รายงานการศึกษาภาวะถดถอยทางการเรียนรู้ ในสถานการณ์ Covid

127 b) .05 SC 3 1) LE) P_LE) CON_LE) CUL_LE) CUL_LE) 0 LE) 67.9 2) TS) P_TS) ICT_TS) P_TS) TS) 80.0 3) HPI) L_HPI) H_HPI) C_HPI) C_HPI) HPI) 77.4 3 1) IMT) IL_IMT) ML_IMT) ICT_IMT) IL_IMT) IMT) 72.2 2) SRL) C_SRL) M_SRL) B_SRL) B_SRL) SRL) 75.8 3) (LL) A_LL) R_LL) R_LL) (LL) 52.8

128 4.14 4.14 n= b SE t SC R2 b SE t SC R2 LE IMT P_LE 0.421 0.023 18.545* 0.713 0.508 IL_IMT 0.456 0.850 0.722 CON_LE 0.410 0.019 21.180* 0.781 0.610 ML_IMT 0.453 0.022 21.032* 0.834 0.696 CUL_LE 0.434 0.019 22.857* 0.824 0.679 ICT_IMT 0.373 0.022 16.908* 0.659 0.435 TS SRL P_TS 0.460 0.019 24.847* 0.895 0.800 C_SRL 0.407 0.782 0.611 ICT_TS 0.452 0.020 22.163* 0.810 0.656 M_SRL 0.445 0.022 20.546* 0.843 0.711 B_SRL 0.470 0.023 20.472* 0.870 0.758 HPI LL L_HPI 0.428 0.023 18.726* 0.731 0.534 A_LL 0.583 0.340 H_HPI 0.473 0.029 16.453* 0.788 0.622 R_LL 3 0.727 0.528 C_HPI 0.462 0.020 22.785* 0.880 0.774 * p < 0.05 =49.558 df=36 p=0.066 GFI=0.990 AGFI=0.962 CFI=0.99 RMSEA=0.024 SRMR=0.020 -0.119, -0.008 -0.051 .05 -0.468

.05 129 .05 71.3 .05 4.15 36.1 79.4 4.3

130 4.15 (n=615) IMT SRL LL DE IE TE DE IE TE DE IE TE * * 99 LE) (2.108) (2.108) TS ** * (11.768) - 449 (-1.644) (11.768) * HPI IMT * * SRL 0.794 0.713 0.361 =49.558 df=36 p=0.066 GFI=0.990 AGFI=0.962 CFI=0.99 RMSEA=0.024 SRMR=0.020 *p<.050

=49.558 df=36 p=.066 GFI=0.990 AGFI= 4.3

131 =0.962 CFI=0.99 RMSEA=0.024 SRMR=0.020

2.3 132 2.3.1 4-6 4-6 4.16 4.4 4.16 (Learning loss) Mean SD 1. 2.78 0.92 2. 2.86 1.03 3. 2.95 1.00 4. 2.86 0.98 5. 2.84 1.06 6. 2.79 1.08 7. 2.81 1.04 8. 3.16 1.15 2.86 0.82 1. 2.95 1.14 2. 2.94 1.11 3. 3.14 1.13 4. 3.02 1.14 5. 3.17 1.19 6. 1.91 1.05

133 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 Mean 2.78 2.86 2.95 2.86 2.84 2.79 2.81 3.16 4.4 4-6 0.05 17

134 4.17 4-6 n Mean SD F p t 291 2.777 0.997 6.930 0.009 0.099 / 264 2.769 0.834 0.816 0.393 0.417 1.693 290 2.879 1.054 .054 0.529 2.208* 0.073 0.935 / 264 2.845 1.014 0.970 1.917 0.970 1.917 290 3.010 1.044 .659 0.429 0.546 0.790 -0.658 / 263 2.867 0.938 291 2.948 0.993 .398 / 264 2.765 0.958 291 2.880 1.025 3.224 / 264 2.795 1.098 290 2.793 1.071 .001 / 264 2.777 1.082 291 2.890 1.064 .001 / 261 2.720 1.009 290 3.183 1.167 .627 / 263 3.129 1.132 291 2.833 0.810 .071 / 264 2.879 0.845 * p < 0.05

4.18 4-6 135 18 n Mean SD 4-6 SS df MS F 1) 82 2.805 0.909 .355 2 .177 0.206 -- 2) 279 2.749 0.949 477.193 555 .860 3) 197 2.797 0.903 477.548 557 558 2.774 0.926 .981 2 .490 0.456 -- 595.375 554 1.075 1) 82 2.890 0.969 596.355 556 2) 278 2.820 1.096 3) 197 2.909 0.975 5.653 2 2.826 2.848 -- 548.729 553 .992 557 2.862 1.036 554.381 555 1) 82 3.122 0.822 .597 2 .299 0.308 -- 2) 278 2.853 1.060 538.499 555 .970 3) 196 3.005 0.969 539.097 557 556 2.946 0.999 1.598 2 .799 0.705 -- 1) 82 2.939 0.973 629.206 555 1.134 2) 279 2.846 1.026 3) 197 2.848 0.930 630.805 557 558 2.860 0.984 test: F = 3.502, df1 = 2, df2 = 555, p = 0.031 1) 82 2.939 1.010 2) 279 2.792 1.138 3) 197 2.868 0.976 558 2.841 1.064

136 4.18 SS df MS F -- n Mean SD 1.342 2 .671 0.571 650.500 554 1.174 1) 82 2.841 1.149 651.842 556 2) 278 2.824 1.141 3) 197 2.726 0.967 .362 2 .181 .166 -- 602.150 552 1.091 557 2.792 1.083 602.512 554 1) 81 2.864 1.058 .747 2 .374 0.280 -- 2) 278 2.817 1.091 3) 196 2.786 0.969 737.359 553 1.333 555 2.813 1.043 738.106 555 1) 82 3.159 1.048 2.434, df1 = 2, df2 = 553, p = 0.089 2) 278 3.198 1.208 3) 196 3.117 1.119 1.067 2 .533 0.784 -- 377.319 555 .680 556 3.164 1.153 378.385 557 1) 82 2.917 0.735 2) 279 2.881 0.886 3) 197 2.801 0.767 558 2.858 0.824 2.3.2 4-6

137 4.19 4.19 4.5 (Information, Mean SD media and technology skills: IMT) 3.46 0.65 Information literacy) 3.36 0.74 1. 3.26 0.96 2. 3.59 0.92 3. 3.21 0.94 3.44 0.79 Media literacy) 3.51 0.93 4. 3.47 1.00 5. 3.35 0.96 6.

138 4.19 Information, communication Mean SD and technology literacy: ICT) 3.58 0.81 7. 3.68 0.99 8. 3.20 1.02 3.84 0.99 9. 3.43 0.68 Self-regulated 3.23 0.73 learning: SRL 3.23 0.80 Cognitive 3.15 0.88 1. 3.31 0.98 2. 3.62 0.83 3. 3.99 1.02 Motivation 3.37 0.98 4. 3.51 0.99 5. 3.43 0.80 6. 3.33 1.00 Behavior Teacher skills 3.39 1.02 7. (Pedagogy) 3.58 1.05 8. 3.73 0.74 9. 3.73 0.76 3.71 0.89 1. 3.76 0.87 2. 3.65 0.89 3. 3.79 0.89 4. 3.74 0.82 (Information and communication technology 3.78 0.86 skills: ICT) 5.

139 4.19 6. Mean SD Home-based parental involvement 3.70 0.92 1. 3.65 0.81 2. 3.65 0.91 3. 3.69 1.03 3.60 1.03 4. 3.69 1.00 3.76 1.05 5. 6. 3.62 1.10 3.63 0.87 7. Learning 3.30 1.08 environment) 3.67 1.13 1. 3.92 1.05 . 3.55 0.73 3. 3.58 0.86 4. 3.47 0.99 3.59 1.00 5. 3.67 1.08 6. 3.62 0.82 3.69 1.04 7. 8. 3.67 0.97 3.49 0.94 9. 3.47 0.83 3.17 1.10 3.60 0.93 3.64 0.99

140 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 Mean 3.46 3.43 3.73 3.65 3.55 4.5 4-6 20

4.20 4-6 SD F 141 / n Mean 0.640 0.032 pt / 0.669 0.859 1.281 / 291 3.487 0.418 1.782 / 264 3.416 0.685 0.657 0.358 2.266* / 0.681 0.233 -0.059 291 3.476 0.415 2.793* * p < 0.05 264 3.372 0.705 0.846 0.762 291 3.793 264 3.652 0.832 1.425 0.775 291 3.643 264 3.647 0.692 0.667 0.761 291 3.639 264 3.466 4-6 0.05 4.21

142 4.21 4-6 SS df MS F n Mean SD 1) 82 3.461 0.600 6.748 2 3.374 8.042* 3>2 2) 279 3.355 0.688 232.836 555 0.420 0.589 3) 197 3.597 0.607 239.584 557 558 3.456 0.656 8.861 2 4.430 9.785* 1 > 2 1) 82 3.569 0.580 251.302 555 0.453 3>2 2) 279 3.300 0.721 3) 197 3.545 0.637 260.162 557 558 3.426 0.683 2.115, df1 = 2, df2 = 555, p = 0.122 1) 82 3.833 0.715 3.312 2 1.656 3.081* 3 > 2 2) 279 3.653 0.755 298.353 555 0.538 3) 197 3.793 0.709 301.665 557 test: F = 0.363, df1 = 2, df2 = 555, p = 0.696 558 3.729 0.736 16.997 2 8.499 13.665* 3>1 1) 82 3.451 0.724 345.175 555 0.622 3>2 2) 279 3.542 0.848 362.173 557 3) 197 3.881 0.725 13.602 2 6.801 13.422* 2>1 558 3.648 0.806 281.231 555 0.507 3>1 294.833 557 3>2 1) 82 3.238 0.717 2) 279 3.529 0.711 3) 197 3.717 0.711 558 3.553 0.728 * p < 0.05

143 2.3.3 4-6 4-6 3 P_TS) ICT_TS) 67 B_SRL) H_HPI) 263 31 R_LL) C_SRL) 287 A_LL) L_HPI) 031 1) LE) P_LE) P_TS) CON_LE) 67 3) CUL_LE) 6 L_HPI) 78 2) TS) ICT_TS) HPI) C_HPI) H_HPI) 4) IMT) IL_IMT) ML_IMT) ICT_IMT) 5) SRL) B_SRL) C_SRL) 662 M_SRL) 06 6) LL) A_LL) R_LL) 0.396 =4852.038 df=120 p=.000 Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin 0.5 Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO) 13

144 4-6 4.22

4.22 A_LL R_LL C_SRL M_SRL B_SRL IL_IMT ML_IMT ICT_IM A_LL 1.000 R_LL 0.396* 1.000 C_SRL -0.205* -0.287* 1.000 M_SRL -0.166* -0.211* 0.606* 1.000 B_SRL -0.256* -0.239* 0.637* 0.662* 1.000 IL_IMT -0.178* -0.211* 0.620* 0.467* 0.490* 1.000 ML_IMT -0.169* -0.212* 0.605* 0.599 0.591* 0.634* 1.000 ICT_IMT -0.171* -0.181* 0.474* 0.529* 0.532* 0.470* 0.569* 1.00 P_LE -0.144* -0.144* 0.361 0.418* 0.389* 0.310* 0.430* 0.453 CON_LE -0.078* -0.123* 0.411* 0.471* 0.441* 0.395* 0.476* 0.473 CUL_LE -0.172* -0.233* 0.387* 0.436* 0.448* 0.302* 0.434* 0.396 P_TS -0.199* -0.215* 0.452* 0.570* 0.534* 0.347* 0.492* 0.436 ICT_TS -0.121* -0.156* 0.374* 0.483* 0.485* 0.339* 0.486* 0.424 L_HPI -0.031* -0.074* 0.411* 0.470* 0.410* 0.298* 0.416* 0.358 H_HPI -0.052* -0.058* 0.328* 0.334* 0.263* 0.265* 0.350* 0.305 C_HPI -0.063* -0.127* 0.399* 0.476* 0.424* 0.349* 0.427* 0.424 M 2.882 2.857 3.230* 3.619 3.434 3.356 3.443 3.57 SD 0.797 0.824 0.728 0.826 0.798 0.736 0.791 0.80 2=4852.038 d * p < 0.05

145 n= MT P_LE CON_LE CUL_LE P_TS ICT_TS L_HPI H_HPI C_HPI 00 1.000 1.000 1.000 3* 1.000 0.767* 1.000 0.624* 1.000 3* 0.652* 1.000 0.343* 0.397* 0.695* 0.643* 3.627 6* 0.578* 0.676* 1.000 0.297* 0.333* 0.867 6* 0.399* 0.462 0.527* 0.411* 0.454* 3.648 3.688 4* 0.419* 0.467* 0.510* 0.908 0.999 8* 0.438* 0.538* 0.401* 3.726 3.737 5* 0.427* 0.538* 0.371* 0.757 0.819 4* 0.463* 0.591* 0.482* 75 3.575 3.617 3.471 07 0.862 0.824 0.827 df=120 p=.000 KMO=0.913

146 b) .05 SC 3 1) LE) P_LE) CON_LE) CUL_LE) CON_LE) 0 46 LE) 71.6 2) TS) P_TS) ICT_TS) P_TS) 908 TS) 82.5 3) HPI) L_HPI) H_HPI) C_HPI) L_HPI) 7 HPI) 75.7 3 1) IMT) IL_IMT) ML_IMT) ICT_IMT) ML_IMT) 917 IMT) 84.1 2) SRL) C_SRL) M_SRL) B_SRL) M_SRL) 1 SRL) 75.8 3) (LL) A_LL) R_LL) R_LL) 636 (LL) 40.5

147 4.23 4.23 n=560 b SE t SC R2 b SE t SC R2 LE IMT 0.683 0.466 9 0.917 0.841 P_LE 0.658 0.035 18.985* 0.764 0.584 IL_IMT 0.806 0.650 CON_LE 0.698 0.031 22.427* 0.846 0.716 ML_IMT SRL CUL_LE 0.666 0.033 20.279* 0.806 0.649 ICT_IMT 0.751 0.564 LL 0.871 0.758 TS 0.103 0.836 0.699 P_TS 0.688 0.027 25.176* 0.908 0.825 C_SRL 0.587 0.344 ICT_TS 0.689 0.030 22.837* 0.843 0.711 M_SRL 0.636 0.405 B_SRL HPI L_HPI 0.786 0.049 16.062* 0.870 0.757 A_LL H_HPI 0.719 0.041 17.439* 0.722 0.522 R_LL C_HPI 0.747 0.036 20.851* 0.865 0.748 * p < 0.05 4-6 =63.583 df=50 p=.094 GFI=0.986 AGFI=0.962 CFI=0.999 RMSEA=0.022 SRMR=0.020 310 .05 191 -0.267 .05 105

148 .05 1 40 .05 .412 337 45.6 18.2 56.5 4.24 4.6

149 4.24 (n=560) IMT SRL LL DE IE TE DE IE TE DE IE TE 0.337* 0.337* -0.225 -0.026 -0.250 LE) (6.490) (6.490) (-1.308) (-0.742) (-1.545) TS 0.515* 0.515* -0.076 -0.191* -0.267* (9.931) (9.931) (-0.761) (-3.214) (-3.102) 0.278 -0.105* 0.183 (1.826) (-2.106) (1.294) HPI -0.076 -0.076 IMT (-0.744) (-0.744) SRL 0.456 0.565 0.182 =63.583 df=50 p=.094 GFI=0.986 AGFI=0.962 CFI=0.999 RMSEA=0.022 SRMR=0.020 * p < 0.05

=65.583 df=50 p=.094 GFI=0.986 AGFI=0 4.6

150 0.962 CFI=0.999 RMSEA=0.022 SRMR=0.020

151 2.4 2.4.1 4.25 4.25 4.7 1-3 1. (Learning loss) Mean SD 2. 3. 2.68 0.92 4. 3.01 1.08 5. 2.87 0.97 6. 2.74 0.97 7. 2.59 1.09 8. 2.52 1.04 2.58 1.00 1. 2.90 1.14 2. 2.82 0.84 3. 2.85 1.03 4. 2.78 1.12 5. 2.90 1.09 6. 3.10 1.19 3.25 1.21 2.04 1.08

152 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 Mean 2.68 3.01 2.87 2.74 2.59 2.52 2.58 2.90 4.7 1-3 4.26

153 4.26 1-3 n Mean SD F p t 476 2.620 0.913 3.220 0.073 -2.684* / 172 2.837 0.903 476 2.981 1.083 0.002 0.963 -1.172 / 171 3.094 1.059 476 2.859 0.990 2.226 0.136 -0.685 172 2.919 0.927 0.008 -1.502 / 0.095 -0.885 / 476 2.708 0.991 7.123 0.366 -0.087 / 172 2.837 0.897 0.059 -3.056* / 0.002 -0.584 / 476 2.563 1.108 2.801 0.256 -1.887 / 171 2.649 1.043 / 476 2.521 1.051 0.819 * p < 0.05 172 2.529 1.017 476 2.508 0.994 3.584 171 2.778 0.975 476 2.882 1.178 10.019 171 2.942 1.010 476 2.784 0.844 1.291 172 2.925 0.837

154 1-3 0.05 0.05 4.27 1-3 4.27 SS df MS F n Mean SD 8.096 2 4.048 4.907* 1>3 532.881 646 0.825 2>3 1) 64 2.813 0.710 540.977 648 2) 305 2.770 0.877 3) 280 2.554 0.979 9.604 2 4.802 4.206* 2 > 3 736.298 645 1.142 649 2.681 0.914 745.901 647 1) 64 2.984 0.864 5.178, df1 = 2, df2 = 645, p = 0.006 2) 305 3.138 1.073 3) 279 2.882 1.104 4.105 2 2.053 2.188 -- 606.034 646 0.938 648 3.012 1.074 610.139 648 1) 64 2.828 0.846 2.017 2 1.008 1.083 -- 2) 305 2.961 0.928 601.524 646 0.931 3) 280 2.796 1.036 603.541 648 649 2.877 0.970 1) 64 2.703 0.867 2) 305 2.803 0.977 3) 280 2.689 0.973 649 2.744 0.965

155 4.27 SS df MS F -- n Mean SD 5.520 2 2.760 2.338 761.466 645 1.181 1) 64 2.578 0.940 766.986 647 2) 305 2.682 1.029 3) 279 2.487 1.175 26.927 2 13.463 12.925* 1>3 672.904 646 1.042 2>3 648 2.588 1.089 699.831 648 1) 64 2.641 0.861 5.323 2 2.662 2.707 -- 2) 305 2.715 0.980 634.177 645 0.983 3) 280 2.293 1.094 639.500 647 649 2.525 1.039 20.899 2 10.449 8.313* 2>3 810.780 645 1.257 1) 64 2.531 0.925 831.679 647 2) 305 2.679 0.954 3) 279 2.491 1.045 3.624 2 1.812 2.565 -- 648 2.583 0.994 456.274 646 0.706 1) 64 2.828 0.918 459.898 648 2) 305 3.089 1.145 3) 279 2.713 1.136 2, df2 = 646, p = 0.000 648 2.901 1.134 1) 64 2.799 0.747 2) 305 2.902 0.753 3) 280 2.746 0.945 649 2.824 0.842 * p < 0.05

156 2.4.2 4.28 4.8

157 4.28 Mean SD 3.42 0.70 (Information, media and technology skills: IMT) 3.34 0.74 3.30 0.89 Information literacy) 1. 3.54 0.90 3.17 0.87 2. 3.41 0.77 3. 3.52 0.93 3.40 0.91 Media literacy) 3.29 0.90 4. 3.53 0.81 5. 6. 3.69 0.97 3.22 0.99 Information, communication 3.67 0.95 and technology literacy: ICT) 3.49 0.67 7. 8. 3.28 0.70 9. 3.21 0.77 Self-regulated 3.21 0.81 learning: SRL 3.43 0.87 Cognitive 1. 3.56 0.78 2. 3.75 0.95 3. 3.34 0.91 Motivation 3.59 0.95 4. 5. 6.

158 4.28 Mean SD Behavior 3.62 0.77 7. 8. 3.75 0.95 9. 3.56 0.94 3.54 0.94 Teacher skills (Pedagogy) 3.64 0.74 3.66 0.75 1. 3.58 0.84 2. 3.66 0.86 3. 3.56 0.87 4. 3.76 0.91 5. 3.75 0.88 6. 3.66 0.90 3.59 0.82 (information and communication technology skills: ICT) 3.63 0.88 7. 3.54 0.88 8. 3.50 0.80 Home-based parental involvement 3.46 0.85 1. 3.51 1.04 2. 3.34 1.00 3. 3.44 1.12 4. 3.54 1.04

159 4.28 Learning Mean SD 5. 3.44 0.92 6. 3.67 1.01 7. 8. 3.43 1.05 9. 10. 3.23 1.09 11. 3.58 0.85 3.32 1.12 environment) 1. 3.86 1.03 . 3.35 1.04 3. 3.79 1.08 4. 5. 3.52 0.72 6. 3.64 0.78 7. 3.56 0.93 8. 3.63 0.95 9. 3.72 0.97 3.58 0.81 3.58 1.05 3.65 0.89 3.52 0.89 3.35 0.85 3.09 1.06 3.48 0.92 3.49 1.04

160 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 Mean 3.42 3.49 3.64 3.50 3.52 4.8 1-3 0.05 4.29

4.29 161 1-3 pt n Mean SD F .002 3.756* .071 3.713* 476 3.482 0.715 9.648 .597 3.192* / 172 3.265 0.622 .201 .806 .328 2.241* 476 3.543 0.681 3.274 / 172 3.324 0.604 476 3.695 0.727 .280 / 172 3.487 0.748 476 3.511 0.791 1.641 / 172 3.454 0.826 476 3.562 0.710 .959 / 172 3.419 0.728 * p < 0.05 1-3 4.30

162 4.30 1-3 SS df MS F n Mean SD 1) 64 3.196 0.565 14.248 2 7.124 15.318* 3 > 1 2) 305 3.319 0.697 300.425 3) 280 3.588 0.689 314.672 646 0.465 3>2 649 3.423 0.697 648 1) 64 3.231 0.595 , df1 = 2, df2 = 646, p = 0.041 2) 305 3.426 0.651 3) 280 3.607 0.681 9.349 2 4.674 10.764* 3 > 1 280.527 649 3.485 0.669 289.875 646 0.434 3>2 1) 64 3.533 0.666 648 2) 305 3.578 0.724 3) 280 3.735 0.760 231, df1 = 2, df2 = 646, p = 0.040 649 3.641 0.738 4.407 2 2.204 4.083* 3>2 348.628 646 0.540 1) 64 3.254 0.716 353.035 648 2) 305 3.443 0.784 3) 280 3.608 0.823 8.137 2 4.068 6.439* 3>1 408.131 646 0.632 3>2 649 3.496 0.801 416.268 648 1) 64 3.352 0.758 9.267 2 4.633 9.206* 3>1 2) 305 3.435 0.695 325.120 646 0.503 3>2 3) 280 3.657 0.713 334.386 648 649 3.523 0.718 * p < 0.05

163 2.4.3 1-3 332 820 P_TS) ICT_TS) 820 ICT_TS) H_HPI) 332 C_SRL) R_LL) A_LL) 338 126 H_HPI) 1) LE) P_LE) 734 CON_LE) 85 2) TS) CUL_LE) ICT_TS) HPI) P_TS) H_HPI) 820 3) C_HPI) 769 4) IL_IMT) L_HPI) 755 SRL) 781 LL) IMT) ML_IMT) ICT_IMT) 674 5) B_SRL) M_SRL) 707 C_SRL) 78 6) A_LL) R_LL) 0.465 2=7524.302 df=120 p=.000 Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin 0.5 Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO) 23

164 1-3 4.31

4.31 A_LL R_LL C_SRL M_SRL B_SRL IL_IMT ML_IMT ICT_IM A_LL 1.000 R_LL 0.465* 1.000 C_SRL -0.277* -0.338* 1.000 M_SRL -0.251* -0.316* 0.685* 1.000 B_SRL -0.261* -0.237* 0.678* 0.707* 1.000 IL_IMT -0.303* -0.296* 0.685* 0.562* 0.599* 1.000 ML_IMT -0.249* -0.261* 0.660* 0.591* 0.626* 0.755* 1.000 ICT_IMT -0.196* -0.167* 0.587* 0.530* 0.596* 0.674* 0.739* 1.00 P_LE -0.219* -0.198* 0.504 0.472* 0.564* 0.535* 0.506* 0.514 CON_LE -0.246* -0.184* 0.502* 0.514* 0.555* 0.480* 0.527* 0.495 CUL_LE -0.218* -0.304* 0.501* 0.501 0.440* 0.430* 0.474* 0.397 P_TS -0.239* -0.349* 0.521* 0.545* 0.530* 0.454* 0.544* 0.458 ICT_TS -0.232* -0.316* 0.474* 0.510* 0.463* 0.411* 0.526* 0.453 L_HPI -0.130* -0.160* 0.483* 0.472* 0.485* 0.408* 0.432* 0.369 H_HPI -0.126* -0.149* 0.430* 0.435* 0.466* 0.364* 0.419* 0.332 C_HPI -0.159* -0.173* 0.511* 0.519* 0.548* 0.435* 0.475* 0.444 M 2.737 2.822 3.282 3.558 3.618 3.338 3.405 3.53 SD 0.790 0.843 0.703 0.783 0.767 0.736 0.769 0.81 2=7524.302 d * p < 0.05

165 1-3 n=650 MT P_LE CON_LE CUL_LE P_TS ICT_TS L_HPI H_HPI C_HPI 00 1.000 1.000 1.000 4* 1.000 0.820* 1.000 0.781* 1.000 5* 0.734* 1.000 0.447* 0.413* 0.769* 0.780* 3.580 7* 0.585* 0.689* 1.000 0.467* 0.456* 0.853 8* 0.494* 0.614* 0.640* 0.536* 0.471* 3.455 3.443 3* 0.466* 0.575* 0.607* 0.850 0.915 9* 0.468* 0.617* 0.533* 3.661 3.586 2* 0.482* 0.648* 0.544* 0.747 0.824 4* 0.552* 0.671* 0.548* 30 3.638 3.583 3.353 13 0.780 0.809 0.853 df=120 p=.000 KMO=0.923

166 b) .05 SC 3 1) LE) P_LE) CON_LE) CUL_LE) CON_LE) 0 96 LE) 80.3 2) TS) P_TS) ICT_TS) P_TS) 917 TS) 84.1 3) HPI) L_HPI) H_HPI) C_HPI) C_HPI) 52 HPI) 72.7 3 1) IMT) IL_IMT) ML_IMT) ICT_IMT) ML_IMT) 922 IMT) 85.1 2) SRL) C_SRL) M_SRL) B_SRL) B_SRL) 49 SRL) 72.1 3) (LL) A_LL) R_LL) R_LL) 787 (LL) 62.0

167 4.32 4.32 n= b SE t SC R2 b SE t SC R2 LE IMT P_LE 0.665 0.037 18.082* 0.854 0.730 IL_IMT 0.585 - - 0.796 0.634 CON_LE 0.723 0.031 23.472* 0.896 0.803 ML_IMT 0.710 0.034 20.639* 0.922 0.851 CUL_LE 0.662 0.033 20.276* 0.773 0.598 ICT_IMT 0.655 0.038 17.056 0.805 0.648 TS SRL P_TS 0.685 0.024 28.269* 0.917 0.841 C_SRL 0.582 - - 0.830 0.689 ICT_TS 0.731 0.027 26.908* 0.890 0.793 M_SRL 0.650 0.032 20.530* 0.829 0.688 B_SRL 0.650 0.032 20.117* 0.849 0.721 HPI LL L_HPI 0.658 0.043 15.289* 0.771 0.594 A_LL 0.461 - - 0.581 0.337 H_HPI 0.675 0.050 13.443* 0.736 0.542 R_LL 0.659 0.080 8.250* 0.787 0.620 C_HPI 0.732 0.051 14.308* 0.852 0.727 * p < 0.05 1-3 =46.885 df=34 p=.069 GFI=0.991 AGFI=0.964 CFI=0.999 RMSEA=0.024 SRMR=0.014 514 -0.313 -0.200 .05 298 -0.498

134 168 0.253 .05 .05 .05 .05 493 71 .429 342 38.0 50.0 62.3 4.33 4.9

169 4.33 (n=650) IMT SRL LL DE IE TE DE IE TE DE IE TE 0.429* 0.429* -0.045 -0.134* -0.179 LE) (8.338) (8.338) (-0.117) (3.118) (-0.484) TS 0.371* 0.371* -0.200* -0.298* -0.498* (4.437) (4.437) (-2.088) (4.352) (-5.954) 0.478 0.253* 0.225 (1.148) (2.846) (0.636) HPI -0.313* -0.313* IMT (-3.337) (-3.337) - SRL 0.500 0.623 0.380 =46.885 df=34 p=.069 GFI=0.991 AGFI=0.964 CFI=0.999 RMSEA=0.024 SRMR=0.014 * p < 0.05

=46.885 df=34 p=.069 GFI=0.991 AGFI=0 4.9

170 0.964 CFI=0.999 RMSEA=0.024 SRMR=0.014

2.5 171 2.5.1 4-6 4-6 10 1 4.34 4.34 4.10 1. 2. (Learning loss) Mean SD 3. 2.70 0.95 4. 3.10 1.05 5. 2.95 1.00 6. 2.65 0.95 7. 2.56 1.13 8. 2.51 1.04 1. 2.51 1.02 2. 2.95 1.07 3. 2.97 0.89 4. 3.06 1.10 5. 2.71 1.09 6. 3.05 1.14 3.28 1.18 3.47 1.19 2.26 1.21