One Million Things - A Visual Encyclopedia

["LunspareheRaddovoai(fn1mg18a1.V6x.5eikmhmmiucp\/lmheh) P1Pi9ioo7nn3ee,eefror 1l1l0o1w,flieineds1b9by7y4iJtusptiwteinr ,in Apollo 15 mission invPeisotnigeaetrecJruapftiter TIMELINE OF SPACE EXPLORATION Soyuz 19 with biUDbsSTAyt1BSNaeyJthooEmp1iuUJhuDlcsoeceLrtaFyurae(wlemzrRbShiauMienyuteirefTpslRcafmJlzih1triecusnasiiftbexRsutAartiAfuh2siet1aprweii0teptLiAltSsbsattrohurer1nksRLvok0R9teprs\u2019Jrmatsts8ruecassuettbehaclhssL,PnufesaemieNhiu,a,9rurotcrhdisntfswicciaophSsl.reObaagsembsiienisneae1iehr1vasyuosierasoemrlt1tppsanlnrtcirsanosr3eaosubnel.9aai9)cnook1ttkrcpvsem1i6ntoyiaalfauni,nf,htanrrtfoaH26atmhn7raiioa8dAatemi2e,ivue1cmotoVuamtfolra1trhoun9uero1r32n,doi,eavlimenY,i1sieldncabncarsfybos9rEytbesiceots4nt,ane1aarasf1u9eetitrsufynclseeg.s7rynabtkfes,xs9nS1ietcvn.2p96.psAhmrtaliihAlR1trspr3rhtaherep1fesu6ainiai9.,Rnt6a3he1.tsasteoig0unpuap1nerhi9oe5uhGr1tcht1hct6tu1nre,ecdhmosi4cihco6Liddseo3o39tesee6\u2019odtsdEnfaasseoetln,fep8iehlsi,,5inrcsalgVnlaiflnrmaswino1gboilaro1r1ie9a.snsoksaa,Antars9rticn99fa.oaoisssrttnw8afeu5n255tttciodlottvntE.k7esl,Ert79oStoovolZnNiaaotl.yaahUttJrleagoaGfryaJouilnraefUStttOndrunup.tiatUvalsdSehyTrhTyitA\u2019SlIdccrtcVseloAsea,yneiS.eltthoio\u2019hErtiMttoptscml4hUop,antJltrraouseueCgh1cAerospaffere,PtkpfrdSytfSaoarbgiollfbro3Uiserl(hJeenkratplt1fHiaSeyyiatleaoRoyIrcaOfuenoeu,snscrelrtreSmeRsSobu9UcsgrtaJff2pcoMuuuwpopfmashraabUrls1nMsrbSiaic-hutaeui9yjyarMta4etGtlmpeSrcftsmybnatebsroety)9e2tSyrnta2hleis7Mssrfr,res,1soetaeso1yaciosibaamer292utcie9saytbatr0omevSofhc1msaNie2sar2bno3Gtifrlr0sf5l4isra,rrftri,eai1tVacitcnheno9ua,r2rsaa,fnleesanotb,l,aoaigr11PVohi1stl17secnioaa9emt.fts14s,a1erfpmel1urSn1etcs9Vr5aesmp9tet1,opafanMlt0yf9,stp2u9nraprt9Sstl9r2lr9,otlli9in1rtthahuetaAaSadhu8yMu1lyn9nkf8ierhomnd7a8ho21r1aa1d8s9ugpf,tpeacens1J9re,npi6tot.6fycceb9b,et9bsrn,tnl7aufuiaes..tareipGc81oheueoussevfza1yy9n.he1fVer5glhkrpfcri.6i9seis.ervieizlccl9i0rn.9ndeeeonerMUlteaeio2ret7cosrdo17tsa7gnase1sooettu-deir4eftu.t51iuedtor9tr9eiariftssn.Urotsrsci8ripfhsrno1mscs.crmSafteVthuua0anuha9aefesrntaaplwieCgSty.lopsnkJdetdUlyJlt.aeuemUmuilJeuutn.GhCtaoSlspsuRhpEAnsahSltCalsehUnoerAy.tleotauieJbiUngMubyrktferonuceUsuAaSnudrsraaeHeo5JdeapNergiSmltseoirIn1pStaaadsguwtacUaroC,rJtds\u2019esyhaMuiotesEtiepM4Dooourliptnsofnbaug2cTnruutrFMteSreyameattscunTvrt,NeprrbmnoaarteaeSnd0ehsuehiotalmrthnrsrePrabhrendeco2iaoNaoto,eiairnelocop1rebfesbebosheterfo6esrimsaoe0nssuero1ncntlt6.se6vttaieaurt1ppeputts,a3asiSsausdN1afEnem8nuhivlk,escawf,f4bPi5rarilstaelt2rs0saMart5xrrtinae-t,aredEvaaoepe2amysea,h,Ieroht\u2019rtbrny0,epnsrsnt2gencArotrrChs0uy.aHs2a2ortmceue12,eGoaCrbydrelrotefr0yeeit1ucaer0rra0ReegiHaoi40er2nnfbokooetavi1anseifcrtr2ls01nns1tnidfsai0n0ri.gdovmasu2iyrmrtls1cfscoh\u2019tsrns72Pi7dsetidsre4s,iet,tbrw5razyxispE2tnnye,ltMgoeoeaaws2otrog,umuyrhra,iss2arotfcfdn0ro2onvieted.ec2setotar0n.bonao0e0sentasnry0tr0f1lio.sr5.ch0h2actfrs0Tr1tustniro430ineii0hvt,cavtrMsf0odel9eayeff.Ie8Ssst.nas.Sr..s. two Russian cosmonauts First international space rendezvous Viking craft land on Mars Giotto craft flies into Halley\u2019s Comet Hubble Space Telescope launched Columbia, the first space shuttle, takes off Mars Pathfinder and its rover, Sojourner, touch down on Mars","SPACE TRAVELERS 8 Since the first manned space mission in 1961, more than 10 13 560 people have traveled into space\u201427 on missions to the moon and the rest in orbit around Earth. To date, 4 only Russia, China, and the United States have launched humans into space. However, humans are not the only 6 space travelers. Animals such as dogs, monkeys, and spiders have all been sent into space to help with research. 3 3 1 2 79 5 11 12 32 1 Alan Shepard was the 7 Eileen Collins became the first 12 Baker, a squirrel monkey, was 31 second person, and first female shuttle pilot in February launched into space on May 28, American, to travel into space. 1995 and the first female shuttle 1959. She traveled with a rhesus 150 commander in July 1999. monkey called Able. 2 Ulf Merbold, from Germany, became the first European to 8 Yang Liwei was the first 13 Eugene Cernan was part fly aboard a space shuttle. Chinese astronaut (taikonaut). of the Apollo 17 mission in China\u2019s first manned space flight December 1972. He was the last 3 Jim Voss set the record for was launched in October 2003. person to walk on the moon. longest spacewalk (8 hours 56 minutes) with Susan Helms. 9 Svetlana Savitskaya was the 14 Neil Armstrong was the first second woman in space and person to set foot on the moon. 4 Susan Helms (see above). the first woman to spacewalk. He spent 2 hours 35 minutes exploring the lunar surface. 5 Laika was the first animal 10 Michael Collins was the to orbit Earth. The Russian dog third member of the Apollo 11 15 Yuri Gagarin was the first traveled in Sputnik 2 in 1957. mission in 1969. He orbited the person to fly into space. His trip in moon, as Armstrong and Aldrin April 1961 took him once around 6 Alexei Leonov made the explored its surface. Earth and lasted 108 minutes. first spacewalk in March 1965. He spent 10 11 Dennis Tito was the first 16 Peggy Whitson holds the minutes in space secured space tourist. He paid $20 record for the longest female to his Voskhod 2 craft. million for a six-day trip in 2001. spaceflight (289.2 days). 30","22 14 21 23 17 23 15 19 16 18 20 24 17 Mike Melvill was the first 22 Bruce McCandless 28 Arabella, a spider, was 25 commercial astronaut. He piloted made the first untethered sent to the Skylab space 26 SpaceShipOne in June 2004. spacewalk in February 1984. station in 1973. Once space-adapted, she 18 Valentina Tereshkova was the 23 John Glenn was the first spun perfect webs. first woman to fly into space. She American to orbit Earth, made a three-day trip aboard in 1962. He became the 29 Albino rats (see above). Vostok 6 in June 1963. oldest space voyager in 1998, aged 77. 30 Quail chicks hatched from 19 Gennady Padalka holds the eggs on the Mir space station record for the total time spent 24 Green tree frogs were taken in March 1990. in space. In his five trips, he has to the Mir space station in 1990. clocked up 878.5 days in space. 31 Belka and Strelka 25 Buzz Aldrin was the second became the first dogs to 20 Sam was a rhesus monkey person to set foot on the moon. go into orbit and survive who was sent into space in 1960 the journey in 1960. to test equipment that would be 26 Swordtail fish traveled used in future manned flights. on board the space shuttle 32 Ham was the first Columbia in 1998. chimpanzee to travel in space. 21 Valeri Polyakov holds the In 1961, he was sent to test record for the longest time spent 27 Squirrel monkeys and equipment that would be in space during one trip. His 24 albino rats were taken used in the first US manned record stands at 437.7 days. to Spacelab-3 in 1985. space mission. 29 28 27 151","ANTARCTICA The Transantarctic Mountains extend across Antarctica, dividing the continent into east and west. This region bordering the Ross Sea is known as Terra Nova and is famous for its spectacular ice caves. 152","Earth 153","PLANET EARTH Earth was created some 4.6 billion years ago from a mass of iron-rich, rocky debris orbiting the sun. The rocks smashed into the young planet as meteorites and were welded together by heat generated from the energy of impact. The bombardment eventually EARTH\u2019S STRUCTURE generated so much heat that the whole planet melted. The The planet is layered like a peach. Earth\u2019s rocky crust forms its thin skin, heavy iron then sank toward the center to become Earth\u2019s while the hot, mobile rock of the core, while the lighter rocks formed the mantle and crust. mantle is like the peach\u2019s juicy flesh. At the heart of the planet lies its metallic core, like the hard stone at the center of a peach. 1 INNER CORE The cool, rocky crust forms only a tiny fraction The inner core is a heavy ball of solid of Earth\u2019s vast mass iron and nickel. It is heated by nuclear The crust is fused to the reactions within Earth to 8,500\u00b0F top of the upper mantle, (4,700\u00b0C), but the intense pressure at which is in constant motion the core prevents it from melting. 2 OUTER CORE The solid inner core is surrounded by a fluid mass of molten iron, nickel, and sulfur. Swirling currents in the molten metal of the outer core generate Earth\u2019s magnetic field. 43 2 1 3 LOWER MANTLE Plumes of heat rise through the mantle, The rocky mantle is 1,800 miles pushing the plates (2,900 km) deep and is heated to of the crust apart 6,300\u00b0F (3,500\u00b0C) at its base. Intense pressure stops it from melting, but rising heat keeps moving slowly. 4 UPPER MANTLE Mountains are 5 pushed up where 6 The upper mantle is heated to almost oceanic crust is 1,800\u00b0F (1,000\u00b0C). Where movement dragged beneath in the mantle cracks the cool, brittle continents crust, reduced pressure makes the hot mantle rock melt and erupt from volcanoes. 5 OCEANIC CRUST The crust between the continents is less than 7 miles (11 km) thick. It is made of heavy rock that erupts from the hot mantle at midocean ridges to form the bedrock of the ocean floors. 6 CONTINENTAL CRUST The lightest of Earth\u2019s rocks form vast slabs that \u201cfloat\u201d on the heavy mantle like huge rocky rafts. Up to 45 miles (70 km) thick, they rise above sea level to form the continents that we live on. 154","Huge impact craters THE MOON have filled with dark lava erupted from Soon after Earth formed, it ancient volcanoes was hit by a planet-sized asteroid that completely disintegrated. Most of its heavy metallic core melted into Earth, but the lighter rocky fragments drifted into orbit and eventually fused to form the moon. 7 The Red Sea is a 7 LAND SURFACE 8 spreading rift in Earth\u2019s crust that will widen Exposed to frost, wind, rain, and hot into an ocean sunlight, the rocks at the land surface are broken down by weathering and 9 erosion. This releases minerals that 10 are vital to plants and other life. More than 70 percent 8 OCEANS of Earth\u2019s surface is covered by ocean water The low-lying basins between the continents are filled with water, ON THE SURFACE to an average depth of 2.3 miles (3.7 km). Most of the water erupted Movement in the thick, hot from volcanoes as water vapor early mantle has made the thin, cool in Earth\u2019s history. crust crack into several huge plates. The boundaries of these plates are 9 WEATHER SYSTEMS marked by earthquake zones dotted with volcanoes and mountain ridges The heat of the sun makes water pushed up where moving plates collide. evaporate from the oceans and rise into the lower atmosphere. The water forms swirling masses of cloud that spill rain onto the continents, allowing life to exist on land. 10 ATMOSPHERE Earth\u2019s mass gives it enough gravity to retain an atmosphere of nitrogen, oxygen, and other gases including carbon dioxide. This keeps Earth warm at night and shields it from dangerous radiation. 155","PLATE TECTONICSEhdmwatolroraitohtgvrhrvgieeoc\u2019eetnshchmrkcbeaoreyrcrurneaisshnltbtmleheieoasdaaittnthslthlggheemeerrepnsabau.medrnAlrieldataesttntldecthethdaleaserephdr.cyyTaereumrlehcltspoioiotsnnfwvcitasresiiaon,tmdchtmekehioneneeivtpnstpiptnhlaollaagearystocepveeeuserlpsanrmoaanydrfneaastdttklh.eoeTpewpohuglclaeslyeoth,eabesned, s. 2 tipcodsaugosulAletlisitdttnePehisgndeLeogaraAmw.rpaTtTieatghhhErpaqetilvu,rnaBeowatsleOktacheraabieUlsnneo,oaoNuaaletnnsthsDodd.oeapArtm.hrliaARaeecnlrsIels,yEsttthSbhhweoeehsuyepenalrmaderteaoeorvpsnieeuaemssrpheaelirnanettges Ecrdougncketienodefnutp tmoofuonrmtains 1 Frroicctikivto,oemnlrcuamapknetionltaegsss Pmtloaoptbeoilsfelimdlaeaysneotrlneat CTgauohrlpwinensvmadeeysorsagburseeenlinntdfateoeiabunutonhnrudadannewndgrohaectersohi.reneestro.inOneecneptasl,naptfeuloshoirns g Erirdugpetisnogf lsaovlaidforormcks Australian plate Eurasian plate wRiiftthzuonnvdeoeldrcwoantatoteeedrs African plate Pacific plate Arabian South American Cocos DwuhzishoovueetnarremlgelyaeapnnnoldattnltbeseooosrcluoeiadncarkiednfyatpforlauioeselolsnrirnuesTgp.whTtaehoipnsiceasetraohatl,cnelocrufwlirfostor. plate plate plate Philippine Nazca plate Indian \u25c0TaocahalcrmereeKraroymeInsTctaaofd4lrnOoe0eto1iFsonrm5sfe,PaltnaahAltnlrisegcRd.rkeCTesootornSenmbecttsueio.ntTonelhfiincgetthpahytllefaepotrllaerarmrsotgeacetsknhsdte plate North American plate Scotia Caribbean plate plate plate Antarctic than the ocean floors. The oceanic plate parts of the plates are always changing size and shape, but the continents, although moving, do not change so much. 156","Tweerbaahauncrethtsrhffeooeqttwruhwmaevokrbo.epolTscluhaaantinlseodoscnaeaagrsuir.eteshsesselTifdfhraieenuqsgleut peflionanrstemt Ldmaisnopdvleafmceeaedtnubtryesplate Pifnlaadutilectabltioneduenbdyary Plates grind and snap, causing earthquakes 3 North American Pacific plate slides plate along transform boundary of San Caribbean plate Andreas Fault CraonagTFeotftehllRocacvodeootbeAtiisvnpherv,eCevl.egaareSreTnmgtoreptdegUmsoslneaCbvfRetntieaietgtbEmprstgioblDboaeaeuobgtnrrnueeeeGtbdnsatboehadLanefcrearOiaipetrrnehuilsgteBmaes,osteEdbo.ePfeutTsvaoh\u25b6shitcrnteimetrfghoifcreyta,ihenpwedgaoretrsld Cocos plate shows how the plate boundaries are formed. Pacific plate Nazca plate Plates pull apart at South East Pacific Rise, a American plate divergent boundary 157 Cocos plate pushes baetnceoantvheCrgaerinbtbbeoaunnpdlaatrey","158 VOLCANOES Volcanoes are the most spectacular and destructive of Eruptions produce Earth\u2019s geological features. Most volcanoes lie along plate clouds of gas, made boundaries, where the slabs of rock (plates) that form mainly of water Earth\u2019s crust meet. Opening rifts and the friction of vapor, carbon dioxide, plates grinding against each other make the hot rock and sulfur dioxide beneath the crust melt and burst up through fissures (cracks). Volcanoes also occur over \u201chot spots\u201d away Some of the molten rock from plate boundaries, caused by rising plumes of hurled into the air cools heat in the mantle beneath Earth\u2019s crust. and hits the ground as streamlined \u201clava bombs\u201d KILAUEA Lavvoarlo,cacacrkinnoyiducbenaurdssth,tfahbrnaeugdiclirdlaeutrepirdage The Hawaiian islands are a chain of 1 volcanoes that have erupted from the Pacific Ocean floor as it slips over a hot spot in Earth\u2019s mantle. The oldest volcanoes in the north are now extinct, but Kilauea in the south is the most active volcano on Earth. 2 3 A small cinder cone The erupting lava surrounds Kilauea\u2019s has a temperature of about 1,830\u00b0F most active crater (1,000\u00b0C), making it glow bright orange 4","1 ERUPTION 4 LAVA FLOW Lava flows downhill 5 at speeds of up to When Kilauea erupts, basalt lava and The lava that erupts from Kilauea is 60 mph (100 km\/h) gas are forced up from deep within extremely hot and is so fluid that it The surface of the lava the volcano. Basalt lava is very fluid, flows downhill away from the crater cools to form a wrinkled so a lot of it just spills over the rim of like a river of fire. Since 1983, the or rough, fractured skin the crater. Erupting gas can also cause volcano has been erupting almost of solid black rock explosive \u201cfire fountains\u201d of gas and constantly, spilling lava over more red-hot lava, like this one. than 40 sq miles (100 sq km). 2 CRATER 5 TYPES OF LAVA Lava boils up through a vent to build Hawaiian lava is molten basalt rock up a cone of rocky debris. More pushed up from beneath the ocean eruptions make the inside of the cone floor. It is fluid because it contains collapse or even explode upward to very little silica (the mineral used to create a roughly circular crater. Its make glass). Other volcanoes erupt almost sheer walls reveal layers of lava that is high in silica, which is cinders, ash, and solidified lava. much stickier and does not flow far. 3 CONE 6 LAVA TUBE This small volcanic cone is just the As the lava streams away from the summit of a huge, dome-shaped active crater of Kilauea, the surface shield volcano, which rises all the of the flow cools and hardens. way from the ocean floor 23,875 ft Underneath, however, the hot lava (7,277 m) below. The dome is built keeps flowing. This creates \u201clava up by the fluid lava that erupts on tubes\u201d that extend to the coast, Hawaii. Volcanoes that erupt stickier, where the lava spills into the less fluid lava have steeper sides. sea in clouds of steam. The lava that erupts on Hawaii solidifies into black basalt\u2014a heavy, iron-rich rock 6 159","EARTHQUAKES The vast rocky plates of Earth\u2019s crust are always moving. Where the plates meet, the movement causes earthquakes. Frequent slight movement just causes tremors (shaking), but often the rocks on each side of a plate boundary lock together. The strain builds up, distorting the rocks until the locked section gives way. The rock springs back, often shifting several yards, and the shock of this can cause a catastrophic earthquake. CHILE 1960 Charles Richter as a way of measuring earthquakes The biggest earthquake ever using instruments called recorded struck Chile in 1960. seismographs. It reached 9.5 on the Richter Scale, which was devised in 1935 by American scientist ALASKA 1964 On March 27, 1964, the Pacific Ocean floor slid 65 ft (20 m) beneath Alaska in a few minutes, causing a colossal earthquake. So few people live in this remote region, however, that only 125 lost their lives. SAN FRANCISCO 1906 MEXICO CITY 1985 The San Andreas Fault in California marks where the Pacific plate is sliding past North America. San Francisco is built on Mexico\u2019s capital city is built on the dried- the fault line, and in 1906 the city was almost destroyed when out clay bed of an the fault slipped 20 ft (6 m) and triggered disastrous fires. ancient lake. The earthquake that 160 hit the city in 1985 made the clay shake like jelly, making the shock waves six times as destructive. More than 400 multistory buildings in the city were shaken to the ground, and at least 9,000 people died.","KOBE 1995 anywhere else. In 1995, an earthquake wrecked the city of Japan was created by intense Kobe, destroying this elevated ground movements in the highway and killing 6,433 people. western Pacific, and it has more earthquakes than almost INDONESIA 2006 TSUNAMI 2004 In 2006, a serious earthquake struck the Indonesian The Asian tsunami that island of Java, wrecking up to 135,000 houses and killed more than 283,000 killing at least 5,780 people. It also damaged the in 2004 was caused by ancient Hindu temple of Prambanan, a World an earthquake on the Heritage Site, but did not destroy it. ocean floor off Sumatra. The shock sent huge waves racing across the Indian Ocean, devastating communities all around its shores. Above left: the city of Banda Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia, as it was in April 2004 Left: the same area pictured in January 2006, after the tsunami had struck 161","MOUNTAINS The world\u2019s mountains were raised by the titanic forces that keep 1 MOUNT EVEREST the plates of Earth\u2019s crust moving. Where the plates grind together, the edges of continents are forced up into high, folded ridges, like the The world\u2019s highest peak, Everest lies 29,035 ft Andes Mountains in South America. Hot rock deep beneath the (8,850 m) above sea level. It is part of the surface may erupt through cracks in the folded rock to form Himalayas, a range of fold mountains created volcanoes. These also erupt where the crust is being torn apart and by the collision of India with Asia 50 million over \u201chot spots\u201d deep within Earth. The landscape below has been years ago. India is still moving north, so the created from images of the highest peaks on each continent and one Himalayas are still rising. that rises from the depths of the Pacific Ocean. 2 MOUNT ACONCAGUA 1 HuantEtdevremerdpessttoteofvpcelerimoypybleear ThAecoosfnmnEocoawaurgtynhuts\u2019aaus imilnsomnpragaintretgostef The Pacific Ocean floor is plunging beneath 2 South America, rucking up its western edge to form the rugged, earthquake-prone mountains of the Andes. Mount Aconcagua is the highest peak, at 22,834 ft (6,959 m). ThMecooAtuvhlneartorsekuMdagnchwKopiitnuehlatekstynhoioesfwyear 3 162","3 MOUNT MCKINLEY 5 MAUNA KEA 7 MONT BLANC Rising 20,321 ft (6,194 m) above sea level, The highest point on Hawaii is the top of a The folded ridges of the European Alps have Mount McKinley in Alaska is the highest peak huge volcano that rises 33,000 ft (10,000 m) been raised by the northward movement of of the North American Western Cordillera. Its from the Pacific Ocean floor. So although its Africa. Mont Blanc is the highest peak at isolation and bulk make it one of the world\u2019s peak is only 13,796 feet (4,205 m) above sea 15,774 ft (4,808 m), but since its summit is a most spectacular mountains. level, it is the biggest mountain on Earth. dome of ice, its height varies from year to year. 4 MOUNT KILIMANJARO 6 VINSON MASSIF 8 AORAKI (MOUNT COOK) The highest mountain in Africa, Kilimanjaro is The most remote mountains on Earth lie The highest peak in New Zealand, Aoraki\u2019s actually a colossal volcano with three volcanic on the frozen continent of Antarctica. name means \u201ccloud piercer\u201d in the native cones. The highest peak on the tallest cone, Overlooking the vast mass of the Maori language. The mountain is also known Kibo, rises 19,340 ft (5,895 m) above sea Ronne Ice Shelf, Vinson Massif in as Mount Cook. Now 12,284 ft (2,744 m) high, level. The other volcanic cones are the Ellsworth range is the highest Aoraki was 33 ft (10 m) higher before a Mawenzi and Shira. point at 16,067 ft (4,897 m). landslide in 1991. MKoiuwbnoidt,eKhiaclrismaatae1nr.j5oanrmoii\u2019tlsescs(ou2nm.4em,kmit ) KbtTehehaneeiesovacsatlehsoatwinbtlsuyflwloskieonoirkgfsihMnatggasuasna ThMeaafnsrsodifsitcpyeiecsrrhacregostuhodefinVthginicistkos nssnloopwes 5h2igfMht e(o1snTt6thrmoBecl)iakcanyybcpsoucevamaenkmirtisisteof dtowwHonegaAlavoycriesanrksoi\u2019twshffalaatlnlflkfoesweds 4 6 7 8 5 163","OCEANS The oceans cover more than two-thirds of the surface of Earth, with an average depth of 2.4 miles (3.8 km), but they are not just huge pools of saltwater. The ocean floors are where the great plates of Earth\u2019s crust are splitting apart or grinding together, creating Iceland long, high ridges and deep Hudson Bay Atlantic Ocean trenches dotted with Aleutian Trench volcanoes. As a result of this, the oceans are changing their size and shape all the time. Sargasso Sea Gulf of Mexico Hawaii is just one of many volcanic islands and seamounts Pacific Ocean Caribbean Sea PACIFIC OCEAN East Pacific Rise Mid-Atlantic Ridge As big as all has been built up other oceans by a spreading rift put together, in the ocean floor the Pacific is shrinking as the Peru-Chile Trench has edges of its floor been created by the slip into deep ocean Pacific floor sliding trenches like the Mariana under South Trench. The East Pacific America Rise, however, is the most active midocean ridge, spreading Atlantic at up to 8 in (22 cm) a year. Ocean 164 ATLANTIC OCEAN The Atlantic formed when North and South America split from Europe and Africa and gradually moved west. The ocean is still growing as new ocean floor is created at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The ridge breaks the surface in the north to form Iceland, with its volcanoes and geysers.","Arctic Ocean ARCTIC OCEAN Baltic Sea Most of the Arctic Ocean is covered by thick floating ice in winter. A lot of Black Sea this melts in spring, allowing sunlight to reach the cold waters and fuel the growth of ocean life. The sea near the North Pole stays frozen in summer, but the area covered by ice is shrinking every year because of global warming. North Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean The 2004 Asian Ocean trench marks is an enclosed, tsunami was caused where the Pacific floor almost tideless sea by an earthquake in is grinding beneath that was once a the Java Trench Japan, causing great ocean off Sumatra earthquakes Red Sea Pacific Mariana Ocean Trench is the lowest Maldives point on Earth, 6.8 miles (11 km) below the waves Indian Great Barrier Reef INDIAN Ocean is the world\u2019s OCEAN biggest coral reef Southern Ocean This mainly tropical ocean is notorious for the tsunami that swept across it from Sumatra in 2004. It had a serious impact on nearby coasts and low-lying coral islands like the Maldives, which crown the peaks of an underwater mountain ridge extending south from India. SOUTHERN OCEAN With no obvious northern boundaries, the Southern Ocean forms a ring of cold, stormy water around Antarctica. Ice covers a vast area in winter, and the giant icebergs that break off Antarctic glaciers and ice shelves sometimes drift far to the north. 165","166 ROCKS AND MINERALS 13 Granite One of the main rocks that 18 Corundum This dull-looking stone is form continents, granite results from a type of corundum, the hardest mineral molten rock cooling slowly deep after diamond. Its crystals are used to make rubies and sapphires. Rocks are mixtures of natural chemical compounds called minerals, which underground to form big quartz, feldspar, and mica crystals. 19 Albite A pale, sodium-rich form of feldspar, albite is a common ingredient form crystals with distinctive shapes. There are three main types of rocks. 14 Breccia This sedimentary rock is made of granite, visible as big, blocky crystals Igneous rock is formed when molten rock cools and hardens, a metamorphic of broken, sharp-edged rock fragments that glint in the sunshine. rock is one that has been changed by heat or pressure, and sedimentary rock cemented together by finer particles. is generally made from fragments of rock cemented together. 20 Graphite Made of pure carbon\u2014 like diamond\u2014graphite is a soft, 1 Slate This dark rock is created when 7 Limestone All limestones are made of 15 Obsidian Also known as volcanic metallic mineral that leaves a dark sedimentary shale is put under intense chalky minerals, particularly calcite. They glass, this shiny black or dark green rock streak. It is used to make the pressure. It forms thin sheets that can be are easily dissolved by rainwater, creating is formed when molten lava cools too \u201clead\u201d in pencils. cut into squares and used for roofing. extensive cave systems. quickly to form crystals. 21 Basalt Heavy, dark basalt is the 2 Cockscomb barite This whitish mineral 8 Halite Formed by the evaporation of 16 Gabbro This is a coarse, dark, iron- fine-grained form of gabbro, created is often found in veins running through salt lakes, halite is rock salt\u2014the mineral rich, crystalline rock that makes up much when iron-rich lava from oceanic rocks. Its crystals form clusters that can that we use to flavor our food. of the deep ocean floor. volcanoes cools quickly, often underwater. resemble cockscombs (roosters\u2019 head crests). 9 Biotite Dark brown biotite is a type of 17 Pumice Gas erupting from volcanoes 22 Sandstone Sand cemented together 3 Schist Like slate, schist is created by mica, a mineral found in most granites often forms bubbles inside cooling lava. by other minerals forms sandstone. This pressure and heat, which transforms a and schists. Its platelike crystals resemble This can then form pumice, red sandstone was once a desert dune. soft sedimentary rock into a very much thin, flaky sheets of hard plastic. which has so many harder metamorphic rock. gas bubbles that it 23 Pyrite Known as \u201cfool\u2019s gold,\u201d 10 Eclogite A dense, heavy metamorphic floats on water. this yellow metallic mineral is actually 4 Chalk A type of limestone, chalk is rock formed deep beneath Earth\u2019s surface, made of iron and sulfur. It often built up from the remains of tiny marine eclogite contains bright green pyroxene 1 forms big cubic crystals like the organisms that sank to the bottom of a and glittering red garnet minerals. ones seen here. tropical sea during the age of dinosaurs. 3 11 Tremolite Thin, transparent, fibrous- 24 Conglomerate Very like breccia, this 5 Marble Hard and usually pale, marble looking crystals of tremolite form from 2 rock is a solid, cemented mass of is a metamorphic form of limestone. It can limestones that have been subjected to rounded pebbles, like those found be carved and polished into statues, and intense heat deep underground. on riverbeds and lake shores. decorative slabs are used in architecture. 12 Beryl This very hard mineral 6 Calcite The main mineral in forms transparent, often limestone and marble, calcite forms greenish crystals that can the stalactites and stalagmites be cut to create emeralds seen in limestone caves. and aquamarines. 4 5 6 12 7","8 11 10 14 15 9 13 21 16 20 22 17 19 18 24 23 167","Amethystine spinel Golden sapphire Brown tourmaline Chrysoberyl can be Green beryl is a Danburite is Danburite is named is named for its is a golden form is one of hundreds honey yellow to pale variety of colorless, yellow, for the US city of amethyst color. of blue sapphire. of the gem\u2019s colors. mint green. green, or brown. Danbury, CT. emerald. Mauve spinel is Amethystine Pied tourmaline Yellow beryl is Citrine is a warm Garnet was a Andalusite glints mined in Myanmar sapphire is made has two colors tinted with iron yellow type of favorite with with green and (Burma), like most of hard corundum. in one crystal. quartz. ancient civilizations. and uranium. orange. spinels. Red spinel is Ruby is the same Red tourmaline Chrysoberyl is Amethyst is Topaz is said to Opal has changing often used in mineral as that looks like ruby valued as a good always violet dispel sadness, colors caused by place of rubies. fear, and anger. scattered light. sapphire but red. is called rubelite. luck charm. or purple. Blue zircon is Tanzanite is Green tourmaline Iolite looks like Green tourmaline Emerald catseye has the most named after can resemble a different colors from is sometimes a pale stripe. Tanzania where fine emerald. Opal matrix is desirable form it is found. different angles. called verdelite. polished rock with of zircon. veins of opal. Green beryl is a Chrysoprase is Catseye quartz has Carbuncle is a Tiger eye is Albite is always Moonstone is a paler form of prized for its a pale, glowing polished, domed striped with white. magical gem in apple color. streak or \u201ccat\u2019s form of garnet. yellow and emerald. eye.\u201d India. brown. Zircon is one of Star sapphire has Amethyst is a Tourmaline has Green zircon is Brown zircon is Colorless the heaviest a star pattern on violet form of more colors than more rare than one of many topaz can be gemstones. common quartz. any other gem. the blue form. color varieties. mistaken for a its surface. diamond. 168","Blue spinel, also Pink sapphire is Green tourmaline Chrysoberyl is Morganite is a Iolite can look Sphalerite is a called cobalt the same gem as is tinted with traces often a honey- pink beryl with black from soft stone that spinel, is rare. colored brown. sparkles like a a pale ruby. of chromium. manganese. some angles. diamond. Sapphire containing Indicolite is a Chrysoberyl is Aquamarine is Topaz is meant to Peridot is made Almandine garnet iron oxide is blue variety of thought to a light blue protect against from vivid green is bigger than a tinted yellow. sudden death. olivine crystals. typical garnet. tourmaline. promote harmony. variety of beryl. Green zircon can Yellow sapphire is Sapphire Yellow Kunzite often Fire opal is a Topaz is usually glitter like a rarer than blue frequently shows tourmaline comes flashes various clear opal with yellow but can but less valuable. a starry pattern. shades of violet. green diamond. from Malawi. red in it. be colorless. Pink tourmaline Jade has been Jade is usually Hematite is a Lapis lazuli was Star garnet Opal is often catseye has a known for at green but can lustrous form one of the first glints with a mounted on onyx least 7,000 years. of iron ore. gems to be worn. starry pattern. bright highlight. be mauve. as a \u201cdoublet.\u201d GEMS Jade is often carved Sinhalite is a Rhodolite is a Kunzite was and was once used rare stone from velvety red unknown until agTathicTlinenhmnaahmtdnretoedoygtfgcsonoeactolpmraniaaltmtaltndueesmz,crrbcg,saitioaenliullaolngsicmesonpthsxganyiastienarrnhdcmeskeormodrslywsiaalin.lsfelpaMstfngleaprytsrlahhahse.vrne,ainrarwrtyaetleymu,ihamitarsooiaecbfwkpuhleceeuroxocm.ruratTliotrptnahheirlemrsiebsno.eetcehkcl,yuastt 100 years ago. for tools. Sri Lanka. form of garnet. Moonstone is Garnet is Turquoise gets named for its usually a warm, its sky blue shimmering glow. brownish red. from copper. 169","Galena (lead ore) METALSLead scuba weights \u25c0 LEAD Very dense and heavy, lead is a dark, soft metal with a low melting point, which makes it easy to shape. It is widely used in lead-acid car batteries but also for heavy weights and roofing. The main lead ore is galena, a compound of lead and sulfur that forms big crystals. Native Metals are minerals with a closely packed atomic structure, which The nickel in the stainless silver makes them excellent conductors of electricity and heat. Most are steel makes this hip joint also strong, workable materials, ideal for making a huge range of corrosion-proof artifacts. Pure metals are elements, with only one type of atom in their chemical structure. In nature, many are Garnierite ( mixed with rocks or combined with other elements to form chemical compounds. These ores must be mined and processed to extract the pure metals. SILVER \u25b2 Sterling silver flute Platin nickel ore) Platinu One of the most prized metals, silver occurs um ring in pure \u201cnative\u201d form in volcanic rocks. It is m very shiny when polished but soon tarnishes. Since it is quite soft, it is often mixed with other metals to make harder alloys such as sterling silver. \u25c0 PLATINUM A beautiful, very heavy metal, platinum is often used in jewelry because, like gold, it never tarnishes. It is tougher than gold, and rarer, so it is more precious. It is sometimes found as nuggets of pure metal. \u25bc COPPER \u25bc GOLD Copper is a soft metal, often alloyed Easily worked, always shiny, and the with zinc to make brass, or with tin only metal that is always found in to form bronze\u2014both much harder. pure form, gold has been used A good conductor, it is widely to make precious objects for used for electric wire. Its main thousands of years. It is also ore is chalcopyrite, a compound used to make electrical of copper, iron, and sulfur. contacts that do not degrade by tarnishing. Chalcopyrite Gold audio connectors (copper ore) 170 Copper Gold nugget pipes and wires","sAubdmeeeprs-sibelae Aluminum baking foil TITANIUM \u25b6 ALUMINUM \u25b6 Bauxite (aluminum ore) Light yet very strong, titanium is Abundant and often combined with other metals m ore) resistant to corrosion, Rutile (titaniu lightweight aluminum is to make lightweight alloys used in widely used for foil, cans, and in aircraft, spacecraft, and the pressure-proof aircraft. Its ore, bauxite, is a rock that contains many aluminum compounds. capsules of deep-sea submersibles. One of its main ores is rutile, a Hematite (iron ore) compound of titanium and oxygen. Mercury thermometer Stainless steel MERCURY \u25bc Steel nuts and bolts its own, hip replacement The only metal that is liquid at room \u25b2 IRON temperature, mercury is most familiar \u25c0 NICKEL as the silvery contents of a medical The most useful of all thermometer. Its ore, cinnabar, metals, iron is strong, Rarely used on is a colorful compound of abundant, and easy to work mercury and sulfur found with, especially when refined into various types of steel. Its near volcanoes. main ore is hematite, an iron oxide\u2014the same thing as rust. nickel is often alloyed with iron to make stainless steel. This is used for all kinds of applications, from knives and forks to replacement hip joints. Nickel is also alloyed with silver to make coins. Cinnabar (mercury ore) Sphalerite (zinc ore) Tin can Cassiterite ZINC \u25b6 (tin ore) Zinc is a white metal that is alloyed TIN \u25b2 with copper to make brass. Its Well known for its use in tin cans\u2014which are actually tin-plated steel\u2014tin is widely main use, however, is plating or used in electronic components because of its high electrical conductivity. It is also \u201cgalvanizing\u201d steel to make it alloyed with lead to make the solder used to assemble electronic circuits. rustproof. Its main ore is sphalerite, a sparkling mineral that is a compound of zinc, iron, and sulfur. Galvanized chain 171","PALEOZOIC ERA (ANCIENT LIFE) Sea lilies were plant- shaped relatives of Life began in the Precambrian Era, more than starfish, attached to 3.5 billion years ago, but for most of that time, the seabed by stalks life was restricted to single-celled organisms like bacteria. The start of the Paleozoic waitlhal rmfLeoooutbdhreeel-refcnigonsaunnseiidnmsfaiolsshf Era 540 million years ago saw an explosion of multicellular life, such as marine arthropods, mollusks, and primitive relatives of fish. FOSSILS ResemsbetrlaiilnbogetbhdiwetseotPshoalrdiloveeluoidcgzeoho,ioncuEtra The remains, impressions, or traces of organisms (such as plants and animals) that have been preserved in the rocks are known as fossils. The process of fossilization generally takes millions of years, and since special circumstances are needed for fossils to form, only a tiny proportion of Earth\u2019s organisms have been fossilized. It is not always easy to date fossils absolutely, so the paleontologists who find, analyze, and identify fossils usually assign them to named eras and periods. These cover the FinsheoolyfwoAdfterthchtheaeaiflfeeeiodraspttfh-tokeesnrrsysiolxsw, onnbeirdms ajor phases in the long history of life on Earth. Whole animals such as insects are preserved in amber, or fossilized tree resin This model of a Deinonychus skull helps paleontologists understand the biology of this predator Fossil ammonites (prehistoric sea creatures) were recorded in this book more than 100 years ago Familiar animals, like this dragonfly, were already common 150 million years ago MESOZOIC ERA (MIDDLE LIFE) Beginning 252 million years ago, this was the age of the dinosaurs, when giant reptiles stalked the land, pterosaurs swooped through the skies, and marine reptiles such as ichthyosaurs swam alongside squidlike ammonites. Flowering plants and small mammals also appeared on land. The era ended with a mass extinction 66 million years ago. 172","Fossils from about 10 million years ago reveal details of ancient corals CENOZOIC ERA (RECENT LIFE) Nonbird dinosaur fossils do not appear in rock formed less than 66 million years ago in the Large collections of Cenozoic Era, showing that they had died out specimens help with by that time. Yet mammal fossils become more the identification and varied and include early relatives of humans, dating of fossils which date back to 6\u20137 million years ago. The first true humans appeared about a million years later. Mammoth tooth found on the bed of the North Sea shows the sea was once dry land Reconstructed Hammer and chisel fossil fragments form used to remove rock this skull of Homo habilis, an extinct cousin from around fossil of modern humans Magnifying glass Geological hammer Chisels PALEONTOLOGY The word \u201cpaleontology\u201d means the study of ancient life, preserved as fossils. But paleontologists also study nonbony life forms such as mollusks, plants, and even bacteria. Their work involves carefully removing, cleaning, and preserving the fossils, as well as identifying them and recording their features. Special tools ranging from hammers to medical scanners help them prepare and interpret their finds. Split rock reveals the Opalized mineralized fossil of an marine snail ammonite and a cast 173 of its shell FOSSILIZATION Normally only the hard parts of living things, such as shells and bones, survive as fossils. Over millions of years, these become impregnated with minerals, so they become stony. Often the original shell or bone disappear, leaving a mold later filled by another mineral. Rarely, soft body parts such as feathers may leave detailed impressions in fine-grained rock. This footprint This late Mesozoic clam of a three-toed left a mold that has predatory dinosaur is known as a \u201ctrace fossil\u201d become filled with opal to create a cast fossil","DINOSAURS (A15L5L\u2013O15S0AMUYRAU) S Long ago, life on Earth was dominated by the S(7T8R\u2013U77TMHYIOA)MIMUS 2 dinosaurs, a group of reptiles that included huge, lumbering plant eaters and fearsome, agile S(7A0U\u20136R8OMLYOAP) HUS hunters. Except for the birds, dinosaurs became extinct 66 million years ago (MYA), but their 5 fossilized remains survive in the rocks of ancient continents, allowing scientists to reconstruct what they looked like and how they lived. 1 STRUTHIOMIMUS 1 Standing taller than a man, this agile, fast- running dinosaur was more like an ostrich than a typical reptile. It had no teeth in its long jaws but had a beak made from keratin, like birds. It was probably a herbivore. 2 ALLOSAURUS Although it probably looked very like Tyrannosaurus, the fossils of this massive meat eater have been found in rocks that are at least 70 million years older. This time span is longer than the period that separates the last dinosaurs from our own time. 3 4 (V75E\u2013L7O1 CMIRYAA)PTOR T(6Y8R\u20136A6NMNYOA)SAURUS 3 TYRANNOSAURUS 4 VELOCIRAPTOR 5 SAUROLOPHUS The biggest of the tyrannosaurs, Tyrannosaurus Found in Mongolia, the fossil bones of this This plant eater had a bony crest on its skull that rex grew to 39 ft (12 m) and had thick, smallish dinosaur are similar to those of the first may have supported an ornamental crest. Fossils banana-shaped teeth up to 6 in (15 cm) long. birds, and recent research shows that it may from Asia have longer crests than fossils found Its fossilized remains have been found in rocks have had feathers. It was an agile, high-speed in America, showing that there were at least hunter that probably jumped on its prey and two different species. in North America, notably in Montana gripped with its hooked claws. 6 IGUANODON 174 and South Dakota. Iguanodon was a large, bulky herbivore with a strange spike on its thumb. Scientists are still unsure how this spike was used.","I(G12U9A\u20131N25OMDYOAN) 9 (1D5I4P\u20131L5O2 DMYOAC) US 6 (T6R8\u2013IC66ERMAYTAO) PS 8 7 O(7V5\u2013IR73AMPTYOA)R STEGOSAURUS 10 (155\u2013150 MYA) 8 TRICERATOPS 10 OVIRAPTOR 7 STEGOSAURUS The bony neck shield and three sharp horns Similar to the larger Struthiomimus, this birdlike of Triceratops were used in combat with Stegosaurus fed on plants in what is now other Triceratops. Judging from fossilized dinosaur had short powerful jaws and possibly North America and Europe, 155\u2013150 million bones found in North America, the animal years ago. Scientists still puzzle over the grew to at least 30 ft (9 m) long. a beak. It was earlier thought to have been an function of the huge bony plates on its back, which are not attached to the backbone. 9 DIPLODOCUS \u201cegg thief\u201d because the first fossil specimen was Two pairs of spikes on the tail were likely used to ward off predators. This giant dinosaur lived in what is now North found on a nest of dinosaur eggs, and scientists America at the same time as Allosaurus but used its long neck to browse over a large area. believed that it may have died trying to steal them. It was up to 90 ft (27 m) long, with a small head and whiplike tail. However, further research suggests that it is likely that the Oviraptor was just incubating its 175 own nest, not stealing the eggs.","176 HAILSTONES \u25b6 Big thunderclouds contain updrafts that carry raindrops to heights where they freeze. The pellets of ice fall through the cloud but are carried up again so more ice freezes onto them. This can happen many times, building up hailstones that can be bigger than golf balls. \u25c0 LIGHTNING \u25b2 THUNDERSTORMS Ice crystals tossed around inside a Hot sunshine causes water to evaporate thundercloud can charge the cloud and rise into the air, where it cools and with electricity like a giant battery. forms clouds. Some clouds build up to Eventually the charge is released as immense heights of 9 miles (15 km) or a colossal spark of lightning, which more. They contain a huge weight of heats the air along its path to about water that is eventually released in 50,000\u00b0F (30,000\u00b0C) in a split second. dramatic thunderstorms of torrential rain. FLOODS \u25b6 TORNADOES \u25b6 Heavy rain can swell rivers Thunderclouds are built up until they overflow their by rising warm, moist air banks, flooding nearby that spirals up into the low-lying land. The water cloud. Sometimes this can may rise slowly, but it can develop into a tight, swirling also surge down valleys in vortex of rising air, called a sudden \u201cflash floods\u201d that sweep everything before tornado. Wind speeds inside them. Either way, the flood the vortex can exceed 300 mph (500 km\/h), and the water can wreck homes and even swamp cities. powerful updraft can easily rip the roof off a house.","ICE STORMS \u25b6 \u25c0 HURRICANES Freezing winter weather is normal in The most devastating weather occurs many regions, but freak conditions over tropical oceans, where intense can sometimes cause unusually heat creates huge storm clouds that destructive ice storms. If moist air is revolve around zones of very low air pressure. Winds spiral into the center swept over a very cold region, falling at 185 mph (300 km\/h) or more, rain may freeze where it lands to heaping ocean water into \u201cstorm surges\u201d that can drown coastal cities. form thick ice. This can bring down Hurricanes that form over the Pacific power lines, paralyze rail networks, Ocean are called typhoons. and turn roads into death traps. PREDICTING WEATHER \u25b6 Satellite images like this view of a hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico can help meteorologists predict the weather. Forecasters also gather data on wind, temperature, air pressure, and other variables, and feed them into computers that are programmed with mathematical models of the atmosphere. The computers use the new data to predict how the atmosphere may react and so produce a weather forecast. WEATHER Driven by the heat of the sun, circulating currents of air swirl through the lower atmosphere, creating the winds that carry clouds, rain, and snow from the oceans over the land. Without these weather systems, the continents would be barren deserts, where life would be impossible. Sometimes, however, the weather can be so violent that it causes destruction on a terrifying scale. 177","\u25c0IsnsacSctdnriohrnaAeodeuectsvvoNrskaeeieesnnrsrDa.tipgdsnlDmie,BntheNctihglLuehtloeaipAreolrlcasstnbuwSuyhtseleriThanfAdorreaIsdsfmNmcwooyepefGaefairavcarisgnokceraaassdclni.i,kkundwmeplssatitasdiogbhdyenraaanbderpiieoe,nnelwsgwsrik,oonoaecfnrkny, WtBuaiurnnntdtaeetdesurritonahsleiAowCrnioozhroykaonsotaefinartto Ehl CaTvahoepefistgyuaerrnavainirvnsietoCedfawmleifarioollllirssonioonianfs HotrhsfeeosrCchmuooteleoddrBoaaewdsnuotndphRlteoihfivntrreeiovdruegrrohck bfWopeacrrcGblErmoohswryrrocauAasoeaheittndbnnkTseasgseiewinlHddtlenceiaaeeneaEottdeixelltesRlfpaopearraypEwodcouanekrsDcnnnereeekesdsxdddb,xsGffeutbylostbrarcoRrugleeykoeitarmrAteutoomthihrtieNuaseoeeailcwnoyndIkaaadTna.eihncbr,.yIEs,iatyadsItrtittcnns\u25b6hidhiacildei,seleann. ansrasfoTeoaicnW\u25c0turhacwohdskrteataaehC.,MisvsyseTtoTeoLoarehwafsfInlltleattFbceecestcraFlonleeroaivfSuddsreaflsehorsrtssnAAaaaticctnekmcvapaoNgkicnoafngaskasDrgitAcsovteigulcuefoheaktSfssrfesintatn.tTwarhhhotsadAeaaetewll.riymaCadnneKdrsS MorvoincgkhfiacrveaeglomoanedcneAetdlsfpiwwlilneoietduhvltdahlilsey 178 lrbeRoyaocvcktikhnaegibswoauvansevhdeceesoercslrlouactpltihfsfees,","VbbsaRucelortlleeeostcEreahekyawrvocsceInoei\u25c0(dunchnoertdcnkeuthfrkapUMbt-bewdsMrusrrtotbiiooitoaaiddsEoldowtthelenflfehwetS)yoodneucre,sAe,rrtrmlmmtarmoerchhiSalaedpnaslerirnevgnrotssrbAdtashaty,uyelesaioNlgeneratachpgyDclnrcasaewRdaa.ysmawpBTeeisoeiharmawnaoUnnsiekywfnaiaaTcsTtpslthoeblahwhlhTeoafaltlegleleecerirEraanaesadrerKpbsscSevtttriohiasusrthseosAwefolutesiftlcts.tnecl.oliRkelrseotdkideIprgtnsSodei.cdh,sehkardiTtecsotanbrsstlrofyoaaTbstprclteaveEeu,incecwRlairaadeollRiril,rtmcaaohpakAnredinedhnrsIediaNtsenddocsaatd,anhvic\u25b6ltpneielihleset.ydeos. tdfthhgodeiweetaaRore\u25c0easncsairlpbpnviagtdbnRereeieneciegrcsrsrIdseits.eVaactesnfTacnhacloeEluhrardeysprtrRteplmhoi-wrdeVesimwievmEs.h-wdeseolaeReohyrhpsrdvalOteeetuoeporrdgptfmeSeraoilcondiaIuetsfrfOthmttgntvo-ereeftaaNodlsslolt,cl,aibekwcnyyyidsng EROSION SlhimareSpsttopoKninneuennFafmocolrrieenmssgto,tnfhCeehairna elatotvwhpnharwwefLoterdeernoeolcaaarahtsckvvnomtuinehieelcdgfatsdesnkr.whssl,asrlTyceyeatigiaoshnh,snnmdpritkegiddtesemi.enmhb,nsiOfnsorlaroaaotatiwvdrhusrsiywdnee.eennaeTrfp,iuwotssnihataoctneriagsimesemarndyiose,w\u2014teeeesrrcanwroaea,dksfettnaoscshehgiwiror,gnorereicinenannrylertvsoesghos,tat,ecaacehcghnaldkna,nenedesrstaaard.fawtyln,tawitodtnaatci,cwegtekhnaaynic tthheeotcIflonoatgesufmtlnorasiroccwemiueseintraodhstgfeahseefi\u25b2mnao,pvshraV,emUulalA-mgensrerhiNdevarlgeiitIpvnrleSaesedHucdrf,islpeoEtvslrhaawcDseolnligenudvrGygrsaineslaL.ldddefWAofiytnewshChgcernetIeeamrEmtedlhoRoatebnShuimygnet,. wirnadinitmnnhsSgtdaeeaionrussnsrraelromdtosgihbawny,tAlseoCrege.wcettaarbIraotrtomnaooenoapfdtycafrsymueoktioemotnrennfShantbgnnp,orhAtLsuAoeof.tbantOtulhurUshnrstiugteorezenTtosanhmolaholretlonidrirtCkpdgtaoifheeenefhhgAneurtehtevtgoaNiasithtagldoolYlthecephfdryOem.eaetsphcs,eN,ekesrsat\u25b6s 179","180 RIVERS SAswIonwOlfhlahmirUcmiigvheRpehlftr,CewsmoeEharodatause\u25bcvnrtsehptpaaeroiinnsmuosgr,auinbtirnhcgueesbf.trbsrIootelimuanmrmgcatehyooeumbfteetahnoyaedfbltyaoehokfeauea,ngsgatgrrolearuaicvnimeedrr,.. \u25bc UPPER COURSE Most rivers flow downhill from hills or mountains to the sea. They start as fast-flowing streams, which join The upland part of a river is known as together to create small rivers. These often cascade its upper course. It is usually fast flowing, down steep slopes, cutting deep valleys, until they with a rocky bed, rapids, and even reach flatter ground. Here, regular seasonal flooding waterfalls. Here, the Churun River creates broad, fertile floodplains. Each river wanders cascades over the rim of the flat-topped across its floodplain, growing in size but flowing Auyantepui Mountain in Venezuela, more slowly, until it reaches the estuary or delta South America, at Angel Falls\u2014the highest where it spills into the sea. waterfall on Earth, at 3,212 ft (979 m). NTgArtTheTarrthaewiiRbnsvesuueeIZamBctlebnhadaUardrotaliianieTdwimdnsAus.nedetrTrhdR,sienh,itIlsaogtelEthmyrajtSeeonhayaoideln\u25bcmlftsufaatslpdhrofrnrdewliionviHtinewgnorotgtotpdihshikotanejoiwownr\u201cfinsrlnbweoRerfnwahrdivtoie,sdebm,nerey.csdmapAo\u201dreotorhc(yrupiaeiannlkrlatglisyaitt(imeMranedfaoats)senmusproenashwst,teotcCemaaforvlenloyelsktd.s),.","SeAVorTsomAiagdeLeerCirrLsvihvLaEeieernYwcraafsolpSi.onlpilGnwadaAtopgisshnsrsNGdaeggttoehoDoVuwosrrf-ognnasnGlhuedicrmefeageOorprehoocngseRomftsrdttnotoGheeicnuvneteeEeasnpaYclSudcl-lraeaesperniyvd\u25bcpadiegvtteeeethrsdzrdyrcseosg.otbuRoeuygimrrvgtsheeshert,esht,inhelieklaewnadt.er usually LOWER COURSE \u25bc MEANDERS \u25bc afofcalisnafmrnrpWonomdeiosdlthelslrsisaceeneiciolnntptagssnd,,plrotofw.fielrvevwHoo.hereoeTlltirrlycidrheslhetedbperh,eb,ulsefataotulthiiohcrniicelhloe.badiyWdTrnaturhwhntyiOpeelikalsnmrasttlemdomoeaogwrantrefooelokdltenaterwafn.esmslvwodaReeotsaaxise,vdmcflrteela.heporlyIelafiofeenycltdnroghhsfptwletyoolahysefwieaanrr,e fsaotmaaAleiofnwmlesaowdenkaieoxtsey,dphafstirltgethooihtssrgrhpweewoecesusrub(icsabntgaaaetedronhnenonifkddntrfudeagolnatriomonnndcloeodobtfpafhuoretmseber)r,cseoeuaopeosnmsdrrtumodtmtieohnn,sanieearoydPianuvteAebnhenr\u201cemoderucocfeewa,oixnrdtzS-msahsb,oo.tieseonudSeowoterbaRh.moecislTuvvnAaeeehetdkrmtsrriiieseme,s\u201dreicsa. \u25bcAsauifafsatolplrlaaEtmftedtwhttsStsehouehaalTeertlretectxaeUem,otN.arpteaTAuhiotnwsghhdetwdRei,iafstrrlefIothaivrErvRupetfimeieSsutsuvrwholaefsdArhtfnrrohfreiyaarNovmasonseopnDumriustetpthwtsmhmsrlteDepiaeuuvetsatEaedfheecclrrLtrooehypsTa.rwmaasettAInhrhfehtontoeSetioifcewhgtlsltseefhessho,starte,thrkihimvbiedntneeuieodraNdi.wlefdeAwil,gnloisttniewdhaagreesia. 181","CAVES LIMESTONE CAVES When rock is worn away by coastal erosion or Rainwater dissolves carbon dioxide from rainwater, weak areas tend to collapse while the the air, turning it into weak carbonic acid. surrounding stronger rock survives. This creates In limestone country, the acidified rainwater cave systems, which may extend for many miles drains into the rock and dissolves it, creating in limestone country and contain huge caverns chains of potholes and caverns. Where water and underground rivers. Flowing water containing dissolved rock drips from cave beneath glaciers can also erode caves in the ice. ceilings, it leaves stony deposits that build up In places like Hawaii, erupting volcanoes may into hanging stalactites and stalagmites that create lava tubes\u2014tunnels that once contained grow up from the cave floor. rivers of red-hot molten rock. This big stalagmite is made of stony calcite deposited by centuries of dripping water UNDERGROUND WATER The water that creates limestone caves flows through the cave systems as underground streams and even rivers. In wet weather, these can fill the caves, eroding them into fantastic shapes that are revealed as the water level drops. In some limestone regions, such as the Yucatan in Mexico, there is no surface water at all because all the rivers flow under ground. In places they are open to the sky, they form beautiful natural wells called cenotes. Crystal clear water reveals the banded rock structure of this cave CRYSTALS COASTAL CAVE Water dripping through cave On exposed rocky coasts, pounding waves systems contains dissolved force water into cracks in the rock at such high minerals, such as calcite and pressure that they blow the rock apart. This gypsum. If the water evaporates cuts away the rock at water level. Often the or changes its chemical nature rock above collapses to form a sheer cliff, but slightly, the minerals may if the waves cut into a weaker seam, they can become solid again, forming create deep caves and even rock arches. crystals with glittering, faceted, jewel-like shapes. Delicate calcite crystals have grown on the end of this stalactite where it enters a pool 182","GLACIER CAVE Near the end of a glacier, melting ice creates streams of meltwater that often drain down through crevasses to form vertical sinkholes. When the water reaches the bottom of the glacier, it flows between the ice and rock to erode tunnels and caves in the ancient glacier ice. At times when the melting rate is high, these can fill with water, which pours through the ice in a torrent before finally emerging at the glacier tip or snout. In midwinter, however, these glacier caves may be safe to explore. Ice covers the floor of this glacier cave during a period of reduced melting ICE CAVE In some mountain regions, the air inside limestone caves can be so cold that water seeping into the cave immediately freezes. This creates glassy icicles and frozen cascades. The temperature is critical to the formation of these ice caves, so LAVA TUBE they are quite rare. If the rock around the cave is too cold, water Now cold and empty, this cave was once freezes solid before it can enter filled with a torrent of red-hot lava erupting the cave. If the cave is too warm, from a Hawaiian volcano. The lava from such all the ice melts, and the water volcanoes is so hot and liquid that it flows drains away through the cave floor. like water. As it pours downhill, the top of the flow cools and may become solid, Water dripping into the forming the roof of a lava tube. This keeps Grotte Casteret, in the the heat in and allows the lava inside to keep flowing. When the eruption stops, Spanish Pyrenees mountains, forms a frozen cascade the lava may flow out to leave a long cave. Solidified lava forms the roof of the lava tube CALCITE BARRIERS Water flowing through the limestone cave of Akiyoshi-do in Japan is saturated with dissolved calcium carbonate, or calcite. Where the water flows over the sloping cave floor, calcite has crystallized to form a series of barriers. The water overflows these in a gentle cascade that falls from one pool to the next. Water is beautifully clear, despite being full of calcite 183","CLIMATE ZONES MHltimikotgzOreuoohegUAunemhsnerNc,totitaolsuoiTiccnngwAattrus-laoIllgneNoiwnrddpo.rpe\u25b2wtTasheh,iaeanaekrgntesurdveapweertpgaehelreievrnmtyeeaeerh.tdyria,gocvaenoel.lloodsLfiwo,mtwihinlieagsrr Variations in the intensity of sunlight striking different parts of DESERT \u25b6 Earth drive global air movements and weather systems. Between them, these influences create a variety of climate zones, ranging Some regions get so from steamy tropical rain forests to the icy deserts of Antarctica. little rain that they are Most of these climate zones have a distinctive type of vegetation, which is the basis of a whole wildlife community, or biome. deserts. Many lie in a zone of hot, dry air near mTInrRoitTsieOrehstantehiuiPsnfnsheerueIteuCooeesFsglnueqpAitOednvnuhitleagLsahselRhnpttehtoaRoEisohneerilrrSraAeamearmnvtTtagnIoydecNaire,ln\u25b6ofkoabawoweufnerroasddlmtorrhsmew.sot,fs. TEFMOPREERSATT\u25b6E the tropics, but others are just too far from alatolhlrvsoeeeewrinmtnyTsheeicsetiglmutordihrerml,podeeldewem.rsaraNvtiaemnvoeetreg,erpagsybricrwanuholointeomwwcdaetmaitawnnsthatnteoeoneessrlrp,yrl. oceans. Some plants live in deserts, so they are not quite barren. 184 POLAR AND TUNDRA \u25b2 MTtahhtEreheeDadamtrIwaylTiivhsEneheRdrrtueheRbsetAelrhareeNtnycdrEaeasngArteihsoNuamnrtsvo\u25b2liaisvetreebcdoenrmtaywmimneegoednno.autTfhttheeinertetttohhmueepghMehor-eatldetseaiutvezmerodrmnaepensrleasaa.nnntds The polar regions get only weak sunlight in summer and are dark all winter. They stay frozen all year, but in the north, this icy region is surrounded by tundra, which thaws in summer allowing some plants to grow.","CTLthrIieonMGpctrlihAaicmesaTslalsEarutanebiZdntzrsOoofdnopNeerievcsEseso,Stlofanp\u25bcntehdawerbhwtoehorreeeralediltqffuioosarrttemoosotrb, idmanrnyotdhsfsteo, drwfaetirrsteehnerotss.rth. POBLOMAROREUAANLNTFDAOTIRNUENSTDRA TEMMEPDEIRTAERTERAFONERAESNT TETMRTORPOEPPRICIACATALELGRGRARAIANSSSFSOLLARAENNSDTD DESERT TToRrsofouOwphfptiiepPcetaahonIvlCrtkytrrAenedrgaoeeLiiswnontGsnfnheasaRalftltsohAacrsaraeaSetnsvaStta.owrnLeToniAhtnahheoNhosyttstaDa,wanrseonid\u25b2tmdhsleoiednantrsitygmhotdefeorsgzodoruaongstesht,etsd. TSucgoEnosrmuoMnaawteslisPlnytyfeeEasbmnrtRemetpscApl.aeapTTurneaosEdsteoe.aGtdnahrRdreyeyApafolrsiSaregiStreariLteteAselti\u2014hstN,tealteDhlhtreehaya\u25b2oirnuatfrgsaehollnf,magtarunerayatlalyre BOREAL FOREST \u25b2 To the south of the Arctic tundra, the northern continents support a band of dense forest. Most of the trees are conifers with stiff needlelike leaves 185 that can survive the long, freezing winters.","Corn on Soybean Dried Soy flour Rice seeds the cob pods soybeans Rice CORN \u25b6 oy sauce SOYBEANS \u25b2 cakes The corn grown in High in protein and rich in oil, RICE \u25bc the Americas is actually a soybeans were once known giant grass that grows well only in Asia. Now popular One of the world\u2019s three in sunny climates. Its big with vegetarians, they staple foods\u2014along with corn kernels can be cooked and eaten as they are grown in and wheat\u2014rice is a type of warm climates grass that grows in warm climates. are or ground into flour to worldwide. It is usually cultivated in flooded make tortillas and corn chips. \u201cpaddy\u201d fields, which cover large Soy milk areas of the tropics. e es Cooked ric Corn tortilla Corn chips Dried cocoa Grains of rice S Tofu is a pod s food made from soy Cocoa beans Fresh \u25c0 COCOA Bar of chocolate FARM CROPS cocoa pod The main ingredient of All our plant foods are grown on farms of chocolate, cocoa beans come from the some kind\u2014from the huge wheat and corn fields of North America to the banana pods of the cocoa tree, grown mainly plantations and coconut groves of the tropics. The crops we harvest today are descended in West Africa and tropical America. The from plants that once grew wild but which have been bred to give high yields of juicy beans are first left to ferment in the sun fruit, edible seeds, or rich vegetable oils. then dried, roasted, and either ground WHEAT \u25bc into powder or made into cocoa butter. Wheat is the most important grain crop in mild northern POTATOES \u25b6 White potato climates, where it is cultivated The potato is the tuber on a vast scale. A member of the grass family, (storage root) of a plant wheat has been bred to have large seeds for related to tomatoes. grinding into flour. It was brought to Europe from South America in the 16th century, and since then, it has become one of the world\u2019s main foods. Red potatoes Fresh tea leaves Tea bags \u25c0 TEA The leaves used to make tea come from an evergreen bush that grows in tropical and subtropical climates. It is cultivated mainly in China and India, where the leaves Bread made are handpicked and quickly from wheat Vine of red dried. Leaf tea can be flour tomatoes used as it is or in paper TOMATOES \u25b2 tea bags. Inside a Closely related to potatoes, and Dried tea yellow tomato introduced from the same region of South leaves America in the late 1500s, the tomato is Bunch of 186 wheat now grown almost worldwide. seedheads","Sunflower oil Grapes on Currants SUNFLOWERS \u25b6 the vine and The spectacular blooms of GRAPES \u25b2 raisins sunflowers are made up of White hundreds of big seeds. These One of the oldest cultivated grapes can be eaten as snacks, but most plants, the grape was grown by Ancient Egyptians 6,000 years are processed to produce oil, which is ago. Planted in permanent used in cooking. Bees love sunflowers vineyards in warm climates, and turn the nectar into honey. grapes are harvested for winemaking, eating fresh, Sunflower and drying as raisins, seeds sultanas, and currants. Black grapes Stalk of \u25c0 SUGAR CANE Brown sugar sugar cane Grown on plantations in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, sugar Dried cane is the thick stalk of a sunflower large grass. More than half the seedhead world\u2019s sugar comes from sugar cane. anana It is also made into alcohol used in Molasses is a Sunflower biofuels (fuels made from sticky juice in bloom produced The coconut renewable organic when sugar grows inside a material, such cane is thick, fibrous husk as plants). boiled Ripe b \u25c0 BANANAS Bananas grow in bunches Desiccated Fresh coconut of up to 200, sprouting from coconut clusters of huge leaves that shoot up from fleshy roots. They are a valuable crop throughout the tropics and are usually cut while green so they are perfectly yellow and ripe when sold. Green bananas COFFEE \u25bc Red coffee COCONUTS \u25b6 Creamed coconut berries Inside the Coffee is one of the most valuable crops The big nuts of the coconut palm coconut is a produced in the tropics. It is made from are an important crop on many layer of white the seeds of a small tree. Each red berry Pacific islands. The fibrous husk is \u201cmeat\u201d contains two seeds, or beans, which are used for matting and rope making. The white \u201cmeat\u201d of the nuts is dried in the sun before being used for food, either fresh, roasted and ground. desiccated (dried), as creamed coconut, or Roasted coffee as coconut oil. beans Cup of coffee 187","ENVIRONMENT As the human population grows and we exploit more of the world\u2019s resources, we inflict a lot of \u25bcTeTbucihnhnhypeGviasgsitmnreLhaiosagseOonecelsmaaessBttuvtiesmAnehsenelaorsrLtditasoaipiasbWusnhbygsfpesalAptooorlheollrbRarb.plaerlMTualahihttcwtetieiIoestaaNonrctmrnamGatospahnifysanedtnmglhewd.eeaarldatirs.imteros damage on our environment. We are doing this partly by destruction of natural habitats, such as forests and souisitcnuhhAd\u25bcpetaahrlnsoseLcwgttaAeshaoteretsfNoaetetM.urhDeMsieedstdoAaotoishlttvswNeioenprirDgrllpdaatsolsnhiSttifeeshieEcoaal.nnanAtRni.ewnadvPwgeesOcretsahnreLporwceLotlos,awUsogdeTreaodwdIwaOsunanemdyNaaspenneddd wetlands, and partly by pollution of the land, oceans, and atmosphere. Many plants and animals are endangered, and entire ecosystems such as coral reefs and rain forests are under threat. Garbage in Guanabara Bay, Brazil Smog shrouding the Los Angeles skyline \u25b2 AIR POLLUTION pomlltauhrtPeienlasebseetaaiacncciwahmneaasstltrseaapfnloadantdinkgillin Coocraeanal dnresmebmfaesnacayyormestoydepoyenwisnbaogrefmaecseoxrtr,ianlct Smoke and gases released by industry, power stations, homes, and vehicles have caused visible air pollution, known as \u201csmog,\u201d in many cities. Badly polluted air can be dangerous to breathe, but the main threat from this kind of pollution is global warming. 188","\u25bcSsfatptomocarriooAtodmibkoaCrlecwnaeIiismdaDencniacofidknRatmolsfACluubsaslmiIiufnntNupeeacrpsdaiwconfarira,toktnRhmildluilmfsetinsnro.iieadtiTsre,uhtisacusistnararendicysididCaanstnhs.utdiehnWrrnepaiho.olaeauwinkrseettroshis Thaeciinwdtaoorrariesinntadseauftrfsheetarcsittuasalfforreeefrgceildoonses \u25bcAaflTorlunoleDhrmaofeibtEsvtbsuehteiFerssireanrOwitlngmahhRrnpdeeaadEcaeibwnkrsStittitoocnTiracarogcAtuluydslelsTsea,ooeadrvInsmrOaaeolEsearatNfaencoarchdbtflriheemytfiahoeanaserangtrofder.affiTcecirfsrhmhlooloeearipsnndnetiegcsgfta.eol.r Coral reef, Fiji Forest destroyed by acid rain near the Appalachian Mountains Rain forest clearance in Chiapas, Mexico Giant panda in Wolong Nature Reserve, Chengdu, China tohsTpauAah\u25c0nettsi,cdsiiwisLtemavOisrnla.iedtikAdSmaheulsSaastcelobessnOuishttdrhatFavahteivnsveBeghaarIeelfriOecerhahewladDtdrhveedaIsrsoeVprtpifrreeElocatftyhoiRyceeeersSodsmpfd,ItTlipaloaeifnlYnaleyienvtet.s. Cycling to work in San Francisco thbewtPyorjoooawrlbtkteoeeocrrrtfkisinngiagPngorsetRvttheheprOereeaonddwTlemluunEaocetvyfCininiodrwtTgonsreI.intvNtWhmlhiinevGeeegeyan,c.EmptatBhrnAiyosoeuacdnRsynleuolTctcthclHieoijentu.fylgps\u25b6t 189","PAINTED BRIDE At a traditional wedding in the Balkan village of Donje Ljubinje, the bride\u2019s face is painted to ward off bad luck. The custom is unique, as is the villagers\u2019 language\u2014a mixture of Serbian, Macedonian, and Turkish. 190","People and places 191","192 Injera is an African flat INNDigeUmriSaaj,ToArRlwsgYoehuSriolirmaeacun,eigtndashoneotlAdddifnfoiLarnaiiinbclrtdaeayhanpdeedrxaiCaoprnmoesoapnrotetguneroroddausalfsnhrg.odaaMmvsZ,eianNmmearabmadilasieb,aiaarne. d copper bread, served here with beef stew and veggies Moroccan spices One-third of the world\u2019s gold is produced in Johannesburg setlloitnwhegnerasitereadlihlneopaolnsvtmaseae,nrtigramniMocalinosswrun.unodicFdciipcnhssroghhaosaabdbcnenuuAocatddfrernaiTns,rmcauteaeayn\u2019ilansaastFoidsdcmtala,sdOara,eleeppnclOdteramietlsaoaDssfror.paleokIloveoeyntatd,hss.earanrde crops Nigeria is one of the world\u2019s main oil producers AFRICA Drum The Masai \u201cjump-dance\u201d to The discovery of fossilized remains in Africa double bSetrllisna,gnsbeudcydcrCpsemhhieaonaueltMpseselstulbisrtctluUrh,arbamaewrltS.odikeiMowIitutnChniangtosspnen,tieyn,oasruatlcAmyrcbuepfheasresaiakacislotesassoont,dafhwipirfdeneflirastekuuthyrromseeuaurndmasnat.,ialemlsayrnoneaatudlsucnhctsdoheosdmer.nmtpsoaonsited music, as a show has led experts to agree that the world\u2019s first humans originated from this continent Kuge of strength millions of years ago. Today, the population stands at about 1.3 billion, with many Sahara Desert people living in rural regions of the 54 countries. Africa\u2019s diversity is seen in its varied cultures, long- standing customs, striking scenery, and wildlife. This captivating mix attracts a steady stream of visitors. Kora Stunning views M e d i t erra over Cape Town and Table Mountain in TUNISIA n e a n Sea Mount Kilimanjaro lies South Africa on the Tanzania\/Kenya MOROCCO Gulf border and rises 19,340 ft (5,895 m) of Sirte Tropic of ALGERIA LIBYA Cancer Tropic of Cancer WESTERN SAHARA Red Sea (disputed territory EGYPT administered by Morocco)","MAURITANIA The Sphinx MALI NIGER and Great Pyramids THE SENE BURKINA SUDAN ERITREA DJIBOUTI Gulf of Aden attract GAMBIA \u2022 IVORY tourists to COAST GHANA CHAD Egypt all GUINEA- \u2022 LANoSNarthDhaSAraCf,rAAwilcofahraPniebcgNEc(raooAeea\u2019asnsftttsrutcetirerrcsmaianavstl\u2019tpethselreaethr)orn,iwaigdastthohnmumeredrlaasedgtrLis\u2019nkrasmcalsklyasaoiensnrruyagcVtnilpeoinutcslpadtatfoieion1dnrr2)eKise,a2sidstel\u00b0(thioFtrmeahtw(,nae5Ntnnd0hlija\u00b0lseareCorirvg)u(o.etethrhsset., lake). BISSAU GUINEA SOMALILAND BENIN (not internationally year round SIERRA LEONE \u2022 TOGO NIGERIA recognized) GAL LIBERIA \u2022 CENTRAL AFRICAN SOUTH ETHIOPIA M REPUBLIC SUDAN ALIA GizcaVlToiinssOievtEioiUssrgsMioraltysaRnaeopntkdgrtoIdio,SenhsAbc.MgicoTusfotrfhuioil,cepttrahaisentceoghcdsmoSoeiteSneesooyousn4cumnhi,ts5sehyoa0tlfhnl0Aieaseftsryarh.iaeliOtsecnaooarcnb,sisbeeeaeaonaseogoctwfothsphAt.eeyeelsfrldrawoiacmbfsialyTtdi\u2019sdhutliosmenfSueoiAosPEOrfiRQasiaIGTsUtNtO,UtACMsIITNPOEEERA&IAL CAMEROONCONGO UGANDA KENYA SO GABON RWANDA \u2022 Equator D E M \u2022 R E P \u2022 \u2022 BURUNDI SEYCHELLES CONGO COMOROS TANZANIA ANGOLA \u2022 MALAWI ZAMBIA E OCEAN U Q R I A B e AM C qu S NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE M OZ A MAURITIUS nmebli G a A n BOTSWANA Tropic of Capricorn z D a o A h M M C N Endangered mountain gorillas live in Rwanda\u2019s SOUTH \u2022 ESWATINI IA Volcanoes National Park AFRICA (formerly SWAZILAND) IND \u2022 LESOTHO Head the wGoahrnltaMdden\u2019asaacaFobnncpAproedyrnuoscRActotdtiMfocatturrlo.iicusmcgCItesaNieoloanfltttrnGshateu,oteiinwftnrmosrph.irausKrirclrogekeuadrenlltotuthyviwscvaie.leal\u2019nNsaItmvigrofnoaoerogritrsnyrhedegfCeaxartrolophtnleawoayssArni,tetrfo.aolhrdlinoaicsvdaltfehvhsie,gaghsetDthaeabtleess bTeGWcaoheaalMdnutsmIsoanLaeyretrdsDoe,itracrazaeLhsgemb.sIabelwTFisrfrshcaEirvhtaeeseher,esdc\u2019gslwoiynitanriowlnatdKifipilnemftirefhneoeasony,t.lausteeT\u2019tcsaalhetrflnrapeeRAedrahieffgnroTra-eiqganoucsun-atfnttsaz\u2019dahsi,asriuawltnnlaeenmioinradldsdwadhnlbohiiafsifegevr.ee else. of corn lemurs are native to the island of Madagascar Zebra Coco a pod 193 Fibers from the cotton boll plant are used to weave cloth","194 The stock exchange in Tokyo is the third largest in the world Freshwater crocodile Judo INBDyUgexaSpsITr,oaARrqJtsYa,iinapaggnanrndornIe,nwaKstdtootuhiihouaowan,r,fvcacrCsheaeoihtasrsbmusish,noecsacafnhietlv,eooseeaaftincsilhnbutaSrtedetaeantscpodui,doniatdmdfghnnir-eaeoedAertcmdwrueoAagrlenmbesaeaiocilaaalttmtners,hoscic-ychnpo.nirucoosndlftouorgicreyiesn. xgport. WSefsaoTonInsanntmhahuIdaochndLdneenmoaweedoDdlndaAftonohooesglsmLienefterrrnieoaIesagatoareFithApsnteanflitt.Eeecagd,sshtsSipraauobaweohmdhnt,ulfra,aaoradaiateMrrncnrnhmyekkelBcstdsedasflmosbuf,a\u2019sll,sraripetdsavtoonmuytaaiielmgfesnsrnrAfoi.otegaadlsstre,rtiahstaes,h,e,.e Tiger STPhOerAeeRwscxiTMihocsareSmoe,aolrswnmasltoeglthionbnocincgarglhiicpactikkninurneasrrcJtdsiada,luiunwpteidtidrao.hesnIn,iTsnleaiadojbunnitfeaddadtm,boarPkl,anaeaukrcsknttiawniiegsarngtaelafntraruneieers,,timoinasasnnnaiaCncdidlnhesSosisneruaipxamLpo.aoepnruktlaar. RUSSIA South Korea is the fifth-largest Table tennis, car-manufacturing along with nation in the world soccer, is China\u2019s most popular sport JAPAN NKOORTRHEA MONGOLIA SKOOURTEHA Rice is Asia\u2019s ZAKH S T A N Tropic of Cancer staple food TAIWAN and has been K A Aral Sea The Sasakia charonda cultivated butterfly, nicknamed for more than TURKEY ARMENIA. \u2022G\u2022EOARZGEIRABAIJANTURKUMZBEENKIISSTTAANN KYRGYZSTAN CHINA Japanese emperor, is 9,500 years Japan\u2019s national butterfly \u2022 TAJIKISTAN CYLPERBUASN\u2022ON \u2022 SYRIA IRAN AFGHANISTAN \u2022 BHUTAN SouthSCehaina PHILIPPINES ISJROAREDLA\u2022N \u2022 PAKISTAN IRAQ NEPAL LAOS Arabian ASARUADBBIIAAHQR\u2022AATKIANURW\u2022\u2022AITUAE Sea BANGLADESH \u2022 M(YBAUNRMMAAR) VIETN AM INDIA Bay of Bengal I ATHAILANCDAMBODIA Red Sea I N D O N E SM Y BRSUNEII \u2022 \u2022 EAST TIMOR A OMAN A L A YEMEN \u2022 SRI LANKA \u2022 SINGAPORE","Asi(arancwocucomoirsenicbnauoletetoc,nakmuadelnhAitdsludikstofirFaivaewfsOe\u2019nshssi.gptddOdCheiicirutsslDeiahhoclsibeeencflassaeoolcarssrray)ra,ncledlunTeodehrddorleaidistgreiuolilhsevasu)esthn,r)sdidC,i)sfahtfrh(srnociaonudmavCmarleiJrhkI(aimntfeepihrdsn.aiaeeiwdwanadIrenii(tocrguhdihcnrriielnoimadq, w,uit,xethfsohoeftelhlcopeowlomaleneodtrosstbhfayittlrehleIanreegdingnrioaoiot.wrhntInnhes \u201cBollywood\u201d films take dantceemsin,ipmnaIaAldnneuCsuyddsidesUiiacatIaann,r\u2019LnrsydacTcfsnouperuUodnlrrctosmecRud,desrCaEiuseiatnas,cs\u2019fmscewubesslbiahatm\u201cotsahrBehdodeoBei\u201crioaanlheiBwlr\u2019lysusM\u201dtnwothcpaaoluaoaudnmfmnocspe\u2019sasBdeepb1ilcomp\u201de,laaf0em-tirfalr0.dsioos.l0bAmkmMoarefttiyduel,o,mdmfnstbohawei Pho Bac, Dragon masks make beef noodle soup a colorful sight at ASIASushi Petronas Towers dragon boat festivals in Kuala Lumpur, and Chinese New Year Malaysia CTIhTseIuEepSHceoorccnciusMtntioleltiguteiammuemsnKs,rpiy.cseorlDee,nabpssanguoeunsdboolaidttapmrliuinelnt,eoxgieKnnuulxeouirtrnAaywaitssvlaomlaieicavceh,Lirohnnwuuimgagtmrhhesa.berp-lpirsrnuariesooarre,efadtaiaonfuonisfccnndfifeieaocodnnerftcse. , The largest continent is a land of extremes. From The bright lights the ice of the Arctic to the heat of the Indian Ocean of Hong Kong, At the Western Wall in islands, Asia takes in treacherous mountains, desolate home to 7.4 Jerusalem, Jewish people million people gather to offer prayers dunes, treeless steppes, fertile plains, and tropical rain forests. The continent\u2019s 48 countries show many contrasts, with businesses booming in the expanding cities, while rural communities farm the fields. Today, more than 60 percent of the world\u2019s population call Asia their home. Golden Buddha REALlAlItGlthtoheItoOcomuoPdNguaeahainoynttprBarrhelyureelos,eildpgimwtgdBhiiroioehueiotn,ridnusstisdmhnhsadhirlspteiaiteefsaenfbmnmerdyfltr,ipaegcHHflidhhetriihosntani,ensmnddonmtuuArmiciniossosiiegnmmsautn.nom,tfftra.ooornplcysludorqaswuIysoeeilnnasd.mg,. Bathing on the A traffic jam banks of the Ganges in Delhi, India\u2019s River at Varanasi is second largest city a holy act for Hindus 195","soaefntsapdndTFeFdhlrsowcieOenivrraaikevUdOlyslegSay,.deDtTihpthshqaarefeuobmaspivlmceebirkdseuoflefoygrueg.orasroAedefhwrsonswe,nrccaeeahilitantonishlsttbfCyhfadeoaosoolrtppigffsrftospefoi,orriponeacnadysni.arh,dfeDoafdoronuwddistnwMitehxicchoilies. Most of the CULTURE peanuts grown in the US are made American movies and TV shows are popular into peanut butter around the world. Many famous music styles, such as rock and roll, jazz, blues, country, and soul, have their roots in the US. Canada\u2019s annual Calgary Stampede celebrates its cattle-trading roots, while Mexico has parades and feasts on saints\u2019 days. Hamburger Elvis Presley became the ultimate icon of US rock-and- roll music Canada\u2019s maple trees A la s produce 71 percent of all maple syrup worldwide\u2014 Gulf of Alaska (US) k a BSeeaaufort a favorite on pancakes PACIFIC C The US grows A 10 percent of the N world\u2019s oranges OCEAN UN I TAEMDE Baseball glove OF and ball S R T CAAT E S SPORTS I The highlight of the American football calendar is a championship game called the Super Bowl. This is the most watched television event in the US. Baseball and basketball are also long-standing favorites. The colder climate of Canada has made skiing, ice skating, and ice hockey the main winter pursuits. MEXICO GE LU Gulf MoH\u2022fOAMCNN\u2022eITaDxCHicAUJroEARRiBAMAAbGSACHUbIAUCAAMeB AA\u2022a Sn\u2022 Statue of AS AT ECL MVOASATDLAOABRER\u2022LPI\u2022CIAZANE\u2022\u2022A\u2022 Liberty LANNeiwmDOmYMnoibgerAukrRWia\u2019lRsudnopSsiKtnhrrtsleaogSmdastl.rdiuoTwdArererieiavnertnoidoh,nltfaewtgsthnLhChaiedbbeeerrmyenerrUebrtuacteSoraityrnkhralwassvietsen,ocetfdawdfhlacnmAicheonebiazmctlseteroiteekoytfctdfho\u2019ihssafeueotMnnaurddloorleMuciUsnkntaS.tCyFaeannr tcriavlilAizmateiorincas. Mount Rushmore 196 Ice hockey skate has blade to enable hockey player to glide across the ice","Mexico\u2019s guitar The Rocky Mountains stretch groups play and from Alaska in the north to the sing their traditional mariachi music US border in the south Oscars are statues given LOsNfgmYtboAnaoreeriaeyrxlNeaslts-oscshtotfDyhhwferAeiopdSrpssmdztllaCoAeaoeoinnipnfAnrfeipsMmscC,P,aaakaeodEln\u2019asnnxsedcitosaschnewdoYoioroaafntawnstslneh,aisyedm,asesRtnptihyiothdnreeecaesa.nkiisrdrFCyac.iaeeeatHMirnsrotte.iehohbnaTreuebadhyrneliAetnptasuraogUnacriutr.nSndiktcssoihssiaCwnsaaniutrnrdoccehltehtharasoenudgh to movie industry winners at Hollywood\u2019s Academy Awards ARCTIC OCEAN NORTH AMERICA Gr e e n lDenmark) a n Before the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century, The Grand Canyon tribes of native peoples were the only inhabitants was formed by water BBaayffin (to of North America. Since then, waves of immigration and ice over millions to both Canada and the US have made these of years d countries pioneers of financial growth and contemporary culture. The mainly Spanish-speaking Davis countries of Central America have lush, mountainous Bison landscapes and are rich in tradition and culture. HBuady son Strait A LaSebarador D A ATLANTIC OCEAN Gray-banded kingsnake American football helmet Canada\u2019s harp seal pups are born with INDUSTRY fluffy white fur for extra warmth N gcfePFooaoTxainsrfhspcehsaewiotsfinrtinrhUcutdgpe.ScCroaCtioogsitiaoldar,anenrsiunraetw,co,dswitenwmsawrh,,ivpiemtsiselhtoaeetsalrh.stetMiahnael,lylnemylexatblsoireiycognnocfpedttcrssruwaoetosnnlodetlnrsioxucyepdicstda,iosnulcronfgastoenaervrsdtrga,uoisatrntfhanqelduaainrctritaifets. thNWaonrIttLphheDeeorLRpnpsoIaulFpFpercrlawk,akEovrsinyirinvttitpsdMechhrloaueotom\u2019fhrsdtueeCaiaEnncnanvhttgnyeadebaribrangmidasteslroaaaa.oendrnAhfsa,eaoc,Mnastresenoiteilmsektsxmes.,aaiclStaolooushnnrp\u2019neesasdeuikSqUa,cmeonuhaSsnoien,maaoondwsnrsaaadedtelthsneitioselnecaDnroFn.aerldolsperiaroidrtne.asa,can IDTROI EMP UI NBILCIAC \u2022 HA West Indies \u2022 Sea Computer chips from California, the center for microelectronics Combine harvesters farm wheat on the American prairies Cadillac car 197","PTHAhormYPefAaeeStBcmrhtIcirifhCecaoaiaecznzAA.iotOplFnr.LnaarcdToemsoreFtmaasipEtnninhMaAgt. eshIfoTlneo(asuwUorntwnehuhdRtseetisatchscE,ihntanwSaoprsmrih,reseteelishecavdhtaeanhodasssemstipnt\u201c,rtigfgeinolsraaawdatdtthose\u201dessewrySiainndnocpgreuSltoanptopshisanseetnsahhikecasahslfl)l.oedfnuts CRBOrawPzhiSltioplemrtoeEadrcptruuoaoacecttedeshasodteaoornf\u2019Anesodsencr-lbdaiftmarheaensriar,mapdtanelinanoaindgfss.tticeidShnodteereCanoewhlnpiifosloethrshrloidaleglwn\u2019ssrhidnodcigowePlohfseifnweraeugrreee,s,rwlodhpoeewrseno.fIn the rainy season, soBcrfcaeJezaraittln\u2019hgusAeeraicresMmsamoaCeu\u2019epsrssisiimUptccfbeaoLaalcaa.nTntinmtascAUdochunaulueRdsltosantEafutirnrohrtvceeep.aeree-abtfTcrldsohaoeareadymhenrmicsmdhgtayraohhbtlnnnieiehdgsvaihmchaipelgt,hcaaherrotsdttfw.iiasheoRinsifcciohSenodouefth The tango the Amazon River dance evolved A floods, covering in Argentina\u2019s large parts of the slums during the 198 rain forest in water late 19th century In 2002, Brazil won WTchoIeuLAlADdmmLcJaoaaIcgFzznmsaoounEtnananaaoicrkniRspase,iwy1svts,,0helsowl,erip,tzahhewwanisrrlodh,cederaeskltnnr,dhietnad\u2019esngodtlfdffoaaoirspalirpghnleilrheesssaeistrntlsncfistvlirsmsoaewa.oinaCnuordlonoftsldpotepouereeroerrmfctvsuitlteesehlrasswte.ontsihtwudtrehceiamen.s, Brazil soccer\u2019s World Cup for a record-breaking fifth time Angel Falls in Red-eyed tree Venezuela drops frogs are active 3,212 ft (979 m) at night, searching and is the highest for insects to eat uninterrupted The toucan\u2019s large waterfall in beak enables it to the world pick fruit from trees The Patagonia region Caribbean Sea TLANTIC Coffee beans at the southern tip of the continent is known PA NAMA VENEZUELA GUYASNUARINAME (FtGoreuFniracanhnace) O C E A N Sap is collected for its dramatic glaciers from rubber trees COLOMBIA Equator Sharp-teethed, in the Amazon meat-eating rain forest to piranhas produce rubber swim in South American rivers Equator U A D O R EC Banana PERU BRAZIL"]