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ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ lk]t[ko |hk rkdmu I G ;ymtpklkf c]t ;ymudko;ymtpklkf ..................................... 1 [qfmu ! G ,t3ork[;ymtpklkf ................................................................... 1 [fq mu @ G 7o5 l,q [fa 0v’oda ;ymtpklkf.......................................................... 7 [fq mu # G ;ymudkomk’;ymtpklkf .............................................................. 13 rkdmu IIG dko;afcmd .............................................................................. 17 [fq mu $ G 7;k,9egxoa 8vh ’.-gh 7nvj ’;fa cmd ................................................. 17 [fq mu & G dko;fa cmd7;k,pk; ................................................................ 21 [fq mu * G dko;fa cmd[=]y,kf..................................................................... 25 [fq mu ( G dko;fa cmd,;olko .................................................................. 29 [fq mu ) G dko;fa cmdvo5 str,6 .................................................................. 32 rkdmu IIIG lyj’;af4516jvhv,8q;gIqk ................................................................ 37 [qfmu _ G ;af45 ............................................................................................ 37 [qfmu !W G ;af45mugj xao0v’c0’F 0v’cs^; c]t dkl ...................................... 41 [qfmu !! G ;af45mugj xao3]st c]t ;af45mugj xaovt3]st....................................... 47 [qfmu !@ G ;af45lq,xqomugj xaogoNvfP; c]t [+gxaogoNvfP;................................. 50 [qfmu !# G ;af45mu,j uvk-yf c]t [kg-u............................................................. 55 [qfmu !$ G ;af45mu.j -hgrnvj me7;k,ltvkf....................................................... 61 [fq mu !& G ;fa 4m5 guj xoa g-Nvw2 .......................................................................... 64 [qfmu !* G ;af45mgju xoa ryf ............................................................................... 68 [qfmu !( G s^addkooe.-h;af453fpm;qj wx.......................................................... 72

rkdmu IVG dkog7njvomuj ............................................................................... 75 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [fq mu !) G dkog7vnj omduj oq 9da ........................................................................ 75 [fq mu !_ G I[6 c[[0v’dkog7vnj omuj ............................................................... 77 [fq mu @W G dkog7vnj omluj t\\Oltg\\u ............................................................... 80 [fq mu @! G dkog7vnj om[uj +lt\\Oltg\\u............................................................. 83 [qfmu @@ G 7;k,vB’8B’ c]t ,;olko0v’;af45 ............................................ 87 rkdmu VG 3]d c]t fyo ............................................................................ 91 [fq mu @# G |;j p3]d c]t c,gj s^ad0v’|;j p3]d ............................................ 91 [fq mu @$ G fyo .............................................................................................. 99 [fq mu @&G foy -tofy 8kj ’M ........................................................................... 104 [qfmu @* G 7;k,le7ao c]t ;ymudkovto5]adfyo .......................................... 110 rkdmu VIG o E ............................................................................................ 114 [qfmu @( G xt3spf c]t zqoglpskp0v’oE .............................................. 114 [fq mu @) G cs’j^ oE ..................................................................................... 118 [qfmu @_ G oEgxNvo c]t zqoltmhvo ........................................................... 125 [qfmu #WG dkogIaf.shoEltvkf................................................................. 132 [qfmu #! G dkoxqdxadIadlk c]t rafmtokcs^’j oE ..................................... 139 rkdmu VIIG vkdkf ................................................................................... 143 [qfmu #@ G vkdkf c]t [aopkdkf ............................................................ 143 [qfmu ## G lkgsf c]t zqoltmhvo9kdvkdkf ........................................... 152 [fq mu #$ G dkoxdq xda Ida lkltrk[c;f]vh ,mk’vkdkf ............................ 160 rkdmu VIIIG rnf ......................................................................................... 166 [fq mu #&G 9]5 ’a rfn ..................................................................................... 166 [fq mu #* G dkolkh ’vksko0v’rfn ............................................................ 170

[qfmu #( G dko]e]P’oEF gdnvcI9j kj o c]t vksko0v’rnf ....................... 175 [fq mu #) G dkog8[u .sp0j v’rfn .................................................................. 185 [fq mu #_ G dkol[n roa 0v’rfn ..................................................................... 190 [qfmu $WG ;ymudko0tspkp c]t xa[x5’co;raornf ..................................... 194 [fq mu $! G dko9fa c[’j rnf.......................................................................... 196 [qfmu $@ G rtpkfmu,j adgduf0Boda[rnf c]t dkoxhv’dao ............................... 200 [fq mu $# G dkovto]5 da xkj w,h ...................................................................... 204 rkdmu IXG vksko ..................................................................................... 206 [fq mu $$G vksko c]t dkofe]q’-u;yf ..................................................... 206 [qfmu $& G vkskomu.j shrt]a’’ko c]t [+.shrt]a’’ko................................ 211 [fq mu $* G dkodyovksko.s4h ndvfa 8kl;j o.................................................. 227 [fq mu $( G rtpkfmguj duf9kddko0kfmkfvksko ...................................... 233 [qfmu $) G l’yj mguj xoa ryf1.j6 ovksko.............................................................. 239 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

rkdmu I ;ymtpklkf c]t ;ymudko;ymtpklkf [qfmu ! ,t3ork[;ymtpklkf !D ;ymtpklkf c,jospa’L xaf95[aooU dkofe]q’-u;yf0v’,to5fgIqk xkdqf;jk,udkoxjPocx’wxs^kpmjul5f ma’oU d=gonvj ’9kd7;k,dkh ;|kh mk’;ymtpklkfD ;ymtpklkf XScience? \\kpg4y’ 7;k,I6hmjuwfh9kddkola’gdf c]t 7Qo7;hkxtlq[ dkomk’me,t-kf wfhs^ad4ko c]t gsfzqo c]h;9afg0Qkgxao]t[P[D dkocrf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ la’7q, ;ymtpklkf ;ymtpklkf c]t vnoj M me,t-kf ly’j c;f ]hv, I6[ !D! dko7Qo7;hk c]t 0tc|’8kj ’M0v’;ymtpklkf 1

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ7;k,,’j5 \\kp0v’;my tpklkf 7dn koltcs;’sk7;k,9’y g-’yj \\kp7;k,;kj gxoa dko I;[I;,07=h ;k,gxoa 9’y ,kxtdv[g0kQ doa gxoa govN .o7;k,ID6h govN .o7;k,Imh6 wuj f,h k9kd c’,j ,5 8jk’M0v’dkoIPoIh6mk’;ymtpklkf d=9tgIaf.shgduf7;k,g0Qk.9.ogsfzqo0v’dkogduf xkdqfdko8kj ’Mmk’me,t-kf16.j o3]d g-ajoG gxaospa’ oE9bj’,u7;k,le7ao8+ ly’j mu,j u-u;yfL gxoa sp’a 9’bj gdfu 2kh c,[gsvhn^ ,L lf5 mkh pd7= dn koI9h6 da .-7h ;k,I.h6 sgh dfu xt3spf c]t ,7u o5 otrk[ l6’0BoD oadIPo7h5og7upda[lyj’xtfyflhk’]5j,oU s^n [+L ,vu oa .fcfj mouj da IPog7pu wflh ezfa c]t -,q .-Lh I6[ !D@D lyj’xtfyflhk’mk’;ymtpklkf ovd9kdoU oadIPo pa’I6h9adlyj’xtfyflhk’mk’;ymtpklkfvunoj Mvud[+L ]v’pqd8q;1kj ’ 0Bo,k]v’g[y’j L c]t 9q’j [vd;kj gIqkwfhxt3spfspa’9kdlyj’oAoL 2

lyj’xtfyflhk’gs^qkj oU ltcf’g4y’7;k,dhk;|hkmuj[+15f1A’0v’;ymtpklkf.op5doU c]t wfdh kpgxoa l’yj 9egxoa le][a dkofe]’q -;u fy 0v’,tof5 D xfa 9[5 oa oU dkofe]’q -;u fy 0v’,tof5 gIkq oa[,Noa[,udkorq;raoda[lyj’xtfyflhk’ c]t g]njv’]k;8kj ’M0v’;ymtpklkfs^kp0BoD ltoAo gIqk7;olbdlksk7;k,I6h c]t 7;k,g0Qk.9dPj ;da[;ymtpklkf mugj xao7;k,I6hrNo4ko.op5d csj’;ymtpklkf c]t oe.-h7;k,Ih6gs^jqkoU.odkofe]q’-u;yf.sh,u7;k,ltf;d0Bog]NvpMF lk,kfsf^5 roQ sn^ sdu^ g;oA 9kdv[5 fa gsf c]t wrvoa 8t]kpm’a x;’ ];,m’a wrr[y fa mguj dfu 0oB mk’ me,t-kfD ;ymtpklkf [+wfh\\kpg4y’ltgrktljy’mjuI6hlbd c]t lezafwfhc8jrP’1jk’fP;gmqjkoAo grkt[k’lyj’[k’1kj ’mk’;ymtpklkf[+lk,kfg[yj’gsao c]t 9a[8hv’[+wfh g-ajoG ]a’lu8kj ’MF 7NolP’ c]t 7Nocl’S c8,j tof5 d=I9h6 da .-gh 7nvj ’,nmuxj tfyf0Bo,kgrnvj .-.h odkoldb lk c]t ,ul;j o -;j p.o7;k,Ilh6 db 0v’gIkq wfh g-oaj G dvh ’3m]trk[F ;my tpF5 g7vnj ’;fa cmdxt],y kodkocrj ]’a lFu g7jnv’;afcl’ 8ts^vfg4y’g7jnv’7v,ry;g8u mjuoypq,.-hdao1jk’crjs^kp.oxaf95[aoD g7jnv’,n mmuj oa ltw\\gskqj^ oU -;j pltcs;’sk7;k,Im6h k’;my tpklkfwf1h kj ’s;^ ’sk^ p c]t gxoa xt3spf 8+dkofe]q’ -u;yf0v’,to5f1kj ’s^;’s^kpD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ !D#D g7njv’;afcmdcl’vyo2ikgif I6[ !D$D g7njv’8v’gvqkcl’8kg;ao,k.-h gxaort]a’’ko 3

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@D zqoxt3spf0v’;ymtpklkf !D -;j pg/dy 9fy .9voa ,7u kj .szh m6h Iuj Po;my tpklkf grvnj .sgh xoa oda l’a gdf1kj ’Iv[7v[F ]kp ’kozoq muwj f1h kj ’4nd8vh ’ c]t -fa g9oF g0kQ .97;k,le7oa 0v’[oa sk m’a ry9k]tok gsfdkodvj o9tlts[5^ zoq c]t I9h6 da 7o5 7kj 0v’dkomfq ]v’ sn^ dkomfq lv[sk7;k, 9y’0v’gsfdko s^n xtdqfdkoD @D gxaog7njv’-;j p.shgdufdkoxa[x5’.ofhkodkodtlydeF l50t;ymtpkF [hkogInvo c]t l05 kr[y koD ovdooA p’a -;j p.sgh xoa zIh6 v[I.h6 o= dkoxt8[y fa |kh mduj ko’ko [;+ kj 9tgxoa ;Pd’ko16j.o[hko s^n .omqj’wIj mqj’ok s^n .oc;f;q’m5]tdyfD #D -;j p.shzh6IPowfhIa[7;k,I6hdPj ;da[lyj’c;f]hv,F I6h9adoe.-h c]t vto5]addt8h5o.sh Ih69addkomqf]v’ c]t 7Qorq[fh;p8q;0v’g0qkgv’D $D -;j pg/yd7qo.shgxao7qofu 7n .shgxao7qomuIj 6h9ad7;[75,9yf.9wfhfuD &D -;j pde9fa dkog-vnj ’,q ’;kp c]t 7;k,1kh od;q 3fp0kfgsfzoq grkt;my tpklkf 8vh ’rylf6 .sgh soa 7;k,9y’D *D -;j p.s7h oq ,7u ;k,lk,kf.ol’a 7,q G md5 7oq 8kj ’d=gxoa l;j o|’bj 0v’l’a 7,q m,uj cu ;f]vh , dPj ;0vh ’d[a ;my tpklkfD ltooA F [d5 7oq pvj ,gxoa v’q xtdv[le7oa m9uj tgIfa .slh ’a 7,q fu 0Bo s^n fhvp]q’D [5d7qomuj,u7;k,Ih6mk’;ymtpklkfpvj ,,ugsfzqomujfu c]t cdhw0[ao skwfhfud;j kD (D -;j p.shgduf7;k,9tg]uomk’Ikj ’dkp c]t 9yf.9G [aoskoUdPj ;0hv’da[l50trk[ rk]tokw,F vkskodkodoy c]t dko1D6j 3fpltgrktgfda 7;owfIh [a dkol’qj gl,u .sh gduf7;k,g7up-yoda[s^addkomju4nd8hv’ grjnv.shIjk’dkp9tg]uog8u[38gxaoxqddt8yD g,vnj Ikj ’dkpc0'cI’lq,[6o c]h;9yf.9d=9tg0A,c0’8k,wxfh;pD )D -j;p.shgxaozh6[=]y3rdmju,u7;k,lk,kf g-jy’\\kpg4y’z6h[=]y3rdmjulk,kf8aflyo.9 3fpvkwlsd^a ;-y k7;k,I6h g-oaj ;kj gIkq 7;o9t.-= lh oy 7kh -tofy .f9’bj 9tfFu moq mkoF d,5h 7kj ma’75ootrk[ c]t ]k7kD _D -;j p.sgh xoa zzh6 t]fy m,uj 7u ;k,lk,kfG .oxfa 9[5 fa oU gIkq 9tgsoa xtgmf8kj ’M m,uj 7u ;k, 9tg]uomk’;ymtpklkf zt]yflyo7hkwfhma’9eo;o c]t 7o5 otrk[D ltooA F xtgmf gskqj^ oU 9’bj gxoa xtgmfm,uj 4u kotglf4tdfy fdu ;kj xtgmf mfuj vh p7;k,9tg]ou mk’;my tpk lkfD 4

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ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດg,nvj ,udkogru,j xt]y,kogdnv0Bo Xmkf]t]kp ,u7;k,g0,A l’6 0Bo?D dkogr,uj xt]y,ko 0v’gdnv gIaf.shgr,uj 7;k,|kc|ho.shcdoj E g-y’j 16.j o]tfa[mugj Iaf.shw02j 6wfhD zoq 0v’dkomfq lv[9t1’A 1on g4’y 0lh= ,q ,f5 4kom8uj ’A w;;h kj 4dn 8vh ’ sn^ zfy rkfD 4kh zfy rkf d=vkf9twfhmqflv[ s^n fafcdh0h=lq,,5f4ko7no.\\Sj 4hk4nd8hv’ 0h=lq,,5f4kod=dkpgxaomyfltfu s^n gxoa 7;k,I.6h \\mj guj xoa roN 4ko.sch ddj ko7oQ 7;kh .o0oA 8+wxD 0Ao8volts^5[zqoG lts^5[7evtmy[kpma’\\qfvvd,kgxaomyfltfu g-ajo;kj dko260v’w0j 0Boda[7;k,g0A, 0v’mkf]t]kpgdnv s^n ;kj ]tf[a dko206 v’w0gj xoa vfa 8kl;j od’q d[a dkogr,uj 0Bo0v’xt]y,ko gdnv s^n ;kj mkf]t]kppy’j g0A,gmqkj .f dko260v’w0dj =py’j s^kpgmqkj oAoD 7e4k,G !D ;ymudko7Qo7;hkmk’;ymtpklkfxtdv[fh;p0Ao8vo.fcfLj @D oadIPorq[;kj 8Qofvdw,h16.j og8Qk cs;j g,nvj 0kfdkosqfoED grynjvryl6f7;k,gxao9y’ oda IPo,u;ymudkomfq ]v’co;.fL 16

rkdmu II dko;afcmd [qfmu $ 7;k,9egxao8hv’.-hg7jnv’;afcmd .o-u;yfxt9e;oa F oda IPowf.h -h s^n gsoa 7oq vnoj .-sh p’a cfj ;fa cmdly’j 0v’8kj ’ML vx5 tdvo c8j]t1jk’oAo.-hgrnjvspa’L sq;|j;p;afcmdmju .-hcmd;af45c8j]txtgrfoAo.-hgxao,kf8k4ko wfh[+L dyf9tde !G dkola’gdffh;plkp8k g-jnvwfh[+L !? pqd,ng[Nv’|jb’0Bo-jn|hk.shoY;,n-U0Bogmy’ c]t 16.j o]tfa[fP;da[8k c]h;dk’oY;,n vvd.shd;hk’l5f7;k,lk,kfD 9kdoAo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ cd;’j ,wn xmk’-kh pF mk’0;k-kh M c];h w; I6[ $D! gfadohvpoadIPo 0Borhv,ma’ la’gdfg[y’j 9eo;ooY;,nD dk’/k,nw;hg-jy’|hk0v’8qogv’ g;]kcd;’j /k,n-hkF w; c]t w;0Bola’gdf gsao9eo;ooY;,n8kj ’daoco;.fL @? 9qj’la’gdfI6[1j6]j5,oUgmjnv]tI6[1jk’]tvPf c]h;0Po7e8v[8k,7e4k, djP;da[ c8j]tI6[.lj.o8k8t]k’1j6glqkzqodkola’gdfD 9kdoAo.-h[aomafd;f7no7e8v[ 9kddko la’gdffh;p8kgxqkj c]h;0Pozqodko;afcmd.lgj lqkzqodko;afcmdfh;p [oa mfa .o8k8t]k’D d0 a 7 I6[ $D@ b ’ 17

8k8t]k’[aombdzqo I[6 zoq dkol’a gdff;h p8kgxkjq zoq dko;fa cmdf;h p[oa mfa I6[ $D@ d I6[ $D@ 0 I6[ $D@ 7 I6[ $D@ ’ I6[ $D@ dD lv’glAo0uf8k,];’ovoc,oj glAo-nj s^n [+L r;d,ao0t|kodao s^n [+L I6[ $D@ 0D lv’I6[ lujc9 gmqkj dao s^n [+L I6[ $D@ 7D c8]j t0hk’0v’I6[lk,c9gxaomvj o-nj s^n [+L I6[ $D@ ’D mvj o-nj a c]t b pk;gmqjkdao s^n [+L dyf9tde @G 7;k,Ih6lbdlk,kfg-jnvwfh[+L !? .-,h pn dq ;fa 4.5 f|’bj c];h [vd;kj ;fa 4o5 oA |da 9da ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dy3]dik,S [aombd7;k,|ad0v’;af458k, 7;k,Ih6lbdw;hD 9kdoAo.-h-y’-aj’;af45faj’djk; c];h [oa mdb 7kj 7;k,|da mu-j ’ja wfDh @? gvqk,n95,j ]q’.o34.loj Ev5oj c]h;[vd;kj v5ost r6,0v’oEoAo,u9advq’lkS [aombd7kj v5ostr6, I6[ $D# -y’ 8k,7;k,Ih6lbdw;hD 9kdoAoF 95j,g7jnv’cmd v5ostr6,]q’.ooEv5jofa’j dkj ; g,njvglqk[ks^vf16j.og7njv’cmdv5ostr6,15foY’c]h; vkj o7kj c]t [aombdw;hD .odyf9tde !F dkola’gdffh;p8kgxqkj da[dko.-h[aomafd;f c8]j tI6[wfh7e8v[ 8kj ’daoco;.fL 0 d I6[ $D$ 18

.odfy 9tde @F dkol’a gdff;h p7;k,Il6h db d[a dko.-gh 7vnj ’;fa cmd wf7h kj 8kj ’doa co;.fL oa[8A’c8j ,to5fI6h9adzt]yfg7njv’0v’;af458kj ’M grnjv.-h c]t c]dxPj og-yj’dao c]t dao gxoa 8oQ ,kF ,tof5 wf.h -sh ;q |;j p;fa cmd grvjn ;fa cmd7;k,pk;F []= ,y kfF 7;k,|da F 7;k,Ivh o g-aoj G oY;F 7n[F lvdF ;kF -q;j [kfcd;’j F -q;j gvUoF wIDj I6[ $D& zh6py’ de]a’;kzhkF I6[ $D* dt[5’F dt8kj F 0hv’F 9vd ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ sq;|j;p8jk’Mmjudjk;,kgmy’oAoF gxaosq;|j;pmju.-hcmdxt]y,ko;af45vaofP;daowfh 7kj 8kj ’doa 8;q 1kj ’G ! ;k0v’7oq c0oloA wf7h ;k,pk;loA d;kj ! ;k0v’7oq c0opk;S ! dv[ ,n.sp0j v’7qo wfhs^kpd;kj ! dv[0v’7qo,nohvpS ! .Ioj k16jg0fr6fvpF ohvpd;kj ! .Ioj kg0f mq’j rP’DDD le]a[8kj ’xtgmfF g0qkd=,usq;|;j pmuj[+gxao,kf8k4ko7nda[-k;[hkogIqkD sq;|;j p gskjq^ ooA [l+ k,kf.-.h omk’g8da ody c]t dko7kh 0kp]ts;kj ’xtgmfwfDh grvnj .s,h su ;q |;j pmguj xoa ,kf8k4kogvdtrk[dao.-h.ofhkog8adoyd c]t dko7hk0kpm;jq 3]d 9b’j ,udv’xt-5,]ts;kj ’ -kf 8qd]q’.-h]t[q[sq;|;j p;afcmdxt]y,ko8kj ’Mmujgxao]t[q[,kf8k4ko]ts;kj ’-kf s^n ]t[q[ SI 3fpwfhrafmtok,k9kd ]t[q[g,8iyd X metric ?D .o]t[q[ SI -njc8]j tsq;|;j p c]t laopt]ad0v’,ao wfhdeoqffa’j .o8k8t]k’]5,j oUG xt]y,ko -nsj q;|;j p loa pt]da 7;k,pk; c,af ,;olko d3y ]dik, m g;]k ;oy kmu kg v5ostr6, cdo;oy s K 19

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດle]a[sq;|;j pcmdv5ostr6,F .o]t[q[ SI c,oj cdo;yo X K ?S c8pj hvogxaosq;|;j p mju[+wfh4ndoe.-h1jk’czjs^kp grktlj;os^kpoypq,.-h c]t -yog7upda[dko.-hsq;|j;pvq’lk c-o-uv5f XoC? 0v’]t[q[g,8iydD fa’j oAoF .oxaf95[ao 9bj’pa’oe.-h sq;|;j pvq’lkc-o-uv5f 1kj ’d;kh ’0;k’D 7e4k,G !D pvh osp’a dkol’a gdf3fp.-xh tlkflezfa 0v’Ikj ’dkp9’bj [+lk,kfg-nvj 4nwfLh @D .o[hko0v’oadIPoF -k;[hko,ad.-hsq;|j;pspa’cfjcmdxt]y,ko0v’;af45 8kj ’ML dko.-sh ;q |;j p8kj ’Mm-uj k;[kh oopy ,q .-oh oA F zfy fPj ’9kddko.-sh ;q |;j p,kf 8k4kos^kpxko.fL phvospa’L 20

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu & dko;afcmd7;k,pk; !D dko;afcmd7;k,pk;c,jospa’L dyf9tde G g-nvd.zpk;d;jk !? gvqkg-nvdpk; @ c,af gmqkj dao.shc8]j t95 @? c8]j t95.sh # 7qocmdg-nvd0v’958qo 3fp.shcmd gxao7n[F gxaolvd c]h;cmdfh;p [oa mfa mu,j u0uf\\kpovh plf5 gxoa ,u]uc,fa F [oa mdb zoq D 8k8t]k’[aombdzqo 9m5 u zoq dkocmd0v’c8]j t7oq gxoa 7[n gxoa lvd gxao-a’8uc,af zh6mu ! ! zh6mu @ zh6mu # zh6mu ! @ zh6mu @ zh6mu # zh6mu ! # zh6mu @ zh6mu # 9kd0h=,6o.o8k8t]k’F -U.shoadIPo gsao;kj G { dko;afcmd7;k,pk;c,oj spa’L { sq;|;j p7;k,pk; X7n[F lvdDDD ? 0v’c8]j t7qomu.j -hoAo lk,kf.-hgxao,kf8k4ko wfh[+L phvospa’L ;afcmd7;k,pk;0v’;af45|b’j F c,oj xP[mP[7;k,pk;0v’;af45oAo.ldj a[7;k,pk; 0v’;fa 4v5 noj mugj ]nvdgvkq gxoa s;q |;j pD 21

@D sq;|j;p;afcmd7;k,pk; .omkh plt8t;fa mu !)F 7tot,oq 8ou da xkflkdoq wfxh t-,5 doa c]t 8dq ]’q g]vn dgvkq 7;k, pk;gmqkj da[ |bj’l;j oly[]hko X!}!W WWW WWW? 0v’g7yj’|bj’7;k,pk;glAoc;’ Xw]ptc8gj lAo l6ol6fIvf0Q;3]dg|nv? gxaosq;|;j p;afcmd7;k,pk; gvUo;kj c,af laopt]adfh;p m c]t wfh[aombd7;k,pk;oAogxaow]ptsjk’]ts;jk’lv’0ufgmy’mjvo3]stxtlq,ryglf Iadlk w;h.os=;ymtpk7ko;afcmdlkdqo16mj uj g,nv’ c-;g;^uF xtgmf/i’aj glfD I6[ &D!D c,af8Qoc[[ mt;u76o c]t v5xt76o0v’c,afmuj,adwfh.-hs^kp,uG ! dy3]c,af Xd, sn^ km? = ! WWW c,af X, sn^ m? ! c,af X, sn^ m? = !WW -a’8uc,af X-, sn^ cm? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ! -a’8uc,af X-, sn^ cm? = !W ,u]uc,af X,, sn^ mm? ! ,u]uc,af X,, sn^ mm? = ! WWW ,u3dic,af X,d, sn^ μm? ,u3dic,af 0Posph=fh;p ,d, s^n μm # D g7jnv’;afcmd7;k,pk;-toyf8jk’M [aomaf Xd@=h? X!? [aomaf X#? [aomaf ra[ [aomaf 7u[ XcmdglAozjkdk’? X$? I6[ &D@ g7vjn ’;afcmd7;k,pk;[k’-toyf $D ;ymu;afcmd7;k,pk; g,njvcmd7;k,pk;0v’;af45.f|b’j .shxt8y[affa’j oUG { ;k’0uf W 0v’[aomaf s^n lkpc,af -njda[95fg]uj,8Qo0v’dkocmd c]t ;k’c7, [aomaf s^n lkpc,afmu.j -hcmdcxtwx8k,glAomu8j hv’dkocmdD { ;k’lkp8kvkj o7kj -nj X8A’lkd? da[[aomaf160j ufmuj8hv’vkj o7kj 22

{ dkocmd7;k,pk;0v’;fa 4F5 4kh 1kd.swh f7h kj -fa g9og4y’s;q |;j p.fS 8vh ’.-gh 7nvj ’ cmdmuj,u0uf\\kpohvpl5fg4y’sq;|;j poAo 8q;1kj ’ 1kdcmd0t|kf0v’xB,.sh-af g9og4y’]tfa[,u]uc,afd=8hv’.-h [aomafmu,j u0uf\\kpohvpl5fgxao,u]uc,afD vudfhko|b’j grjnv.shwfh7jk;afcmdmju.dh7P’da[7;k,pk;8q;9y’0v’;af45mjucmdoAo 8hv’cmd s^kpgmnvj c]h;7yfw]sj k7kj ltg]pj D dko7yfw]sj k7kj ltg]pj .shxt8y[af8k,l6f7yfw]fj ’aj oUG 7kj ltg]pj = zoq [;d7kj mcuj mdwfch 8]j tgmvnj 9eo;ogmvjn cmd &D lkgsfmjugIaf.shgduf7jkzyffjP’ c]t ;ymus^5fzjvo7jkzyffjP’ lkgsfmurj k.sgh duf7kj zyffPj ’ ;ymus^5fzvj o7kj zyffPj ’ [oa mfa [+-nj g]vn d[oa mfa -nj ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dkoc[’j 0uf[+lt\\Oltg\\u [+lk,kfs^f5 zvj owfgh rktpvh odkozt]yf ;k’[oa mfa [+0t|kod[a ;fa 45 ;k’[oa mfa cxt8k,;fa 485 vh ’dkocmd ;k’lkp8k[+-nj ;k’lkp8k8k,gloA 8’A lkdd[a [oa mfa ;k’0uf W 0v’g7njv’cmd [+-njda[95f ;k’0uf W 0v’g7njv’cmd .sh-ndj a[ g]uj,8Qocmd 95fg]uj,8Qocmd 23

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ7e4k,G !D I[6 106j kh ’oFU I[6 .fltcf’dkocmd 7;k,pk; 0v’l=wfh4nd8hv’L @D I6[160j hk’oUF I6[.f;k’8kgrnjvvkj ozqo dkocmdl4= dn 8vh ’L #D 9qj’.-hlkpc,af c]t [aomafF cmd0t|kf0v’shv’IPo c]t dtfkofe.oshv’ 0v’oda IPogv’D 24

[qfmu * dko;afcmd[=]y,kf !D dko;afcmd[=]y,kfc,jospa’L dyf9tde !G 34|j;poU9t[ao95oEwfh9ad9vdL !? gvqk9vd|;j pmu ! zv’oE.l3j 4.shg8a,D [aombd I6[ *D ! 9eo;o9vdoEmu4j vd.l3j 4D @? 4vdoE1.6j o34vvd.s\\h fq D #? .-h9vd|;j pmu @ zv’oE.l3j 4.shg8a,D [aombd9eo;o9vdoEmuj4vd.l3j 4D { 9eo;o9vdoEmuj.-h9vd|;j pmu ! zv’.lgj 8a,34 ,u9ad9vdL { 9eo;o9vdoEmuj.-h9vd|;j pmu @ zv’.lgj 8a,34 ,u9ad9vdL ;fa cmd[=]y,kf0v’;fa 4|5 ’bj c,oj xP[mP[[=]y,kf0v’;fa 4o5 oA d[a [=]y,kf0v’;fa 4v5 noj mguj ]vn dgvkq gxoa s;q |;j pD @D sq;|j;p;afcmd[=]y,kf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ .o]t[[q SI s;q |;j p;fa cmd[]= ,y kf c,oj dvh oc,fa 0Pospf=h ;h p ,# sn^ m3S ! dvh oc,fa gmkqj da[[=]y,kf0v’I6[dhvomu,j u7;k,pk;c8]j t0hk’gmkqj da[ ! c,afD v5xt76o0v’dhvoc,af,uG gf-udhvoc,afF -a’8udhvoc,af c]t ,u]udhvoc,afD ! dhvoc,af X,# sn^ m3 ? = ! WWW gf-udhvoc,af Xf,# sn^ dm3? ! gf-udhvoc,af Xf,# sn^ dm3 ? = ! WWW -a’8udhvoc,af X-,# sn^ cm3? ! -a’8udhvoc,af X-,# sn^ cm3 ? = ! WWW ,u]udhvoc,af X,,# sn^ mm3? le]a[0v’cs^; c]t [=]y,kf[ao950v’rk-tot[ao958kj ’M gryjooypq,.-hsq;|;j pgxao]yf 0Posph=fh;p ] sn^ c]t ,u]u]yf ,] sn^ m ! = 1 f,# sn^ dm3 1 m = 1/1 000 = 1 -,# sn^ cm3 #D ;ymu;afcmd dyf9tde @G I6[ *D @ !? c9ddvh ofoy |P;gxoa I[6 d[a lkd.sch 8]j td,5j 25

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@? .-h[aomfa cmd0t|kfdvh ofyo|P; c]h;[oa mbd7kj mucj mdwfhgvkq w;hD #? 7yfw][j =]y,kf0v’dhvofyo8k,7kj mucj mdwfh c]h;[aombd7kj mu7j yfw]wj fhgvqkw;hD $? gvkq oE.l3j 4cd;h m,uj 0u fu \\kp[]= ,y kf[oa 95 3fpxt,ko;kj g,vnj xvj odvh ofoy |P;]’q .sh r=fu4h;, c]t [+]QovvdD [aombd7kj [=]y,kf0v’oEgvqkw;h XV1?D &? .-hfhkp,afdhvofyo|P; c]h;1jvo]q’oE.o34cdh;D [aombd7jk[=]y,kfoE.o34cdh; XV2?D *? gvqk7kj V2– V1 wfh7kj [=]y,kfdhvofyo|P;S [aombd7kj zqo]q[gvqkw;hD (? xP[mP[7kj [=]y,kf0v’dhvofyo|P;mujwfh9kddko7yfw]8j k,l6f c]t wfh9kddko .sch mo[vj o0v’oED V1 V2 I6[ *D# dyf9tde #G cmd[=]y,kf;af45.spjd;jkg7njv’cmdwfhco;.fL !? 8A’34 .l.j o-k, c]h;gvqkoE.l3j 4.shr=fug8a,D @? gvkq ;fa 4m5 u8j vh ’dkocmd[=]y,kfxvj o]’q .o34oED #? gvkq oEm]uj oQ vvd9kd34wxzv’f;h pcd;h zv’D ! @# .odko;fa cmd[]= ,y kf0v’;fa 4F5 4kh gxoa 0v’cs;^ gIkq .-gh 7vnj ’cmd[]= ,y kfcmd3fpd’q S 26

4kh gxoa ;fa 4c5 0’m,uj Iu [6 Ikj ’[g+ xoa I[6 g]0k7tofy mluj k,kf7fy w]8j k,lf6 wfFh gIkq .-;h my .u s,h oa cmo [vj o0v’oED $D lkgsfmjurk.shgduf7jkzyffjP’ c]t ;ymus^5fzjvo.odko.-hcdh;c[j’0uf cmd[=]y,kf0v’;af45 lkgsf ;my su f^5 zvj o 0kh ’0v’cd;h |k[+ltg\\u [+lk,kfs^5fzvj owfh phvodkozt]yf dkoc[’j 0fu [+ltg\\u [+lk,kfs^5fzvj owfh phvodkozt]yf 8’A cd;h [+mPj ’ 8’A cd;h .smh Pj ’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ |kh 0v’cs^;d’jq vkj o7kj 16]j tfa[l6’ b ;k’lkp8k[+-ndj a[]tfa[0v’cs^; ;k’lkp8k.sh-ndj a[]tfa[0v’cs^; 27

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ7e4k,G !D I6[.f 9tlk,kfvkj o7kj [=]y,kf0v’ oE1g6j 7nvj ’zv’wf4h nd8vh ’D @D ;ymu;k’lkp8kc[[.flk,kfvjko 7jk[=]y,kf0v’cs^;1j6.og7jnv’zv’ wf4h nd8vh ’D #D 9qj’vjko7jk[=]y,kf0v’cs^;1j6g7jnv’zv’ c8]j tvoa .s4h nd8vh ’D 28

[qfmu ( dko;afcmd,;olko !D dko;afcmd,;olkoc,jospa’L .o-u;yfxt9e;ao oadIPog7upwfhpyo s^n wfhg;Qkg-aoj 38t|;j p|bj’ |adgmqkj da[ 8a’j & |;j pF \\kdr5d ! |;j p |adgmqkj da[ \\kddhP’ $ |;j pDDD g;Qkco;oAo \\kp7;k,;kj gIqkxP[mP[ 7;k,|ad s^n gvUo;kj ,;olko 0v’38t.l7j ;k,|ad0v’8a’j c]t xP[mP[7;k,|ad0v’ \\kdrd5 .l7j ;k,|da 0v’\\kddPh ’DDD dko;afcmd,;olko0v’;af45|jb’c,jo dkoxP[mP[ ,;olko0v’;af45oAo.ljda[ ,;olko0v’;fa 4v5 onj mugj ]nvdgvkq gxoa s;q |;j pD @D sq;|j;p;afcmd,;olko .o]t[q[sq;|j;p;afcmdlkdqo s^n SI grjyodeoqfgvqk,;olko0v’dhvo3]stxtlq, Xx]k8yoxtlq,vuiufuvv,? I6[m+dq,muj,u7;k,l6’gmqjkda[7;k,pk;0v’glAozkj .9dk’0v’rNo g-jy’gmqkj da[ #_ mm c]t gvUo-njsq;|;j p,;olko;kj dy3]dik, 0Posph=fh;p dd s^n kgD mt;u76o c]t v5xt76o0v’ dy3]dik,mu,j ad.-h,uG 38o 0Posph=fh;p T; dik, 0Posp=hfh;p g c]t ,u]udik, 0Posp=hfh;p mg g-yj’G ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ! 38o XT? = 1000 kg ! dik, (g) = 1 kg = 0, 001 kg ! ,u]udik, (mg) 1000 = 1 kg = 0, 000001 kg 1000000 dy3]dik,8Qoc[[;k’w;h16js=;ymtpk7ko;ymtpklkflkdqo mujg,nv’ c-;g;^uF xtgmf/ia’j glf 29

#D dko.-h-y’-aj’,;olko v5xtdvomuj.-h.odkocmd,;olkoc,oj -y’S -y’,us^kp-toyf c]t s^kp0t|kf faj’I6[ ],j5 oGU I6[ (D! -y’ -toyf8kj ’M g,jnv.-h-y’-aj’grjnv-vdsk,;olko0v’;af45.f|jb’ 8hv’g]nvd.-h-y’mujg\\ktlq,S -y’ mju’jkpfkpd;jk\\j6c,jo -y’zk’D -y’zk’xtdv[fh;p7kovao|jb’gIaffh;p3]stgvUo;jk 7ko-’y D 7ko-’y lk,kfxojy vvh ,cdo;k’8k,];’ovo196j f5 g7’yj dk’0v’7ko-’y wf1h kj ’’kj p fkpS 16cj 8]j tlQo0v’7koshvpzk’-y’.lDj ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ d? 0? 7? I6[ (D@ -y’zk’ -toyf8kj ’M dko.-h-y’zk’-aj’,;olko0v’;af45|jb’F c,jodkof5ofjP’,;olko0v’;af45oAo da[ ,;olko0v’\\kd38oh -’y mvj ogs^admu8j hv’ 20+5604+570408=570g dko-’aj I6[ (D# 20 50 500 30

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ3fp;my xu P[mP[d[a ,;olko0v’ d3y ]dik,8oQ c[[F groyj lk,kfzt]fy 38oh -’y mguj Ifa f;h p 3]stg-aoj G 0k’F mv’DDD muj,u,;olkos^kpF |hvp 8kj ’dao I6[ (D$ \\kd38ho-y’ ;ymu-’aj fh;p-y’zk’G ;k’;af45mu8j vh ’dko-’ja .lzj k’-y’g[Nv’|’bj c];h gvkq 38oh -y’.lzj k’ -y’vudg[Nv’|jb’9qo.sh-y’,u7;k,f5ofjP’ X7ko-y’1Pf8k,];’ovo?D g,jnv-y’f5ofjP’c,jo ,;olko0v’;fa 4m5 u8j vh ’dko-’ja gmkjq d[a ,;olko0v’38o-y’m’a \\fq mu.j l.j ozk’-’y ooA D I6[ (D& ,;olko0v’;af45 gmqkj da[,;olko0v’38ho-y’ .od]= to-u ’y [4+ dn X-’y gxkjq [1+ .6j ork;tfo5 fPj ’?F 4kh 8vh ’dko.--h ’y ooA -’ja ,;olko0v’;fa 45 .f|’bj F dvj ovonj 8vh ’.-;h fa 4l5 eIv’.lzj k’-’y g[vN ’mguj [kq d;kj .s-h ’y fo5 fPj ’dvj o c];h 9’bj xt8[y fa dko-’ja f’aj ;ymumudj kj ;,k0kh ’gmy’ooA D 7e4k,G !D 1-6j v’[oa 9l5 t[/6 oj5 groyj 0Po <oE|da []= ly f5 !WWW dik,< 8;q g]df’ja dkj ;[vd7;k,|da 0v’-v’ s^n lt[6/5jomuj[ao9516j.o-v’L @D |;j p,qo @ |;j p 0t|kfgmqkj daoD 4k,;kj |;j p,qo @ |;j p oAo9t|adgmqkj dao s^n [+L 4hk8hv’dkoryl6f7e8v[;kj 4nd s^n [+ 9tgIafco;.fL #D 9qj’xt8y[afdko-aj’ xB,c[[IPo;ymtpklkfme,t-kf # sq;S xB,gs^qjkoAo|ad 9da d3y ]dik,L 31

[qfmu ) dko;afcmdv5ostr6, ! D v5ostr6,c,jospa’L dyf9tde !G Ihvo s^n g1aoL !? .-h-k, @ .[F .[mu|bj’ .loj Eme,tfkF .[mulv’.loj EIhvo XIhvoc8rj =95,j ,n]q’wfh?D @? 95,j ,n-hkp]q’.ooEme,tfk c]t 95,j ,n0;k]q’.ooEIhvo rhv,daoD 7;k,Ih6lbd0v’,ng[Nv’-hkp 8kj ’da[ ,ng[Nv’0;kco;.f L !D oE me,tfk I6[ )D! @D oE Ihvo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g,jnv95j,,ng[Nv’-hkp]q’.ooEme,tfk c]t 95j,,ng[Nv’0;k]q’.ooEIhvo rhv,dao ,nc8]j tg[Nv’ Ih6ldb 8kj ’dao7nG ,ng[Nv’-hkpIh6lbdg1aoF lj;o,ng[Nv’0;kIh6lbdIhvo gojnv’9kd;jkoEme,tfkg1aod;jk oEIvh oD gryoj g;kQ ;kj vo5 str,6 0v’oEme,tfk8Od;kj vo5 str,6 0v’oEIvh o c]t d’q doa 0kh ,D 9kddkomqf]v’0hk’gmy’F oadIPo7yf;kj v5ostr6,,u7;k,\\kp;kj co;.fL v5ostr6,c,oj ]tfa[0v’7;k,Ihvo @D g7jnv’cmdv5ostr6,.-hgrjnvspa’ L dyf9tde @G 8vomu !G !? .-h-k, # .[S .[mu ! .ljoEme,tfkF .[mu @ .ljoEv5jo c]t .[mu # .ljoEIhvo XIvh oc8jr=9,j5 ,n]’q wf?h D @? 95j,,ng[Nv’0;k]q’.ooEme,tfk1j6.[mu !F 95j,,ng[Nv’-hkp]q’.ooEIhvo1j6.o-k, .[mu # rhv,dao c]h;c-wj ;hxt,kog7yj’okmuD 32

#? pqd,nma’lv’g[Nv’0Borhv,dao c]h;95j,]q’.ooEv5jo1j6.o.[mu @ rhv,daoD la’gdf 7;k,Il6h db 0v’,nc8]j tg[Nv’D !@ # I6[ )D @ 8k8t]k’[aombdzqo 7;k,Ih6lbd0v’,nmu9j 5,j ]q’oE16.j o-k, -k,.[mu -k,.[mu ! X oEme,tfk? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ -k,.[mu @ X oEv5jo? -k,.[mu # X oEIhvo? { .og;]k95,j ,n]q’oE16.j oc8]j t-k, 7;k,Ih6lbd0v’,nc8]j tg[Nv’8kj ’daoco;.fL { g,njv95,j ,nma’lv’g[Nv’]q’.ooEv5oj 16j.o-k,mu @ rhv,daoS 7;k,Ih6lbd0v’,nc8]j t g[Nv’gxaoco;.fL phvospa’L 8vomu @G !? 9,j5 g7vnj ’cmdvo5 str,6 voa mu ! ]’q .ooEme,tfk 1.6j o-k,mu !S l’a gdf]tf[a 0v’cs;^ .og7nvj ’cmdF g,nvj 15f7q’muj vkj o7kj c]h;[aombdzqoD @? 95,j g7njv’cmd v5ostr6, vaomu @ ]q’.ooEIhvo 16j.o-k,mu #S la’gdf]tfa[0v’cs^; .og7nvj ’cmdF g,nvj 15f7q’muFj vkj o7kj c]h;[aombdzqoD #? 95,j g7jnv’cmd vaomu ! c]t vaomu @ ]q’.ooEv5jo 1j6.o-k,mu @ rhv,daoS la’gdf ]tf[a 0v’cs^;.og7nvj ’cmdvo5 str,6 c8]j tvoa g,nvj 1f5 7’q muFj vkj o7kj c];h [oa mdb zoq D 33

8k8t]k’[aombdzqo 7kj vo5 str,6 muvj kj owf.h og7nvj ’cmdc8]j tvoa .o-k,.[mu ! .o-k,.[mu @ .o-k,.[mu # v5ostr6, g7vnj ’cmd g7nvj ’cmdvaomu ! g7nvj ’cmdvaomu @ v5ostr6,0v’oE.ovjk’mu @ mjucmdfh;pg7jnv’cmdv5ostr6,c8j]tvaogmqjkdao s^n [+ gmkjq doa L zoq dkomfq ]v’.sIh ;6h kj g,vnj 9,j5 ,mn ’a lv’g[vN ’]’q .ooE1-6j k,mu @ rvh ,doa F ,ng[vN ’0;kmuj 95,j oEmkj ,kdvj oIh6lbdIhvo0BoS l;j o,ng[Nv’-hkpmuj95,j oEIhvo,kdvj oF Ih6lbdg1ao]q’D .od=]tou g7njv’cmdv5ostr6,gsao;kj v5ostr6,.og7njv’cmdv5ostr6,ma’ @ vaomuj9,5j .ooEv5oj 16-j k,mu @ ,7u kj gmkjq doa D f’ja ooA F 9’bj lts[5^ wf;h kj dkolezfa mk’z;y |’a [l+ k,kf[vd7kj vo5 str,6 m4uj dn 8vh ’wfDh grnvj 1kdwfh7kj v5ostr6,mu-j afg9o 8hv’cmdfh;pg7nvj ’cmdvo5 str,6 D #D g7jnv’;afcmd c]t sq;|j;p;afcmdv5ostr6, ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g7jnv’;afcmdv5ostr6,,us^kp-toyf c8jm5d-toyfzt]yf0Bo3fpvu’.ljs^addko];,vao fP;dao 7noe.-hdko1nfsqf0v’mkf8kj ’Mphvo7;k,IhvoD g7vnj ’;fa cmdvo5 str,6 m.uj -mh ;jq wx c]t .osvh ’mfq ]v’ gxoa sv^ fcd;h pk;,Iu o6 vh pMvfa c9[ m’a lv’loQ F loQ |’bj x’5h gxoa g[kQ S 1.6j os^vfcd;h loQ gxoa g[kQ [oa 905 v’cs^; m1uj nf{sfq wffh u g-oja gs^kQ F mkf[k lQomjugxaoI6ohvp c,oj l6o[aopkdkf X[+,uvkdkf?F 1j60hk’0v’s^vfcdh;,u0uf\\kp [vd7kj vo5 str,6 S .oooA [k’voa [vdgxoa v’q lkc-o-uvf5 s^n v’q lkg- X ?F [k’voa gxoa v’q lk 2kgioIkp X DF ?F [k’vaogxaovq’lk cdo;yo XK?F [k’vao,uma’gxaovq’lk c-o-uv5f c]t vq’lk2kgioIkp16joedaoD dkoc[’j 0ufgxaovq’lkc-o-uv5fF vq’lk2kgioIkp c]t vq’lk cdo;yogryoj c[’j 3fpdko xP[mP[daof’aj .oI[6 )D#D K oC oF 7qo]k;gIqklj;os^kpgvUog7jnv’;afcmdv5ostr6, #(# !WW @!@ ;kj [ks^vf phvo;kj g7njv’cmdv5ostr6,mujg7upgsaogxao g7vnj ’mguj Ifa f;h psv^ fcd;h [oa 95 mkf[k g]pu rkdoa gvoU ;kj !WW 0uf !WW 0uf !)W 0uf [ks^vfS c8xj fa 9[5 oa oU grojy g-kq .-mh kf[kle][a gIfa g7vjn ’ @(# W #@ I6[ )D# ;afcmdv5ostr6,c]h; grkt,aogxaovao8t]kps^kpD 34

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ$D ;ymu.-hg7jnv’;afcmdv5ostr6, dyf9tde # G !? gvqk,ndeg7njv’;afcmdv5ostr6,fa’j I6[ )D $ d gxaog;]k ! okmu c]h;vkj o7kj c]t [oa mdb zoq D @? ;k’,nvvd9kdg7jnv’cmdv5ostr6,F xt.sh7;k,l6’0v’glqk[k.og7jnv’ cmdsf^5 ]’q 9oq 1f5 176j ’q muDj #? gvqk,ndeg[Qk0v’g7njv’cmdf’aj I6[ )D$ 0 gxaog;]k ! okmu c]h;vkj o7kj c]t [oa mdb zoq D I6[ )D$ 7kj v5ostr6,mujvkj owfh.o 0h= !? c]t #? gxaoco;.fL phvospa’9bj’gxaoco;oAoL g,jnv.-hg7jnv’;afcmdv5ostr6,cmd vo5 str,6 0v’l’yj .f|’bj 8vh ’.sgh [kQ 0v’g7vnj ’ ;afcmd 95,j 16j.olyj’oAo.shs^kp rhv,ma’8A’.sh -njD g,jnv]tfa[0v’glqk0v’cs^;16j.og7jnv’;af cmd15foY’ c]h;9bj’vkj o7kj v5ostr6, X7kj v5o str6, gmqkj 7kj 0v’0ufmuj16j-njda[]tfa[|hk0v’ I6[ )D& cs^;15f 16joAo? &D g7jnv’;afcmdv5ostr6,.-hmk’dkocrf g7vnj ’;fa cmdvo5 str,6 .-mh k’dkocrf gxoa g7vnj ’,mn cuj rf.-ch mdvo5 str,6 0v’7oq g9[a D g7vnj ’;fa cmdvo5 str,6 .-mh k’dkocrf8kj ’d[a g7vnj ’;fa cmdvo5 str,6 m;qj wx7Gn { 0uf\\kp[vdv5ostr6, ,uc8j #$ o C g4y’ $@ o C gmqkj oAo grkt;kj v5ostr6,0v’ 7qo,u-u;yf,ao0Bo]q’1j6.o0v[g0ffaj’djk;gmqjkoAoS 1j6]ts;jk’c8j]t0uf ! o C grjyopa’c[j’ gxao !W 0ufohvpvud g-jy’ ! 0uf,u7jkgmqjkda[ !}!W o C D faj’oAoF 35

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດg,nvj vo5 str,6 0v’7oq g9[a xPj ocx’|vh p|’bj d=lk,kfIw6h fDh { ]ts;kj ’s^vfcdh; c]t g[QkgryjogIafgxaom+I6ovh pM7fq 3’g’ grvnj g;]kgvkq g7vnj ’cmd vvd9kdIkj ’dkp7oq g9[a F g[kQ mkf[klezfa d[a vkdkfmjug1aod;jkF mkf[ksqf8q;g0QkgIaf .shmkf[k.os^vfcdh;ws^]q’l6gj [Qkpkd 9bj’ws^ ]’q [+moa d[a dkof’b 0v’mkf[k.og[kQ 9’bj 0kf vvd9kddao c]h;gIaf.shglqkmkf[k16j.os^vf cdh;pa’7ngdqjk9jb’vjko7jkwfh4nd8hv’3fp[+9e gxao8hv’vjko7jk.og;]kg7jnv’cmd1j6da[Ijk’ dkp7qog9a[D f’aj oAoF dvj o.-hgmnjv.\\8j hv’-yf.sh mkf[k.os^vf cd;h ws^]’q lg6j [kQ 1.6j o]tf[a gf,u md5 gmvnj D I6[ )D* 7e4k,G !D oda IPoz|6h ’bj g;kQ ;kj vo5 str,6 0v’;oa oIU vh osk^ pD 7eg;kQ f’ja dkj ; 4dn s^n [L+ pvh osp’a L @D g7nvj ’cmdv5ostr6,.-hmk’dkocrf 8kj ’da[ g7nvj ’cmdv5ostr6,m;qj wxco;.fL gIfa co;ooA grvnj sp’a L @D g7vnj ’cmdvo5 str,6 m[uj vd7kj gxoa v’q lkc-o-vu f5 XDC ? -[U vd vo5 str,6 0v’vkdkf .o,N|bj’7nfa’j oUG g;]k ( 3,’g-Qk @W F g;]k !@ 3,’mPj ’ #& c]t !) 3,’ @) D 4k,;kj .og;]kfP;doa d[a g;]kf’ja dkj ;ooA F g7vnj ’cmdvo5 str,6 m[uj vd7kj gxoa v’q lk 2kgioIkp X F? c]t vq’lkcdo;yo XK? 9t-U[vdgmqkj .fL 36

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດrkdmu III ;af4516jvhv,8q;gIqk [qfmu _ ;af45 !D 7;k,\\kp0v’;af45 ;af45c,jospa’L dyf9tde !G lbdlk;af45-toyf8jk’M I6[ _D! ;af45-toyf8kj ’M !? 9’jq l’a gdfI[6 rk[;fa 485 kj ’M0kh ’gm’y oU @? lbdlk]adltotI6[Ikj ’F 0t|kfF ,;olkoDDD0v’;af45f’aj dkj ; zjkodkolbdlk7Qo7;hkdjP;da[;af458jk’M gsao;jkG 1j6vvh,8q;0v’gIqk,u;af45 sk^ p1kj ’9oq o[a [4+ ;h oF c8gj 4’y 1kj ’.fd8= k,]da ltot I[6 Ikj ’F 0t|kfF ,;olko 0v’;af45c8j]t-toyf8jk’dao gryjogvUolyj’8jk’Mgs^qjkoAo;jkG ;af45D faj’oAo ;af45c,jo lyj’8jk’Mmuj,uI6[Ijk’F ,u0t|kf c]t ,u,;olkoD 37

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];fmv’ -no dq;j I6[ !WD# dkom5[;af45c0’|P;fh;p7hvo8u #? ;af45mujgxao0v’c0’zjvp dyf9tde $G lbdlk]adltot0v’;af45c0’zjvp !? 9’jq l’a gdfI[6 9vdcd;h g,vnj 8dq ]’q rNoc];h c8dF I[6 Ikj ’0v’,oa gxoa co;.fL @? l’a gdf9komgju Ifa f;h pfoy gzkq g,vjn 8dq ]’q roN c];h c8dF I[6 Ikj ’0v’,oa gxoa co;.fL 9vdcdh;8qdc8d 9kofyo8qdc8d ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ !WD$ ;af45c0’zvj pg,nvj 4nddtmq[7;k,cI’ 9kddyf9tdeoda IPolk,kflts^[5 wf;h kj l’yj ;fa 4m5 guj xoa 0v’c0’ [k’1kj ’g,vnj 4nddtm[q fh;p7;k,cI’ c];h c8ddt9kpvvd l’jy ;fa 4f5 ’ja dkj ;ogU voU ;kj G l’yj ;af450v’c0’zvj pD @D ;af45mujgxao0v’cs^; dyf9tde &G la’gdfI6[Ijk’;af45mjugxao0v’cs^; !? 9’jq 4vdoE.l-j k,F9koF 8d5 oEf,jn F9vdcd;h F m1+ k’ 9kdooA l’a gdfI[6 Ikj ’0v’oE c];h [oa mdb zoq D @? oda IPolk,kfgIfa mfq ]v’7dn [a 0h= X!? 3fpgvkq oEvfa ],q F oE,oa rfn cmooE 9kdooA l’a gdfI[6 Ikj ’0v’;fa 4m5 gju vkq ,kcmooEooA ;kj gxoa co;.f c];h [oa mdb zoq D 43

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