["OCEAN BOLIVIA C Tropic of Capricorn PARAGUAY I This ear ornament was made by the Chimu, a URUGUAY T people who were N eventuallly conquered N by the Incas PACIFIC ARGENTINA A CHILE A L E T C A O TRAElEacSorgn(eAgtirpnNoaaesnrDnsteaytroopiPesfcflaLaopttshiAmhaanrieacmne)eNt,isnurpt4wTih0fascfrehh,Ssofo0ilerwc0moesh0ugtosttrrisrgsh,ioplssrdwewheaa.cn.zhAViiiUAdeennmasrsntgrteVaaiiooeqcezafntaounbypemneseoplzhaaupeunitllDcealtistslneeaoasst\u2019essnshrudoatr,fvCvwewihvhaiealedettre\u2019asherp.eteladck Hippeastrum is a FaI(sltkloalanUndKds) ainnrCidEc1hehqt5emitheule3nheDsepax2dee.,ldupi1miaeHtTrtrIhore5eosdheNiectrertneahatrshtgtgCgehSrpaaIhrincpteedniAtreretchacuogaaiInashnnSneputlpstoiicagtucrS1scwafeehitohr2ovcgyaeruCtliatP,eoldrhrstuireeteiznhrgcshfcaariicrrtenvueeAttoeoheni.siamom.tredtotBnueeyrrdtyioc, a. colorful plant that thrives in Peru and Peruvian dolls were Chile and produces handmade from llama flowers up to 10 in (25 cm) across or alpaca wool Yerba mate leaves are used to make a popular tea, drunk from a hollow gourd (shell) Cardon c SOUTH AMERICA Rich in history, language, and culture, South Beef is a key America is a vibrant place. Nature has made its mark component of in the trees of the Amazon rain forest, while ancient Argentine cuisine civilizations have left theirs in the city of Machu Picchu in the Andes Mountains. The influence of Spanish and Portugese colonization remains in the languages, while samba sounds and traditional tangos resonate at the festivals. 199 FCaPOoonPopfredOtenbrapcueitDapsovakeiaenaerssnsss,tsaassaqtrlrpoueeulvfeaaofeselffshosdtope,ownrimdcicyioetuehanf,soleamttodihnmdeedisane,mdtsfbiooeafrfrnveehocuarohrde.itentecethsst.eiyl.ipes","Roger Federer celebrates winning a Wimbledon title at the famous tennis competition in London sptoetThnrlthpenesel,iaawsagByhaonueranrdiedtlvddsiemst.cahhbroSr,rieouuocSkcsnupcyceotgaetawnnhriasinoiasinrduhnestet,kdesraitruerhnrsmudeeedgsmatoybIhstereyoaetarnlsarib,asSre.enPstsOoincRceTrS The Tour de France was 2N0o0lrGwewIfahNelhaodirigyDmlueehraraU,i-cnstnwohedSydeictTIhischfsRieigstnilhhYtaosFienonicdndcgao.lsrainispnntbrdidoniugadesnnubtdrtcui\u2019tsesSioiswinn.neeFdsaodusnreseitdnnrs,itaryl first held in 1903 and is now the world\u2019s biggest cycling race ICELAND This famous clock Formula 1 car racing is a tower is part of popular sport in Europe Britain\u2019s Houses of Parliament Portugal has some N of the best deep-sea fishing in Europe AY Gulf of Bothni a DE RW E Shetland Islands W FINLAND Outer Orkney Islands O Hebrides S Germany is one of N the world\u2019s leading car producers Scotland Northern North Sea ESTONIA Ireland Sea IRELAND UNITED DENMARK ic L AT V I A t LITHUANIA KINGDOM l a Wales B RUSSIA England (Kaliningrad) NETHERLANDS BELARUS English Channel BELGIU POLAND M GERMANY LUXEMBOURG \u2022 CZECH REPUBLIC (CZECHIA) Bay of F R A N C E SLOVAKIA Biscay \u2022LIECHTENSTEIN A I MOLDOVA R SWITZERLAND AU S T H U N G A R Y SLOVENIA The steel industry PORTUGAL CROATIA R O M A N I A is thriving in MONACO\u2022 eastern Europe ANDORRA \u2022 SAN Adriatic BOSNIA & MARINO \u2022 HERZEGOVINA S E R B I A SPAIN Corsica I T Tyrrhenia Sea Mallorca Menorca MONTENEGRO \u2022 KOSOVO BULGARIA LY (disputed) Ibiza A Balearic Islands Sardinia ALBANIA \u2022 \u2022 MACEDONIA TURKEY Gibraltar \u2022 Mediterranean Sea n Sea (to UK) Sicily Ionian Aegean Sea GREECESea Flower farming, especially tulips, is an important industry in Holland MALTA About 60 percent of farmland in Greece is used to grow olives","CMITaanInEEdyuScHrEaocfuetaaeprrhmsnioeethtapaodienogenrrnaaesgcnliosSltte.fyihctaTiLeeotdhoi.feewenPsPradocsrf,eroraeilwngsndatutah\u2019easuenirnlrrdeieidocsthfMcGaheatieehWsslantteflnoieceneivrstaaalaidresnetasce.riraenl Norway\u2019s spectacular fjords adrAreLPacmANyfrmreoooeNrasurntstwinDeiltcetaehaSaysefli.ilC\u2019nsyeAc.AlofrrdjIanoocsPneturaiEdglnnanseSdendscndtoosth\u2019asn,fenltgtarMdhlanayesedctbidAsewceilrtapaseiptscrahehranasetndnhsdd.eeifafner are one of Europe\u2019s most photographed landscapes The active volcano of Mount Vesuvius in EUROPE Italy stands 4,200 ft (1,280 m) tall Barents Arctic Circle For a small continent, Europe has a made a big impact. In Sea centuries past, its inhabitants spread across the globe, building empires. Those days are gone, but the continent\u2019s influence remains clear in the European languages, architecture, and entertainment still evident around the world. Thanks to industrial growth and big business, many of the 44 countries are wealthy, with people enjoying a high standard of living. RUSSIA Russia is famous for its ballet Bronze statue companies, such as the Bolshoi crafted by celebrated Ballet of Moscow and the 20th-century Kirov Ballet of St. Petersburg British sculptor Henry Moore ineoxtMhhppieeubduramsiaabtemrnilatouhoiciacjopsmoneonEtfieusrrsmCsuyslr,s,dciraeUatpcctiroe,toasghaiip,oLrapmeiewanaeTnntsatpnua.deUtchuotdreeraribioRsrroensaesaiw,nng,Erarlatl.gsdet,rrshtitwac,,enhwrmidthiuetehsrrisci,t,age Z A K H S T A N Painted in 1888, Sunflowers by the Dutch A K painter Vincent Van Gogh is one of the world\u2019s best-known works of art UKRAINE Caspian Sea Paella is a rice-based dish containing meat Sea of Azov and seafood Black Sea GEORGIA AZERBAIJAN TURKEY FPOwiczshhOzpeeiasrrlfweeDveoasepeFrneearsd,tamtrhc-enpreto\u00eacoatikerphsoetleetiuadshsirx,saesuyasardpnrenuieBoodsIctenauiamlgyasglmleiucitaashyson,nsoupeSsfcplsaaosaeav.wlrlanoGeliatirteaekih,trrsnaemd.sonsts,arwdonnns g Mussels are a Cr\u00eape is a type popular dish of thin pancake in Belgium 201 and France","PacidfiacnIcosTelofrhaCercNAneiUsagdebpblilsLwoeneeTecrladiitZnUelgetfjfiihoonRans,eyrlhaEacaltahnuhbAadlfetiukatupaamnsrtrn.aeraiTtlta,cysuhlat-irficeancaoendePlrnsmowaathelroytaatrrnrevaolreddedifsc.iiachttaTuhindhohletseeneuceoarMroiplfetna-a.trtghooineeroie.stnetd\u2019s Aboriginal art SPORTS depicts patterns or scenes from The climate allows Australasians to make the natural world the most of the great outdoors. Cricket, Religious and mythical rugby, and golf are popular pastimes, symbols were carved while sailing and surfing are coastal into the wood of favorites. Preferred spectactor sports are tennis, cricket, and rugby, with Australia\u2019s cricket side and New Zealand\u2019s rugby union team enjoying huge success. Funnel-web spiders live in eastern Australia and can kill a person with a Polynesian dolls single venomous bite WAIuLmsDtarrLasluIaFpsaEiiaap\u2019lwssobot(uemhemcmeshabtu)mc-aa,ksonts.mnnsudSo.tacoiMwshlnmspenaaitednnhsnetoyaka,rtfabtsininhtivlhrcigoevdleualesdcrdwratoteihronohaeergsetrl,auidekrklr\u2019sosoyeaooossdakuuleawaannarseebdig,qlulla.iuirennresdattsosannadkes Maori tools were MICRONESIA blessed by their creators to ensure they worked well PALAU PAPUA K oala Equator New Guinea Gabiny angaroo Australia\u2019s thorny K devil is a spiny lizard that blends in with its Tropic of Capricorn desert surroundings 202 The trunk of the R baobab tree stores T water to survive S U TRAEusEtrSgarlopAasweiNaNraiDehonnwadyesoPwscaZmreLrehoilngaAyaefatilnrneaanNedyarlndlretTtditoesfrlh\u2019suSedsuheeenpo.gisgnwlAthaaiaoAbntntnrhotudlsdrudsipatt\u2019vbsrrlea8aaeel0nriuinuratpcens.atenTihtlqr,yhhecubpaeeheuttnuc,utdtoswmtoourthneirfndei\u2019etlteersry,sa\u2019pisnlafnotrse,sts. A fruit aordsfediuZacSaPceIomhhiaNaraepoyllaDae.unspnpMadUridrosaiNo,nSdnaneAeudTwmruocaRctsaralGsteYsj.rtou,atsRrlugileinicecoaehhfxliaadpsia\u2019r,nsotmsnhrmnctiiecnoeaakgrpltieeunpoahlr,efedaasrxwlisinplarvmoegoneosradreotl,d,xsuga.emprnocoledluedraststeh,raNnedw Eucalyptus leaves provide the main source of food for koalas","All BlackNserwugZbeyatleaanmd\u2019s The huge sandstone rock of Uluru is an ancient site Australia\u2019s cricket team sacred to Aboriginal people M AI SRLSAHNADLSL ttpwthathaFeonPonerdsoHooArtmfreetuYahgatsmhNemStioreeamIainCnwsrla.iegiaAsnTgZ\u2019vshayeiLoeecavknnoFloaaat\u2019rsEllsnnacemAclodaiidrnf\u2019eoTseoinNscegUsttefceifssoRrwyaloapasEmcenZnekSreoddsoaouscfalfsooandUfnfadresdlatuatghmltarileuunaraercPetaeiiasecnscr.disfic, OCEAN KIRIBATI K I R I B AT I NAURU PACIFIC T o k(toeNlZa) u Gushing springs of hot water, called geysers, TUVALU C ol(atoonNkZd) s Is erupt regularly on New A NEW GUINEA Zealand\u2019s North Island LOAMNODNS SAMOA PFor(letoynFnracenhcse)i a OCEAN S O L TONGA I S N(tiouNeZ) VA N U AT U FIJI Australia\u2019s Sunshine Coast PACIFIC is a popular stretch of beaches and bays edo n i a AUSTRALASIA anc e ) AND OCEANIA CoSreaal e w C a l N (t o F r IA This southern-hemisphere region includes Australia, L New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and neighboring A Pacific islands. As all 14 countries are islands, much of the wildlife is unique, and the landscapes are largely iamonds Z ENAELWA N D unspoiled. Settlers from Southeast Asia first arrived D in Australia thousands of years ago. By the 18th century, Ta s m a n i augget European immigrants had reached the region, which is now home to more than 30 million people. Gold n The Three Sisters is a distinctive rock formation in the Blue Mountains, Australia There are about andbSuyidladAntcimoTnueittuogysiOixetrstHrisoUshai,natflesiRrcduabblseucIetaoShsudanutnMeciadrnhnstaBNihlSntrieeyfiigoeddwSngsnaycsZeendeea.ydnnalelaeclyyanruyendlO.taduBAprraueurerosrc.etauklFiplnHanaodmgnopdutohuh,sualaeoarsnfbrfkoesrr 27.6 million sheep in New Zealand. Some are sheared for their wool Sydney Opera House 203","tratchkteionatgdmeompgtneoeeicsntcloiltpgoorhAcmuiigenhanSrytnta.csgeiae.n,ribPeaccgrentrneewioetijeiscdlsnsseiatdae\u2019mcslsnsitaeomfsArtraeicpwbe,lnunheRoeatcaplassluEhtytintuazShandd7teneiEer0A,o1Anp0ntse0RarrthCcemativaHmcenape.onrtarayndtemperaturecleeaxarcserstepkrTositeeeinoslaoeTnrasmcaOSbchloieotnvpUbrvoiscee5aeuewRssw0Aerea,tiiIsi0ntshtttpShot0rtherCassiMf0opeoort1tvIcrsnpuonhi9tdcaeibeets5coAehursoya0rrsenlpdiesapvrt,ilntnlaeeacaetmrrnidbvcuaietoyslicisisclaosteotahtvet,psieahpahaorlicinlniophtndtghrsitymetthaoeaoaenSankdvosdre.a.etuhTygstb,ehiohgraegophPbygultooaslgleneuehseet,tiattn.hrgee ANTARCTICAtoerxiepsaTenchdaheimttiAhoeemdnSualeofnatudedtsrheetrnPhs-oewSlcethowoitnotr1rafe9acse1med1aorucsh base Touristsosvttheareyncoigranurheibtseonaaosshrtrdhiepessorerts In the coldest continent on Earth, the can drop to \u20131120F (\u2013800C), and human skin can freeze in seconds. Yet, thanks to scientists who are specially equipped to brave this harsh habitat, research on some of the world\u2019s most The largest penguin of all, remote landscapes and wildlife is underway. the emperor penguin huddles in groups to keep warm during blizzards Only discovered in 1820, Antarctica covers 5.5 million sq miles (14 million sq km), and, incredibly, 98 percent of it is covered with ice. (tcinraybmeDaaetreisnpreistecearetlshaeetuiarrtenksar)mille, 204 Humpback whales are neoasnretbsayhluisitesmloaapfamnehhtnedanTruihds,shbcben.tisearfmchbiundloloeAflusritatnnotohbtrmfiAawirrinailisnnsnlserivduechddeWe,rletonmIiidsvfitsfiact,Llneevs.cPatalDlImlifehsLaina,nIemickniaasFentnsneAEaeguadnl.statawrrhuctagilcgelsa,e sociable mammals, preferring to eat and travel in groups, which are called pods","voslocRuaontMhsosoeiIrunsnlnamttnhoEdersetwisbaotuchrtsleidvoen LADNrgaDmlaiSccaeitCe(bi2crAe9sms,r5ePgaaauksnEisnnmud,cipsqf)ogteulnietioanaoetetntinApunol1gtanre8eTneant3rasdartasewmrsonticcsfthtsiaa2hliastiepcn,cehen1asehdpi7t.sbaa5swTrtryhcrameettteshiitetclceedhMs f(o3ou,r5n0t0aiknSms, ).O U Icethssheeeatlhl,avewnedscitofhiocneRrtmiomnsewesneIhtct\u2019eessrtlSeahhreeglefst HER N T H CEA N Fimbul E Ice Shelf U T R i i s e r - LSaeras e n CEAN Dronning Maud O Scotia Sea S O Land N R O Enderby Land Shuelnft W e dSdeeal l BIrce Coats Land Kemp Land Antarc Larsen Ice Shelf tic Peninsula Filchner Ice Shelf Ronne Ice Mac Robertson Amery Ice Shelf Shelf Land Wilkins Ice Shelf B e l l i n Princess Elizabeth West Ice S Land Shelf g h a u s e n e a ANTARCTICA South Pole Transant arctic Mountains Wilkes Land Shackleton Terre Ad\u00e9lie Ice Shelf Ross Ice Shelf Vincennes Bay CLIMATE Porpoise Bay ibttIlnhiosewwdtihirsicornniieeiezfsgterewecs.ansarti,hItponantamwbdhonsoieufoefvtmsraAShetelonelmcfsuttrohSeaatenaharre,ytchneziettarniih1anncree8raag,nO5.tmaDtecL,mleemmaetsaopkseopnsiohrnset.ttfg(rh.r3adeaWt0toenhu0iuzert2ekbehasmilr,negrae\/asah(ranl5ie)end,lscym) George V Land Ice cores are samples dD\u2019 uUmr on t e Sea taken by scientists for vil l use in the study of 205 global warming","FLAGS Nor Saudi Arabia way Historically, army leaders carried flags into battle as a rallying point for the soldiers. Today, flags are used to decorate buildings, mark public events, start races, honor the dead, or spell out messages or warnings from one ship to another. But by far the most recognizable ones are national flags\u2014vibrant in color and unique in symbolism. Organizations and citizens fly the flag for their countries, building up a strong sense of identity, pride, and unity. Bhutan Australia Canada 1 2 Denmark 3 India South Korea Philippines 4 USA Chile Japan Iceland Kazakhstan 5 Somalia Kenya 6 Per Germany Mexico 7 u 206 8 Ireland","Spain 9 New Zealand Jamaica 10 ABnatribguudaaand zeSouth Africa Guyana St Lucia Beli Colombia 8 IRELAND China This has been the flag of Ireland since 1919. The orange stands for Protestants, the green for Catholics, and the white for the peace between them. Russia Sweden Uruguay 9 SPAIN 3 INDIA 6 MEXICO This young flag was established in 1981. On the left- At the center of the Traditionally, these hand side, where the flag gets colors had religious and military hoisted, is the Spanish coat of tricolor (three colors) is the connotations, but the new arms, which includes the royal seal. meanings are defined as hope ashoka chakra, meaning \u201cwheel (green), unity (white), and the 10 JAMAICA blood of heroes (red). The central of law.\u201d This symbolizes the hope image is a symbol from an earlier The flag of this Aztec heritage. Caribbean country shows a gold 1 AUSTRALIA that the country will continue to diagonal cross, which embodies 7 GERMANY the shining sun, green, for the move forward peacefully. fertile land, and black, which During the Napoleonic represents strength and creativity. The flag features wars of the 19th century, German soldiers wore black uniforms with a combination of the United USA red braid and gold buttons. These Kingdom\u2019s flag, the Commonwealth 4 became the country\u2019s official colors, appearing on the national Star (with its points symbolizing the This flag is nicknamed flag. Public buildings often fly the flag vertically. original states of Australia), and the the \u201cStars and Stripes.\u201d The 50 Southern Cross constellation (only stars represent the states of the visible in the Southern Hemisphere). Union, while the red and white 2 SOUTH KOREA stripes are the 13 original colonies to join the Union. A red and blue Yin Yang KENYA 5 symbol on the South Korean flag represents the Chinese philosophy Since 1963, Kenya\u2019s flag that everything in the universe has has been dominated by a shield an opposite. The four surrounding and spears, used by the country\u2019s therlands Brazil trigrams (groups of three lines) Masai people. This symbol shows represent the ideals of balance, how the nation is determined to Ne United Kingdom circulation, harmony, and symmetry. defend its freedom. France 207","MAPS SSpApiOthaastToorbrcsbatEecouoiecvtLrskgaifeanLanrctagtIce,hhTeplaatlehEhinintnpodegEIlusgaeMatsrrsahnaetreieAhnanet,tad,GutctsdhsasmaEeoeepttodftelasuamltiplnlroi.hiitdnleee,gssrteh.e MwigbdnSndeoeocaaioasautvrpatgllvinasdeigrlandsap,arrpcratoroieieoerhnoavsitvideny,ecmisaadaroonblolaeinfdfpneuevwtusgtakwieasrctetsyuubeahyasenaraesen.nnlSbelsdraoxnteeoyrspmpaaruottrlnrtuisaeeehoseistedpnnedeotoesnbnmft.protooaOtaiaarmcuftpdtititrghoieeoEsupnesrynarrslsomreanmatornhonbefaea\u2019utdotsitpwhdtlssero.erakls. gmdiaavuoersesWeratuBirltstnamuhUhuygtceerahotIentrueLutmhkrrptDbueee,eldue,awncIeinNosttlandisonnzlGgiliasensantir,ngrsgoeaPuse.finaacsDLetttddrnhiAeswodeeetnfeaNonwip.dirrtlsrPskrttoaresoemjnurecscccaiehstpe.s STREET MAP 208 Useful tools for navigating cities and towns, street maps include road names and notable landmarks, such as railroad stations, hospitals, churches, and parks. Street maps are available online and via some cell phones.","telhmatnGoebyDigGeiniyrndiiofenEcgecflroeeootOafeelrnglooesrrLsirusnmstaOtrntoensiundnnrdGscoeasttgucoutiItkoeiCridholenostyeAny,lrpostpwolL.holgecaheciskMncaisalasettelryiAboempmsentePcarfaosuooppdcsrfssuete.uidtral SAILING CHART Nautical maps of coastal or ocean areas are called wcopachhfboiataotthrehruttnemstst.ostaiTaeinrdhlaibnehbeoseyae,azdncirnau.darcSrvdtlraiuhegsid,lenaoaeittrrsnisoi,sndhcndfaif.eoperprrsamyttthuotashrt,heieoessnelp RTmOhatilouhslAt.ssraovteCoDnicsroadueoadviMpamfessflr,rtemeiarAanrseinoeedgePdnnntfatltocymcomhruoauidugslpnoerch,itrdhvwrrseyomlaaararsnyraodsgdipa,semdmltorihsanfaa.peeirnssea PNOaaCrtLdeoiboIinsfTconhftlmeeIuraooCaraanlwcesrjAadetnolnnyiaatrnL.dnrogcciTsenoiMsotcstauipoaearsnAteolstioetd,alrPairrntibsulieidsvocnhsoea,rodirdlglssueaomeh,rtbrslstaisemethgpalaeehonssd.tr,dlee.aignnagdl, lialnaoaDnastPnwPodreetdeHshrlmueamoedsYrnoceetacedsrSpona,ea.inIenmcnSCdtntdosreoeAtamadtsunsaorLnteoeaiiltlbtn,pMaitudephiyprnteopyAawhsnsiel,nyiteP.cflsitaeeafiiicnknaleaegtmdlhus,mo,iargaerpuahissstvpweagsrn.oesdl,l 209","ALLIANCESAoclrlaainolunplviastuaeteenirrrsosnc.tnueThasesthe.icsoeWwohnumaoiantrrlheeliidodntfo,nifgngglsouaretoanethhluncseeipc.yareslf,foobothfarrmcpeckseoeiaomnrapeglmllecaiaaonnlndlceeds UN \u25b2 After World War II ended in 1945, the United Nations (UN) was set up to promote peace. Today, the UN also plays a part in human rights, economic development, and fighting disease. INTERPOL \u25b6 Established in 1923, Interpol helps national police forces cooperate on criminal cases across countries. WORLD BANK \u25b2 The World Bank was founded in 1944 to help rebuild postwar Europe. Today, it gives poorer nations financial and technical assistance. NATO \u25b6 The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established in 1949. The alliance protects the safety of its American and European members. \u25b2 WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION OPEC \u25b6 Created in 1995, this is the only international The Organization of organization managing the laws of trade Petroleum Exporting between countries. Countries (OPEC) consists of 15 of the largest OIC \u25b6 oil-producing nations. Its goal is to ensure In 1969, Islamic there is a regular leaders formed and constant an alliance to supply of oil. protect Muslim interests. Today, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has 57 member nations. 210","LA FRANCOPHONIE \u25b2 EU \u25b2 About 220 million people The European Union (EU) was created in 1993 to ensure that goods, services, finance, and labor could move freely between member nations. speak French worldwide. CIS \u25b6 To celebrate this, a group of French-speaking nations After the communist set up La Francophonie in Soviet Union collapsed 1970 to promote French in 1991, leaders of the language and culture. new republics formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Its 12 states coordinate foreign and economic policy. LATIN UNION \u25bc \u25c0 AFRICAN UNION Languages such as Italian, In 2001, the African Spanish, and French are Union was established derived from the Latin of to reduce conflict and Ancient Rome. The Latin Union poverty across Africa. was founded in 1954 to preserve With its headquarters in and promote the common Ethiopia, the organization heritage of countries with has 55 member nations. Latin-based languages, until 2012 when it was dissolved. ASEAN \u25b6 In 1967, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines founded the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Today, 10 member nations share the goals of peace and economic growth. 211","ECONOMY PRODUCTION Since ancient times, farmers Every country uses its raw have taken goods to markets, materials and its people to where customers bargained make all kinds of products over prices and sales were to sell. The best ways to agreed upon. Today, the range maximize profit are to reduce of goods is massive, but the production costs, pay the principles remain the same. workforce less, and use the Societies function by people speediest manufacturing working together to grow, tools. As production increases, build, manufacture, or so the economy grows. distribute products for consumers who TRADITIONAL ECONOMY want them. Such a system, for the In less wealthy countries, a traditional economy is production, more common. People produce a few goods for distribution, and themselves and sell what is left. Rural consumption of farmers may grow produce goods, is called such as fruit and vegetables an economy. to feed their families and then sell the rest at These umbrellas for toes local markets. might seem useless, but if there is a demand, then DOMESTIC WORK a supply will follow Any unpaid work done at SUPPLY AND DEMAND home is not counted as part of the economy. Housework, An economy works because there are people for example, contributes to supplying goods and services to people who the market economy only if a will pay for them. When there is a big demand, cleaner is paid for the job. the price of these goods and services goes up, but if there is a huge supply, the prices drop to encourage the demand. 212","COMMAND VERSUS MIXED The government takes control in a command economy and is in charge of the country\u2019s economic activity. However, in a mixed economy, some industries, such as health and transportation, are publicly owned and run by the government, but the rest are privately owned. RAW MATERIALS Some goods are used to create a different product. These are usually raw materials or partly finished items, such as steel, coal, wood, and paper. These goods are often unrecognizable in the final product. CONSUMER GOODS Producers must recognize what people want in order to create consumer goods that will prove popular, sell well, and increase profit. A wide range of goods, such as cars, clothing, toys, and food, are offered by many different producers to ensure that individual consumer needs are satisfied. 213","French flag German flag In times of war, A passport is an official PROTEST \u25bc governments can call government document upon citizens to fight that allows each citizen If the citizens of a state or nation do to travel abroad not agree with the actions or policies of for their country the ruling government, they sometimes rally together to stage a public protest. CITIZENSHIP \u25b2 Often marching to the government\u2019s headquarters, people voice their concerns People born into a country or state are called its in an attempt to bring about change. citizens. This gives them the right to protection Protesters demonstrate by the government as well as the right to vote. outside the Philippine Along with rights come responsibilities, and presidential palace citizens are expected to abide by the laws in 2007 of the land. Immigrants and refugees can sometimes become citizens of another Megaphones are often country. Each country or state is used by protesters to identified by its national flag. make their voices heard THE STATE Throughout history, countries have been run by a variety of leaders and governments. At one time, heads of state were royalty, ruling with absolute authority. In many countries, power has now passed to the people, as democratic elections have replaced royal rule. Many citizens have the right to vote for their political leaders and to protest against them when necessary. Having won a place at the forefront of government, prime ministers and presidents run many world states. LEGISLATURE \u25b6 Ceremonial mace is kept in the UK\u2019s States have elected representatives who House of Commons are responsible for making laws, known as In the House of legislating. Government members debate Commons, ministers new policies or changes to existing laws. debate changes to law Once the laws have been agreed upon, they and government policy are officially drafted by the legislatures. These laws must then be followed by all citizens. 214 United States Congress where new laws are passed","ccocintAoifznibedtanaelisnlnotpeitlarablicnoveotxottiheswesaihrliochcked Wigs are worn by judges in some DEMOCRACY \u25b2 Colored rosettes countries as part of are sometimes legal tradition In democratic societies, citizens worn by have the opportunity to vote members of \u25c0 LAW AND ORDER for their preferred candidate political parties from a range of political parties. to show their A country\u2019s judges, collectively called On election day, people cast the judiciary, make rulings on criminal their vote, and the party with allegiance in the allegations or civil disputes in courts the majority is established as run-up to an of law. They interpret and uphold the new government. election laws passed by the government before delivering their verdicts to United States the citizens involved. The law in most presidential countries is upheld by a police force. seal German police cap Presidents in South America, such as Chile\u2019s former A gavel and block used leader Michelle Bachelet, wear by a judge to maintain silence in court sashes as symbols of office \u25c0 MONARCHY REPUBLICS \u25b2 In the past, most countries were Countries that have a president ruled by a king or a queen, and, as as their head of state instead head of state, the monarch\u2019s word of a king or queen are called was considered law. Although some republics. Presidents can be countries still maintain a monarchy, elected by the citizens or their role is mainly ceremonial. It appointed by the legislature is the elected government that and usually act as head of generally takes responsibility the nation\u2019s government. for how the country is run. Crafted with priceless gems in 1838, the State Crown was first worn by British queen Victoria This imperial seal of China shows a dragon guarding a pearl, which represents wisdom 215","ABRAHAM LINCOLN \u25b6 JAMES GARFIELD \u25bc BENJAMIN HARRISON \u25bc A passionate opponent The 20th US president was Electricity was first installed in the of slavery, Lincoln led James Garfield, an army general. White House during the Harrison the Union States to In 1881, he was assassinated after presidency (1889\u20131893)\u2014 his wife victory in the Civil War less than four months in office. would not touch the switches, of 1860\u20131865. His fearing electrocution. speech at Gettysburg, on the principles of human equality, is one of the greatest in American history. US PRESIDENTS \u25b2 GROVER CLEVELAND The United States is a superpower, dominating global affairs. The nation\u2019s head of state, the Grover Cleveland is president, is regarded as one of the most powerful the only president people in the world. Presidential elections are to have served two followed closely by other countries, since political nonconsecutive terms decisions made by the US president can impact the in office, 1885\u20131889 and rest of the world. The president serves a term of 1893\u20131897. His second four years and, today, can hold office for a term was plagued by maximum of two terms. industrial strikes. \u25c0 HERBERT \u25b2 FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT HARRY TRUMAN \u25b2 HOOVER \u201cFDR\u201d served a record four terms in Truman saw the US through The Hoover presidency office from 1933\u20131945. He brought a difficult postwar period. The saw the Great Depression an end to the Depression with a Cold War (period of tension of 1929 and public opposition with communist Russia) began, to prohibition (the banning \u201cNew Deal\u201d to bring relief to the and the country went to war of alcohol). He did not win unemployed and took the with Korea (1950\u20131953). a second term. US into World War II. \u25c0 RONALD \u25b2 GERALD FORD \u25b2 JIMMY CARTER REAGAN Called to office after Nixon\u2019s During Carter\u2019s term of office, the Shortly after taking resignation in 1974, Gerald Ford is US was beset by crises. At home, office in 1981, former the only president not to have been there was recession. Abroad, US Hollywood actor citizens were taken hostage in Iran. Ronald Reagan elected either president or survived an assassination attempt. 216 vice president. He went on to cut taxes, increase national defense, and improve relations with Russia.","THEODORE ROOSEVELT \u25b6 A reformer, Roosevelt promised a \u201cSquare Deal\u201d for all. The teddy bear is named after Roosevelt, who refused to shoot a bear on a hunting trip. WILLIAM MCKINLEY \u25b6 \u25c0 CALVIN COOLIDGE The first to campaign using Coolidge believed the advertising techniques, McKinley government should not won the 1896 election promising control too many aspects to tax foreign goods. of people\u2019s lives. A man of few words, he was nicknamed \u201cSilent Cal.\u201d DWIGHT JOHN F. KENNEDY \u25b2 RICHARD NIXON \u25b2 George Washington 1789\u20131797 EISENHOWER \u25b2 John Adams 1797\u20131801 In 1961, \u201cJFK\u201d became the youngest In 1974, Nixon became the only Thomas Jefferson 1801\u20131809 Known as \u201cIke,\u201d elected US president, aged 44. Kennedy\u2019s president to resign, because of his James Madison 1809\u20131817 Eisenhower launched leadership inspired hope. His assassination involvement in the Watergate scandal James Monroe 1817\u20131825 the race between the in 1963 left the country shattered. (illegal spying in the opposition John Quincy Adams 1825\u20131829 US and Russia to explore party\u2019s headquarters). Andrew Jackson 1829\u20131837 outer space. Martin Van Buren 1837\u20131841 William Harrison 1841 GEORGE BUSH \u25b2 BILL CLINTON \u25b2 BARACK OBAMA \u25b2 John Tyler 1841\u20131845 James Knox Polk 1845\u20131849 George Bush became A long period of economic growth meant The 44th president of the Zachary Taylor 1849\u20131850 president in 1989. From US, Obama was the first Millard Fillmore 1850\u20131853 1990\u20131991, he led an that, despite allegations of scandals, Bill African American to hold Franklin Pierce 1853\u20131857 alliance of troops in the the office and served for James Buchanan 1857\u20131861 Gulf War in response to Clinton always remained popular. two consecutive terms. Abraham Lincoln 1861\u20131865 Iraq\u2019s invasion of Kuwait. Andrew Johnson 1865\u20131869 Ulysses S. Grant 1869\u20131877 Rutherford Hayes 1877\u20131881 James Garfield 1881 Chester Arthur 1881\u20131885 Grover Cleveland 1885\u20131889 Benjamin Harrison 1889\u20131893 Grover Cleveland 1893\u20131897 William McKinley 1897\u20131901 Theodore Roosevelt 1901\u20131909 William Taft 1909\u20131913 Woodrow Wilson 1913\u20131921 Warren Harding 1921\u20131923 Calvin Coolidge 1923\u20131929 Herbert Hoover 1929\u20131933 Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933\u20131945 Harry Truman 1945\u20131953 Dwight Eisenhower 1953\u20131961 John F. Kennedy 1961\u20131963 Lyndon B. Johnson 1963\u20131969 Richard Nixon 1969\u20131974 Gerald Ford 1974\u20131977 James Carter 1977\u20131981 Ronald Reagan 1981\u20131989 George Bush 1989\u20131993 William Clinton 1993\u20132001 George W. Bush 2001\u20132009 Barack Obama 2009\u20132017 Donald Trump 2017\u2013present 217","Bishop\u2019s miter This miter (hat) is worn by Saint Anthony People Cross Because Jesus CHRISTIANITY a bishop in the Roman Catholic Church, who have led especially died on a cross, it is the largest Christian body. holy lives are named as a powerful symbol Christianity is based on the belief saints by the Church. of the Christian faith. that Jesus Christ is God\u2019s son. The Bible, Buddha The founder Christianity\u2019s sacred book, contains of Buddhism, Siddhartha the story of Jesus\u2019s life and how he Gautama, was born was put to death. Christians believe in what is now his sacrifice means that followers Nepal in 563 bce. will have an eternal life with God. Statues of Buddha Merit sharing Buddhists Chalice In the ritual of are often made believe that if they live Holy Communion, bread of gold to show caring lives, they will build and wine represent the his importance up merit (goodwill) and body and blood of Jesus. have a better next life. They The wine is often served Menorah This nine-branched candlestick can pass on merit to others in a chalice. is used to celebrate Hanukkah, the Jewish in a merit-sharing ceremony. festival of light. The central branch holds Icon of Christ Paintings the candle used to light the others. In the temple, water is remind Christians that poured from one vessel to God lived as a human pass along merit to others through Jesus. BUDDHISM Unlike most religions, Buddhism is not based on worshipping a god or gods. Instead, it is based on the teachings of the Buddha, who showed his followers how to live a good life and avoid sufffering by controlling their desires. Buddhists hope to achieve true wisdom, known as enlightenment. Prayer wheel and prayer As this Buddhist prayer wheel turns, a mantra (a blessing or prayer) written on a scroll inside \u201crepeats\u201d itself over and over again. JUDAISM Kippas Some Jewish men wear skullcaps, known as This is the religion of the Jews, also called kippas, when they pray as Hebrews. Judaism was the first successful a sign of respect to God. religion based on the idea that there is only one God, and it formed the basis for both Christianity and Islam. Central to Jewish belief is that God chose the Jews as a special holy nation and gave them a set of laws to follow. The story of the first Jewish people is told in the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament). 218","HINDUISM Ganesh Hindus pray to Ganesh, the elephant god of wisdom and help, One of the oldest religions, Hinduism began 5,000 when facing a new challenge. years ago in India. Hindus believe in a supreme spirit, Water shaker In one Brahman, who reveals himself through hundreds of Hindu ritual, priests gods and goddesses. Hindus practice their faith in sprinkle water over different ways but share a belief in reincarnation\u2014 the worshipers. the idea that a person\u2019s soul has lived before and will live on after death in another form. Om This is Krishna This popular an image of Hindu god is thought the sacred to bring great happiness sound, Om, to believers. spoken after Hindu prayer. Krishna is usually shown as a smiling youth with sky-blue skin Islamic scribe Because the Quran Islamic tile The Prayer beads God, or Allah, is thought is believed to contain God\u2019s exact sacred words to have 99 names. This string of 99 prayer words, great care is taken when of the Quran beads can be used to remind Muslims Muslim scribes re-create them. appear on many of the many names of the one God. decorative objects, such as this tile. Qibla Muslims must ISLAM face the holy city of Mecca when they pray, Muslims believe that God revealed his five times a day. This words through an angel to the prophet instrument helps them Muhammad, who collected them in the find its location. Quran, the holy book. The faithful try to live by the rules in this book. The most important duties are the Five Pillars: prayer, helping the needy, fasting for one month a year, making a pilgrimage to Mecca, and showing faith in God. Torah scroll The most important RELIGION book in the Jewish faith, the Torah contains a list of A religion is a set of beliefs that helps explain life\u2019s mysteries. instructions for everyday life. People seek guidance from their religion on how they should live their lives. Most people with religious faith believe in either one God or many gods. They express their faith through rituals, such as gathering together with others to worship, and by studying sacred books. There are many different religions, but those included here have the most followers around the world. 219","FESTIVALS Across the world, people celebrate festivals for a range 3 THANKSGIVING 4 DRAGON BOAT FESTIVAL of reasons. Though many form part of religious worship, others were created to mark a change in seasons, to This North American festival is This festival is celebrated in east Asia. focus on cultural traditions, or to celebrate an important held on the fourth Thursday According to legend, when a Chinese milestone in history. Some festivals take place on of November in the US and the official named Qu Yuan drowned in a the same day every year; others are based on ancient second Monday in October in river, people rowed out on boats with calendars or a new moon, so the dates change. Special Canada. Families get together dragon-head prows and dropped food is almost always a part of each festival. to give thanks for the first good parcels of rice wrapped in bamboo harvest of the European settlers (zongzi) into the water to divert the more than 400 years ago. hungry fish away from his body. 1 CHRISTMAS 2 DAY OF THE DEAD Pumpkin is a fall vegetable, made into This Christian festival celebrates During this Mexican festival, held on a pie at Thanksgiving the birth of Jesus Christ and is November 1, families believe that celebrated in most countries on the souls of dead relatives are able 3 December 25. Traditions include to return to the land of the living for decorating fir trees, exchanging one night. They decorate altars gifts, attending church, and in homes and cemeteries with waiting for a visit from Santa Claus. candles and flowers. Family and friends gather for a Christmas meal, with treats such as this stollen, a spicy fruit cake 1 4 Skulls made from Sticky rice, with sugar and water may sweet or savory be decorated with the filling, is wrapped in triangular parcels names of the dead 5 2 A mooncake is cut 220 into wedges and served with tea","5 MIDFALL FESTIVAL 6 FEAST OF ST. LUCIA 7 EID AL-FITR 9 PASSOVER This east Asian celebration, which Each year, on December 13, people This Muslim festival marks the end In March or April, Jews celebrate dates back more than 3,000 years, in Sweden and Norway celebrate of Ramadan, a monthlong fast. The Passover to remember when Moses falls near the traditional harvest, the feast of Saint Lucia (a Christian celebration lasts for three days, led the Israelites from slavery in when the moon is at its lightest girl who died for her faith). Early in starting with the sighting of the Egypt. Passover lasts for seven or and brightest. Family and friends the morning, a young girl dressed new moon. People dress in their eight days and includes a special gather in the evening to eat in white (often the youngest best clothes and go to the mosque. meal called a seder. Each part of mooncakes, rich rounds of daughter in the house) takes a tray the meal has a symbolic meaning. pastry with lotus-seed fillings. of hot saffron buns to her family. 8 DIWALI 10 EASTER During Eid, children Also known as the Festival of Lights, enjoy sweets made with Diwali celebrates the victory of The Christian festival of Easter pastry, nuts, and honey good over evil. Hindu families light recognizes the resurrection of oil lamps and put them on ledges Jesus on the third day after his 7 and balconies. They also send cards death. It falls between late March with wishes for a good year. and April each year. People attend church and exchange Easter eggs. Matzoh, a flat, crackerlike bread, is eaten to remember how Jews left Egypt in haste, not waiting for their bread dough to rise 6 Horseradish represents the A roasted egg 9 bitterness of slavery Shank bone is a reminds Jews of reminder of the sacrifices made in the Green vegetable, lamb sacrificed temple in Jerusalem often lettuce, at the first in Biblical times Passover represents new life Apple and nut Parsley is dipped in 10 mix represents the saltwater to mortar that held Egyptian remember the Chocolate or buildings together tears of the slaves painted eggs are given as 221 8 Easter gifts During Diwali, people take gifts of sweets to the houses of their friends","CITIES Cities have existed since ancient times, when they functioned as trading hubs, often at the heart of sprawling empires. By the early 20th century, one in 10 people lived in a city. Industrialization has led to massive urbanization, and more than half of the world\u2019s population are now city dwellers. Modern cities are centers of commerce, culture, and government. \u25bcInfaooCcsAroweinIcfnnnTictdctiiYuipeeetorno-pysynS-tletisebotnTGtciacdTAoereat,eoefseTltetndthsascEth,aGyebeaysesrr,ltt,ineeeiasmtAedhmtwkweottAshesshac.,rtteaesBewhnipmycmehsioitnttsuphimahessnollettmvw.drhhe5treaoeasetisnhndr ts. Theckofnbainloriubssmwsttioolridnvhutlueeiicn7agtdtt,sgihe0hosd\u201c-0uenprs0ip.iakscnHeTwcyisteokstybaIchdyGirruosneaadcifHylpr1cdb,aHie8-tiempnro8yRcseg0noa,cIr\u201dssgSerms.,enwEtKWnetoteooehtw\u25b6irwrnthaeshegen,r. MaaronodcueinerndnttAchtiethyer-usntisanwtseoasf built the troanTfnoeFtscwxfhpoiattenourytsrnotaotrdanaafrneotdidLviddfoioewntnbcrnhgisiyddtl,eRiioeontteThopInskoVhepswtnnaoaEtRomehbkroRwtreeoeuemytsnaLshoapoRdiIfntVrsfivtivesifeead,eeIasnnNetrrd.ahetsbsaGndeugd.iel\u25b6t \u25b2SrAoetMhRmmrliianeguEaebihtbkoLichaaeiuiIre,tmGtsaiiihersmsIppsilOstiialaafelaegdcrUscert.r.eeiiSMAmmidomleealfCtpc.gMotEcoheaMurNe,ttsaouilpTninsmrMEltoSismRpaesuhcshcdeaoatisuolndce 222 The Palace of Westminster imshWcCuoetOhgrnogeeulwNaenrurnbUwgarscaTbe,uioRtctsaiirikhttotBnryyenbcnoAaon.eee,rtnTcTxielJgouipyhaaInhmrOaep3hbcbn7aewaaaNodnsblmtolrs,ieoiiort\u25b6nitwdnllanodlgieniaot\u2019isthsns. home to the British parliament","\u25c0 POPULATION GROWTH Until recently, the majority of the world\u2019s population lived in rural areas. Today, most people live in cities, where they have migrated in search of work and opportunity. In many cities, such as Mumbai in India, this has led to overcrowding as temporary shelters spring up on the outskirts. WORLD HERITAGE \u25b6 The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has listed sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance in order to preserve them. Called World Heritage Sites, these include cities such as Djenn\u00e9 in Mali, with its large mud brick mosque. inctohaunegndoitdnrvdeytUeee,J\u25b2rnvraanitenonmilSldroe1\u2014ePipsr9nomoEt6thC0aeowe,nnIbatAmthrntaihoLentneedLcdtdYeaehrpnatenosBietctcwaeUeaclnnopcIoctaaLieoftsTparutBil.torroaaHaflgfzotwieBhwl reawgeasrvasob\u00edeslwiurRa,it.itlhothe \u25c0 DESERT CITY cCeFChneuVhtIwTeroaacrtYmbhacciociniu.ettfafWyTttylnhtoa-h-ohssegfeCtItnemaT,atieVhttctRH,yeoeaeeoastiixIwmnPnniNrccosedeiaaR,tpmpnnhAopnetamoarCiioteaitsCanseitmnnota,IodthnTaigIowstoaiteYadntlhnlilhascyeye\u25b6,, At night, the lights of Las Vegas shine out across the Nevada Desert. stamps. Las vegas means \u201cthe meadows\u201d because the vast city was once just a place where travelers stopped for water as they crossed America. 223","EXTREME LIVING Tuareg headscarf Wound around the head and neck, this headscarf Humans have found a way of living in some of the most protects the Tuareg people inhospitable environments on Earth\u2014including the scorching from the blistering sun deserts, the icy Arctic, and the steamy rain forests. Desert and sandstorms. dwellers have to cope with the daily problem of finding water. In the Arctic, the challenges are keeping warm and finding Sun hat Boomerang This food to eat. The rain forests are full of life, but many of the Worn by the throwing stick, was animals are dangerous, and some of the plants are poisonous. Fulani of West used by Australian Africa, this hat shades aboriginals for the face. hunting wild animals. Snowmobile ARCTIC Icebreaker This motorized sled A sharp pick has skis for gliding The frozen Arctic is one of the toughest places on Earth to survive. There are no is used to over the snow. plant foods, so Arctic people came to rely break thick, on hunting seals, walruses, whales, birds, and fish. Without lumber, they used skins solid ice. and bones to build shelters, sleds, and boats. Modern inventions, such as the snowmobile, have made life in this frozen wilderness easier. Fishing rod Arctic Lapp stick This stick with a spadelike dwellers fish through blade is used by the Arctic Lapp holes in the ice. people for probing and digging. RAIN FOREST Poison dart frog This frog Hammock The produces deadly poison, used to hammock allows people in Unlike the Arctic and the desert, the South tip blowpipe darts. American rain forest has a wide variety of the rain forest to sleep animals and plants. The problem is that many in midair, away from of the animals and birds suitable for eating live snakes and insects. high up in the canopy. Hunters scan the trees above for prey, such as monkeys, and then shoot Mosquito net Protection them down using blowpipes firing poison darts. from insect bites is crucial when sleeping, since diseases like malaria are spread in this way. 224","DESERT Goatskin bag The Camels Bedouins travel using Arabian Bedouin draw camels, which can go without The extremes of temperature water from deep water for long periods thanks faced in the desert\u2014extremely to the fat stored on their backs. hot during the day and very wells and transport it cold at night\u2014is the main in goatskin bags. problem desert dwellers face. They are constantly Ostrich egg The on the move, searching San people of the for freshwater supplies, sometimes using the flight Kalahari Desert, of birds and insects as in southern their guide. Having found water, they must make sure Africa, fill ostrich that not a drop is wasted. eggs with water and bury them for using later. Skin shoes The Traditional Sami of Northern parka The Inuit Scandinavia wear of the Canadian shoes made of Arctic wear thick, reindeer skin. warm clothing made from caribou skins. House on stilts Rain-forest people build Blowpipe Crafted from wood, Modern Arctic these as protection from flooding and blowpipes are used to hunt clothes These are creepy-crawlies. birds and monkeys. just as warm as the traditional wear but are lighter and more flexible. 225","BYZANTINE MOSAIC This detail from a mosaic of colored tiles shows Theodora, wife of Emperor Justinian (ruled 527\u2013565), with court officials. The Byzantine Empire, based in the eastern Mediterranean, was an offshoot of the Roman Empire. 226","History 227","PREHISTORY Sickle A long flint, mounted in a wooden handle, forms OcotTwphanheuleeloertrmehepddfei,loirepsssfoutrltasbeecttnajohohetronicnaspltetssesoa,,dtstrbmohtyo,to.aoabnlWtdseuep,ef,sitortoaeaehrnerhfmooidiwnuusewtdtntroawiodrotliisournc2\u2014idtgt.pf5t.hieewrLmonosaatwpitrscleelloeirticno,hpolpvneeprrefydeeytnsrhlebt,,ieavietwshdrhetsoee,dinairn.rsigedcoly, bronze, and finally iron. a farmer\u2019s sickle, used to harvest grain. Polished ax This ax, with its polished flint blade, was used by farmers to clear land to create fields. Chopper This chopper Iron pyrite Handax Invented Flint blade was made 2.5 million 1.5 million years ago, years ago, by chipping a the handax was pebble to make a cutting edge. It would have been the first stone tool used to smash bones to made to a design. get to the marrow inside. The pointed end Flint was used for cutting meat or digging up edible roots. Scraper The best stone Adze This adze, tools were made from with its flint blade flint, which forms set in a wooden sleeve, was used sharp edges. This to shape wood. tool would have been used for scraping animal skins clean. Antler hammer Making fire A toolmaker Prehistoric people used an antler learned to make hammer to fire by striking strike flakes flints against lumps from a flint to of iron pyrite. shape it. Mammoth-shaped hook held the atpsaihBnThneneedevoHdteesptwEupnshloeepteaewAepwnfdnlaGydetarh1romgEe0enfo,iea0snOfaewb0ogte0losFed.ww\u2013dBs9Ftaaob,yoAy0yefcs0ooRceop0afftnMlmtballtliicenrffeeIoeet,Nds\u2014mlpsloipaGenofwnroagrednerp\u25b2amtltrhdienoeie.ngiipnbgruer.ftleraohTmerhoe,daedpMnayoseniulpdenipumdatpllraavenlitilelseEilo,sada,sngsutftseoacrshro.smtAsaoeissnr,eg spear in a long, straight handle, which launched the spear with greater force and speed Spear thrower From 30,000 bce, people made carvings of the animals they hunted. This spear thrower is in the shape of a mammoth. HUNTER-GATHERERS \u25b2 Antler pick European farming people mined Arrowheads Farming For most of prehistory, people lived by hunting animals and for flints, digging with people continued to gathering wild plant foods. Hunter-gatherers lived in small picks made from hunt wild animals, bands, which were often on the move, following herds of deer antlers. animals and looking for fresh sources of food. The first humans using bows and arrows lived in Africa but gradually spread across the globe, settling with skillfully shaped first Asia and then Europe. Humans reached Australia by flint heads. 50,000 bce and the Americas between 30,000\u201314,000 bce. 228","COPPER AND BRONZE \u25bc Sickle Iron was used for Neck ring This everyday tools, such as the bronze neck ring The next discovery was how to make tools from metals. Around 5,000 bce, people in Europe and Asia learned blade of this sickle, set in was worn by a how to extract copper by heating certain rocks. They an antler handle. British Iron Age used the bright metal to make tools and jewelry. Around 3,500 bce, they discovered that adding a small amount A sickle was used for warrior as a of tin to copper made a harder metal, called bronze. cutting hay or crops. protective charm. Bronze sword The discovery Royal dagger This Iron dagger The of tougher bronze led to the bronze dagger, scabbard of this invention of a new weapon\u2014 decorated with iron dagger is sea creatures in decorated with the sword. This one has gold and silver, bronze strips. It been cleaned to show belonged to a was found in the its golden color. ruler of Mycenae Thames River, in Greece. England, and dates Belt boss This decoration, Spearhead This is the from c. 550\u2013450 bce. which would have hung head of a huge spear, Iron Age sword Iron from a belt, was made which would have been made stronger swords by flattening a piece of thrust rather than thrown. than bronze. This fine bronze and hammering Together with its wooden iron sword, which is patterns into it. shaft, it measured more 2 ft 4 in (70 cm) long, than 7 ft (2 m). was discovered in 1987 Bronze pin Bronze, in an Iron Age grave. with its gleaming It is a rare find because golden color, was iron objects are usually destroyed by rust. popular for jewelry Mirror This among the rich. These is the back of an intricately pins were used to decorated bronze fasten clothes. mirror. The other side was highly polished to give a reflection. Ax head Bronze Short sword This THE IRON AGE \u25b2 tools, such as this ax Ancient Egyptian head, were made by weapon has a smooth Although iron is the most common metal on Earth, it was pouring the molten handle so that it could the last to be used to make tools. Unlike copper and tin, metal into molds. be gripped tightly. iron does not melt when heated in a fire. People did not The blade is ridged learn how to shape iron, by heating and beating it with a for extra strength. hammer, until around 1,550 bce. While bronze was a metal for the rich, everyone could afford iron. 229","2 1 3 6 7 9 FIRST CIVILIZATIONS 1 King Sumerians believed 3 Nobles These men may have that kingship was handed down been priests, relatives of the king, from the gods. This king wears or wealthy landowners. They More than 5,000 years ago, farming peoples in the river no crown, but his importance is are shown sitting on chairs with delicately carved legs, evidence valleys of Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), Egypt, and India shown by his kilt and the fact that of luxury at the palace. created the world\u2019s first civilizations. In Sumer, southern he is larger than everyone else. 4 Musicians This man is shown playing a lyre, which has a wooden Mesopotamia, people known as Sumerians built the first 2 Servants Two men move sound box decorated with the cities. Each city was ruled by a king, who governed on behalf between the king and his guests, head of a bull. Other instruments of the local god. This scene shows the king of the city of Ur from the time included harps, bringing food and drink. Their low lutes, reed pipes, and drums. receiving goods from his people. status is shown by their smaller 230 size. They would have lived in the palace or in mud-brick homes.","5 4 8 10 5 Singer The only woman in the 7 Fishermen Rivers offered 9 Workers This man carries \u25b2 THE STANDARD OF UR scene is singing with the lyre player a plentiful supply of fish for all a bundle on his back, the heavy to entertain the guests. Music and early civilizations. From the Indus load strapped to his head. It was This mosaic of blue lapis lazuli, dancing played a key role in in India, the Nile in Egypt, and the thanks to the toil of workers like red sandstone, and white shell religious rituals, such as giving Euphrates and Tigris in Sumer, fish this that massive temples for the was made in the city of Ur in about thanks for a good harvest. were caught with nets or spears. gods could be built. 2,500 BCE. It decorates one side of a small wooden box found in a royal 6 Farmers Although the area 8 Animals Sheep, goats, cattle, 10 Clothing Made from either grave. The purpose of the box is not was hot and dry, silt from the rivers and pigs were vital to the first wool or flax, both men and known. This side shows a peaceful kept the soil fertile. Farmers also civilizations. They provided meat, women wore tufted kilts, designed banquet, while the other side dug canals to divert water to their milk, leather, and wool. Oxen to resemble sheepskins. Wealthy depicts scenes of war. crops, which included barley, were used to pull plows and men and women also owned turnips, onions, and dates. donkeys for transportation. elaborate gold jewelry. 231","CLASSICAL WORLD The civilizations of Ancient Greece and Rome are collectively known as the \u201cclassical world.\u201d The word \u201cclassical,\u201d in this instance, refers to culture of the highest quality. The Greeks were pioneers in science and the arts. They influenced the Romans, who spread this style of art, architecture, and literature across their own empire. Men in both societies were eager to find fame, often through military might. Although little is known Socrates was described about Homer\u2019s life, it is as having a round face generally thought that and a snub nose he was blind Lionskin headdress of legendary hero Heracles, renowned for his superhuman strength HOMER PERICLES During the 8th century bce, SOCRATES A statesman and Homer wrote two great epic poems about the legendary general, Pericles Greek war against the city of Troy. The Iliad recounts the Socrates (469\u2013399 bce) was (c. 495\u2013429 bce) story of the Greek warrior Achilles. The Odyssey describes an Athenian thinker whose was a leading the adventures of another hero, Odysseus, as he journeys influence on philosophy figure in Athens home after the war. Homer\u2019s writing is so powerful that it was so great that all earlier when the state is said to have influenced writers through the ages. philosophers are referred was a democracy He was so important to the Greeks that they simply to as \u201cpre-Socratic\u201d (before (meaning \u201cpower called him \u201cthe poet.\u201d Homer\u2019s poems were Socrates). However, unlike by the people\u201d). originally sung or chanted to the previous thinkers, such as He filled Athens accompaniment of a lyre. Pythagoras, Socrates did with temples, not try to understand such as the the universe. He Parthenon, which believed that it was was dedicated to more important to ALEXANDER THE GREAT Athena, goddess of the city. find the best way to One of the world\u2019s greatest Pericles also generals, and bravest of soldiers, promoted the live. Accused by his Alexander (356\u2013323 bce) was arts and made king of Macedon, to the north Athens the enemies of being a of Greece. After forcing the cultural center Greeks to unite under his of Greece. PYTHAGORAS bad influence, he leadership, he conquered a vast was put on trial and A philosopher, astronomer, sentenced to death by drinking poison. and mathematician, Pythagoras empire, stretching from Egypt to lived in the 6th century bce. He is remembered today for his northwest India. By the time of work in geometry\u2014particularly his death, aged just 32, he had his theorem about triangles\u2014but won lasting fame and was forever he was also a religious teacher. known as Alexander the Great. Pythagoras wanted to unlock the secrets of the universe and saw mathematics as the key to everything. He believed that numbers were the ultimate reality. 232","Julius Caesar Like Augustus, Trajan was known to wears the oak wreath, be balding and called the civic crown combed his hair Oak wreath was an forward to try award given to Augustus to disguise for saving Roman lives the fact Trajan\u2019s goatskin cloak is worn for godly protection and displays the image of the snake-headed Medusa Although Augustus lived to be 76, his statues always showed him as a handsome young man JULIUS CAESAR TRAJAN Politician, general, and writer, EMPEROR AUGUSTUS A Spaniard by birth, Julius Caesar (c. 100\u201344 bce) is famous for his conquest of Gaul Augustus (the revered one) was Emperor Trajan (ruled the title given to Julius Caesar\u2019s (modern-day France), which adopted heir, Octavian, when 98\u2013117 ce) was the first he described in his book he became Rome\u2019s first emperor. The Gallic Wars. He Augustus (ruled 27 bce\u201314 ce) Roman ruler to be born also fought and won took power after defeating his a civil war against a rival, Mark Antony, in battle. outside Italy. He was a rival Roman general, He ruled Rome for more than Pompey. Caesar 40 years and brought peace successful general, and his marched on Rome and stability to the empire and was declared after years of civil war. conquests in the Balkans dictator for life. He was later murdered and what is now Iraq for acting like a king, which went against brought the Roman the principles of the Roman republic. empire to its largest size. In Rome, a AGRIPPINA famous column was built in his honor The wife of Emperor Claudius, decorated with scenes of his campaigns. Agrippina (15\u201359 ce) was a powerful and ambitious woman. SULLA She persuaded her husband As a Roman general, to adopt Nero, her son from a Sulla (138\u201378 bce) was a ruthless and previous marriage. She is thought ambitious man. His quarrels with a rival to have then poisoned Claudius general, Marius, led to the first in a series of so that the 16-year-old Nero could bloody civil wars\u2014in which Romans fought come to the throne. At first, Nero against each other. Sulla was the first was dominated by his mother, but general to march on Rome as the head of an he eventually grew tired of her army and seize power. Julius Caesar later interference and had her murdered. followed his example. 233","234 Taghafeorrrcitsarosetnslsefoawnradssoaldiers Castles were the stately homes Vsuinrreoyuanrddsed of France\u2019s by walls richest nobles Asfheaaperdmdeast\u2014wsoaolbnirketkesd,omtowhnoisesst Wheat was cut using a curved by hand blade called Pftmtewehlhowaaeiertsrydharrv\u2019ycinosigoltulophaustretglhsdtrle\u2014eahmnadeivosestion a sickle cltWiahnleoeleimnrdhehanaeiwarcdoiwmdvirepterhlseesad FMggwlEiareviaUntdinnhdiDegtseivnoAldaaleldnLlaxsideocnSrhcidsnOia.etneAtoCygxtIchewEthihfsaaToesnnYrobogaboregpltfetaioosen.rmciIezsneewordrvfeeiitrlcnaueetnr.otndhA,aettto\u201chtpfhefeeaeanurstomdaobanpfllteosswsyrwsasttushhepetomhpmw,el\u201diseoekbdrlivnaktesgehesde.wdtkhohionneg The falconer was a well-paid professional huntsman HUNTING tpwcThaahhesreettMlrreDiedisudgaakdeneglsedr,ooAslfwuagBnpaeednsors,srf.,yhTrduiwhcunhiacstlskiypnsaag,divprnweeitgsraisyneseogpdtnhosnshew,oofaebwanrlvfedsuoshlrotiimttashekcaeeasnrpsbtabolineirrrtdddasosth.foEaTfttdhhapermmroeraupyicngehtysho.,ohuutnt","dTehseigcnaestdlebwotahs The church was ewltonoeredasmhl\u2019stoyhpwaoarnwomdfefierrtesahpneedl the center of Drawbridge village life ttgtThhhrheeoeeyuktlcnonohduiwgarsrhnewgtapesamadallresaanttted wheoaitcrhshelobatnahccekersaormn ed Dwinoevaree\u201cskdaeonpvdtecfpooigtreem\u201doentaostwer alchPighvaeeeiraldssboharefe,ny1nato0nldnidfiddemtwnhaoeantsy Haystack aocgICnnanrtdAolShyueceSsnapdiTmrdtrveLsapemlEodlsefbwtBetthhoerUe,reoetIslhcsLtcaeoaDosnngtnIeldrseN.attropGhufeecsStgeawdureemdraeuut rrhs.iknaMirgllvaeotnhsfytetemhMde,aiagdmsndasilfseeioecAnengsnhetwesch,raeuossticilnneusgtthaend Bhfmoeoeeondhdeiiycvaientnosdepssmwroaevkeideteend Thoththianoteedhetpe-fhttar,oeeoronmdglfotuiehvaccre,laeloldr priest 235 MEDIEVAL LIFE FTuewAhsvueiesRrarepylMloaysimnnHseitamOilwnlpgUaolenusShdlbdEoudweiildadstinl,nifosgeltesoehwpnai,vtaheanfgjaudlrasmltsivso,iennwtewohogiicnrehtttehwwre.oarF.sraTovrhmeoermhywoseuiwxnsphdeeeosnrwwseisevree. Medieval means \u201cmiddle age\u201d and is the name given to the period BOOK OF HOURS of European history between the fall of the Roman Empire, in the 5th century, and the beginning of modern history, around 1500. During These paintings are taken from a prayer book called \u201cBook of the Middle Ages, 90 percent of the population lived in the countryside Hours.\u201d It was made for the French Duke of Berry around 1410 and as peasants\u2014poor laborers who worked for wealthy nobles. details prayers to say at different times of the day and year. In the Middle Ages, books were rare and precious objects, handwritten and illustrated by monks, and most were religious texts.","AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS Rain god Chac, the Mayan rain god, had a Until the arrival of European invaders in the 16th century, complex and powerful civilizations flourished in the Americas. From 250 to 900 ce, long nose and fangs. the Mayan kingdoms of Central America built cities with huge stone temples and developed systems of mathematics and astronomy. An Inca walks From the 14th century, the mighty Aztec Empire built pyramid behind a temples and made sacrifices to their sun god. In the 15th century, Spanish invader the Inca Empire stretched for more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km) along the Pacific coast of South America, with a network of roads and fortress cities high in the Andes Mountains. Pipes of different lengths make different notes 1 EVERYDAY LIFE Flint blade with serrated edge The Aztec, Inca, and Mayan civilizations were all based on farming. The most important food crop was maize (or corn), used to make pancakes, called tortillas, and beer. In addition to farming the land, people had to serve their rulers as soldiers, builders, or laborers. 1 2 POTTERY Knife There were no Music The Incas Drink The Incas metal tools, so knives made music by drank \u201cchicha\u201d American people made pots by were made of stone. blowing across the (maize beer) rolling clay into long strips, which top of cane pipes. from painted they coiled to make the walls wooden beakers. of their vessels.Pottery served both a practical purpose, such as carrying liquids and boiling food, and a decorative one. Conical base for Inca designs were The hunters, standing the pot in a influenced by basketry disguised as deer, hollow on the ground weaving patterns creep on all fours Jaguar skin decorated with feathers 2 Inca pots The Incas used these pots to carry and Plate Paintings store beer. People carried them on their backs, on pots often using a rope passed between the handles. reveal details of daily life. This Mixtec cup This cup Mayan plate shows was made by the how people hunted deer using blowpipes. Mixtecs, the Aztecs\u2019 southern neighbors. A blue hummingbird perches on the rim, 236 ready to take a sip","Gold was the 3 GODS 4 KEEPING RECORDS \u201csweat of the sun\u201d to the Incas The Aztecs and Mayans worshiped many These civilizations had various ways gods and goddesses, whose statues they of keeping records. The Aztecs used kept in pyramid temples. They believed a picture writing system, with pictures 3 that the gods made the sun rise in the standing for words and ideas. The Maya morning, the rain fall, and the crops had a more complex system, with signs grow. For the Incas, the sun, moon and standing for sounds. The Incas did not Earth were themselves gods. Inti, the sun write but kept records using lengths of god, was the most important of them. knotted string, called quipus. Offering Gold figurines were Aztec signs for 5 RITUALS left by the Incas as offerings different days to the sun and Earth. People believed that the gods needed to be given offerings to ensure their continued goodwill. The most precious offering was human life, and the Aztecs, Maya, and Incas all practiced human sacrifice. The Aztecs and Maya went to war to capture prisoners, whose hearts were offered to the gods. Chac carries a ball Calendar This book is a of incense, which calendar, used by Aztec was burned at priests to predict the future. religious ceremonies Quipu The color, 4 size, number, and position of the knots Mayan records Mayan books were painted on all had a significance paper made from fig tree bark, which folded to the Incas. up like an accordion. Knots were used for counting Shield Aztec Tezcatlipoca, an warriors Aztec god of wore colorful war and strife costumes and carried shields decorated with feathers. 5 Eye shapes were This mask is from often part of the Teotihuac\u00e1n\u2014an knife\u2019s decoration earlier civilization than the Aztecs Funerary urn Burned bones Stone mask Carved stone Sacrificial knife Aztec priests of Aztec warriors who died in battle were buried in urns. masks were placed as used stone knives to cut out offerings in Mexican temples. the hearts of prisoners of war. 237","SEAFARERS Taut rope running from each end of the ship Seagoing craft have been built for at least 50,000 years. prevents it from sagging The first boats were probably log rafts or hollowed out tree trunks. At some point, people came up with the EGYPTIAN SHIP \u25b2 idea of catching the wind by raising a piece of cloth\u2014 the first sail. As ship building methods improved, This Egyptian seagoing merchant ship is sailors set off on longer voyages, using their ships constructed from planks tied together with rope to explore, to trade, and to raid. and dates from 2,450 bce. Its collapsible mast carried a single square sail. Traveling against the wind, the crew lowered the mast and used oars. pothweeOwratinrhsdewdsehrroipepuwpsehedednto The size of the sail could be adjusted with ropes CARAVEL \u25b6 \u25c0 VIKING LONGSHIP The caravel was a ship for exploration, From the 8th to 11th centuries, Vikings invented by the Portuguese in the 15th built ships strong enough to sail the century. It had lateen (triangular) sails, stormy Atlantic Ocean and light and which are much better at sailing into the slim enough to travel up shallow rivers. wind than square sails. In ships like this, explorers found the sea route to India. Sails are painted with A lookout sat in the crow\u2019s Christian nest on the mast crosses \u25c0 GALLEON This 16th-century English galleon warship was also used in trading and exploration. It had several decks, with many openings in the sides of the hull from which guns were fired. European navies used the galleon until the 18th century. 238","The stern post was carved into the shape of a swan\u2019s neck for luck ROMAN MERCHANT SHIP \u25b6 \u25c0 ARAB DHOW Saiflibmeardmeaftrtoinmg The Romans built merchant ships From the 8th century, Arab merchants with big, round bellies that could and fishermen crossed the Indian Ocean store large amounts of cargo. This in dhows. They sailed with the monsoon shape made them stable but very winds, trading goods between India slow. They were usually safe from and North Africa. attack, because the Romans had rid the Mediterranean Sea of pirates. A pair of lateen (triangular) sails could catch side winds CHINESE JUNK \u25b6 The stern-mounted rudder, easier to control than a steering oar, was invented by the Chinese, 2,000 years ago. Chinese ships, called junks, could have up to nine masts and were the largest wooden sailing ships in history. Clippers had dozens of sails, making them very fast CLIPPER \u25b6 The clipper was a 19th-century trading ship with a long, slim hull and multiple sails. The name \u201cclipper\u201d was originally a nickname for a fast horse. British and US clippers sailed all around the world on trading journeys. 239","WAR 1 BOW AND ARROW Throughout history, wars have broken out between tribes The bow and arrow, invented more than 12,000 years ago, is one or nations over land, resources, and status. Methods of fighting of the oldest weapons used in war. There are various types. The changed over time, as people invented new, deadly weapons to fight longbow was often used by foot soldiers, while this short Mongol with and improved ways of protecting soldiers from injury in battle. bow is designed to be used from horseback. 2 ARMOR The earliest soldiers wore armor made from wood, leather, and bone. After people discovered how to work metals, soldiers could wear armor made of mail (interlocking metal rings) or metal plates. Mongol archer In the 13th century, Mongol warriors from Medieval knight European knights saw warfare as a way east Asia conquered the largest land empire in history. to win honor. Knights wore expensive suits of armor They fought on horses, using bows and arrows. to protect themselves and as a display of wealth. Iron mace Mace (heavy Leather helmet Slits in the visor club) was used Armor made allowed the wearer to strike down of hardened to see and breathe enemies leather plates fleeing sewn together on foot A disk called a \u201cbesague\u201d protected the armpit 2 1 Sword used 3 to stab at Bow weak points in Light and enemy\u2019s armor flexible armor allowed the knight to move freely Dagger and Steel-bladed sword ornamental scabbard (holder) Quiver Red leather quiver could Even the knight\u2019s feet hold up to 60 arrows were covered by armor 240","3 SWORD 5 FIREARMS Swords are weapons for close combat (hand-to-hand fighting). They have Invented in China in the 14th century, firearms (portable guns) increased a a point for stabbing and one or two sharp edges for slashing. A crossguard soldier\u2019s ability to kill his enemy from a distance. These weapons ended the above the hilt (handle) prevents the user\u2019s hand from sliding down onto the age of the knight, whose expensive armor could offer little protection. blade and protects it from an enemy\u2019s sword. 6 CAMOUFLAGE 4 UNIFORM In the 20th century, brightly colored uniforms were replaced by clothes In the confusion of battle, soldiers need to be able to tell friend from foe. that helped soldiers blend in with their surroundings. Colors and patterns Uniforms mark out which side a soldier belongs to and encourage discipline\u2014 like the green and black stripes on this uniform are known as camouflage, soldiers wearing identical uniforms are more likely to act together as a group. from the French camoufler (to disguise). French infantryman In the Napoleonic Wars (1803\u20131815), US paratrooper In World War II, some soldiers attacked soldiers marched in ranks to the beat of a drum. At the enemy from the air. They leaped from airplanes a signal, one line all fired their muskets. wearing parachutes, landing behind enemy lines. Sewing kit for e repairing uniform Belt to hold extra ammunition clips Grenad Life jacket inflated when paratrooper landed in water Ammunition Shoes Bayonet pouch with had metal fitting for studs to carrying make them bayonet sturdier 4 Short Bayonet 6 Protective gloves sword was (knife of limited that Musket Helmet use in battle attaches able to but useful to the fire just for chopping end of three wood in a gun) times per camp minute 5 The shako (hat) gave Rifle fired eight Ammunition clips little protection shots before needing for reloading rifle but made the to be reloaded soldier look taller 241","REVOLUTIONS A revolution is a sweeping social change that takes place in a short period of time. This is often violent, as unpopular governments are overthrown, either by mass uprisings or small groups of organized revolutionaries. The goal of revolutionaries is to create a better society\u2014to make people more equal, or more free. Yet it is often easier to destroy a bad government than it is to create a better one. \u25bc REVOLUTIONARY WAR Between 1775\u20131781, Britain\u2019s 13 colonies in North America fought a war of independence, in which they successfully threw off the rule of King George III. In their 1776 Declaration of Independence (below), the American leaders declared that \u201call men are created equal\u201d with the right to \u201clife, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.\u201d 242 \u25b2 FRENCH REVOLUTION In 1789, rioting against the government of King Louis XVI spread across France. Using the slogan of \u201cliberty, equality, fraternity,\u201d revolutionaries overthrew the king. In 1793, the French leaders launched a reign of terror, during which they executed all opponents, including the king, by guillotine.","\u25c0 RUSSIAN REVOLUTION \u25c0 CUBAN REVOLUTION The Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, seized power in Russia in October 1917 and founded the first In 1956\u20131959, Cuban rebels, communist state. The communists set about creating a led by Fidel Castro and Che new kind of society, a \u201cworkers\u2019 state\u201d based on Guevara (left), overthrew the common ownership of industry and land. corrupt government of the dictator, Fulgencio Batista. \u25bc CULTURAL REVOLUTION Although Castro went on to rule as another dictator, he In 1949, communists, led by Mao Zedong, took power in improved conditions for the China. In 1966, Mao, who feared that China was sliding away Cuban poor and provided from communist principles, launched a \u201ccultural revolution\u201d them with greater access to to root out old ways of thinking. Opponents and intellectuals hospitals and schools. were persecuted, and the country came close to chaos. \u25b2 VELVET REVOLUTION Mass protests in November 1989, and a general strike in Czechoslovakia, proved enough to bring down the unpopular communist government. The lack of violence led to this being called the \u201cvelvet,\u201d or soft, revolution. Here, marchers carry the flag of the new Czech Republic (Czechia). 243","INDUSTRIAL \u25c0 FACTORIES REVOLUTION Huge buildings, called From the late 18th century, the invention of factories, were constructed machines that could do things faster than ever to house the new machines, before brought dramatic changes in the way row upon row. Machines, people lived and worked. Known as the such as these looms for Industrial Revolution, these changes took root weaving cotton into cloth, in Britain and quickly spread to Europe and were powered by a steam the US. It began in the textile industry, with engine, and the noise new machines powered first by water and they made would have later by steam. This led to a huge demand for been deafening. coal, to fuel the engines, and iron, to make the machines. New towns sprang up as Factory workers farm laborers moved from the countryside endured hot, humid to work in the factories. conditions and air thick with cotton dust Woolen shirt RAILROADS \u25b6 Woolen shawl In 1804, British inventor Richard Trevithick built the first FACTORY WEAR \u25b6 steam-powered locomotive. Early Factory owners preferred locomotives carried coal from to hire women and children mines. From 1825, passenger to men, because they were trains were built, and armies of cheaper and easier to workers lay down railway lines. discipline. Women in the factories wore heavy, \u201cPuffing Billy,\u201d built durable clothes, which in 1813\u20131814, is the were products themselves world\u2019s oldest surviving of the Industrial Revolution\u2019s textile boom. steam locomotive Skirt made from thick, coarse cotton fabric called calico 244 Leather boots studded with hobnails for durability","\u25b2 NEW TOWNS In the factory areas, villages grew into huge towns almost overnight. Workers\u2019 houses were built as cheaply as possible and often crammed closely together. The industrial towns were dark places, where the air was filled with smoke from the factory chimneys. \u25b2 INVENTIONS Plans for a new method The driving force of the of converting Industrial Revolution was iron into steel, the rapid development of new invented by ideas, methods, and machinery. Henry Bessemer Newly invented steam engines in 1855 were used to power innovative new machines that transformed the mining, textiles, and metalworking industries. \u25bc DISEASE People lived crowded together in the new factory towns. They had no proper sewers, garbage collection, or clean drinking water. Diseases like cholera, typhus, and typhoid often swept through the towns, killing thousands. Medicine box used to treat cholera 245","DISEASEWddfiiroinmshosfeeeemitafarchfsesereecvoecosssesteuihcrlviodnapkepviteesrseioeyicbnaspubtpcsolabeeercesochpt.aoneWeadurivoc.ineaeApptnalrlsleiynaovs.gdwdehIuindidvpektti,snonrhtutoghoersetweapetvuhfsaetln.seuhltder,,adetaitrnrnteashdaltraaeotcrmnyughdnaeeorndtlnehetutrecwhamateaursbupswseereooerdfcsart,ealbdduny,ses wwbSaiiotrrhdmdlhieokefedfrobmthcstaebosekprslsliaewsgvtouuerfdeefetdo ocbnatAyhumbpfepsbIyroieny\u25c0llrialpcfeiwctglaouaoBeh.unaltaueaPUhessltebi1dbmiknBooi3aitgcopnlO4ecalrel0tsbteoee.Ndscaf,rhbidiaInbEaeCtruua,lhAoiirbpeeurPso.ovainpLapTensdeshlAdiaaec,ehngdtGaahdtunrlaUefdutoeEf the CTHfhroeotOroIsmitwegLbEiisibavnEuatifochacrcRtaotntteseeuiApermerdseswiheas\u25b2iiodbann.ouygVbftIrenimhycsc,dhetodewiiomarPfrlchiaevnsahirorcknadiahmsidnin,ectciagwataasitdrnwhaarpigsiicsapaeeobtasisaemnrnitosrfnhdebuupes1lgtdoh8adchila2lahretuer9toart.tlheehder,aa. Smallpox caused painful raised blisters, which left scars behind after they healed FLU PANDEMIC \u25b6 SMALLPOX \u25b2 A widespread outbreak Smallpox was a disease that could scar, of disease is called a blind, and even kill its victims. Like the flu pandemic. The worst or the common cold, it was caused by a case in history took virus, a minute agent that can grow or place in 1918\u20131920, reproduce only inside the cells of living things. Smallpox is one disease that has when a deadly strain of been wiped out by modern medicine. flu spread around the globe, killing 50\u2013100 million people. Face masks were widely worn, for it was correctly understood that flu is spread by coughs and sneezes. 246","A new sewer is built in iTnpchJfEalooeeiwntSssipcaiinugedeatmkUen\u25c0erplnsiipridgnlphdtshatlrehehtosHtenttiLdoierlwhhvnositYntuseeetwagtihtshtnriGne.urwheogedtcrInhiuenIioe1cnbbdEdoana8ug1aoeennNdr6nn8cgfbrdis0otdns6nEaohsestot5sfan,alyr.befi,emipngccaetahvedioteafneeiitoosdcohnntiprhndaeelest.e. abFpaleectmteriirnidagisighnrew London in 1845 1hA9atnnhdu-csresienntwduiarsysinhafedesvchoetaerrtngBristaahenciaAmntmireslmdteameoroinixlfsasdtauectranalghersdbraaeeoeamttsmrcwe.itenFIeiiandcnlfrereingi1ocmacei9st.inwinc2nHweoB8gh,etp,oAyciiSdsuuapcciCnsllesosaledceiTtbdnoodstoEgfivtasarelhRahneanrni-tdIesscoAtacddeicirnbelaiytlst\u25b6aneuhcikcbdtosatiieiletvsolteeratidriacyl. oppwusrelptotaTanSobabchtdpreAneleeeeprdia.Nmd1enekT9dmbIRhitiTnybnhueiAcasbAsYclscaTeuiseitasniniIematlOtdriEEnueiaiauuNnnrn1ryrgfdo9iorns\u25b2o2pppAa3mer2ewfo..0raCpiTp1nscheeh6oapvro.e,lleaslswueerentariwditwanlheecgeimshrarsdonesi,ctrlwieieltnlvrohkaeaoiicnnkhtgually \u25c0AafEJwfig1oefnghodbdvaer7Vhnlgheraioodint9somndAltcymed6iltJecsaacahn,awCihorttansaeohmehmferuCiedtetreecdseghootIoacimteishNhsfrcanrlwisaeitiaPtaartmjzeoAdespcthlcesdltwhrlcaeoopihTdiptvelErtxweoetelIapiortpdhaOoxldbhpcpsodwek)uiclaonsewNxiidisassdftnxif,tetoigirdeihdeptJe(sdarhchaiaeeermsshtn.tmeaoepm-baWotasy.poehudoetesiIlsfhlesnde,eade.yrn- been created. 247","MONEY Before money existed, people traded by bartering, or swapping, different goods. The problem with bartering was that each trader had to want what the other trader was selling. Money was invented as a medium of exchange\u2014something with a recognized value that could be used to buy other goods. Money is usually made of rare materials, such as precious metals or colorful feathers.The first written records of money date back to Mesopotamia (now in southern Iraq) where weighed silver was used about 4,500 years ago. Tobacco leaves were the currency for the British settlers in North America in the 17th and 18th centuries 1 At different times in history, cowrie shells Gold doubloons made by the Spanish invaders have been used as payment in China, of Central America India, and Africa 2 5 CHINESE COINS 8 STONE MONEY 1 EGYPTIAN HOARD In 500 BCE, bronze coins in China Heavy currency was used by the were made to resemble tools or islanders of Yap in the Pacific Ocean. In Ancient Egypt, payments were the cowrie shells of an earlier The huge stone disks they used to pay made with various metals, and currency. The shapes were so for items were often too weighty to their value was based on weight awkward, they were replaced by lift, some measuring 13 ft (4 m) across. not shape. This resulted in a wide circular coins with square holes. array of bars, rings, and pieces of 9 CHECK gold, silver, and copper. 6 BANK NOTE An alternative to cash is a check\u2014a 2 BURMESE WEIGHTS Paper money has its origins in form that details how much money 10th-century China. Handwritten should be transferred from one bank During the 18th century, silver receipts provided by merchants account to another. In medieval times, weights called \u201cflower silvers\u201d gained such importance that the Knights Templar issued checks to were used as money in Burma the government started printing pilgrims so they could travel across (now Myanmar). Liquid silver paper receipts for specific sums. Europe without carrying money. was poured into a mold, and a floral pattern added. 7 WAMPUM 10 CREDIT CARDS 3 TRADER\u2019S MANUAL Native Americans created belts First used in 1920s America to known as wampum from white buy gas, many people now rely Coins were regularly shipped and purple clam shells. These on plastic credit cards. Issued by overseas in the 16th century. belts represented money and banks and businesses, cards are To identify the different coins were used to seal deals. a convenient alternative to cash. and their value, Dutch merchants used handbooks 3 detailing foreign currency. Up until the 17th 4 FEATHER MONEY century, silver rings were the method of The Pacific Islanders of Santa payment in Thailand Cruz used long coils made of feathers to buy canoes. The brightest and boldest feathers had the highest value. 248"]
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