One Million Things - A Visual Encyclopedia

["4 Shells stored in Red feathers were wicker container woven into rolls 5 This bank note 6 7 from Rome was 8 issued in 1786 Japanese ingot coins in the 17th century were hammered gold or silver bars Embedded microchip acts as a computer 9 10 249","20TH CENTURY Protests The 1960s saw many people march in The 20th century saw more changes antiwar protests. Refrigerator Mass production of home in the way people lived their lives than any UN The United Nations (UN) is refrigerators began other century. Among the century\u2019s many an international organization after World War II. new inventions were television, computers, that was set up in 1945 to help the Internet, and nuclear power. The prevent wars. century began with the first airplane flight, lasting just 12 seconds, in 1903. By 1969, US astronauts had flown to the moon and walked on its surface. CONFLICTS Cold War emblem The hammer and sickle was the World War I (1914\u20131918) left 20 million emblem of communist dead, mostly young soldiers. Military air Russia, the US\u2019s power during World War II (1939\u20131945) Cold War rival. made cities vulnerable to attack. Around 60 million people died, many of them civilians. This The hammer and was followed by the Cold War, a long standoff sickle signifies the between the US and communist Russia. unity of peasants Gas masks These were issued to and workers soldiers in World War I and to both soldiers and civilians in World War II. ENTERTAINMENT AIDS From the 1980s onward, a Radios were invented at the beginning of the century, and the terrible new disease called AIDS claimed 1920s saw the arrival of radio broadcasts. In the 1930s and 1940s, Walkman In the the lives of millions 1980s, the personal of people around going to the movies was the most popular leisure activity. In the cassette player let people listen to the world. 1950s and 1960s, the popularity of movie theaters waned, as Gramophone The music on the move. people stayed at home to watch the new invention, television. first record players were powered by turning a handle Television Early televisions were small and at the side. showed only grainy black-and-white pictures. Radio In the early part of the century, the whole family would sit around listening to the radio. 250 Movies People flocked to Famine Many movie theaters to watch countries faced their Hollywood idols. humanitarian crises.","DOMESTIC LIFE TRAVEL Bikini A week in the sun on a Many new labor-saving devices The developments in foreign beach were invented for the home, transportation in this century became a regular including refrigerators, freezers, allowed people greater freedom vacation event washing machines, dishwashers, to travel. Millions of families for many. and vacuum cleaners. The ability bought cars, and new highways to prevent food from decaying were built to make trips faster. Globe Faster by freezing it enabled food to be The air travel industry really took transportation transported greater distances off from the 1930s. Trips, which opened up before the airplane would have the world to and allowed people to buy taken days by rail or sea, could more people. and store it in bulk. Shortly now be completed in a matter after, precooked frozen of hours. meals emerged, changing mealtimes forever. Souvenirs As Air travel overseas travel Cheaper air travel TV dinner Prepackaged increased, many allowed many meals could be heated countries came families to travel then eaten while to rely on tourism overseas for watching television. for income. foreign vacations. Apartheid Nelson WORK Women in the workplace In the Mandela led the 1970s, women fought for the right successful struggle The role of women in the workplace greatly changed to the same work opportunities to win equal rights during the century. Women had limited career options in and pay as men. for black South the early decades but gained more employment rights and Africans. opportunities as the century progressed. The workplace Typewriter For much was also transformed by new methods of communication, of the century, office ISSUES including the computer and Internet. New technologies led workers used typewriters to automated factories, reducing to write documents. The world\u2019s population rose from the need for manual labor. 1.65 to 6 billion people during the century, with a widening gap Computer technology between rich and poor nations. From the late 1970s, There was inequality between personal computers men and women and people began to revolutionize of different races. the workplace. Votes This medal was Telephone given to a female hunger Improved striker campaigning for communication the vote for women. technology enabled businesses to go global. 251","PICTURE GALLERY David Teniers\u2019s 1651 painting Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in his Picture Gallery features one of the greatest art collections of the age, which numbered 1,300 works. The archduke governed Southern Netherlands (Belgium). 252","Art and culture 253","ART Some artists seek to create a beautiful object; others use art to reveal something about the world. In the past, art also served a religious, magical, or mystical purpose. Styles of art vary widely, and artists from different cultures have shown the human form in many different ways. The first art This carving of Tomb art Egyptian painters showed a pregnant woman, found in each part of the body from its most Austria, was made 25,000 years distinctive angle. Heads and limbs were ago. Her hair is shown in detail, viewed from the sides, with eyes and yet she has no facial features. torsos shown from the front. Mona Lisa With her mysterious Royal portrait German artist, Self-portrait Dutch artist Indian art This painting, made half smile, this is the world\u2019s Hans Holbein, was court painter Rembrandt van Rijn (1606\u2013 in 1770, is not a realistic image most famous work of art. It was to Henry VIII of England. His 1539 1669) painted 60 self-portraits but follows set rules. The athletes\u2019 painted in 1503\u20131507 by Italian portrait of Henry\u2019s son, Edward, to experiment with techniques heads are shown in profile while artist Leonardo da Vinci. shows the clothing in great detail. and to document his life. their chests face out. Emotion art In The Scream (1893), New forms Spanish artist Art Deco Polish artist Tamara de Self-image Mexican artist, Norwegian Edvard Munch aimed Pablo Picasso (1881\u20131973) took Lempicka (1898\u20131980) belonged Frida Kahlo (1907\u20131954), to express emotion rather than the human form apart and to the Art Deco movement, which painted self-portraits using reassembled it in startling ways. saw art as purely decorative. scenes drawn from fantasy. 254 depict a real scene.","Terra-cotta Army In 209 BCE, more Prayer book Medieval European African mask These than 8,000 life-sized pottery figures of art often served a religious elaborate works of art soldiers were buried to guard the tomb purpose. This illustrated book were worn for ritual of China\u2019s first emperor. Every soldier depicts the Virgin Mary holding dances, when the wearer has different features. the baby Jesus. communicated with spirits. Japanese print In 1794, artist Brush strokes Like Rembrandt, Dutch Impressionism French artist Edgar Degas Toshusai Sharaku made this artist, Vincent Van Gogh (1853\u20131890), (1834\u20131917) founded an artistic movement woodcut print of an actor painted many self-portraits, 30 of them called Impressionism. Its goal, shown in this named Otani Oniji. He is shown in the last five years of his life. He had a painting of ballerinas, was to capture performing the role of a villain, loose style, with each brush stroke visible. changing light and movement. grimacing threateningly. Sculptural curves Reducing human Pop art Andy Warhol (1928\u20131987) used Cartoon art US artist Keith Haring figures to simple curving shapes was subjects drawn from popular culture. In a speciality of British sculptor Henry 1962, Warhol used a photo of movie star (1958\u20131990) started his career Moore (1898\u20131986). Marilyn Monroe to make this screenprint. as a graffiti artist, drawing cartoonlike figures. 255","ARCHITECTURE The art and science of designing buildings and other 6 REICHSTAG 7 DJENN\u00c9 MOSQUE structures is known as architecture. From early times, people designed buildings both for practical reasons, This building housed the German The largest mud-brick building such as shelters to live in, and religious reasons, such Republic parliament from 1894 in the world, the present mosque as stone tombs and places to worship the gods. Over until it burned down in 1933. When in Mali dates from 1909. The thick the centuries, architecture has evolved to become an Germany reunited in 1990, the walls are coated with a smooth art form using high-quality materials to create ever Bundestag (the new parliament) layer of plasterlike mud to even more daring designs. returned to Berlin. The original out the surface. Palm-wood building was gutted and a new supports help people scale the home built inside the old walls. walls to repair them each spring. 1 THE COLOSSEUM 4 DISNEY CONCERT HALL actiotnnhoeobTnthleoetsphlsoelaewtlvoceewlrlosec,slerwalsthesovieleetshlsteahtein the mnuatsueNurtahmolezlzgibglaeuhlsiltledofrilninoegtosodlpetof The first permanent amphitheater This striking home for the Los 1 in Rome, the Colosseum was Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra completed in 80 ce. It is amazing took 16 years to complete from not only for its size but also for design to opening night in 2003. its design. Up to 50,000 spectators Its striking exterior is made of poured safely in and out of 80 doors stainless steel curves. The wood- to watch all-day gladiator battles paneled main auditorium features and other public spectacles. state-of-the-art acoustics. 2 HEDDAL STAVKIRKE 5 CHRYSLER BUILDING 3 As 12th-century Norwegians This 1920s skyscraper in turned away from Viking beliefs New York City remains the tallest to follow Christianity, they built brick building in the world at a thousand beautiful wooden 1,047 ft (319 m). It was designed stave churches along trade routes to house the Chrysler automobile in Norway. Carvings of animals company, and the gargoyles that often decorated the door frames. jut from the building were designed like car mascots. 3 KUNSTHAUS GRAZ The church is coated Nicknamed \u201cthe friendly alien\u201d with a mix of tar and oil by locals, this Austrian art museum, completed in 2003, has a blue outer to preserve the wood skin of acrylic glass that can display images and animations. Inside, two large spaces can be adapted to display different exhibitions. 2 4 Pointed gables were often decorated with carved crosses and dragon heads, like those on Viking ships In 2005, some panels were sanded down after nearby residents complained about the glare and heat of reflected light 256","5 8 BURJ KHALIFA 9 EL PALAU DE LES ARTS Triangular windows set Designed to resemble a desert This Spanish opera house is part in seven silvery arches flower, Hymenocallis, this 2,717 ft of a complex of museum buildings under a spire crown (828 m) skyscraper in Dubai is the near Valencia. It is set within the top of the building tallest building in the world. landscaped gardens with reflecting The Burj Khalifa has more than pools and interlinked paths. The 160 stories and the world\u2019s highest roof is made from a pair of curving outdoor observation deck. The steel shells clad in concrete and structure is three times as tall mosaic tiles. as the Eiffel Tower in Paris. 10 ALLIANZ ARENA Visitors travel up a spiral walkway in the huge This soccer stadium is located in glass dome to take in Munich, Germany, and is the only a panoramic view of stadium in the world that can the Berlin skyline change its exterior color. Opened in 2005, the stadium holds nearly 7 70,000 spectators. Some locals nicknamed it the \u201cinflatable boat\u201d due to its unusual shape. Three massive towers are topped with oval 6 spires shaped like ostrich eggs, which symbolize purity The opera house has Some 3,000 air-filled been compared to foil panels that form the an ocean liner, with exterior can be lit from its sleek exterior and within to match the shiplike decks inside home team\u2019s colors 10 The cladding 257 system on the building\u2019s exterior is designed to withstand Dubai\u2019s 8 extreme heat 9","SYMBOLS GOOD LUCK From a fire-breathing dragon to a four-leaf clover, people People hoping to protect themselves use symbols\u2014images, objects, and figures\u2014to represent from misfortune or evil may carry a abstract ideas or concepts. Symbols can best be described good-luck symbol. It could be a trinket, as something visible that represents something invisible. a piece of jewelry, or something from We use them every day without thinking about it. For nature. Many symbols are lucky only to example, our written language and numbers are a particular culture, and the superstition made up of symbols. can stretch back centuries. Saint Christoper Some Christians wear pendants showing the patron saint of RELIGION long journeys to protect Followers of different faiths can them when express religious concepts, such as Star and Crescent they travel. their idea of God, through symbols. These are linked with Fu Thought to Religious symbols have many bring good meanings and uses and may be the Islamic faith fortune, this Chinese used in places of worship or as and appear on symbol decorates part of other religious practices. envelopes given the flags of many to children for Muslim nations. Lunar New Year. Apsaras This supernatural White heather being represents the female Regarded as a spirit in Hindu mythology. symbol of good luck in Scotland, Yin Yang This symbol of the Taoist belief some say heather grew represents harmony and on battlefields unity in the universe. where no blood had been shed. Four-leaf clover Most Wheel of Law The eight have three leaves, so spokes of this Buddhist superstition has it that finding one by accident symbol represent the eight paths to brings good luck. enlightenment. Horseshoe In Europe and the US, hanging a horsehoe by the front door will bring good fortune. Star of David Named Crucifix This shows Jesus Evil eye This symbol is for King David of Israel, Christ\u2019s death on the cross\u2014 meant to block a curse this has been a symbol a reminder to Christian sent by the nasty stare of of the Jewish faith since medieval times. worshipers of his sacrfice. an envious person. Anubis The Ancient Egyptian 258 god of the dead, Anubis led the mummification process and protected the dead.","MYTHICAL BEASTS Eagle Seen as NATURE wise and majestic These creatures existed only in myths creatures, a cry from In many cultures across the world, and legends, but they hold real symbolic these usually silent members of the animal kingdom meaning for many people. They may be birds is said to foretell are chosen as symbols of a particular created from parts of different animals a big event. quality people would like to have. or mixes between human and animal Snake Regarded as When animals are used in this way, forms. Sometimes they can take the a symbol of evil they are known as totems. form of animals with incredible powers. in many cultures, it can also represent Owl A symbol of death in Salamander This rebirth since it some parts of the world, creature is linked with sheds its skin. in other cultures, owls fire and may represent are linked with wisdom. the righteous who Carp This fish is a have escaped the symbol of strength in flames of hell. Japan and other parts of Asia, perhaps because Centaur In Greek mythology, it swims against the this half-man half-horse beast current of the river. symbolizes the instinct of an animal with the judgment of a human. Minotaur This Dolphin These are ferocious creature from seen as symbols of joy, Greek mythology has the body of a man and love, and happiness. the head of a bull. It is a symbol of conflict between reason and animal instincts. Unicorn A horse with a twisted horn appears in the legends of many cultures. In China, it represents gentleness. Makara An aquatic Dragon This giant beast, Toad The Aztecs thought Beetle Amulets carved creature from Hindu which features strongly the toad was a powerful to resemble scarab beetles mythology, makara in Chinese mythology, is symbol of life and rebirth, were the most powerful is part fish, part a symbol of power, said while the Chinese associate symbol in Ancient Egypt crocodile. It to be able to spit fire. and were thought to give symbolizes love. them with wealth. the wearer eternal life. Monkey Three Japanese 259 monkeys symbolize the principle \u201csee no evil; hear no evil; speak no evil.\u201d","LANGUAGE Written French The Hebrew Portuguese has five accent alphabet uses 22 writing has 26 People communicate through language, whether the marks to indicate characters, written letters and five words are spoken or written down. Today, there are pronunciation from right to left accent signs some 7,000 different languages spoken around the globe. Many more languages were spoken in the past, which 2 6 have now been forgotten. The languages of the most 7 powerful economic and political nations are spoken by millions of people. 1 Chinese 1.3 billion people 3 Hebrew The holy language of 3 are native speakers of the Jewish faith, Hebrew is spoken one of the family of Chinese by 9 million people around the languages. Some 880 million world. Many religious texts are people communicate in Mandarin written in an ancient form of Chinese, a group of dialects Hebrew, in use from the 12th (language variations) from to the 6th century bce. northern and southwestern China. 4 Arabic Some 300 million 2 French Spoken by 220 million people communicate with a people worldwide, French is an dialect of Arabic, a family of very official language of the United old languages closely related to Nations. It is one of the family Hebrew. The Quran, the holy of Romance languages that book of the Islamic faith, developed from Latin. is written in Arabic. 4 Artists may use calligraphy (decorative writing) to write Arabic text in Islamic manuscripts Japanese writing is often printed vertically 1 5 warirtAeteruonsueCndhdiinn4e,e0sve0e0rychdaaryacters In this Hindi script, symbols are joined together by a horizontal bar 260","In traditional 5 Hindi The family of 8 Spanish Originating in 11 Latin The language of written Spanish, 28 letters are used languages spoken in northern northern Spain, this romance the Roman Empire, Latin developed into the family of 8 and central India is known language has 577 million as Hindi. In addition to 425 speakers. It is widely spoken Romance languages as well million native speakers, there in Central and Southern as lending its vocabulary to a are many Indians who use America. Today, Mexico has number of other languages. Hindi as a second language. the most Spanish speakers. 12 Russian With 160 million 6 Portuguese This Romance 9 Bengali Also known as native speakers and many more language originated in Bangla, this language is India\u2019s using it as a second language, Portugal but spread to second most spoken language. Russian is an important parts of South America in Bengali is also used in other language in Europe and the 16th and 17th centuries. parts of southern Asia, with one of six official languages Today, it has 230 million 230 million native speakers. of the United Nations. speakers worldwide. 10 Greek This ancient 13 English This widely 7 Japanese Used by 130 language has used the same spoken language went global million people, the Japanese alphabet since the 9th century through British colonization. language can be adapted by bce. Today, about 13 million Today, there are 400 million the speaker to show respect speakers in Greece and Greek native speakers, and it is the to someone, according to communities worldwide keep most used language on their age and social status. this language alive. the Internet. In early Greek 10 writing, there are no gaps between 9 individual words Many Bengali characters stand for a combined consonant and vowel sound 11 13 12 acirsottsohsLdeatahtmyien,obgissutlortwbairietdeselayllypspuhosaekbdeent afmteterhdWietiesrCviiytnatrlveilesnlyincsRttaouelrmsp,shSiantan.abCmeuytser,eidlas lawngwouriidasthgsmceoetTehnnehaostaneteucasrghsnitanlhotynglaebydtatasghtrlhroeuoefswenlaieonnwfgg,Eunaggleish 261","LITERATURE \u25c0 WNirOsitcniNnaelgaelFendtIsddhCotaenouTttvohnItaeinOedhsnnfyeotbditNircrsctasot(\u2014lpastaeiuoenaecsahgdnrncnbasiohd.saooldrtuslAcinyontoncnahuaroAgrutfiietlencsau.nhtwitsaccronNonooeltlrebste,fuoaroxlussipJidrptnFpofbeoceoereefefghwjafilroaercribanoWiittbctapescihkimithoopcnlotoeeauughcnrgti\u2019leatlsrrhi,idesarlhleolsipaWevwhN(sheraianadaisuerz)ilnstiIisIhvgieonsr)s.\u2019 AIaltfteinonthidthnrdyteeemacianftrrlossuswom,,r,dnoamwiealnfrlitsrdoecfiienfttrfeiiaeitcocareultrsinlrinet.oeou,Tagsnibstnthsie,ivacoeisntneluyghudcrwaesdaheiecpirrtnlnaihetiosgmgiainuenarrgasetgoa.gfetvienIoisnnertdhceclaasaoneit,lnlinlclporefevteoonhdeabreedytmlomosietoieeenrssk.rlhd,fiasoatate,wnrpudrmdaaerieyraap.yrtliiaeoysn,s,, Crime and Punishment is a novel by Russian writer Fyodor Dostoevsky \u25b2AsietumaFhWttnlt6aeIhwioCo0gniorav,rigTr0nekysss0tsIlsa,soOw0tsoar(ioholwfniNoemondfosnisecwrgco.tdheAnirssoailt)ltetnrto,ermahpruccfoioeaeeitucenenstegrmticvisoshonesnftnc,wnrhlotacutararsnmdite,itdneeatatihrtrpnhsseeehlgeamroemieyrarvasattae.ydrlsneetbetoasausr,stipee.s, Romance This popular 262 fiction focuses on a love story between two people, usually with a happy ending. It may take place against a modern or historical setting. Crime This type of fiction covers the exploits of criminals and their crimes and follows the detectives who crack cases and foil their plans. Science fiction Authors may use scientific fact and modern technology to explore and imagine an alternative world, set now or in the future.","rceaaxSdtpteioeogcrsooiitetrrusysiotnawleomtaalfwirneoeidtvtognthtirhruSsseaeliihdantnomaahg\u2019sgntfEkaaeeo.mne,ttrTrtso,gwowophialsnihehentsiclaahirltscaraephuhhpeuuapceoldcitmdaesleemiydinecsaewcs,oonyntfhrsnhvcuciobaeigseeleDirehiddwaosrft,erpaRcfriaorWtneliaemlAetrrtediirfednaloMsrolrttsritnaearhiaosummsnAemtttsthde.ehaed\u25b6e nOoncvleeWolsoheDefas5otbstM0enhheZt0rCoeoahneQfmeolaidmydnulrmioisvadtibloowxnBleaotiosaoelworngauatdopatsnt\u2019sssiiesktphetsmouJhhocQorsbalooroapdmSvtpyFu8ef(ipxooa1ako0a,oaeIiMira6ssumren0tbtatltm1h4vasaai\u2019ospasmge.no4etmnbeubtoHiumd\u2013ufoiteriStee,l1erlumallnoplwCastt6iyliglotsohsa,blh9doset6nnneft4eeierlnriiyb)rlkmcoQsclesoeshimopmlsue\u2022orlpopeoiosrTfoiifi.CpaesrlehnreTenhussetea.h.,halcatadeoBTiihehdsrre\u2022hpiaamebbBbrTeinsrieliaoghMsebsBs2noegoalha,esEkel0roLdoa,tess0Sohlswtdt0mrrTaHbhsde.i\u2022nletoSaeafahTolerret5nElhreefrn0sgyrLertet0euhtLPhlsdrblaemoeEaatigvtlnnRoSiRlteeli\u2022shielo1snnSilTaroa.n5ghktbns0seceeeoobcdmrsoboinppyeikiepoenilsJeslosia.vtiet\u2022hsoifoeRrsnsMaenselA..sov,lJRoglcel.hwi.donraKaTsei.ptgtov.ohihteRlelpahdksoablai.aCemnwenyhnelorer2ininsirgstebgtshimioi\u2019telsll\u2019aidisostcnweWrdiocmiolr4llipedaiwmeside. When a book is a success, the author may follow it up with one or more sequels to create a series \u25c0ThffaoiieuoblcmCnadlmfcgtrauogfdhaiaHseeocsoaeyaithacybnkn,IrrlttiulLaasuylaioeacdvtntlDoflhnnhloesrotgyuaogedohlrRlieynslrnnereoi.anEgsnsgotwIicroonNsotfiteronrneefalgatogr\u2019itfrahttdSeiedesahedcewptenuntreebBreitaahce.iowrhecertdroOsTniueraooavhree.ilrreOelwss,neaeWiktnazcavj,onsKoedhtaerbtrusdyieillomyStoiloirmrdviraaetnnaseyerhrsicggnetslelraoo,instaonir.sf\u2019d,ssuesaech REouxbcfsqfehsfotuiaaoiahililuunpkrsndeiinttiatramectihfpeesufhaovaTtouglenp\u25c0slylea.nheukrloe\u2019orrTlsseisaynpyaul.stFhlsblasaeuclnTielceOeiolltyrrsbhulseeeatumoopalfelLrrletskearneosyauKtaisatcdcfgrgf.reuwittahaefiidTeupdTnitcace,chneraliiaAlrhaeneldelteletcnagiLyshtfmnewfvctaaEioansogeerelni.rueSet,rsetenhitisagbsaen,o,iruhussinfsmttsttkoetihucenouanteanogfnoldlwedwayessnd \u25c0IintcsehohPracoxairhwotosnpOf1nsoyaotncthpr7mehseiEptufieeencsrseeaeseTnyahseewrswclJstRaa,llhartaiworfgnbenYp)btiorqtruogodatilrtamueotr.mnesppdsiSnnetarchrso(heoosoogssiemmsantfni.sentetPhv,apaelgh,weioaladonllpepyen.ieeeiekooltApmalsuuiuseedonbn,nrptteeearriiaytytfdstsrth,eooeamrf or image. 263","MEDIA 3 TELEVISION AND MOVIES 4 RADIO The many ways people seek to communicate information to a Since the early broadcasts of the In 1938, a radio dramatization large audience are known as the media. This communication 1930s, television has brought of The War of the Worlds in can be in written, spoken, printed, or digital form. Throughout news and entertainment to a wide the United States convinced history, leaps in technology from the invention of printing audience. Today, television and many listeners that an actual to growth of the Internet have led to better, faster ways of movies can be watched from home. Martian invasion was in reaching people. Today, information can be relayed around DVDs, smart TVs, and online progress. Today, radio stations the globe in seconds. streaming services, such as Netflix, still fill the airwaves with music, allow viewers to choose between talk, news, and drama. thousands of shows, as well as record, pause, and rewind them. This book is a media product and was created using digital technology 1 DIGITAL MEDIA The word \u201cdigital\u201d refers to the way that information is turned into number-based codes before being sent or stored via electronics. The Internet is the key form of digital media and has opened up mass media to the individual. Anyone with a blog or website can express opinions to a huge audience. 2 CONVERGENCE In this digital age, media content is available on many different platforms. News, movies, and TV programs can be viewed on smartphones, tablets, computers, and smart TVs. In addition, these digital devices also enable people to create and consume media content via social media platforms, such as Facebook and Twitter. 1 Laptop computer Newspapers are usually printed on inexpensive 2 paper called \u201cnewsprint\u201d atptehernefPoaosbrawmlmeeemrmftuuoimlldtSmieepmrilcnearopfrupthnproochntceioeossnnstosoers 264 6","3 Satellite dish High-definition flat-screen TV A rseacteeilvlietse sdigisnhaalsttfarochmedantoorabbituinilgdisnagtellite 5 5 GLOBAL NETWORKS 4 Digital radios deliver 7 high-quality sound Media is a global business. The through a digital signal majority of the world\u2019s media Magazines are usually outlets are controlled by just printed on glossier paper a handful of international than newspapers companies. Satellites orbiting Earth transmit television 265 broadcasts around the world. 6 NEWSPAPERS Published daily or weekly, newspapers contain news, information, feature stories, and advertising. China leads the world with more than 100 million newspapers circulating daily. Today, many papers are available to read online. 7 MAGAZINES The content of a magazine does not usually date as quickly as that of a newspaper. Magazines may cover current events, or they may be aimed at a specific audience, for example, movie or music fans.","PHOTOGRAPHY 1 Photography is a method of making pictures of 4 the real world by capturing light from objects. Light can be captured on film\u2014a sheet of plastic coated 4 ADVERTISING ART with light-sensitive chemicals\u2014or by an electronic sensor. Since cameras were invented, in the early The photos we see most often are ads, 19th century, photographers have changed blown up on street billboards and in the way we see the world. They have shown glossy magazines. These photos are us the wonders of nature, microscopic bacteria, often \u201cretouched\u201d so that the models the horrors of war, distant galaxies, sports look more perfect. In a lipstick ad, triumphs, and family portraits. teeth can be whitened and lips 1 ACTION The speed of the 3 made to shine. shutter catches Modern cameras are very individual drops Collapsible sensitive and can open and of water bellows allow close their shutters in a fraction Sepia, a brown pigment the lens to be of a second. This allows them derived from cuttlefish, folded back into to freeze a moment in time, made printed photos the camera showing a soccer player scoring more durable a goal or a swimmer powering 5 through the water. 2 5 LENSES 2 PORTRAITS Cameras work by focusing light Before photography was invented, from objects using curved pieces only the very rich could afford to of glass called lenses. A zoom lens have portraits painted by artists. (above) uses an assembly of several In the early days of photography, lenses. By adjusting their distance people wore their best clothes to from each other, the photographer strike a pose in a photographer\u2019s can zoom in on distant objects. studio. Today, family photo albums chronicle birthdays, vacations, weddings, and everyday life. 3 EARLY CAMERAS The first cameras, developed in 1839, were large boxes, which had long exposure times (the time needed for photographic film or an image sensor to be subjected to light). Early sitters look stiff and uncomfortable, for they often had to hold a pose for up to 20 minutes. Over time, cameras became smaller and more sensitive to the light. 266","6 MACRO 6 7 This type of photography uses a In a studio, a special lens to take close-up pictures photographer of tiny objects, such as flies. A macro can control how lens can focus only on a limited area of an object. While this fly\u2019s eyes are a shot is lit in sharp focus, its body is blurred. 7 REPORTAGE Photojournalists are reporters who use pictures, rather than words, to tell news stories. Armed with their cameras, they visit war zones and scenes of natural disasters, such as floods and fires, often risking their lives to bring back photographs that will tell an accurate story. This \u201cportrait\u201d view is unusual 9 LANDSCAPES 10 DIGITAL CAMERAS for landscape photography, which gave its name to Like painting, photography is Modern cameras contain computers, horizontally oriented photos used to record beautiful and often which record images electronically dramatic scenery. Some of the best rather than on film. Photographers 9 landscape photographs are taken with digital cameras can take as either in the hour after sunrise or many pictures as they want without before sunset. The sun, low in the wasting film. Images can also be sent sky, bathes the world in a warm easily over the Internet from one golden glow. computer to another. Lights on stands can be raised and set at 10 different angles 8 267 8 FILM CAMERAS Early cameras used heavy metal or glass plates. The roll of film, invented in 1888, made cameras both smaller and cheaper. The image was captured on the film in reverse, as a negative, which was used to print positive copies on paper.","268 THEATER Theater has its origins in Ancient Greece, where 7 ACTORS 8 SCENERY 9 STAGE performances included singing and dancing as well as acting. In medieval times, plays were based on religious The success of a theatrical Set designers use scenery to create In the theater, the stage stories and were staged on large wagons in public places. performance often depends on the atmosphere, set the location of is the platform where the It was not until the 17th century that theaters were built skills of the actors, who use facial the story, and give the illusion performance takes place. with a raised, framed platform, separating the audience expressions, tone of voice, and gestures of distance and space on stage. Traditionally, the stage is from the stage by a curtain. Today, modern theaters to make the audience believe what is Above the stage is a \u201cfly\u201d space made from wooden boards provide the setting for performances of all kinds, happening on stage. The first recorded in which scenery and equipment and often contains a trapdoor from plays and pantomimes to opera and ballet. actor was a Greek poet named Thespis hang. A complex system of pulleys through which performers who was writing and acting out his hoists heavy pieces of scenery to and scenery can be raised own plays in the 6th century bce. and from the stage. and lowered. 1 PROSCENIUM 3 1 2 The decorated arch that divides the stage from the audience is known as the proscenium. It acts as a picture frame for the performance on stage. This type of arch was invented in Italy in 1618, although many modern theaters now have an open stage without a curtain. 2 CURTAIN Made from heavy cloth, such as velvet, the curtain screens the stage from the audience while the stagehands are changing the scenery. The flameproof safety curtain prevents fire from spreading from the stage to the rest of the theater. 3 BOX The auditorium, where the audience sits, is made up of private boxes, tiered seats called the stalls, the dress circle, and the upper circle. Private boxes contain the most expensive seats and usually have the closest view of the stage. 4 WINGS The offstage areas on each side of the curtain are called the wings. Concealed by the proscenium, the actors wait in the wings before they make their entrance on stage.","5 COSTUMES 4 8 The actors\u2019 costumes are the 7 responsibility of the wardrobe department. The wardrobe 9 manager researches, designs, and looks after the costumes and helps the actors change outfits between scenes. 5 6 269 6 ORCHESTRA Beneath the front of the stage is the orchestra pit, where the musicians and sound technicians sit. The conductor stands facing the stage to coordinate the music in time with the actions of the singers, dancers, and actors.","\u25bc SILENT \u25bc WESTERN MOVIES Until the late 1920s, the technology Set in the tough American West, these From 1895, when the Lumi\u00e8re brothers first to add recorded sound to movies did movies captivated huge audiences in the delighted French audiences with their \u201cmoving not exist. Instead, bits of dialogue or 1950s and \u201860s. Westerns tell of cowboys, pictures\u201d to today\u2019s multibillion-dollar film key story points appeared as words outlaws, gunslingers, and good guys as industry, movies have become a popular type on screen, and actors relied on body they faced the challenges of frontier life. of entertainment, an important art form, and a language. Live piano music helped way to shape people\u2019s opinions. The \u201cmagic\u201dof set the mood. movies is that they are created from a series of individual images shown in rapid sequence. \u25bc HORROR These movies are created to terrify and shock the audience. In a typical horror film, characters must overpower evil\u2014be it a monster, a ghost, or a serial killer. Horror films are often quite violent and gory. \u25b2 SCI-FI AND FANTASY \u25b2 ACTION-ADVENTURE \u25b2 ANIMATION Imaginative and visually stunning, These movies often follow the exploits of a These movies are created when science fiction and fantasy allow hero, with plenty of fast-paced stunt work, a rapid sequence of drawings (or filmmakers to explore future worlds, use chases, fistfights, and shoot-outs. From models) is run together to give the intrepid crime fighters to special agents, illusion of movement. Animation also special effects, and speculate about these daring heroes always save the day. uses computer-generated images (CGI). 270 our relationship with technology.","\u25bc BOLLYWOOD \u25bc COMEDY \u25bc DISASTER From the early 1900s, Hollywood has been the From slapstick to spoofs, audiences Asteroids hurtling to Earth, center of moviemaking. Today, more than 1,000 have always loved comedy movies. shipwrecks, and earthquakes movies a year are made in India. Many are lavish, Some rely on the dialogue for the have all been subjects of disaster colorful Bollywood musicals (the name is from laughs; others on physical quirks of the movies. Since the 1990s, the the \u201cB\u201d in Bombay, the old name for Mumbai). actors\u2014or a combination of both. These introduction of CGI special movies often have happy endings, even effects has made it easier to if they explore the darker side of life. create visually spectacular disasters. \u25b2 THRILLER \u25b2 MARTIAL ARTS \u25b2 MUSICAL Action-packed and fast-paced, thriller movies These Asian-based action films feature Featuring singing and dancing as part create audience tension as the hero tries to spectacular fight sequences using one outwit an evil adversary. Some thrillers or more of the martial arts. Among the of the storytelling, musicals are often martial artists who became stars due to feature plenty of action, while others rely their skills are Bruce Lee and Jackie Chan. adapted from stage productions. Recently, on creating an atmosphere of suspense. Hollywood musicals have played to wide audiences in a revival of the genre. 271","DANCE Arm movements are coordinated with the legs Energetic or graceful, dancers use athletic skill and for balance and effect flexibility to perform a series of movements, often in time to music. Dancing is a form of expression that may be BALLET \u25b6 a type of performing art, part of a special ritual, or a fun social activity. The earliest dancers used movement Ballet is a theatrical to worship gods and spirits and to act out stories. In dance with graceful moves. performances, dancers often follow a preplanned series Dancers undergo rigorous of steps and movements devised by a choreographer. training and wear special hard-toed ballet shoes in order to dance en pointe\u2014 on the tip of their toes. \u25c0 DISCO In the 1970s, pop songs with strong dance beats ruled the airwaves, and people gathered in clubs to disco dance. Some dances had set steps; others were created by the dancers themselves, perhaps inspired by the film Saturday Night Fever. Bamboo poles The dragon is a symbol of help the dancers power and strength. The move the dragon longer the dragon, the in a realistic way more luck it will bring CHINESE DRAGON DANCE \u25b6 BHARATANATYAM \u25b6 In this ceremonial dance, dating back In ancient times, Hindu temple to the Han Dynasty (206 bce\u2013220 ce), a dancers in south India performed team of performers carries a colorful a set of moves and postures to tell the stories of the gods. These evolved dragon, held up with poles. They into the Bharatanatyam dance style. lift and lower the poles to make the In this dance, certain poses\u2014 dragon dance. This dance is a key part especially hand gestures\u2014 are held to represent of Chinese New Year celebrations. different meanings. 272","\u25c0 TANGO Dancers swirl Castanets were not their skirts originally part of \u201ctrue\u201d This dramatic dance for couples and petticoats flamenco but were began as a street dance in as part of the introduced to add drama Argentina and Uruguay performance during the mid-1800s. With hands tightly clasped, dancers either face each other or look in the same direction as they move to the beat. Tango is also the name for the music associated with the dance. CAN-CAN \u25b6 This high-kicking, cartwheeling dance began in Paris in the 1830s and was originally for couples. French dance troupes soon took up the can-can in music halls, where chorus lines of girls performed the energetic dance. \u25c0 TRIBAL DANCE These traditional African dances, often performed to the beat of a drum, are important parts of many ceremonies, both joyful (weddings and coming-of-age celebrations) and sad (funerals). Tribal dances help unite and uplift the community. Touching the limbo Flamenco dress features pole means the a tight-fitting bodice dancer is out of the with a layered skirt for competition easy movement LIMBO \u25b6 \u25b2 FLAMENCO The limbo was created With its roots in small villages of the in the Caribbean Andalusian region in Spain, flamenco is a passionate style of music and dance with Islands. Performers a strong, powerful rhythm. Dancers click have to dance under their fingers and stamp their feet to match the drama of the guitar music. a horizontal pole without touching it or 273 losing their balance. The pole is lowered after each round until one limbo champion dancer remains.","MUSIC Music is a performance art created by the sounds of 1 singers and instruments and covers an incredible range of styles. It can be enjoyed live or through A disco ball hung over the various media forms from television and radio dance floor was a regular to the Internet. Music has always been written and performed, but it was not until the 20th feature of discotheques century, when new technology to record and share music developed, that musicians could 2 become global stars. A score (manuscript of 5 1 DISCO musical notes) is used by classical musicians so In the 1970s, pop music with a dance beat known as disco they can keep track of (from discoth\u00e8que, a French word for nightclub) filled dance which parts they play floors across the globe. Disco music topped the charts and created major stars but faded from popularity in the 1980s. A relatively modern instrument, saxophones 2 CLASSICAL became key to the Classical music is a general name for the various types of emerging jazz sound music written to be performed in a concert hall. It may be composed for the instruments of an orchestra (either a full 6 symphony or a small group of players) or written for a choir or opera company. The music of composers like Bach and Beethoven is still popular, centuries after it was written. 3 MUSIC AND VISUALS From the late 1970s, bands made short music videos to accompany and promote their songs. The arrival of music video networks and the Internet has created a huge boom in this area. The virtual band Gorillaz, who previously existed only as cartoon animations in music videos, turned the form on its head in 2005 when they performed live as a normal band. 4 DANCE The popularity of electronic instruments like synthesizers, and the ability to use computers to make music, led to a new generation of music written to fill the dance floors. DJs became stars, using turntables to mix live music. Turntables and vinyl records are used by DJs to create and mix live music 4 Rapping evolved 3 when DJs used microphones to 274 talk\u2014or \u201crap\u201d\u2014 over music","5 JAZZ Jazz was born in early 20th-century America, when elements of European music were blended with the rhythmic music brought by African slaves to the South. 6 ROCK Touring provides a In the 1940s and \u201950s, rock-and-roll music sprang up major income stream for today\u2019s global in the United States. It was played on electric guitars, pop stars, such as bass guitars, and drums, and featured exciting vocals, 7 Justin Timberlake catchy tunes, and a strong beat. This evolved into rock music, a group of many diverse styles that remains popular worldwide. 7 POP This type of rock music is aimed mostly at a young audience. Pop songs can be fairly simple in their structure, with lots of repetition in the lyrics, so it\u2019s easy to sing along. Today\u2019s major pop stars reach an international audience with their hit songs. 8 R&B Rhythm and blues, or R&B, music started in the United States in the 1940s, originally performed by and for a mainly African American audience. Today\u2019s version of the style is closely related to disco and dance music but is smoother and features softer vocals. 9 REGGAE This style of music originated in Jamaica in the 1960s. It has a characteristic rhythm style and a slow and steady tempo (speed). The bass guitar keeps the rhythm and is the most prominent instrument. Reggae is associated with the Rastafarian religion. 8 10 COUNTRY Rock band Women singers, Mixing the traditional music of the southern states The Killers\u2019s such as Beyonc\u00e9, are of the US with rock and roll and other musical first album, Hot among the world\u2019s styles, country music is one of the largest-selling Fuss, is estimated top-earning pop stars music genres today, with major stars, huge record to have sold more sales, and enormously successful tours. than 7 million copies worldwide Wireless speakers can Smartphones are be paired wirelessly now used to store with many devices, and listen to music such as smartphones, to play music anywhere 10 9 Jamaican music legend Bob Marley is the most famous reggae star The electric Many country music guitar is the main stars have adopted instrument in many the cowboy image musical styles, especially rock 275","ORCHESTRA An orchestra is a large group of instrumental musicians playing together under the direction of a conductor. Orchestras usually include four sections: percussion, brass, woodwinds, and strings. Players of similar instruments Glockenspiel sit together, with the Triangle conductor keeping Cymbals Trumpet time upfront. Snare drum 1 2 Bass drum Xylophone French horn Flute Oboe Harp When blown through its Viola reed\u2014a very thin piece of Piccolo wood\u2014the bass clarinet makes a rich, full sound Clarinet Bass clarinet 6 Violin 7 Most orchestras have one or two harps 1 PERCUSSION 3 LOW BRASS 4 WOODWINDS 9 These instruments make sounds Trombones, bass trombones, This section of the orchestra Conductor\u2019s when struck and include items and tubas play the middle to includes piccolos, flutes, clarinets, stand that can be tuned to different notes lower brass notes in the orchestra. bass clarinets, oboes, English horns, (glockenspiels and xylophones) as The trombone has a slide that bassoons, and contrabassoons. 5 TIMPANI well as those that cannot (drums, moves up and down to change Players blow air over a hole or cymbals, and triangles). the note. The tuba plays the through a reed to make notes. These percussion instruments are lowest notes, which boom out giant copper bowls with skinlike 2 BRASS from its bell-shaped end. heads struck by wool-topped sticks. They are also called kettledrums. Blowing air through hollow brass tubes produces sound in instruments such as trumpets and French horns. The note is changed by pressing down valves. 276","Trombone Tuba 5 3 Bass Timpani trombone The largest instrument Bassoon in the string section, This double-reed the double bass also 4 instrument plays the plays the lowest notes lowest, richest notes in English the woodwind section Double horn Contrabassoon bass 8 The conductor has a Cello 9 CONDUCTOR complete orchestral score (written music) 7 VIOLIN 8 STRINGS The conductor stands on a raised for all the instruments platform in front of the players. There are more violins than any The strings often carry the melody The conductor\u2019s main tasks are Conductor\u2019s other instrument in the orchestra, (tune), and there are more string to lead the orchestra and keep baton and it is the smallest member of the instruments than any other type everyone in time by waving a string section. Players make notes in the orchestra. The section baton to the beat of the music. 6 HARP by moving a bow across its strings. includes violins, violas, cellos, double bass, and harps. 277 A harp has a triangle-shaped wooden frame with 47 strings attached. The harpist plays the high notes on thin strings and the low notes on thicker ones.","SPORTS 1 Hurling This fast-paced Irish game 7 Gaelic football With its roots in an involves teams of 15 \u201churlers\u201d with ax- ancient Irish game called caid, players score shaped sticks, two goals, and a small ball. by kicking or hitting the ball through Many sports developed from ancient H-shaped goals. 2 Football Points are scored by times, when running and throwing players carrying or throwing an oval 8 Aussie Rules football Players pass the skills were essential to survival. ball into the opposition\u2019s area. oval-shaped ball to teammates by kicking or Any activity governed by throwing it. To score, they must kick the ball rules and requiring physical 3 Polo This ball game is played on between four posts at each end of the field. horseback. Riders use long-handled ability is considered mallets to drive a ball into the goal. 9 Juggling balls Jugglers keep several balls in a sport\u2014and the air at once. Experienced jugglers can swap 14 Baseball This sport at the heart of many sports 4 Soccer The world\u2019s most popular sport balls for knives and fire torches. is very similar to softball is a ball. involves two teams of 11 players trying but played with a smaller, to score goals in the opposition\u2019s net, 10 Lacrosse Players catch and throw a rubber harder ball. with each game lasting 90 minutes. ball with netted sticks in this sport invented by Native Americans. They must throw it into the 15 Cricket A bowler throws the ball 5 Hockey In this game, two teams opposition team\u2019s goal to score. at a wicket (set of wooden poles), armed with hockey sticks try to score by which is defended by a batsman. smashing a ball into the opponent\u2019s net. 11 Softball In this team sport, players use a bat to whack a ball as far as possible to give them 16 Golf A club is used to hit a small 6 Shotput Players compete to throw a time to run around four bases. ball a long distance to get it into, or 16 lb (7 kg) metal shot as far as possible. as near as possible to, 12 Rugby Players attempt to gain points by each hole on a course. 1 landing the oval ball beyond the other team\u2019s goal line or kicking it over a high H-shaped goal. 13 Medicine ball Athletes put these weighty 12 balls on their bodies to increase their muscle strength while exercising. 9 10 21 8 2 3 11 Rugby balls are 20 oval shaped to make them easier to hold against the upper body while running Modern soccer balls have 13 32 stitched 4 panels 7 19 6 Medicine balls can weigh from 5 to 15 lbs (2.5 to 7 kg) 18 5 15 16 17 14 278","17 Boules Very popular in France, 20 Rounders Two teams take turns at 23 Volleyball Two teams of six players players compete to throw heavy balls batting and fielding. A rounder is scored compete to pass a ball over a high net at a much smaller ball, called a jack. when a player hits the ball far enough to using only their hands. If the ball touches run around four posts before the ball the ground, the other team gains points. 18 Bowls On well-maintained lawns, is returned by a fielder. players try to roll balls closer to a small 24 Croquet French peasants in the 14th target ball than their opponents. 21 Basketball The game was first played century used wooden mallets to whack using peach baskets on poles for hoops. a wooden ball through hoops crafted from 19 Snooker Using sticks called cues, two If a team scored, the referee climbed a bent branches, inventing the game of croquet. players attempt to pot 15 red balls and ladder to get the ball. six different colored balls into 25 Tennis Played on grass or clay courts, two six pockets on a special 22 Netball Based on basketball, this players (singles) or four players (doubles) use 29 Table tennis This wool-covered table. team sport is played on courts and is rackets to hit a felt-covered ball over a net. sport began in Victorian most popular with women in Australasia. England, when dinner 26 Pool Similar to snooker, two players use cues guests turned their table into to sink either red or yellow balls into pockets. The a mini tennis court. Champagne The ball used in netball is winner is the player who sinks the final black ball. corks were used as balls. smaller than the one used 27 Squash Inside a walled court, players take 30 Water polo Players swim to catch to play basketball turns to smash a rubber ball with a racquet the ball to stop the opposing team against the wall. from reaching their goal. 28 Beach volleyball First played on 31 Tenpin bowling Players hurl a heavy ball California\u2019s sandy beaches in the down a wooden lane to knock down the 10 pins. 1920s, this sport can now be played on artificial 32 Marbles Players compete to throw glass sand courts. marbles inside a designated circle or at another target marble. 22 A water polo ball has a 30 special nonslip surface Hollow table tennis A beach volleyball is Three finger holes are balls are hit with bats softer and larger than drilled into a bowling ball called \u201cpaddles\u201d a regular volleyball so it can be gripped 29 31 23 28 24 25 27 32 26 279","280","Reference 281","Nature 2 millionA typical bed is home to about Lichen are only an inch or so tall, but they live dust mites. for a very long time in the coldest places on Many desert plants have very long roots Bamboo is the tallest grass. It can grow up to 150 ft (50 m) tall. 3ft long.A male walrus\u2019s tusks can grow up to Earth. Some lichens in Antarctica are more than to find water deep underground. The tropical (1 m) American mesquite tree\u2019s roots grow up to years A male howler monkey\u2019s howls can 150 ft (50 m) long. be heard up to 3 miles (5 km) away. 4,000old. After a tree dies, all the carbon Tiny nanoplankton, less than dioxide it absorbed when alive 20 thousandths of a millimeter Freshwater and saltwater crocodiles cry. is eventually released back into The smallest in diameter, are the most They do it to lubricate the eyes and get the atmosphere. The same plentiful organisms in rid of excess salt in their bodies, not amount of carbon dioxide flowering plant Earth\u2019s oceans. because they are sad. is released whether the tree is the duckweed burns or rots. Wolffia, which is just Aphids are Sharks have a very born pregnant good sense of smell. The largest water 0.6 mm long. and can give They can detect plant is the Amazonian one part of blood giant lily. Its leaves birth just in 100 million parts are so big that a of water. child could sit on it Prairie dogs live in huge burrows called without sinking. 10 days after they Magnolias are among the most are born themselves. ancient flowering plants. Fossils 20of magnolias have been found that are European eels lay their eggs in the oceans. towns. One town in Texas was home to The baby elvers then make their way to million years old. freshwater rivers. A female eel can lay up to 400,000,000 individuals. The nepenthes is the 20A woodpecker times per 4 millionworld\u2019s largest carnivorous can peck up to second. (meat-eating) plant. eggs in one year. The digestive It catches insects in its The seeds of the coco de mer are the largest of juices of a huge vase-shaped pitcher any plant. They can weigh up to 45 lb (20 kg). hyena are leaves. It is sometimes strong enough called the \u201cmonkey cup\u201d One type of lungfish can breathe underwater to break down because monkeys like to using gills and in the air using lungs. bones. drink out of its pitchers. The smallest mammal by weight, the Etruscan Fungi live by feeding on dead organisms or shrew, weighs just 0.06 oz (1.8 g)\u2014lighter than their waste. Pilobolus fungi feed on cow dung. a penny. The largest fungus ever found is an Armillaria A domestic rabbit can give Octopuses have three hearts\u2014two to pump ostoyae in Oregon, which covers nearly 4 sq miles (10 sq km) of forest floor and is birth to up to 20 babies a estimated to be up to 8,500 years old. month. The streaks of color in cheeses such as Stilton and Danish Blue are made by mold, which is The hummingbird is the only bird that can fly blood to their gills and one to pump blood a microscopic fungus. straight up, down, and backward. around their bodies. Ants never sleep. 282","There is enough poison in a Male humpback whales A flea can cover 12 in (30 cm) in one jump\u2014 single poison dart frog\u2019s sing songs that last that\u2019s 200 times the length of its own body. skin to kill 10,000 mice. 20 minutes or longer. The pregnancy of an Indian elephant They may be doing this lasts for about 22 months. to serenade females. The biggest living cat is the Siberian tiger, which weighs up to 660 lb (300 kg). A mole can tunnel through 330 ft (100 m) of earth in a day. Some species of springtails, a kind of insect, can Camels can go up to two weeks without There are more than 370,000 survive in temperatures as low as \u2013360F (\u2013380C) drinking, but when there is water around, they known species of beetles. because their bodies contain antifreeze. can down 40 gallons (200 liters) in 10 minutes. A red kangaroo can cover Monarch butterflies migrate 2,50025 ft (8 m) in a single hop. miles (4,000 km) from North The world\u2019s largest living rodent, the capybara, America to Mexico or Butterfly Grove in San can weigh up to 140 lb (65 kg). A termite queen lays 30,000 eggs a day. Francisco to spend the winter, even though 50%fatWhale milk is nearly they have never been there before. A bee\u2019s buzz is made A dog can make about by its wings, which flap 100 different facial expressions, . 250 times a second. most of them involving its ears. The part of a dog\u2019s brain involved in sensing smell is 40 times bigger than The blue whale is the largest animal that of humans. Cows have four stomachs, which that has ever lived. Its heart alone they use to process hard-to-digest Beaver grass and vegetation. dams can be can weigh 400 lb (180 kg).China\u2019s earthquake early warning system Spiders usually prefer to live alone but very 1,000involves the close monitoring of snakes, which occasionally team A blue whale\u2019s whistle up to build huge can be heard more ft webs. A web found in 2007 in leave their nests shortly before an earthquake. than 60 miles (600 km) (300 m) long and may Lake Tawakoni away underwater. State Park in Texas A pile of elephant dung Whales and dolphins put be hundreds of measured 600 ft may contain 7,000 beetles. half their brains to sleep at a years old. (180 m) across. It was time so that they don\u2019t drown. built by lots of different species of spiders. With a wingspan of up to 11 ft (3.5 m), the wandering albatross has the longest wingspan of 283 all flying birds, which means that each of its wings is almost as long as an adult human is tall. LEARN MORE ABOUT THE NATURAL WORLD ON PAGES 8\u201359","Human body There are more muscles in a Yfloaurkbeosdyevsehreydms tineuntseo.fOtvheoruasalinfedtsimofe,sakbiondy The liver handles more than 500 different jobs, caterpillar than including the disposal of dead blood cells, making there are in a loses 45 lb (20 kg) of skin flakes. proteins, and storing sugars. human body. You lose 100,000 There are 100 trillion cells in your brain cells every day. body. A billion of them die every 20 seconds. Your brain weighs about 2 percent of your The largest human cell total body weight but uses 20 percent of is the female ovum. your blood supply. The smallest is the male sperm. The brain of an adult is three times You spend half an hour heavier than that of a newborn baby. every day blinking. From the age of 20, the brain loses \/ oz1 30 The left lung is smaller than the right lung to make room for the heart. (1 g) a year as brain cells die and are It takes about 40 hours for food to pass through the large intestine. not replaced. Everyone has a unique tongue print. Your eyes stop growing when you reach puberty At rest, you breathe about Women\u2019s hearts are smaller than men\u2019s, but they beat on average and stay the same size for the rest of your life. once every four seconds. 75 times per minute compared to 70 times for men. Nose hairs act like a net to trap This rises to once every About a third second during exercise. of adults snore. and remove nasty particles We make 2 pints (1 liter) Stretched out straight, the small intestine is about 19 ft (6 m) long. from the air. of saliva in our mouths every day. The bones in the hands and feet account for more than half of the bones in the Tiny bacteria make up human body. 3 percent of your body weight. Food spends up to six hours in your stomach being digested. The smallest muscle in the human body is the Blood travels 12,000 miles (19,000 km) There are around 1,000 trillion stapedius. It is inside the ear and is less than 0.8 in (2 mm) long. every day. That\u2019s half way around bacteria in your body\u201410 times 600There are more than 60the world. , The average more than the number of body cells. muscles in the human body. Muscles are After the age of person eats 30 40 percent of the body\u2019s total weight. you will lose about The loudest snore ever half of your taste buds. tons of food in a recorded was more than 80 decibels, as loud as a The stomach lifetime\u2014that\u2019s the pneumatic drill. continually produces new weight of 80 The average human head layers of mucus to protect has 100,000 hairs growing the lining and stop the stomach from digesting itself. horses. on it, but redheads have only 90,000. 284","An adult man normally needs to eat about 2,500 calories (10,000 kilojoules) a day. Arctic explorers need about three times that much to keep them going in the cold. A fingernail would grow 28 m (90 ft) long if The largest organ is the skin, which has a Standing upright burns up 140 calories never cut. The middle nail grows fastest, the surface area of about 20 sq ft (2 sq m) (600 kilojoules) of energy in an hour. thumb slowest. One inand weighs about 22 lb (10 kg). In an average Babies don\u2019t have lifetime, you There are the same number of hairs on the body bony kneecaps. 2,000 babies will walk the of a human being as on a chimpanzee. Their soft kneecaps begin The longest beard ever measured was more than equivalent is born with ato become bony of five times 16 ft (5 m) long and belonged to between the ages tooth.of 3 and 6. Norwegian 73 percent of babies\u2019 bodies are around the water. This drops to 60 percent in adult equator. Hans Langseth. men and 55 percent in adult women. You cannot sneeze with your eyes open. Babies start dreaming before they are born. The first successful heart transplant The most common time of birth is between took place in 1967. There are now The average human blinks 23 times a minute. 3 a.m. and 4 a.m. eight heart transplants in the US That\u2019s 12 million times a year. alone every day. There are 250,000 sweat glands in a pair of feet. A body releases 4 pints (2 liters) of gas per day They can produce half a pint (a quarter of a liter) The largest artery, the aorta, is about 0.78 in (2 cm) in as burps or farts. of sweat in one day. diameter. That\u2019s as wide as a When you sleep, you lose up to 14 oz (42 g) hose pipe. During puberty, boys can grow 3.5 in (9 cm) in a year. in weight every hour. Children grow faster in spring. Common colds can be caused by one of more More people died during the flu pandemic at the In a whole lifetime, than 200 types of viruses. end of World War I than were killed during the war. a human passes A cough releases 19th-century British surgeon 12,000 gallons air at speeds up to Robert Liston could cut off (45,000 liters) 60 mph (100 km\/h). a leg in 28 seconds. of urine. That\u2019s enough to fill a A single sneeze might contain up to Life expectancy at birth in Japan is 84.2 100,000 viruses. years\u2014the highest in the world. swimming pool. The oldest person ever documented was French In your lifetime, you will drink woman Jeanne Calment, who died in 1997 about 18,500 gallons (70,000 liters) aged 122 years and 164 days. of water. SEE AND EXPLORE THE HUMAN BODY ON PAGES 60\u201387 285","Science and technology The smallest particle scientists have Atoms are mostly made of empty space. Airships float because found is the quark. It is so small that Google processes more than 5 billion searches every day. nobody has seen one, and we only know If the nucleus were a fly in the middle of they are filled it is there because of its effect on things a soccer field, the electrons would be like around it. dust particles flying around in the stands. zeroThe number A proton is 1,835 The Internet with helium, times heavier domain name was first used in India a gas that is around 875 bce. than an electron. business.com many times The smallest Standard International The densest naturally was bought by Marc lighter (SI) unit of weight is the yoctogram, occurring element, osmium, which was added to weigh subatomic weighs 13 oz\/in3 (23 g\/cm3). Ostrofsky in 1999 for particles. The largest unit, the $7.5 million. than air. yottagram, is used to weigh stars Scientists in Europe are developing a laser that will produce light 10 trillion At atmospheric pressure, times as bright as sunlight. carbon dioxide turns from a solid into a gas, without melting, at \u20131080F (\u2013780C). and planets\u2014Earth weighs in at Thomas Babbage came up with his idea for When a gas condenses into a 6,000 yottagrams. a computer when he was just 19 years old. A jiffy is a unit of time equal liquid, it takes up, on average, 1,300to one hundredth of a second. In June 2018, Summit Tungsten has the highest times less space. became the world\u2019s fastest melting point of any metal. supercomputer. It can operate It remains a solid until the The metal lithium is so light that it floats on water. at a speed of 200 petaflops\u2014 temperature reaches 6,192oF that is 200 million billion (3,422oC), when it finally melts. Diamonds are formed from carbon calculations per second. that is compressed 90 miles (150 km) below Earth\u2019s surface. The study of large numbers is called googology. There are six kinds of Acid rain caused by industrial pollution Pure water has a neutral pH of 7, but quarks, which scientists was first noticed in the Midlands, UK, in rainwater is acidic, with a pH of 6 or less. have named up, down, the 19th century. top, bottom, charm, and strange. The first-ever email was sent One byte in a computer\u2019s memory is made by American Ray Tomlinson up of eight bits. A group of four bits is called a nibble. in 1971. The message was With the help of computers, more recorded sent from one computer to data has been produced in the last 10 years than in all of previous recorded history. another right next to it. Hydrogen is the lightest, simplest, and by far the most common element in the universe\u2014 93 percent of all atoms are hydrogen atoms. 286","There is the same amount of Mercury is the only metal that moves or fewer. is liquid at room temperature. water on Earth now as there Two-thirds of the water used in the was 2 billion years ago. home is used in the bathroom. It is not safe to skate on ice until it is at least 5 in (13 cm) thick. Sound can damage your hearing at 90 Ultrasound scans use high-frequency sound More than two-thirds of the Any Rubik\u2019s Cube can be solved in 26 decibels (dB), the volume of very heavy at around 10 million hertz to give an image energy stored in fossil fuels is lost traffic. It starts to become painful when when those fuels are burned in it exceeds 130 dB, a plane taking off. X-rayof a baby in the womb. power stations to make electricity. Most of the energy is lost as heat. Noise is a jumble of different technology has shown that there are frequencies of sound. Musical notes three different versions of Leonardo A plane\u2019s flight data recorder, have one dominant frequency. Middle or black box, is actually bright C has a frequency of 256 hertz. da Vinci\u2019s Mona Lisa under the visible one. orange so that it is easy to spot after a crash. It can withstand The scale used to measure light intensity uses temperatures of more than a unit called a candela. It was originally based 1,8230F (1,0000C). on the amount of light given out by a candle. A flash of lightning gives off 8.6 million The first ever robot was candelas per sq ft (80 million per sq m). In a vacuum, light probably built in Ancient Greece travels at a speed of by Archytas of Tarentum 2,500 years ago. It was a mechanical 983,571,056 ft (299,792,458 m) per second. On a sunny day, 1,000 trillion photons bird powered by steam. (light particles) hit an area the size of a pinhead every second. Maglev trains are powered by strong magnets. The world\u2019s smallest guitar is just The fastest commercial Maglev train is in 10 millionths of a meter long. It was A normal light bulb turns just 5 percent of the Shanghai, China. It covers the 19 miles (30.5 km) made by Cornell University and electrical energy it is powered by into light. from the airport to the city center in just produces notes 17 octaves higher Red is the longest 7 minutes 20 seconds, reaching a top than a normal guitar. visible wavelength speed of 268 mph (431 km\/h). of light at about The world\u2019s largest airliner, the Airbus English scientist Sir 0.7 micrometers. A380 \u201cSuperjumbo,\u201d can carry Isaac Newton\u2019s dog 7,000 robotsThere are Diamond knocked Blue light travels further up to 853 passengers. over a candle and through water than started a fire that colors with a longer The maximum speed destroyed 20 years\u2019 wavelengths, such as red or green. This is in the US military. They (terminal velocity) of a skydiver, if he pulls carry out dangerous his limbs in, is 200 mph (320 km\/h). why everything looks work such as bomb The pocket calculator worth of his work. blue underwater. The most powerful man-made disposal. was invented in 1966 The first instant camera was made by Texas Instruments. laser is a million times brighter by Polaroid in 1948. Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen than sunshine. won the first Nobel Prize Newton was one of the greatest The first telephone cable under the for physics in 1901 for his scientists in history. He also Atlantic Ocean was laid in 1956. discovery of X-rays. invented the cat flap. SEE WHAT ELSE SCIENTISTS HAVE DISCOVERED ON PAGES 88\u2013125 287","Space The sun contains more than 99 percent On a clear, moonless night, you can see of all material in the solar system. about 2,500 stars with the naked eye. Uranus was Space rockets need to reach a speed of Saturn would float in a giant bath, discovered in 1781 25,000 mph (40,000 km\/h) to escape the since it is less dense than water. gravitational pull of Earth. This is called and Neptune in 1846. the escape velocity. Pluto was classified as a planet from its discovery in 1930 until 2006. Earth is the densest planet in the solar The gravity on the moon\u2019s surface system, with a density of 5.5 g\/cm3 (3.2 oz\/in3). More than 22,500 meteorites is just 17 percent of Earth\u2019s. If you can jump 3 ft (1 m) high Jupiter The clouds on Venus are made of that landed on Earth have been on Earth, you would be able sulfuric acid. Its atmosphere is collected and cataloged. to jump 19 ft (6 m) is 1,321 96.5 percent carbon dioxide. on the moon. The sun viewed from The moon times the volume of Mars is two-thirds the The same side of the moon always faces Earth. size of the sun viewed This is because the moon rotates in the same Mercurymoves just over Earth. from Earth. time as it takes to orbit\u201427.3 days. is just In winter on Uranus, it is The dwarf planet Ceres is the largest asteroid, 1 in (3 cm) away 0.05 times the dark for 21 Earth years. at 600 miles (960 km) across. from Earth volume of Earth. The largest volcano in the solar system each year. is Olympus Mons on Mars. It is 403 miles The moon appears to be the same size as the sun (648 km) wide and 15 miles (24 km) high. from Earth because, although the sun is 400 times wider than the moon, it is also 400 times farther away. The Great Red Spot visible Jupiter is rotating so quickly that it bulges in the middle. on the surface of Jupiter is a storm, wider than two The black hole at the Earths, that has been observed center of the Milky Way is as massive as 4.1 million suns. raging for the past 340 years. There is no wind or rain on the moon, so footprints Neptune is the windiest planet. Gusts there can Astronauts are up to 2 in (5 cm) taller made by astronauts are reach 1,340 mph (2,160 km\/h). in space because their spines expand likely to remain there for in the weightlessness. millions of years. At a speed of 60 mph (95 km\/h), it would take you 177 years to drive to the sun. It takes 84 Earth years for Uranus to orbit the sun. The sun is halfway through its life. It has been burning for 4.6 billion years and will run out of fuel in 5 billion years\u2019 time. 288","Our sun is orbiting the black hole at the Comet Encke is the There is no sound in space, as sound cannot travel through a vacuum. Mars has ice caps at its most frequent visitor poles, just like Earth. center of the Milky Way Galaxy at a speed to Earth, passing by once every 3.3 years. The largest canyon system in the solar of 550,000 mph (900,000 km\/h). It takes system is Valles Marineris on Mars, which is more than 2,500 miles (4,000 km) long. 225 million years to complete one orbit. in Volcanoes dingThe universe is expan all directions at the speed of light. last erupted on the moon about As we look into space, we see the universe as it was There are more than 1 million asteroids 3.2 billion years ago. in the past because of the time it takes for the light of distant stars and galaxies to reach us. larger than 0.6 miles (1 km) wide in the Main The Orion vehicle is NASA\u2019s Belt of asteroids between the orbits of Mars The tail of the Great Comet, which passed by and Jupiter. new spacecraft. From the early Earth in 1843, was more than 500 million miles (800 million km) long\u2014about the distance About every 50 million years, a meteorite more 2020s, it will carry astronauts to from the sun to Jupiter. than 6 miles (10 km) in diameter hits Earth. Two of the world\u2019s largest optical telescopes the moon and, later, on the first In 1971, US astronaut Alan Shepard stood are found at the Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii. The twin Keck telescopes both have stage of a mission to Mars. on the moon and hit a golf ball. mirrors 33 ft (10 m) in diameter. Yuri Gagarin\u2019s Saturn\u2019s rings were first seen by Galileo The largest meteorite on Earth is the Hoba West, mother first in 1610 using one of the first-ever telescopes. which remains where it fell in Namibia, southwest found out Africa. It weighed 66 tons when it was found in 1920. about his flight into The biggest stars of all are space when news of 500 times larger than the sun the mission broke. and 100,000 times as bright. It takes the Space Shuttle The brightest objects in the Astronauts on the International Space Station eight minutes to reach universe are quasars\u2014extremely have been growing plants in space. The its orbital speed of distant galaxies that have incredibly techniques they develop will be needed 17,000 mph (27,000 km\/h). bright centers. The quasars that we on any future mission to Mars, since the can see are so far away that their astronauts will need to grow their own food. 289 light has taken billions of years to reach Earth. The Voyager 1 spacecraft If you counted left Earth in 1977 and the stars in the Milky Way at is now the most a rate of one a The planets of second, it would distant human- take you about our solar system made object 5,000 years to in space. count them all. occupy a disk-shaped region extending Light from the sun Robert takes just over eight Goddard first 2.8 billion miles minutes to reach (4.5 billion km) Earth. The light from suggested flying from the sun. the next nearest star, to the moon in a rocket in 1912. People thought Proxima Centauri, takes 4.3 years to reach Earth. he was crazy. FOR MORE FACTS AND FIGURES ABOUT THE UNIVERSE, SEE PAGES 126\u2013151","Earth Looking out to sea from the beach, the The rotation of Earth is slowing down, so days are becoming longer. In the age of horizon is about 3 miles (5 km) away. the dinosaurs, 60 million years ago, an Earth day was less than 23 hours long. After it was measured using satellites in 1999, the The Great Barrier Reef, at more than official height of Mount Everest was raised from 1,200 miles (2,000 km) long, is the At midnight on June 21 each year, it is 29,029 ft (8,848 m) to 29,035 ft (8,850 m). largest living structure on Earth. It light everywhere north of the Arctic Circle. is even visible from space. The pressure at the center of Nine out of 10 volcanoes are under the sea. More than 1,000 of the 1,500 active Earth is 3 million times greater Coal volcanoes in the world are in the South Pacific Ocean. than that at the surface. is made from When the volcanic island of Krakatoa, the compressed in Indonesia, erupted in In the 20th century, the surface 1883, it could be heard remains of plants temperature of Earth rose by 10F (0.60C). that died a quarter of the way around the world. Almost 20 percent of Earth\u2019s oxygen is produced A large thunderstorm cloud, 300 million by the Amazon rain forest. called a cumulonimbus, In 1811, an can hold enough water to earthquake sent 750There are about fill 500,000 baths. years ago. water in the different species of trees in Over half the planet is covered by Mississippi River 2.5 acres (one hectare) of flowing temporarily in the Amazon rain forest. goldwater more than 1 mile (1.6 km) deep. the wrong direction. Six million tons of are dissolved in the water of the world\u2019s oceans. It would take a heavy object more than an The volume of water in the Pacific China\u2019s Yellow River is hour to sink from the surface to the seabed Ocean is the same size as the moon. at Challenger Deep in the Pacific Ocean, the world\u2019s muddiest which is 36,201 ft (11,034 m) deep. Lightning strikes Earth 100 times every second. river. Two billion tons Fresh snow is more than of mud wash down it 90 percent trapped air. every year. The biggest desert in Sand dunes move like waves across deserts The strongest gust the world, the Sahara, at a speed of about 3 ft (1 m) per year. of wind ever recorded covers a third of the blew at 231 mph area of Africa. The lowest temperature ever recorded is \u2013128.50F (372 km\/h) on (\u201389.20C) at Vostok, Antarctica, on July 21, 1983. Mount Washington The driest place in the world is the Atacama Desert in 1934. in Chile. When it rained there in 1971, it ended a The highest temperature ever drought that had lasted for 400 years. recorded was 134.10F (56.70C) at Furnace Creek, California, on July 10, 1913. The driest continent is Antarctica because it receives so little rain. 290","Seawater freezes at \u20132\u00b0F (2\u00b0C) because the salt in it lowers its freezing point. There is enough electricity Greenland is the largest island in the in a single fork of lightning world, with an area of 836,109 sq miles to light a town for a year. (2,133,086 sq km). Australia is larger but is considered to be a continent rather than an island. The largest diamond mine in the world is at Mirny in Siberia. The hole in the ground is 4,000 ft (1,200 m) The surface of the Dead Sea in the Enough water to fill 2 million bathtubs flows out of across\u2014so big that helicopters are Jordan Valley is 1,340 ft (408 m) below sea level. Its water is so salty that the Amazon River into the Atlantic Ocean in one nothing can live in it except simple organisms, such as algae. second. This is five times as much water as the sucked into it if they fly too close. second-largest flow, from The world\u2019s shortest river is the North Fork Roe River, in Montana; it is just the Ganges River. Earth\u2019s There are 14 mountains more than 59 ft (18 m) long. 26,000 ft (8,000 m) high, all of On average, In 1873, frogs rained there are just atmosphere is them in the Himalayas. five days a down from the sky 430milesyear when it in Kansas City. Clouds contain tiny droplets doesn\u2019t rain of water floating in air. In 1948, a group of on Mt. Waialeale A raindrop contains up to in Hawaii. 2 million cloud droplets. golfers in Bournemouth, England, was showered On the afternoon (700 km) A delay of three with herring. The of May 31, 1985, seconds between animals had been swept 41 tornadoes were thick. seeing lightning up into the clouds by reported around the states and hearing thunder of Pennsylvania and Ohio in means that the lightning is the US. Seventy-five people were killed. The eruption of Mount St. Helens half a mile (1 km) away. in the US on May 18, 1980, set 15,000There are bush fires in Australia off an avalanche traveling at every year, as trees and shrubs burst into flames 250 mph (400 km\/h). in the extreme heat. Many plants rely on these fires to release their seeds. strong winds. The oldest rocks in the Grand The hardness of rocks is measured using Canyon were formed 2 billion the Mohs scale, with soft talc at 1 and hard diamond at 10. years ago.The largest meteor crater is Vredefort in South Africa, which is 185 miles 80 percentOver the last 10,000 years, of the world\u2019s forests have been cut down (300 km) wide. It was created No two Sevenby humans. when a meteor about The Holderness coastline in east 6 miles (10 km) wide England is being eroded away percent of the collided with Earth snowflakes by the North Sea at a rate of world\u2019s oceans 2 billion years ago. 5 ft (1.5 m) per year. are covered in ice. As deserts grow have the same More than larger, the amount of shape, but they 30 percent of land available New Zealand\u2019s to grow crops is all have six greenhouse gas shrinking at a rate of comes from methane in 46,000 sq miles (120,000 sq km) sides. the burps and farts of every year. the country\u2019s 45 million sheep and 10 million cows.. TO TAKE A CLOSER LOOK AT OUR PLANET, SEE PAGES 152\u2013189 291","People and places Vatican City isn\u2019t actually a city. It is a country, France is the world\u2019s most popular vacation destination with more than 89 million tourists each year. Between 1800 and 2000, the population of the world grew from 1 billion to although it\u2019s only as big as 50 football fields and 6 billion. its official population is just 840 people. In 27 CE, Rome became the first city Nigeria is the most densely populated country Before humans arrived to have 1 million inhabitants. in Africa with more than 197 million people, in New Zealand around but Algeria is the largest country 1,000 years ago, there In 2008, for the first time in history, more geographically with a total area of were no mammals there than half of the people of the world lived 919,595 sq miles (2,381,741 sq km). except bats. Flightless in cities and towns rather than rural Niger has the youngest population in the world. More 50communities. than half of its inhabitants are aged 18 or under. There are Singapore is both a city birds, such as the states in the US. and a state. It is the only kiwi, walked The most recent to The bricks join was Hawaii, on member of the UN the land August 20, 1959. with a completely of the traditional instead. urban population. rondavel houses of Tokyo is the largest city in the world. If you China and India both Rwanda are stuck The city of Troy include all its suburbs, its have more than 1.3 population is 37 million. billion inhabitants. The togdectuhoenwr ugsi.ng was thought to be next biggest country by mythical until its 67English is an offcial language in population, the US, has ruins were found in countries. fewer than 330 million. Turkey in the 1870s. There are about 110,000 The tallest building Inuit people, almost Istanbul in Turkey is the only city to in the world is the Burj straddle two continents\u2014Europe and Asia. Khalifa in Dubai. It is 2,700 ft equally distributed between Alaska, Damascus in Syria is the world\u2019s oldest city. (828 m) high, the tallest structure Canada, and Greenland. People have lived there for more than 10,000 years. ever built by humans. About 7,000 different languages are used around the world, of which half are There are 195 countries in the world. spoken by fewer than 10,000 people. There is enough stone in the The flag of Nepal is the only national flag Great Pyramid in Egypt to It is that is not rectangular. It looks like build a wall 3 ft (1 m) high one triangle on top of another. around France. estimated that Mongolia is the The soccer World 3.6 billion people most sparsely Cup has only ever watched the 2016 populated been won by country in the countries from Rio de Janeiro world. There are Europe or Olympics only 4.7 people South America. With 4 billion on TV. per sq mile viewers, soccer (1.9 per sq km). is the most-watched Walmart, a US company with a chain of stores, sport in the world. is the largest company in the world with 2.3 million employees. 292","The first map to name the newly discovered The oldest known map percent80 of the world\u2019s toys are made in China. continent America was drawn by German cartographer Martin Waldseem\u00fcller in 1507. was drawn around 2,500 bce on a clay tablet in Babylonia, in Fewer than 100 people still modern-day Iraq, showing the speak Votic, a language of area around the Euphrates River. northern Russia. Iceland\u2019s Althing is the oldest parliament in About 4,000 people, mainly More than 700 languages are spoken in Indonesia. the world. Its first meeting was held in 930 ce. scientists, live in Antarctica Australians eat more In 1978, Argentinian Emilio Marcos Palma in the summer. This number became the first person to be born in Antarctica. meat than anyone else. drops to 1,000 in the winter. Two million people converge on the holy city of Mecca, in Saudi Arabia, each year during the week of the Muslim pilgrimage called the hajj. About 1 billion people do not have enough to eat. Absolute monarchies are states that are ruled The Trans-Siberian railroad runs from St. Petersburg There are more than 30 megacities directly by a hereditary leader. Saudi Arabia, in the west to Vladivostok in the east. It is 5,772 miles with more than 10 million Brunei, Oman, and Swaziland are the only (9,288 km) long and goes through eight different time inhabitants in the world. absolute monarchies that survive today. zones, without ever leaving Russia. The first The widest avenue in the world is country to Avenida 9 de Julio in Buenos Aires, give women Argentina. It has 12 lanes of traffic. the vote was New Zealand At any given time of day, there are more than a Experts predict that India in 1893. million people in the air somewhere in the world. will overtake China as the most populous Russia, the largest country by area, There are 1 billion bicycles nation on Earth by 2030. is almost twice the size of the in the world, 400 million second largest, Canada. of them in China. The United Nations was formed by The first cell phone network was launched in Sweden in 1956. 51 countries in 1945. It now has 193 The world\u2019s busiest airport About half of the world\u2019s members since Montenegro joined is Atlanta in the US. More people regularly eat insects. in 2006. than 88 million people pass About 2,000 different species through its doors each year. appear on the menu. There are 55 different ethnic groups in China besides the Chinese. The Rio de Janeiro Carnival in Brazil is the world\u2019s biggest street party, with more than 2 million people packing the streets. London\u2019s Notting Hill Carnival in England is the second largest. FOR MORE AMAZING PEOPLE AND PLACES, SEE PAGES 190\u2013225 293","History An early writing system called cuneiform was The first-ever female head of state was Queen Merneith, developed in Mesopotamia (part of modern-day Iraq) around 3,100 bce. It was written by making who ruled Ancient Egypt around 3,000 bce. wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets. The Roman Empire reached its greatest extent The Islamic calendar started in 622 ce. It uses a Modern humans settled in in 117 ce, when it stretched from Britain in the year that is 11 days shorter than a full solar year. Australia at least 10,000 years northwest to the Persian Gulf in the southeast. before they reached Europe. Greenland was given its The Roman legal system is the name by Viking chieftain King Pepi II became king of Egypt in 2,275 bce basis for the laws of all countries Erik the Red around aged just 6. He ruled for 94 years until in Europe and Latin America. 1000 ce in an attempt his death aged 100. The gladiator Spartacus led a revolt of more to attract settlers. The minimum period of service for legionaries than 100,000 slaves against the army of in the Roman army was 25 years. the Roman Empire in 72 bce. About 2,000 years ago, traded goods 14th-century In the census called the from China began to reach Europe Arabian explorer Domesday Book conducted and Africa along a route that in 1086, 10 percent of the Ibn Battuta population of England were listed as slaves. traveled 73,000 miles became known as the Silk Road, Polynesian sailors as silk was one of the goods traded. (117,000 km) and visited crossed the Pacific Ocean every Islamic country 1,000 years ago, using charts made of sticks to in the world. In 1519, the Aztec capital Tenochtitl\u00e1n had The Aztecs used cocoa beans as a form of money. English find their way. a quarter of a million inhabitants. It was five The Ancient Chinese times larger than London at the time. explorer Mary invented many things. The Of the 270 crew members who Kingsley climbed so-called \u201cFour Great Inventions of Ancient China\u201d were paper, the Mount Cameroon compass, printing, and gunpowder. set out from Lisbon with Ferdinand Magellan in 1519 to sail around the in Africa on her Between 1760 and 1840, 4,300 miles (7,000 km) own in 1895 of canals were built in Britain to carry goods from world, just 18 completed the when local guides the new factories around the country. refused to take her. journey. Magellan himself died Zimbabwe is named after the ancient city of Great Zimbabwe in southern halfway around. The Inca thought of gold as The first English-speaking colony in Africa, built of stone between the North America was set up in 1585 11th and 15th centuries, but then the sweat of the sun and in Roanoke in North Carolina. It mysteriously abandoned. lasted only one year. silver as the tears of People first settled North America the moon. around 20,000 years ago. They walked The Inca Empire covered 350,000 sq miles across a land bridge that connected (900,000 sq km). In 1532, it was conquered by northern Siberia with Alaska. Spaniard Francisco Pizarro and just 168 men. 294","The United States bought Alaska from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million. The Statue of Liberty was a present The earliest written constitution still in use in given by France to the US in 1877 a republic today is that of the tiny European state San Marino. It dates back to 1600. to mark the 100th anniversary In the first factories and the American Declaration of Independence. Japan\u2019s mines of the Industrial of monarchy to Revolution in Britain, children as young dates from 660 bce as 5 worked Between 1848 and 1855, about In the year 1900, the present day, during 16-hour shifts. 300,000 people went to California to one-quarter of the find their fortunes in the Gold Rush. population of the world which time there have The Hundred lived under British rule. been 125 The longest-reigning Years\u2019 War between Approximately 13 million emperors. France and England monarch is currently actually lasted 116 Elizabeth II of the UK, soldiers from Russia were killed in years, from 1337 to 1453. who came to the throne World War II, more than all other countries put together. More than In 1783, a 1 million died in the siege of Stalingrad alone. in 1952. King Richard II of England (1367\u20131400) sheep, a duck, threw extravagant parties for as many One century ago, Ethiopia was as 10,000 people at a time. and a rooster the only country in Africa that was became the first not ruled by a European power. In the 13th century, Constantinople and aircraft passengers All African countries are now Baghdad were the largest cities in the world, when they flew in independent from Europe. with about 1 million inhabitants each. The Viking law court the Montgolfier brothers' hot-air was called the Thing. In medieval 17,000Between 1793\u20131794, at least balloon. European courts, people were executed in the nine-month- animals could be tried for crimes. long \\\"Reign of Terror\\\" during the The Great Plague of London A swarm of locusts were once convicted, French Revolution. Of the ended in 1666 by the Great Fire in their absence, of of London, which burned illegally eating crops. The Black Death, an outbreak down the affected areas. of the bubonic plague, Ghamdan Palace in seven wondersreached Sicily in southern Sana\u2019a, Yemen, built of the ancient world,Europe in 1347. Less than three years later, it had in the 3rd century ce, spread to the Arctic Circle, only the Great may be the world\u2019s 2,200 miles (3,500 km) to Pyramid of Giza first-ever castle. the north. The toilets of still exists. The Great Wall of 16th-century English China, built to protect homes were cleaned by China\u2019s northern border, is a worker called a gong farmer. 4,000 miles (6,500 km) long. TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT HOW WE USED TO LIVE, SEE PAGES 226\u2013251 295","Art and culture The first apartment buildings were built in Rome The \u201dWhirling Dervishes\u201d of the Sufi order of Islam perform their spinning dance as an aid to religious meditation. In the Mayan ballgame court at Chichen The most expensive film ever in the 1st century bce. Itza, the acoustics are so good that a made was the Pirates of the Eleven Christian churches were carved out whisper at one end of the court can be Caribbean: On Stranger of solid rock at Labilela in Ethiopia in the heard at the other end 500 ft (150 m) away. 12th century ce. They took 24 years to complete. Tides, with a budget The marble and precious Playing of $378.5 million. The first-ever skyscraper stones used to build the was the 10-story-high Home Insurance Building, Taj Mahal in Agra, cards date The world\u2019s biggest movie built in Chicago in 1885. India, were carried The Circus Maximus stadium in Ancient Rome there by 1,000 from 12 -centuryth screen is the IMAX in could hold 250,000 people\u2014a quarter of the elephants. Sydney, Australia. It is as population of the city. In 2005, China Persia and India, high as an eight-story In 1923, marathon dancing competitions building. became popular in the US after Alma Cummings had 39,425 danced for 27 hours without stopping. movie screens\u2014 when a pack On average, it takes After a performance more than any contained 48 eight weeks to other country. of the opera Otello shoot a Hollywood The first modern novel cards. feature film. Editing in Vienna, Austria, in and adding special effects 1991, starring Spanish was called The Tale of Genji, written 1,000 years takes many months more. tenor Placido Domingo, the ago by Japanese author Murasaki Shikibu. audience applauded Americans spend an average of five hours French author Marcel Proust\u2019s novel In Search of for 1 hour 20 minutes. a day watching television. Lost Time contains just under 1.5 million words. The film Gandhi had 294,560 extras. The Harry Potter novels by J. K. The epic ancient Indian poem Rowling have been translated The Mahabharata is four times into 80 different languages. longer than the Bible. The deputy electrician on a film set is called the \u201cbest boy,\u201d even when she\u2019s a girl. Irish-born James Devine is the world\u2019s fastest The biggest library in the world is the The most prolific novelist in history was South Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., African writer Mary Faulkner, who wrote 904 books. tap dancer. He made 38 taps per second which has more than 32 million books. The Codex Leicester, in a performance in Sydney, Australia, in 1998. The Asterix books, by one of Leonardo da Ancient Greek French duo Ren\u00e9 Goscinny and Vinci\u2019s notebooks, was theaters were open-air. Albert Uderzo, have sold over bought by US billionaire 370 million copies worldwide. Bill Gates in 1994 for The biggest could hold $29 million. 10,000 spectators. English playwright William Shakespeare (1564\u20131616) is credited with inventing Agatha Christie\u2019s whodunnit play The Mousetrap has been playing in London\u2019s West End since 1952. There 1,700 new words. have been more than 27,500 performances so far. 296","In May 1990, Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh\u2019s painting Portrait of Dr. Gachet sold for $82.5 million. In his lifetime, he was unable to make a living from his art. Italian artist Michelangelo spent five years, In 1872, Austrian composer Johann Strauss The slowest musical tempo is called larghissimo, between 1536 and 1541, painting Biblical scenes conducted an orchestra of 987 musicians and on the walls of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. a choir of 19,000 singers in Boston. Italian for as slow as possible. The fastest is prestissimo, meaning as fast as possible. The first permanent photograph An The drawings of animals on cave walls in Chauvet, France, estimated was taken by French inventor are approximately 36,000 1.5 billion people years old. watched the 1985 Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce in 1826. The world\u2019s largest It needed eight hours of statue is the charity concert statue of Sardar exposure time. Live Aid on Vallabhbhai Patel, one of the heroes of The first museum to open its doors to the public In December 2006, the television. India\u2019s independence was the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy, in 1591. Netherlands became the first country to switch off its analog In the 1930s, German company Bl\u00fctner made TV signal, forcing everyone to use movement. The statue a baby grand piano out of aluminum and digital receivers. stands 600 ft (182 m) tall in pigskin so that it would be light enough to be carried in an airship. It weighed 400 lb The lowest voice in opera singing is called the state of Gujarat, India. (180 kg). a basso profundo, Italian for \u201cdeep bass.\u201d The bestselling album of all time is Thriller The term for actor, thespian, comes The fastest ball game in by US pop star Michael Jackson, with an estimated from the first actor known to history, the world is pelota, Thespis from Ancient Greece. 66 million copies. The first compact disc went on sale in 1982. played in the Basque region of northern Spain La Scala opera house The practice of awarding caps for international sports appearances started in England in 1886. Soccer players and southern France. The in their first international were presented with a white in Milan, Italy, has silk cap with a red rose on the front. ball can move at up to 3,600 seats. The highest paid sportsman 180 mph (300 km\/h). It is now possible to watch more than of the 21st century is Athletics was the first sport to hold organized 2,000 different TV channels from Michael Jordan, competitions. The first such event probably took Waltaround the world online. Disney wasOn December with earnings 21place in Ancient Greece 5,000 years ago. nominated for31, 1994, British Over its separate of around 64 Oscars andpop singer Rod $1.85 billion. stages, 12 million people won 26, more Stewart played a concert on The marathon is a race came out to watch the Copacabana Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, than anyone in run over a distance of Tour de France bicycle history. 26.218 miles (42.195 km). to an estimated race in 2017. This is the distance Greek soldier Pheidippides ran without stopping 3,500,000 New Year\u2019s from the town of Marathon to Athens in 490 bce The English language has about 500,000 Eve revelers. to announce victory in battle over the Persians. words, compared to 185,000 in German and 100,000 in French. LEARN MORE ABOUT ART AND CULTURE ON PAGES 252\u2013279 297","Bold page numbers refer to animals continued badgers 58 bromine 91 main entries as symbols 259 ballot boxes 215 bronchial tree 70\u201371 see also amphibians; birds; bananas 16, 187 bronze 229 3-D printer 119 crustaceans; fish; insects; barnacles 32 Buddhism 195, 218, 258 mammals; mollusks; barracudas 59 buildings 208, 256\u2013257 A plankton; reptiles Barringer Crater 144\u2013145 Bunsen burner 124 basalt 159, 166 Burj Khalifa 257 Aboriginals 202, 203 animation 270 bases 94\u201395 burning (chemistry) 96 acid rain 189 Antarctica 152\u2013153, 163, 165, bats 38, 54, 56 butterflies 20, 24, 27, 37, 194 acids 94\u201395 batteries 125 Byzantine Empire 226\u2013227 actinides 90 204\u2013205 Bay of Bengal 195 actors 268 anteaters 31, 59 bears 31, 56\u201357 C advertising 266 antelope 59 bees 25, 94, 187 Africa 163, 192\u2013193, 255, 273 antibiotics 86 beetles 25 caecilians 35 African Union 211 antioxidants 85 Bengali language 261 Caesar, Julius 233 Agrippina 233 antlers 59 berries 13, 16, 17 calcite 166, 182, 183 AIDS 250 ants 25, 52, 53 Big Bang 128 calculator, mechanical 124 airplanes 119, 122\u2013123, 251 apartheid 251 birds 8\u20139, 20, 46\u201347, 202 calendars 237 air resistance 105 apes 55 California, 12, 160, 178 Alaska 160, 162, 163 aphids 52, 53 color vision14, 17 albatrosses 8\u20139, 47 Apollo space missions 148, 149, 150 eggs 48\u201349 see also Alexander the Great 232 apples 96 feeding 30, 31 Los Angeles; algae 22, 43, 52, 53 Arabic language 260 pollination by 13, 14, 53 San Francisco alkalis 94\u201395 arachnids 20 skulls 58 camels 225 architecture 256\u2013257 black holes 105, 133 cameras 118, 266\u2013267 metals 90 Arctic 184, 224\u2013225 camouflage 39, 241 alliances 210\u2013211 Arctic Ocean 165 bladder 66, 69 Canada 188, 196, 197, 220, Allianz Arena 257 armadillos 56, 57, 58 225 aluminum 171 armor 240 blood 72\u201373 Canis Minor and Major 134\u2013135 alveoli 71 art 201, 202, 252\u2013255 cells 60\u201361, 62, 63, 68, 72\u201373 canyons 179, 197 Amazon River 198, 199 Art Deco 254 capillaries 72 American Revolution 242 arteries 72 blowpipes 224\u2013225 caravels 238 Americas see artists 254\u2013255 carbohydrates 84, 85 ASEAN (Association of Southeast body, human 60\u201387 carbon 93, 103 Central America; blood 60\u201361, 62, 63, 68, 72\u201373 carp 29, 259 North America; Asian Nations) 211 brain 68, 76\u201377, 80, 81 cars 105, 106\u2013107, 119, 122, 194, South America; Asia 174, 194\u2013195 genetics 82\u201383 200, 251 United States of America asteroids 139, 144, 149 health 86\u201387 cartoon art 255 ammonia 93 astronauts 105, 148, 149, 150\u2013151 muscles 66\u201367, 70 see also animation Amp\u00e8re, Andr\u00e9-Marie 124 astronomy 124, 125 nutrition 84\u201385, 87 castles 234\u2013235 amphibians 20, 34\u201335, 36 reproduction 80\u201381 Castro, Fidel 243 analgesics 86 see also space, outer respiratory system 68, 70\u201371 catalysts 97 Andes 162, 198, 199 Athens 222, 232 senses 77, 78\u201379 caterpillars 24, 37 Andromeda Galaxy 130\u2013131 Atlantic Ocean 164 skeleton 64\u201365, 70 cats 57 Angel Falls 180, 198 atmosphere 122, 155 skin, hair, and nails 74\u201375 caves 182 animals 16, 20\u201321 atoms 92\u201393, 96, 98\u201399 systems and organs 68\u201369 CDs (compact discs) 119 in ancient civilizations 231 Augustus, Emperor 233 water content 100 cell phones 119, 264 around the world 193, 194, auk, great 48 see also cells, human cells, human 60\u201363, 68, 70 197, 198, 202, 204 Australasia and Oceania 202\u2013203 blood 60\u201361, 62, 63, 68, 72\u201373 attack and defense 38\u201339 Bollywood 195, 271 reproduction 80, 81 earliest 129 see also bomb disposal 121 Cenozoic Era 173 endangered 189 Australia; bones 64\u201365, 70, 80, 84 Centaur 259 feeding 30\u201331 New Zealand centipedes 21 life cycles 36\u201337 Australia 178, 202\u2013203, 207, 224 see also skulls Central America 196\u2013197, movement 50\u201351 Aztecs 236\u2013237 Book of Hours 234\u2013235 236\u2013237 relationships 52\u201353 books 237, 255, 262\u2013263, 264 ceramics 103 skulls 58\u201359 B boomerangs 224 cerebellum 77 sleep 56\u201357 bows and arrows 118, 240 babies, human 56, 80\u201381 boxfish 28 baboons 59 brain 68, 76\u201377, 80, 81 bacteria 20, 247 Brazil 198, 223 bread 85, 97 Britain see United Kingdom Broca\u2019s area 76"]