585 Turkish language family 214 Austria 62 Anatolian emirates 40 grand vizier 235\u2013236 harem 249, 250 budgets 98 Damascus 171 Ismail I 285 Ibrahim I 263 Crimean Tatars 160 medicine 360\u2013361 Abd al-Rahman, al-Jabarti 294 Murad III 402 Eastern Question 191 missionary schools 387 Mehmed Ali 372 Topkap\u0131 Palace 568 Mehmed IV 371 nationalism 424 money and monetary system 393 Valona 28 Sobieski, Jan 534 sciences 506, 507 Pan-Islamism 455, 456 V\u00e1rad 256 S\u00fcleyman I 541 Turkish nationalism 424\u2013425 Russo-Ottoman Wars 493\u2013495 Varka and G\u00fcl\u015fah 270 Balkan wars 74 \u015feyh\u00fclislam 524 Varna, Battle of vilayet 14, 16, 17, 619g Ziya G\u00f6kalp 233 Shia Islam 528 Hungary 256 vilayet salnamesi 502 Turkish National Library 34 Ulu Cami 47\u201348 wagon fortress 587 vineyards 194 Turkish Republic Ulugh Beg (ruler of Turkestan) Varna, Crusade of 400\u2013401 Virginia Company 333 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 58\u201359 Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u 35 Vartan Pasha 440 vizier 41, 619g. See also grand vizier Bekta\u015fi Order 89 Takiy\u00fcddin 553 Vas\u0131f Efendi, Ahmed 155 Vlachs 585\u2013586 dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun 176 Timur 562, 563 vassale 272 debt and the Public Debt Umar, Pact of 185, 186 Vasv\u00e1r, Treaty of Bosnia and Herzegovina 91 Umar I (caliph) 304 Cretan War 157 Croatia 164 Administration 183 Umayyad Caliphate Hungary 257 Dalmatia 168 Hagia Sophia 245 Damascus 169 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Faz\u0131l Ahmed Pasha 315 martolos 353 Istanbul 286 dhimmi 185 vatan Uskoks 579 medicine 362 Iran 279 Nam\u0131k Kemal 418 Vlad Dracul (prince of Wallachia) 589 Mosul 394 Sunni Islam 548 nationalism 424 Vlad Tepe\u015f (prince of Wallachia) 589 Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives \u00fcmera 14, 16 Ottomanism 448 Vlor\u00eb Umm al-Qurra (Kawakibi) 311 Vatan yahut Silistre (Nam\u0131k Kemal) Adriatic Sea 17 470 Umur Bey 42 418, 424 Albania 28 World War I 601 Umur of Ayd\u0131n 109, 110 Vega, Juan de 278 vocabulary and language development Turkish War of Independence 456 UNESCO World Heritage Sites 2 Vehbi 322\u2013323 Turkmanchai, Treaty of Uniates 578 illustrated manuscripts and voievod Caucasus 125 Baghdad 71 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc family 314 Iran 282 millet 384 miniature paintings 270 Moldavia 389 Turkoman dynasty xxv, xxix missionaries 385 illustrated manuscripts in the Phanariots 457, 458 Anatolian emirates 40, 41 Union of Churches 111 Transylvania 570, 571 Kurds 319 Union of Lyons 108 Topkap\u0131 Palace Museum 273 Wallachia 589, 590 Murad I 397 United States Vekayi-i Misriyye 431 Volga River 124 Osman I 444\u2013445 ABCFM 39 Veli Pasha 37 Volkan 434 Turkomans 619g Beirut 88 Venetian-Ottoman war (1499-1503) von Baden, Ludwig Wilhelm 24 administration, provincial 14 Treaty of Lausanne 323 von Hammer, Joseph Freiherr 254 Bekta\u015fi Order 88 university 83 voynuk 619g Iran 280 al-Azhar 67, 67\u201368 Venetian-Ottoman war (1714-1718) 62 intelligence 277 Ismail I 285 Beirut 87 Venice 581\u2013583 warfare 592 manuscripts 271 dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun 175\u2013177 Mosul 394 education 201\u2013204 Adriatic Sea 17\u201318 W Nadir Shah 415 missionaries 385 Ahmed III 25 nomads 436\u2013437 missionary schools 386\u2013388 Albania 28 waaf 96\u201398 Shia Islam 528 M\u00fchendishane 396 Austria 62 wagon fortress 219, 587 Turks University of Istanbul 176, 177 bailo 72\u201373 Wahhabis 587\u2013588 dev\u015firme 184 uqqal 189 Bayezid II 83 Edirne 197 Urabi, Ahmad Pasha 578\u2013579 Cretan War 157 Bedouins 86 Pan-Islamism 455 Alexandria 33 Crete 158 B\u00fcy\u00fck S\u00fcleyman Pasha 107 population 467 Egypt 206 cultural exchange 582 Druzes 189 Serbia 517\u2013518 Tawfiq, Khedive 555 Cyprus 167 hajj 248 Sobieski, Jan 533 urbanization Dalmatia 168 Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab \u201ctwelfth imam\u201d 548 education 199 diplomatic relations 581\u2013582 Twelver Shiism 528 family 214 firearms 219, 220 260 typhus 362 money and monetary system 393 Fondaco dei turchi 220\u2013221 ibn Saud family 261\u2013262 population 468 France 222 Ibrahim Pasha 264 U slavery 531 intelligence 278 Iraq 282\u2013283 Urwa al-wuthqa 18 Mehmed II 366, 367 Jeddah 298 \u00dc\u00e7 \u015eerefeli Mosque 48 Uskoks 579\u2013580 merchant communities 375 Mecca 354 Ud 405, 406 Adriatic Sea 17 military acculturation 379, 381 Medina 362 Ujaymi, Hindiyya al- 575\u2013576 Dalmatia 168 money and monetary system 392 Mehmed Ali 372 Ukraine 576\u2013577 usul 408 Murad II 400 Najd 417 Usul-i Hendese (Edhem Pasha) 597 Mustafa II 410, 411 Shammar Bedouin 526 Black Sea 90, 91 Usul-i Istihkamat (Ishak Efendi) 597 navy 425, 427 Shia Islam 529 Bulgaria 101 usurers 75 relazione 487 Sufism 541 Cossacks 149\u2013151 Uthman (third caliph) 548 S\u00fcleyman I 543 Wahhabis 588 Crimean Tatars 160 Uyvar. See Ersek\u00fajv\u00e1r trade relations 582 Wakka 104 Croatia 163 Uzbekistan 515 Uskoks 580 Wallachia 588\u2013590 Moldavia 389 Uzun Hasan (ruler of Akkoyunlu Venice, Gulf of 17 Abd\u00fclaziz 5 Poland 465 Turkomans) Versailles Treaty 520 Austria 63 Russia 490\u2013492 Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u 35 Victoria (queen of England) 5 Bayezid I 81 Russo-Ottoman Wars 495 Bayezid II 82 Vidin Bayezid II 83 Sobieski, Jan 534 Ismail I 284 Osman Pazvanto\u011flu 448 Treaty of Bucharest 94 Uladislaus II (king of Hungary and k\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f 312 S\u00fcleyman II 547 Bulgaria 101 Bohemia) 61\u201362 Uzunk\u00f6pr\u00fc bridge 50 Vienna Treaty of Edirne 197 ulema 577\u2013578, 619g Hungary 257 Greek Orthodox Church 240 Abd\u00fclaziz 5 intelligence 277 Hungary 255 Auspicious Incident 60, 61 railroads 480 Treaty of Jassy 298 sieges of 583\u2013585 Treaty of Karlowitz 309 Sobieski, Jan 534 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed Pasha 314 Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca 318 Mehmed I 363","650 Index Algiers 34 Iraq 283 Germany 229\u2013231 Danube River 174 Istanbul 290 Libya 337 Mehmed II 367 whirling dervishes 404. See also Mevlevi Izmir 292 nationalism 424\u2013425 Moh\u00e1cs, Battle of 389 dervishes Jerusalem 300 newspapers 433\u2013434 Moldavia 390, 391 Wilhelm II (emperor of Germany) T. E. Lawrence 328 parliament 456, 457 Murad II 400 France 224 medicine 362 reform 485, 486 Phanariots 457\u2013458 Germany 230 Mehmed V 371 revolutionary press 488 plague 463 Wilsonian principles 520 Mesopotamia 599 Abu al-Huda al-Sayyadi 505 printing 472, 473 wine missionary schools 387 Shabbatai Zvi 525 Russia 492 Buda 96 Nestorians 431 Shia Islam 529 Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 cuisine 165 newspapers 434 Ypsilanti, Alexander 421 Sufism 540 Palestine 453, 600 Yugoslavia 493 Wladislas (king of Hungary) 400, 401 Pan-Islamism 456 Bekta\u015fi Order 89 Russo-Ottoman Wars 494 women Prime Ministry\u2019s Ottoman Archives debt and the Public Debt Treaty of Svishtov 549 Ahmed III 26 wall tiles 132\u2013134 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 59 470 Administration 183 waqf 590\u2013591, 619g Baghdad 71\u201372 railroads 482, 483 yurtluk 14 architecture 50 bathhouse 79\u201380 Muhammad al-Sanusi 505 y\u00fcr\u00fck 436, 619g ayan 64 burial 47 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 520 Yusuf Agha 263 banks and banking 75 charity 136\u2013137 Sini 600 Yusuf Sayfa 571\u2013572 bathhouse 80 conversion 146 Sunni Islam 549 Yusuf u Zulayha 271 budgets 96\u201398 dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun 176 Sykes-Picot Agreement 550 caravansary 120 Druzes 189 World War II Z charity 135, 136 education 199, 203 Cyprus 167 economy and economic policy family 212\u2013214 France 221 Zafername (Ziya Pasha) 610 harem 249\u2013250 Germany 231 Zaharya 406 193, 194 law and gender 325\u2013328 World Zionist Congress 38 Zahir al-Din Babur (ruler of Timurids) education 199 markets 351 Wright, Owen 408 Evliya \u00c7elebi 210 Mehmed IV 370 Ismail I 285 Grand Bazaar 235 missionary schools 387 Y Timur 564 kad\u0131 304 music 406 Zahir al-Umar 607 libraries 333\u2013335 neomartyrs 430 Yahya Kemal Beyatl\u0131 342\u2013343 Acre 9 medicine 358, 360 novel 441 Yakup Kadri Karaosmano\u011flu Egypt 205 Salonika 502 Salafiyya 501 al-Qazdaghli household 475 \u015feyh\u00fclislam 524 sex and sexuality 523 literature, late Ottoman 343 zakat 135 warfare 591\u2013595 slavery 531\u2013533 novel 441 Zand, Karim Khan 608 conquests and territorial expansion S\u00fcleyman I 546 Yakut style 115, 116 Baghdad 71 tobacco 565 yaya 592, 593, 619g Basra 79 593\u2013594 woolen industry 302 Yazidis 385, 602 B\u00fcy\u00fck S\u00fcleyman Pasha 106 early military 592 world maps 120\u2013121 Yemen 602\u2013603 Zand tribe 281 economy and economic policy World War I 598\u2013601 Abd\u00fclhamid II 8 Zaporozhian Host 150\u2013151 Abbas Hilmi 2 Basra 79 Zati 337\u2013338 194\u2013195 Aleppo 32 coffee\/coffeehouses 138 zaviye 619g Mehmed II 367 aliya 38 debt and the Public Debt Zaydani clan 607 military acculturation 380 Alliance Isra\u00e9lite Universelle 39 Zaydi family 603 presidio 469 Anatolia 599\u2013600 Administration 183 Zaydi tradition 528 retreat and reform 594\u2013595 Arab Revolt 45 education 200 zeamet 619g standing army 592\u2013593 Armenia 53 Midhat Pasha 379 Zenta, Battle of 410 warlord Armenian Massacres 54 military acculturation 382 Zij Cezzar Ahmed Pasha 134\u2013135 Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 57 plague 462 Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u 35 Fakhr al-Din, al-Maani 344 Baghdad 72 Selim I 511 Takiy\u00fcddin 553 Nadir Shah 415 banks and banking 77 Seljuks 516 zina 327\u2013328 Karim Khan Zand 608 Basra 79 Shia Islam 528 Zionism 608\u2013609 Warner, J. 121 Bulgaria 102 S\u00fcleyman I 543 Germany 230 War of National Liberation 224 Caucasus 126\u2013127, 599, 600 Yerevan 545 Haifa 246 water charity 137 Ye\u015fil Cami 132\u2013133 Jerusalem 300 architecture 50 constitution\/Constitutional Periods Ye\u015fil Complex 48 Jews 303 bathhouse 80 Y\u0131ld\u0131z Palace 558 Palestine 453 Bedouins 85 145 Y\u0131ld\u0131z Palace Library 335 Chaim Weizmann 598 water pipe 565 Croatia 163 Young Ottomans 603\u2013604 zira 596\u2013597 wazir 235 dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun 176 Abd\u00fclaziz 5 Ziya Pasha 609\u2013611 weapons debt and the Public Debt constitution\/Constitutional Periods censorship 131 Bedouins 86 literature, late Ottoman 341 sciences 510 Administration 182\u2013183 144 Nam\u0131k Kemal 418 weights and measures 595\u2013598 Eastern Question 192 Nam\u0131k Kemal 417\u2013418 newspapers 433 common weights and measures Edirne 196 newspapers 433 Young Ottomans 604 England 207 Pan-Islamism 454 Zone of the Straits 325 595\u2013596 France 224 reform 485 Zr\u00ednyi, Mikl\u00f3s 256 European 597 Gallipoli 599 Ziya Pasha 609\u2013610 Zsitvatorok, Treaty of inspectors, market 596 Germany 231 Young Turks 604\u2013606 Ahmed I 23 laws 597 Hagia Sophia 245 Abd\u00fclhamid II 8 Croatia 164 merchants 598 Haifa 246 Albania 29 Transylvania 571 metric system 597\u2013598 Hejaz Railroad 253 Armenia 53 Zuhab, Treaty of standard zira of 1840 596\u2013597 Husayn-McMahon correspondence Austria 64 Baghdad 71 unification attempts 596 Balkan wars 74 Iran 280 Weizmann, Chaim 598 259 banks and banking 77 zurna 407 Wells, H. G. 254 ibn Saud family 262 Bulgaria 102 westernization. See modernization and CUP 139\u2013140 change family 215 wheat agriculture 20, 21"]