Herb Winer, History of the Great Mountain Forest

~ ?e:ations !;!!! ffealock CuttiUL Aesoctated filth !'.!:!:!. This heodi~ of this aecticm ia not. •ant to imp~ that firewao ~usarn;, aasoeiated With all or most. C\lttlng OP&r4tions• but~ that the on4r two severely burned areas studied in this ime&ttgationwere also coaled and cut f o:r hemlock. Fire is the essential. clement orW.S category ot treatment, :ma its cb.an.cteristic result is the virtualabsence Gt hemlock .!'rom subsequent stands~ As later secti ons of tM.•chapter 'Will ahcn, cutting of hemlock hae often attect.ed !to nbundanoeand a~stribution. In the absenae of fin, hOlll'ewr-, e~ the 1T.ost!ntensivo outtings ban tailed to e llminate ad'Yanee re]Xrodueti cm ofhemlock. The first ~le Within this oategary wao tho !lansi'ield burn,dtaousftd on page• 190-lg7. In that case tbo evidence indic:itad t•ocoa.JJ.na aperations, preeedod by the f ire ·C)f 18-Sl. Th~ evidence alsosuggests that there na substantially ':llOre hemlock on this area befOl\"ethe fire than now. Wbeth(~ the fi.re.olt1lled hemlocl: was: salvaged 1e not1e:wlm and lt!Ak~s lit tle difference, fM' these trees Weft ® longer a'tJOm'lce of aec.d. The second exanple, Ylb~ch will be di.a-cussed heJ>e, has akn.-rt ~tCll7 of eoa-ling and hemlock eutting, and the~~ ~ity otbeQ'look in uiltting stands has led t o t.he inference t hat tho ~ was once'buJ'Md. Thia aroa lncluded t:10st of the -Walker lot, •r ad.10'1.n.inG theUCW-1'olk.canaaA t.own line itt the North Block of tb• F~. Tne <mnenhi pof the 1-ot has been tt\"aced back to th& proprietors• ennoys6 but there isno l'9a80n to belie•• that too tranafere be!cre 1646 reflae-t a..Y19' cuttingf# other ue of the 82-aore tra~. In that Jear• Willlam. P. We.lkor and

bis vtte, Who were absentee amiera livi.ng in Lenox, a. 1 so1d the lotto John A. Beckley, or Canaan., f or n,1i02.so (NIB 15:• 531). The highpriee (about :/17. 10 per acre) suggeot.a that despite its l <Jt\" og.ricul-~l potential , the l and M.d vslusb1e stand1nf, timbe~, col -d aronth. Later traneaotions confirm this hypothesis and ilklicate thattho oajor part ot the value l ay in tho hemlock. Beckley may havo done some outting betore he sold the l ot in184.9 !Ol' .ll, 200 (NIB lSs 266), but this cutting, i f any1 cOUld not havebeen impartant. Du.ring the .followini -year the lot was &\"...qui.red by~lnnd J . \bnson f at' $11 600 ( !Wt 16 2 26) . llluwon cut s:ml henlook f orbarlc and tor l otttt, probably to be out at hi s sawmill (p. 184 and platel?t I ), t ar wnen ho aold the :tot in 18Sl he reserved nan hemlock t.i mber,w~ and bark nort cut and ly1ng on said land, \" togeth~r nth all theunout he31ook and the right of entry f or a 5-year porlO'.J (NIB 161 1'91-492) .The {')'anteea were Hi.ram and l\Yro.n R. U s, to.r:ners anti st<.ramapera(Cr1es:ey, 1900t 2011 292, S29, %), who paid only $430 £en- the l andand hardwood t imber , tndteat.ing that the hemlook traS w01~·t.ti about s1, 100. 6St1bBn tmnson quit.-cl aimed t he reeervod hemlock 2 monthg liltcr, i ts valueha.d dropped to '670 (IUt 161 382) . In Karch 1852 the romaWnr. hemlock 1fa8 sold f ar . 1,000 to the6g An accurate eotuate or t he hemlock volua i s i.JTlposslblo, becoutse l'e nave no data on stump3ge prtoas . R09Fever, t he pri.ce of \"XX')lGd and delivered hemlock bark at this peri od was about '1 per cord (p. 182), and the coat or logs at Muuon•s mill in 1650 was $3 1)3r 1!BF lud:>er t3lly (dertwd from original u. s. CensU9 returns, Connecticut State Library) . It ia unlileely that m<Jl'49 than 20 percent of thoso pr1.ees reprcaented stapase wiues. Thu.a, for the henaloc!: t!J'!'!OOr on an 82- acre lot to bo worth 1 100~ hemlock clearly mwJt have co:q:>osod the 111jar porti on ot a n il-stocked ol d-grc.rtb at.and.

2lleo.,a tcrl>ttry Leather tlamatactuPing o~ South Norf olk, 1Tith a lo.,e&rperiod in ltlicn to remove the sta.ndin« hemlock \"wood, t1mcr, anc' bark4'(Dm 161 )90) . Secauso of the ta.il uro of t he Waterbury Lenthor nu-tacturing Co. and 1te suece~ors (p. 1S7 and plats XV), the honlcok wasnot completel y out . Yn 1863 Charles H. 1.fil l e, a s en or Hira\"1 '!l.lls,sold 'tbe l ot to Bo.mum Richardson & Co. 1 !ronmaater a, reserving \"al l thettooc.i now l ying on t he p-ound and all t he hemloolc trees s uitable for peeling&amrlng\" (NI.R 181 258) , Tbe nwood now l ying on t he r,rouncl\" r.tWJt haveinelud•d hardwoods recently cut f or l uni>r:r or cbareoal, as '!ills agreedthat. \"the said (l'loml.oek J t iDbElrs and bark (are J t o bo r<.l!J09'9rl l'1'lt.houtunneceasGry damago to the sprouts. » This provision alao indicates thatBarnUll Richardson waa i nterested in the l ot not only for th0 o.~coal • oodth:.it mieht be cut in 1863, but also f or i ts promso of ruture croPlhThe proesent stand of bardlfood •Pf'out o on this lot io about60 years old, suggest i ng that Barnum Richardson coal.Gd the l ot twice,first soon after 1863 and again about 1890. 1'he compe.cy ratainorl owner-, ship until 1909, when i t sol d the l ot to Robbins B, Stooekol, Who i n turn sold it to Fr ederic c. Walcot t tn tbo s altl8 year ( NJ.a 27• 506-509; 28t 32) ·• tioept t or the sal..-age of a fO'lr blight,.ldllod ohostnut aprouto ·.n 1917 and1916 (p. ))1 the area has eince been undisturbod by outt1w. or fire . The lfallcer lot miw auppcrts ~ld h drlood-sprout stanrusdoa!mted by red oak, trhi.te oak, mid red mapl e . Hemlock 1s ~ncticall.7abaent, fr om Whi ch it aoem ren.aonabl e to inter th t the area. wao burned,probab1y duri ng one ot tho coaling oper.at ions . Two plota (~J6.tJ7) we-ro l aid out on the southeast s.lope of aknoll i n the i'fallc8r lot. The particular l ocation was ch osen U\ Ol'der to

g~ a stand ot untl.GU:il noristio composition, in r.hich ho~O!'nOOa\"t1.QttairuJ he ights o! Jr; root an· diameters up to 6 1.ncbes, !'~·mine therojor part of the l\"'er nror:n canopy. Da ta f r oa these plcr'... ( tabl 24)chow tbc- basic structure of t.llo OV'\"'rntory to be red ocJ:~1111tr: an'1 overhop--hornbeam. Tho ori ginally !)pen cbara.etex· ot the Stant; \":'ID~ ClW\"Cl\'<ltedby tho sewr e ice st.orm of ~eobcr 1942 (pp. Jl-32), r:'1. c: brok\" offthe o?Ttire crown of s oma troe e and barJly d~mgerl many oth !'ti. 1\0 a result,about 90 percent of the e1'o\l1lf~ 1e nOI' oowre(i by crasse:; :in1 oor1cos.'tilore are also numnrouf' soo~li....,_.-.. or hop- hornbeam, pro-0en.,:r 0£ t.rcao ofth ~9 s:>eoies in thf.'t ovor s>,'.ory. As 1.s typical f'>f st.ands oricinJt 'tng after coal ·n ., a1.1110st allthn cw.erstory trees arc) o<' spi-out origin. H<>p-hornboa\"l 1.o cor.non as aslll\"Ul> or smal l t r oo in mnny parts or the 'ForPst, but. :it 30l d0!1 P..xeMds15 foot. 1n be1~t end 2 inchcn i n d ~tor. Its wmnual a ~o i n 1.his standundoubtedly ren ect!J its oricin as 84>edHng- or st :cp-Gprout.~ il.i'Wr thoclo.'lreutt1ng about 1890. In his s tudy of veeetation on t ho 1.lorkshir-0 plato::iu, \"\"el er(l 9ll0s 168-170) dosoribod a few small s tands similar to t.l\"int nn~le<l bypl ote Sl.· 36+J7. They wor e foc.nd on ooils of V81\"1flJlC terll.U\"O and depth•but always on t he sWll!'llt !! or (as in this case) on thO acuth ar ell!ltslopos or c onadnock- like knolls. Altho11nh exa\"'7pl\"9 o.f thia \"3l ondford~t communitr' showed nide var i ation in nort.stic c . it..on, theyWere 011 distinguished by t~o prodominanco or red o-:at: anA hop-.4lo1!'nboaaand by the abS'ence or he11ll.ock arul otber speci.os ty¢.ecl of l '..lto mioces-e!onal atagcs . 'l'tt• prosont s~ accorc:!e woll w:l.th \"';' ;~ ' o dctailoddeoaription or tbo oom:atlnity, except f or his observo.ti.on that White ash-

TA.BL! 2h. c~rrton AND STRUCTURS rJF A 60-YBAR-O ('lrAtXFll LO'l.'1 ti.,,.. P e r o e a \ .& It • D 4 a Jl 0 e..... 11l 1. 1 iledo9k n..•18.2 ..8.3Slaadgmaprl.e.,.. s.9 a.3Wld\e .... 29.2 U. U.- - - -~·- 81..8 82.l 10().0 100.0 '4-2 66,... ....Tot.al 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100._..r of tl'Mtl 100 120 lO 1100 l\"IOO• Buha 2 0.1-ore plot. (Sl-36•37)

OLD tfAR!'momh<;PROOT S!'MID ~~TAM.IS n AFTER COALING* .iarrff BLOOI). .. 7 B • 1 I h t. Claee Bual AN& Total Tot.al ,_Aoni l 1 J:I 1:1 \"\"\"'-. ,_&\• .2 .2... J.1 •• ,..,.2 ~.ca, 5.4 '°--<> U..3 ll.'7 •• ·4 .,2.1 4-0 4-3.3 j.4 12.4 l.S.3 '6.8 A.Q.O 30-9 6.4 )8.0 40·6- - - -6.6 '2-4 - -io.9 11.6 40.2 19.7 93.7 100.00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 -OS 1.85

214here one. of the two major species-occurred, 1r at au, 0!11.y ns a minor c~tituent or the community'. Since \"all known 8'CB.mples ••• hllvc suffered much from cutting tU'1d grazing, \" Reler considered that the available evidence on the COlll!'tWl- ity <~id not justif'V specul..ation on 1ts stability and sucoossi~l PQsition. This i s l ar gely t rue r or the IJJ\"'VSent stand. Tts cornpos1t-1on and structure haw been influenced by tba cuttings and f'iro that af.fnet ed the i'!alk~r lot as a \Thole. Y~t tb&re is no conclus i ve evtdencer that the small area sampled by plots 51-)6+37 was covered by tbe hemloe.~ood M s ociation that originally dominated the lotto u: this was th: case~ t.~n t.~ re. establishm9nt. of ol i!inx vegetation f'lill obvi.oilsly be an ~l.y slow process, For at l eas t a 71othe r natural rotation., tho sta.\"ld Wil l probably c cnM.nue to be dominated by vhite ash and red oak, 'rdth bcooh. and migar maple pe.rbaps beoomtng slightly more important, ff~ornb:Qn.., wlll probably be unable to r~tai..n l tei poaition t n the ovarstor-1 attnr tJle death of the exist i ng 6£)...year-ol d sprouts, sinco t.he present reproduction, of this species is entirnly of oeedH.nH origin. ~o to r-:hy hopJ.lornbeamwas so abundant at tho t i.me or t he l ast coal1.nol, no ans·.1er can bo given at thia t i me. The extreme sotU\"eity of he~ook on the WaLlt-01' lot~ 'Rh.ore this opocte~ was ontle ve'ry abund:mt, led t o th.e 'ter.tative and plnusiblc intei\"ence that the lat bas boon burned at l aast c:mco otnce 1863. However, as noted at tho end of t he discuaston of the tfaru;field b:urn (p. 197), the availabl e evidence on tho r olaticm between past tires atltl tho present status of ht>rnl.ock 1n the FOi\"Cst is $trongl y suggostivo, but not generally oonclus1ve . Further reGea:toh on this question should provo f'ruit.ful.

21sCoal.t ns Oo;ierations !!!!!. H-1.~ Cutting. Without F1:re In thie category are stands that ha\"Te apparontly not bae'l burned, but have been cut t or charcoal wood and hemlock at one t i.ma or another.The sequence of cut t i ngs Gccurred l n any ordera t hat is, coaling sornetin:>s preceded, somettmes follO\'fed, and sometimes accompanied the cutting ofhemlock.. The particular se~uonce tn a given case was somtimee L.\"'lPOl\"tant tn shaping the charact er of the subsequent stand. Thi s category differs .from the one just considerod only in that fire was not involved. It differs fr om eatogori4!ta involving only sawl og operations in that sawlog out tinss of hardwoods were usual ly liml.ted to trees of r elatively high quali t y and large si ze, whil e coaling operati ons almost always r emoved hardwoods of every species an~ quality, to a very l ow diameter 11.mit . Fr -Olll an ecological s tandpoint 1t mane 11t t l e- d1ff.er- enoe whether hemlock was c•1t f OI\" sawlo~s , tanbark, or both, since treee smaller than 6 i nches i n diameter wer e seldom cut. Tho r '3sult or such combinations of coaling and hemlock cutting, has usually been the development of ~tande i n wh1.oh va~1ine a?llOU11t1J or hardwoods, mostly of sprout origin, ar e associated 1\"tth a substantialproportion of hemlock. I n t wo of the f our examphs t o oo disewised in t nis seetion hemlock now dominat0s the s t and at &l most every l evel; in 'the othe r t \" o ·examples 1.t occupies a l e ss commandi ng position, but '.\"me that Will enabl e 1t to i ncrease in abundance and basal are~ within t he next nat ural r otation. Tttis is in marked contrast with stanos diaoussed in the preceding e•otton, 1n Wbich much l onger periods must elapse before bemlock can assume an important rol e.

216 The fir s t s tand i n the preaont c.ategor7 1e in t he southeast partof the 1ldl e Bl ook, l ying nor th of Ueokertown Road. Ttro sa::1pl c plot s(Sl.- 1S+l6) wore l ai d out, and their data are combined i n tsbl<J 25. Vi ewsof' the stand a.re shown in .l'i~es 36 Gnd J7. The stand was ne1r the western boundary of t he s o-c\"lJ.led !lyronc . Johnson far m, whteh actu;il l y consis~ed r.tOStlv of Johnson• ~ s 11 atnudley Pond ( P• 172) a nrl s ome of the adjoin'lng l a nd fr o.:-:1 Whio~· he cutl ogs. Al thouf!h H . is possible that Johnson or h1a prodecessors m y havetaken a few lo -a t'r o:n the et&M, it a )ooars to have remained relativelyundisturbed and !airly near the clicax torMti on in s tructur e and com-position unt il at lea~t 1852. In that year the stand '!'W.$ purchased bythe Y\"atcrburt Leath\" r Manufacturing Co., with tanneries at udloy Pondand ' n South Nort~lk (pl ate XII ) (ULR 161 SJ3-'5lh) . Ownership pa~eedi nto t he hands of a successor f irm, the ~ . f' . Nortmmy :&iaufacturing Co.,whe ~atorbury Leathl'lr tatled !n 18S5 {NLR 171 311 J15In. Nortmray, i nturn, went bankrupt in 18601 sell1nr t he tract t \"I Henry Pendl et on, a farmer(NUt lfh 676-679) . Pendl et on ' s purpose i n buying the tract •s not clear ,but he held i t f or only 2 years bef or o selling i t to the Hunt,s Iqman I r onro. (NtR 18: 2«;()) . Hunts Lyman retained titl e until i t sol~i all ite l ands1n t~orfollc to Ral ph Crissey 1n 1910 ( ~l.R 28t 2~ ) . 66 Thi s sunmar y or title indicates t hat the sto.nd t7as mniod bytanners from i ec;2 t o 1860 and by ironmaster s \"'r Ol'I! 1662 to 1910. The66 Thi s pa.ragrapb, like soma others or 1ta kind tn this chapter, o~tte sever al mor tgages 1U1d ot hor minor transfers of int er-Ost t hat ehed no light on ltind-iuso. In ever y case, ho;irever , the soloetion o£ Tlhat ai)pear t o ba'ft been tho si gnl.ticant d•eds i s ba sed on a s tu&· of a ll the availabl e land r ecords.

TABLE 25. COUPOSITION AND STRUcTuRE OF A 100-F HE~ CU'.I'TJN'} &N~ SU~UENT COALINSpnig P•roent Abaa4an•• 1 1 l a1H-1.Mk 42.a \"91 ss...............Wllit• °* 1()().,0 6.3 48luk ...., s1.2 '7S·O 9 - -2s.o -,.. ...Tot.al 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100....,.. ~ tl'Me 160 lO ?00 400 100• Baalaa 2 O.l-aon plot.a (.51-15+16) .

.AR- OLP 1'~!ULOC!t-8ARl.'1700D STAND ESTABLISffFl) AF'nl:RNG ( VYRON JOHNSO.tq TR.4.\"1, m mm BLOCK).* b7 B•i1ht Claaa Bual Area Total Total per Acrei 1 l H l.:! §a· n. Ptg. .,,..s.1 54.4 31.s 66.2 108.5 62.?4-! ,., 3.9 6.8 ·'l..l U.5 2.) •• 9.9 s.1.,2.0 .a ·4 .2- - - -,...8 4-2 l.l9.s 3a.9 45.a 25.7 46-9 2s.a0.0 l.QO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 -\"\"-' -S.6 s.o 173-1 100.0OS 2,7 120 1842

Figure 36. 100-year - old homl ook stand, with s ome younger hardwoods,estsblitlhod atwr hemlock outting and subsequent coaling. The he:!lll.oekwas cut f or tanbar k during t he 1850' eJ the coal ing took place about 10years l.ator . 'fhe course , 11.mb'.r habit of the hemlock 1nd1oate& l ow imtinlstand density. The hemlock with t?le calipers (cent er) is 11. 9 inenosd. b. h. ( ?lot ~1-16, photo 24-2. }Fi{~1ro 37. Anoth~r view of the same awnd s hown i n f i gure 36. Thecl uster of hemlocks l eft of eenUlr is est.ablishcd on th.e mound createdby a nrevtou!.l windt hr ow. 1be hemlock wi. th the e.a l ipors, at t he hif\")1estpart of the mound, i s 9. 2 inches d. b. h. ( Pl et 51-15, photo 24-~



218 obviOlls inference t hat tbG stand wu cut r or henlloek dUFin the f irst period and f or charcoal wood during t he second ie 9\JPPOl\"ted by the nature ot the pr>eHnt stand. ' st of the hC!mlocks originated during the period fr<G 18$5 to 186SJ a tn older trees, one dat.1ng baci< to 1846, were Ptobnbly aevance r eproduction too s -11 to be cut. '!'be initial density o! the hemlock wae low, as 1nd1eated by its coarse, limby f oriJ. The pr1no1pnl hn.rdrtood in the stand is r ed mapl e, soma of whioh ls of sprout or1g1n. I ncrement borin~ of tbe maplA and othf'r hardwoods \"\"Oat that they became established dur inc> the l ate 1860 1 and hortly bef cr\"\" 1890, which would iq>ly two coaling operat t ons. Th1c i!1f -ronce 1s largely speculat1vo, ha.-:ev..r , bec&U !3C the number l nd qualit 7 of tho i ncrement. cores are inadequa~. There is no ertdeneo of outttn~ attar 1890. The low abundance or hardwood 9prout~ 1.n t\">o prosont stand i s an interest~ ng and r ath r unusual teat.uro tn a stand apparontl.y ooaled. The hardwoods m!1y have been too lari::e to sprout vigorou9ly a.fwr they· W'el\"{) \"ut . The sequence of the outttn s m!ly al so have co:itributed to the domtnanca of hemlock. The f1rst <Cutting released hmil.ook adYance raproduetion, and tho residual har dwoods pr ovided a p:lrt1al shade that favored the eetabllsbment or hemlock seedlings. en the l'Ulrd'iJoods ware cut aboiit a decade l o.tcr, the hemlocks had gr~ and spread <\"'Ut enough t o shade out most of the hardwood advance ~ and sprouts trom the l-0rger st umps . The absence o! 118l\"ked sictns of release \"r om 9UJ)pres- e'\on in the annual r ings o! heclook l endo eom support to thi s inter- pretation. Tne hiF,.h den 1ty of the pre~ent Or<Mn canopy ~s lil ted the

219development or advance r aproductton and hcrbac1Jous w p,E)tation. Moretihan 95 percent of tbe ground surface is covered by' litter.. It is thore-f or e dif ficult t o predi ct the extent •'.i!'ld direc:t an of future e '1!lnftP in t heoo.-npo.s1t1.on of t hi s etand . Barring diaturban ~e, the etan1' -:-1.11 r e maineesential!y unalter ed f or t he 11fa of the exi.st!.\"lg honlocks 1 11 the ovor -stary, which may easii,- involve a.noth.;!r 200 years , The seoond example of a st.and r~sulting from ooallng and hemlockcutting is l ocated east of Long $Jramp and south o.f the IJookertawn Road intho South Block. 'I\"No plot-s ($1• 13•14) were laid out on a bouldery, gentlettl()pe> l'lhoBe topographic p<;>Bit.ion adjoining tho swamp g:lve s it a VL'-f'Yhigh \Veter table. The stand i s pal\"t of a tract t.~at came into the ha.n0s ot thefl:unts Lyman Iron C~~ , probabl y before l86o, in a t ypioall.y obscure fashion.! 11 that can be stated \"11th eertainty is t hat Hunts Lyman ct:med the l and1n 1910, when it was included in the omnibus doed t o Ra l ph Crissey alreadycited several tiniee (NtR 28i25) . Ae e~ \"JWI\ by the plot data combined i.n tabl e 261 t.he stand is nowdcm:lMted by heDllock, white pine, red maple, nnd black cherry. Hemlockl s the onl y speci es present in aigni flea:nt number s in both ov~ratcry andrept'Oduot i on. White pine occurs only in bai gbt class 8 (trees tAller t hanSo feet) , and this is practical ly true of black eborey. Thil l es ser vege-tati on ls extremely- sparse ; i ts main fea t ure \'fae once an oxt0rudve ~a.Tth0£ mountain laUNl., which is now completely dead. Ring counts or tree aeeti.ons and increment bori..~s indica te that~oot of the present stand originated about 1873, th:& year t.Jw.t an ol derhemlock ebOlf.0 a ~leane, These trees wore bot h auvanco ~th and

TABLE 26 . C:>~moN AND STRUCTURE OF AN 8 ESTABLISHED AFTER Ct&RCUTTIUG (l Percent Ab a n d a n o • Sm\• ..,l -2 l a1 100.08-1.oet 100.0 90 2.t-..-...Wiatt. plm 2 8.l 7ltff mpletel.low Ill.Nb - --81.aek 8he1'l'7Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 2..............,.r ot tnee )la>• a.at.• 2 0.1-aore plot.• ($1-13•14) .

80-mAR-OLD HEliLOCK-mt!TE P~OOD STAii> lrotn'S LYVAN TRACT1 SOOTH BLOCK).,._.by H eig b t Cla•• .. ,.,.Bual !Na ~iI! Total 'l'otal '''\"\"'n.§9• . 87--00.3 6).1 2a.o ,.,.o1:! !::! so., 6S.) 12.0 2.4 .3 28.9 i6.a2.4 1.8 1..6 ..2 .9 .,1..8 4-0 1.6 .2 ).2 i.97.3 21.0 28.0 17.7 ~' 29.9 11.4 7.1 io.s lt.-0 5.7 4-0 2.3- - - --1.8 24-o S.1 .7 - -18.J l0.60.0 100. 0 ioo.o 100.0 100.0 l~ 100.0205 28S 125 4'120 -

eeedllngn• 'With a r\" sprouts, eetabUahed after the ottttillg. The oneol&'tr hemlock among those bored wu only about 4 inches in d!anr:iter in1873• from which 1t se6.ll'JS oleer that tbs cut ting i.nvolvml all the largerbet!Jlocks and that there was probably oot too wch residual hor!lloclc inthe diameter olassos fr om 2 to 6 ineoos. The possibility of a 11.mitedcutting of hemlock about 1900 is sur.gasted by t.lo\e presence e£ a f ew oldhemlock stumps (llhioh probably woul d not bavo r amumd intact since 187J)and try the i'act that t he older hemlock mqintionod abava also abo:rod r,ol easein 1901. The preyious s'tand was probably v-ary ol v. It doubt.l(lss con.-taincd some lllhite pi ne t hat fumished seed tor tho exist.i.n.s dond.nantso! this Sl)ecies+ The eoali.ng opor•t1en an1 t he cutting o:f pine andheml0:ck oceun\"ed ~lose1y enough to appr°\"ch a nngle oleareutting, intho str ict sen~ , ltter th-e cutttnes pi ne and blaef( cherry rapidl 7$SS'UlDSd d-Ointnance. whil e mountat n l aurt'll oeoupt ed lar~ p.:oarts or theeoa. The subsequent dew.l opment of t.hie stand clo~l)l' invlieat.es t-heaggressJveness. of h$:mlock 1n mo.st stands that were heavtly cut but notbwncd. rr l oft undt.sturbed, hemlock will gradual~ in~ its dam.t:MMa in the upper pl.rt of tbs O'\mr&t Gry, as ! :trat the red nnple andblaok oherr.f und l at.r the lfhite pine die out . The t hird etand tn t he present. categor\"y io ono t.nat aP'};ea.rsto have been coaled be!or& ~G larger haFdW'ooda ane tho ~in:l.«* uereQ.U.t. tt is located on the west side of Bigel ow ?and, \\"1.~ the r'orest,and tt adjoins the eoutb stce of tho lightl y culled ol.d-gr~h itMgel OflPond stand, \" described on pag0$ 114--119. Both stan'.ts aro on s-otla thatare shall• and roety1 but relat1Tely motB-t.. Pl ots 51-2)~ t1ere laid

out to sample the eeccmd-gr\"owth !!tand. Th1• et.and ie at thu north end of the so-o3lled Bro~Olfard lot) part ·Of the property ae<}llired dur1ng the f int bn1£ of tho nine- toentb eentury by r dlltund Brown ( p. 12J) . In v.Le• of 1t o subaoquont bistaey• 1t is unlikely that the lot was .out during Bror.m' s o:morship1 excopt perhaps tor the re~l of a few white pines and otb Jr valuable individual treee. In 1867 the heirs of Edmund Bt\"awn Gol d t he lot to Ooor{lO Dudley (NLR 19: ~) , the tanner whose act 1v1t1&G have bOen d1s- cus800 on pages 124 and 158. Arter Dudl ey' s deat h his childron rota.1.ned t hO lot until 1904, l'rl\80 tho7 S1>ld it, 8.9 part Of the 4J~ Of olphin Pond tract,• to T?Wight a. Tiffel\Y (p. 12h; ma 25: Sso-553) .. Tiffany was a Winchester l umbel\"Mn vlho Oft'Ded n pert.abl e steaa sawmU1 (Crissey, 19001 257} • Thia was basically a lump-awa sale or l an(i :md ti.l:ilGr, but \"9C?'al ad<litional cond1ti:)ns clearly indicate the presence of a large amount of hellllock and the f act tllat a lor.gin~ operation ;ma conte:nploted. T1Nony agreed to keep record& of all hemlock lumb\"'r snwod an<l to pay. tho Dudley boire $3 per thousand board f eet tar all hemlock lwiber i n escesa of .3 2/3 million board feet. Tiffal'J\Y also aarcoo to pool the tanb3rk from all hemlocks suitabl e f or posli~ am to deli r tbis bark to tho Dudley tanneries in \71..\"mted and 'test Norfolk at •. 7 por ton• The presence or oeveral old cbarc<>U hearths (ono sho;im in fiC• J, follawing P• Uh) and data f z-om increment ~nr:s oi' the existing stond 1nd1eate that a coaline OPQration waa conducted s ons tilm between 1880 llnd 1900. Although 1t is d1ff1cult to f ix tho exact date of t his operation, it eeome certain that tho cutting was vary li~t and tbat tb• better quality bQrd'lroods, to thor wttn those too l.o.t' . to be coGled

223without epl.itting, were lert• A hea<ry cutting f or sawtimber and tanbark f ol lcwed shortly afterthe Ti ffany sale. Informnticn on tho nature o·· this cutti~ has beentul'nished lr.f Grover Chattleton, Who in 1904 was no lrni~r a collier (pp.174. 189) but was emp.le>yld by F. ! • Buckley, a log\"'.ine contrzictor workingf or Tiffany on this operation. Cbnttleton recalled (persona1 cOUJUnication,1951) that tho stand was very ol<~.. eit her culled virgin t ' mbor <Jr' veryold second...gi-o.,t h (of whi ch the .first al ternatlve see~ rnoro 1.i.kezy) .Rooil.ock comprised about three quarters of the vol\l':le, and thcro was verylittle White pine. The cuttin.~ remOYed eawlogs or nll epooina, down t oa d!aa>tor li.mit of r oughly &-10 inches,. except that o. row lareo hell1locksand tJ1,1eh of the beech and birob wer e lef t aa t oo defective. Tho f elledhemlock trees were peeled bot.ween J~,ne and August, af\"-tor which tho lo<:swore aawed into lu.mbor. The cutting llllSt have t aken pl ace bet'Yfeen April 190h and October1906, ltben Tiffany oonve319d bis interest to one ~\"rank S. .,..isc , of Bangor,Pennsylvania (NLn 271 1,.46) . Wise's interest in t ho pr,operty i.s not lmorm;be v.:is probably a sawmil l operat~, but never opera~d in the 4'czrest.recion. I n 1910 the tract was J'UJ\"ohaeod by Ro'>b1ns a. Stooo1\"0l 1 an estateortM:r and entrepNnaur in Norfolk (RtR 281 69- 72) . The foll~.ng yearStooclre.l sold tho tract to Charl e s s . HCJ1Jard1 or N'ew Yor1~ City, anoth~roat.at e anner {NLR 261 104) . }.&>. Childs acquir0d t he l and 1n 1947 fromHowanP ·s l1e1rs ( N\"Ln J01 70-n). Cutt ing operations v1ere eurnly completedby 19101 and probably by 1906. Table 27 shows the c<IDbined data f r om two plots (Sl-23~4) laidout in the present stand.

TABLE 27. COllPOOITION AlID 81'RUCTUll1• ~ A 4S-YEA COAL!r.G MID SUBSEQUENT SAJJLOO-TABBl\R!< CUT P • r e • n t Ab•ndan c • .. 1 lSpni!I It 18-1.oot 44-4 32.0 4;-0 lS9-ela 20.0 100.0 100.0 ~· 60ledapl• 11..2 8.0 1.,3 5Sqapmple 44-4 8.0 2., 15Bl.Mk Id.NilYellow blNh 4-0 l·l slld.te .. s.o - - -20.0Mal 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.. I •• of tl\"Meper..- 900 2500 ?00 1000 1

AR- 'JLt.) HARI1'l'OCID-HEliLOCK STAim r·STABLtsBED AFTERTTING (BR~ARi' wr' mr.m: Btoelt).* b7 B e l g • t. Clae a Bual Area j Total Total Sqs npe.r AcreS.O Ptr!!M 1 .l l::I l:l 19· 3 18.1 a.o 6.0 21.,0.o U.3 52· 0 11.1 4£.4 ,.,46-0 43.1,.,5.0 7.1 8.0 5.9'·'5.0 n.s 8.0 7.4 u.2 '-' 6.1 3-1 2.9 7. 1 ~o l.j 2. 0 - ..,l?.1 16.0s.o 42-9 e.o 7. 4 4-3 -8.9 - - - -7.1 12..0 3.0 9.00. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.00.0 106.a 100.0100 12S 61' -